LAB SHEET

COURSE NAME: ELECTRICAL MACHINE I LABORATORY

COURSE CODE: EEE 252
FACULTY OF E&T, EASTERN UNIVERSITY

PREPARED BY
MD. MIJANUR RAHMAN, SR. LECTURAR, EEE
&
MD. ANISUZZAMAN, SR. EXECUTIVE TECHNICAL, EEE

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List of Experiments:
Sl.
No.
01
02.

03.
04.
05.

06.
07.

Name of the Experiment

Page no

Study of a Single-phase Transformer and

Determination of Turn Ratio.
To Determine the Voltage Regulation With
Resistive, Inductive and Capacitive Loading
of a Transformer.
Open Circuit Test of a Transformer.
Short Circuit test of a Transformer.
Studying Different Combination of 3 Phase
Transformer and Observing Their Relative
Advantage, Disadvantage and Applications.
Characteristics of a Self Excited DC Shunt
Generator.
Speed Control of a DC Shunt Motor and
Observation of the Existence of Back EMF.

3
6

9
12
15

19
22

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Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory

Experiment No: 01
Name of the Experiment: Study of a single-phase transformer and
determination of turn ratio.

Introduction: A transformer is a static device comprising coil coupled through a

magnetic medium connecting two ports at different or same voltage levels in an electric
system allowing the interchange of electrical energy between the ports in either direction
via the magnetic field. The most important tasks performed by transformers are:
(1).
(2).
(3).

Changing voltage and current levels in electric power systems.

Matching source and load impedances for maximum power transfer in electronic
and communication system.
Electrical isolation (isolating one circuit from another).

A transformer, in its simplest form, consists essentially of two insulated windings

interlinked by a common or mutual magnetic field established with a core of magnetic
material. When one of the windings, termed the primary, is connected to an alternating
voltage source, an alternating flux is produced in the core with amplitude depending on
the primary voltage and the number of primary turns. This mutual flux links the other
windings, called the secondary. A voltage is induced in this secondary and its magnitude
will depend on the number of secondary turns. If the secondary voltage is greater than the
primary value, the transformer is called a step up transformer; if it is less, it is known as a
step down transformer; if primary and secondary voltages are equal, the transformer is
said to have a one-to-one ratio. One to one transformer are used to electrically isolate two
parts of a circuit. Any transformer may be used as a step up or step down depending on
the way it is connected. The turn ratio of a transformer is defined as
In this experiment, we shall determine the turn ratio of a power transformer.

N 1 E1 I 2

N 2 E 2 I1

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APPARATUS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Power Supply
Two ac voltmeters (0-300V, 0-300V)
Two ac ammeters (240V,1.25A & 1.25A)
One single phase transformer (240V/240V, I1F = 0.8A & I2F = 0.46A)
One resistive load
Wires & chords

Experimental Setup:

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PROCEDURE:
a) Voltage Ratio:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Connect the circuit shown in the figure 1

Turn on the power supply.
Gradually increase the voltage by varying the voltage control knob up to transformer
primary rated voltage. (Terminal 1, 2)
Measure and record the secondary voltageV2.
Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
Find the turn ratio by using the formula

V1
V2

b) Current Ration:
7.
8.
9.

Connect the circuit shown in the figure 2

Repeat the procedure step 2 and 3.
Gradually increase the load by varying the resistive load control knob up to
transformer rated current.
10. Measure and record I1 and I2.
11. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
12. Find the turn ratio using the formula

I2
I1

REPORT:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Show all the data in tabular form.

Determine the turn ratio (a) of the transformer from the voltage and current readings
using the appropriate formula. Discuss the discrepancies, if any.
Which method of determining turn ratio is more accurate and why?
Define the terms ideal transformer, turn ratio, voltage transformation ratio, step up &
step down transformer.
Why transformers are rated in KVA instead of KW?
Draw the exact & approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer. Define all the
parameters.
Draw the vector diagram of a real transformer for resistive, inductive and capacitive
load.

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Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory

Experiment No: 02
Name of the Experiment: To determine the voltage regulation with resistive,
inductive and capacitive loading of a transformer.
OBJECTIVE:
1. To study the voltage regulation of the transformer with varying loads..
2. To study transformer regulation with inductive and capacitive loading.
DISCUSSION:
The load on a large power transformer in a sub-station will vary from a very small value
in the early hours of the morning to a very high value during the heavy peaks of
maximum industrial and commercial activity. The transformer secondary voltage will
vary somewhat with the load and, because motors and incandescent lamps and heating
devices are all quite sensitive to voltage changes, transformer regulation is of
considerable importance. The secondary voltage is also dependent upon whether the
power factor of the load is leading, lagging or unity. Therefore, it should be known how
the transformer will behave when it is located with a capacitive, an inductive or a
resistive load.
If a transformer were perfect (ideal) its windings would have no resistance. Furthermore,
it would require no reactive power (VAR) to set up the magnetic field within it. Such a
transformer would have perfect regulation under all load conditions and the secondary
voltage would remain absolutely constant. But, practical transformers have the winding
resistance and they do require reactive power to produce their magnetic fields. The
primary and secondary windings possess, therefore, an overall resistance R and an overall
reactance X. The equivalent circuit of a power transformer having a turn ratio of 1 to 1,
can be approximated by the circuit shown in figure 2. The actual transformer terminals
are 1, 2 on the primary side and 3, 5 on the secondary.
In between these terminals we have shown the transformer as being composed of a
perfect (ideal) transformer in series with an impendence consisting of R and X, which
represents its imperfections. It is clear that if the primary voltage is held constant, then
the secondary voltage will vary with loading because of R and X.
An interesting feature arises with a capacitive load, because partial resonance is set up
between the capacitance and the reactance X so that the secondary voltage E2 may
actually tend to rise as the capacitive load value increases.

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APPARATUS:
1. Power Supply Unit
2. Single phase transformer (1 No.)
3. AC Voltmeter (2 Nos.)
4. AC Ammeter (2 Nos.)
5. Resistive load 1 unit.
6. Inductive load 1 unit.
7. Capacitive load 1 unit

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Circuit Shown in FIGURE - 2.
2. Turn on the power supply.
3. Gradually increase the voltage up to rated voltage.
4. Provide load on the transformer until rated primary current flows through the
ammeter.
5. Measure and record Primary voltage (V1), Primary current (I1), Secondary voltage
(V2) and secondary current (I2).
6. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
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7. Repeat all the procedure for inductive and capacitive load.

VNL - VFL
Voltage Regulation =----------------------VFL
Calculate voltage regulation for (1) Resistive loading (2) Inductive loading (3)
Capacitive Loading individually.

REPORT:
1. Calculate the voltage regulation for each load i. e. Resistive, Inductive and
Capacitive load
2. Is the voltage regulation is negative for capacitive loading? If your answer is yes,
explain why?

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Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory

Experiment No: 03
Name of the Experiment: Open circuit test of a transformer.

Objective:
The open circuit test, or "no-load test", is one of the methods used in electrical
engineering to determine the no-load impedance in the excitation branch of a transformer.

Method:
The secondary of the transformer is left open-circuited. A wattmeter is connected to the
primary. An ammeter is connected in series with the primary winding. A voltmeter is
optional since the applied voltage is same as the voltmeter reading. Rated voltage is
applied at primary.
If the applied voltage is normal voltage than normal flux will be set up. As the Iron loss is
a function of applied voltage, normal iron loss will occur. Hence the iron loss is a
maximum at rated voltage. This maximum iron loss is measured using the wattmeter.
Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is very small compared to
that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped across the excitation
branch. Thus the wattmeter measures only the iron loss. This test only measures the
combined iron losses consisting of the hysteresis loss and the eddy current loss. Although
the hysteresis loss is less than the eddy current loss, it is not negligible. The two losses
can be separated by driving the transformer from a variable frequency source since the
hysteresis loss has varied linearly with supply frequency and the eddy current loss varies
with the square.
Since the secondary of the transformer is open, the primary draws only no-load current,
which will have some copper loss. This no-load current is very small and because the
copper loss in the primary is proportional to the square of this current, it is negligible.
There is no copper loss in the secondary because there is no secondary current.
Current, voltage and power are measured
the admittance and power factor angle.

at

the primary

winding to

ascertain

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Circuit diagram:

Data Table:
Sl. Voltage
No.
(V)

Current
(A)

Current

(A)

Current
(A)

Watt (W)

01
02
03

Calculations:
The current
If

is very small.

is the wattmeter reading then,

The above equation can be rewritten as,

Thus,

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Impedance
By using the above equations,

and

can be calculated as,

Thus,

Or

Admittance
The admittance is the inverse of impedance. Therefore,

The conductance

can be calculated as,

Hence the susceptance,

Or

Here,
Is the watttmeter reading
Is the applied rated voltage
Is the no-load current
Is the magnetizing component of no-load current
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Is the core loss component of no-load current

Is the exciting impedance
Is the exciting admittance

Report:
Q1. Why open circuit test is done?
Q2. Which types of data are obtained in this test?
Q3. Why instruments are connected at low side in an open circuit test?

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Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory

Experiment No: 04
Name of the Experiment: Short Circuit test of a Transformer.

Objective:
The purpose of a short circuit test is to determine the series branch parameters of the
equivalent circuit of a Real transformer.

Method:
The test is conducted on the high voltage (HV) side of the transformer where the low
voltage (LV) side or the secondary is short circuited. The supply voltage required to
circulate rated current through the transformer is usually very small and is of the order of
a few percent of the nominal voltage and this voltage is applied across primary. The core
losses are very small because applied voltage is only a few percentage of the nominal
voltage and hence can be neglected. Thus the wattmeter reading measures only the full
load copper loss.

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Procedure:
For carrying short circuit test on the power transformer:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Isolate the power transformer from service.

Remove HV/LV jumps and disconnect neutral from earth/ground.
Short LV phases and connect these short circuited terminals to neutral
Energize HV side by LV supply.
Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents.

Calculations:

Here,
Is the Full load copper loss
Is the applied voltage
Is the rated current
Is the resistance as viewed from the primary
Is the total impedance as viewed from the primary
Is the reactance as viewed from the primary

Data Table:
Sl. No
1
2
3
4

Current (A), I

Voltage (v), V

Power (w), P

Zsh (Ohm)

Report:
Q1. Why the short circuit test is done?
Q2. Which types of data are obtained in this test?
Q3. Why low side is kept short in the short circuit test?

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Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory

Experiment No: 05
Experiment Name: Studying Different Combination of 3 Phase
Transformer and Observing their relative Advantage, Disadvantage
and Applications.
Objectives:

To learn how to make the combination of 3 Phase Transformer.

To observe the effects, advantage, disadvantage and application of Combination
of 3 Phase Transformer.

Instruments and Components:

Sl. No.
1
2
3
4

Description
3 Phase Transformer
AC Ammeter
AC Voltmeter
Connection Leads

Quantity
1
3
1
As per need

Star-Star Connection

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Advantages of Y-Y connection

1. The primary and secondary circuits are in phase; i.e., there are no phase angle
displacements introduced by the Y-Y connection. This is an important advantage
when transformers are used to interconnect systems of different voltages in a
cascading manner.
2. Due to star connection, phase voltages are (1/3) times the line voltage. Hence
less number of turns are required. Also the stress on insulation is less. This makes
the connection economical for small high voltage purposes.
3. Due to star connection, phase current is same as line current. Hence windings
have to carry high currents. This makes a cross section of the windings high. Thus
the windings are mechanically strong and windings can bear heavy loads and
short circuit current.
4. A Y-Y transformer may be constructed as an autotransformer, with the possibility
of the greatest cost savings compared to the two-winding transformer
construction.

Disadvantages of Y-Y connection

1. The voltages in any phase of a Y-Y transformer are 1200 apart from the voltages
in any other phase. However, the third-harmonic components of each phase will
be in phase with each other. These components will add up resulting in large (can
be even larger than the fundamental component) third harmonic component.
2. If a phase-to-ground fault occurs on the primary circuit with the primary neutral
grounded, then the phase-to-neutral voltage on the unfaulted phases increases to
173% of the normal voltage. This would almost certainly result in over excitation
of the core, with greatly increased magnetizing currents and core losses
3. There can be a large voltage drop for unbalanced phase-to-neutral loads. This is
caused by the fact that phase-to-phase loads cause a voltage drop through the
leakage reactance of the transformer whereas phase-to-neutral loads cause a
voltage drop through the magnetizing reactance, which is 100 to 1000 times larger
than the leakage reactance.

Application:
1
2

This Type of Transformer is rarely used due to problems with unbalanced loads.
It is economical for small high voltage transformers as the number of turns per
phase and the amount of insulation required is less.

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Star-Delta Connection

Advantages of Star Delta Connection

1. The neutral available on the primary can be earthed to avoid distortion and allows
both types of loads (single phase or three phases) to be met.
2. The primary side is star connected. Hence, fewer numbers of turns are required.
This makes the connection economical for large high voltage step down power
transformers.
3. The Y-D connection has no problem with third harmonic components due to
circulating currents in D. It is also more stable with unbalanced loads since the D
partially redistributes any imbalance that occurs.

Disadvantages of Star-Delta Connection

One problem associated with this connection is that the secondary voltage is shifted by
300 with respect to the primary voltage. This can cause problems when paralleling 3phase transformers since transformers secondary voltages must be in-phase to be
paralleled. Therefore, we must pay attention to these shifts.

Application
This type of connection is commonly employed at the substation end of the transmission
line. The main use with this connection is to step down the voltage.

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Delta-Delta Connection

Advantages of Delta-Delta
1. In order to get the secondary voltage as sinusoidal, the magnetizing current of the
transformer must contain a third harmonic component. The delta connection
provides a closed path for circulation of a third harmonic component of the
current. The flux remains sinusoidal which results in sinusoidal voltages.
2. If there is a bank of single phase transformers connected in delta-delta fashion and
if one of the transformers is disabled, then the supply can be continued with
remaining two transformers of course with reduced efficiency.
3. Due to delta connection, phase voltage is same as line voltage, hence winding
have more number of turns. But phase current is (1/3) times the line current.
Hence the cross-section of the windings is very less. This makes the connection
economical for low voltage transformers.

Disadvantages of Delta-Delta
1. Due to the absence of neutral point it is not suitable for three phase four wire
system.
2. More insulation is required and the voltage appearing between windings and core
will be equal to full line voltage in case of earth fault on one phase.
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Application
1. Suitable for large, low voltage transformers.
2. It is generally used in systems where it need to be carry large currents at low
voltages and especially when continuity of service is to be maintained even
though one of the phases develops a fault.

Delta-Star Connection

Advantages of Delta-Star
1. The magnetizing current must contain odd harmonics for the induced voltages to
be sinusoidal and the third harmonic is the dominant harmonic component. In the
-Y connection, the third harmonic currents, being equal in amplitude and in
phase with each other, are able to circulate around the path formed by then
connected winding. The same thing is true for the other zero-sequence harmonics.
2. On the primary side due to delta connection winding cross-section required is
less.
3. On the secondary side, neutral is available, due to which it can be used for 3phase, 4 wire supply system.
4. Protective relaying is much easier on a delta-wye transformer because ground
faults on the secondary side are isolated from the primary, making coordination
much easier.

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Disadvantages of Delta-Star
1. One problem associated with this connection is that the secondary voltage is

shifted by 300 with respect to the primary voltage. This can cause problems when
paralleling 3-phase transformers since transformers secondary voltages must be
in-phase to be paralleled. Therefore, we must pay attention to these shifts.

Application
1. The -Y transformer connection is used universally for connecting generators to
transmission systems because of generators are usually equipped with sensitive
ground fault relay protection. The -Y transformer is a source of ground currents
for loads and faults in the transmission system, yet the generator ground fault
protection is completely isolated from ground currents on the primary side of the
transformer.
2. Commonly used in commercial, industrial, and high-density residential locations
to supply three-phase distribution systems.
3. Commonly used in a step-up transformer.

REPORT:
1. Discuss the advantage(s) and disadvantage(s) of all type of connection.
2. Find application of all type of connection.

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Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory

Experiment No: 06
Name of the Experiment: Characteristics of a self excited DC Shunt Generator.
OBJECTIVE:
1. To draw the OCC curve of a self excited DC Shunt Generator.
2. To determine the leading characteristics of a self excited DC Shunt motor.
DISCUSSION:
The separately-excited generator has many applications. However, it does have the
disadvantage that a separate direct current power source is needed to excite the shunt
field. This is costly and sometimes inconvenient; and the self-excited DC generator is
often more suitable.
In a self-excited generator, the field winding is connected to the generator output. It may
be connected across the output, in series with the output, or a combination of the two.
The way in which the field is connected (shunt, series or compound) determines many of
the generators characteristics.
All of the above generators can have identical construction. Self-excitation is possible
because of the residual magnetism in the stator pole pieces. As the armature rotates a
small voltage in induced across its windings. When the field winding is connected in
parallel (shunt) with the armature a small field current is flowing in the proper direction,
the residual magnetism will be reinforced which further increases the armature voltage
and thus, a rapid voltage build-up occurs.
If the field current flows in the wrong direction, the residual magnetism will be reduced
and voltage build-up cannot occur. In this case, interchanging the shunt field leads will
correct the situation. It is the purpose of this Experiment to show these major points.
APPARATUS:
1. Power Supply Unit
2. DC motor/ Generator (1 Nos.)
3. Squirrel cage induction motor (1 Nos.)
4. DC Voltmeter 0-300V (1 Nos.)
5. DC Ammeter 0-5A, (2 Nos.)
6. Coupling Belt.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Circuit Shown in Fig 1.
Couple the squirrel cage induction motor with DC motor/Generator.
2. Keep the field rheostat control knob at its maximum position for maximum
resistance.
3. Turn on the power supply.
4. Record the DC voltmeter, data.
5. Gradually rotted the field rheostat control knob that the value of resistance
decrees.
6. Measure and record 8 sets of data from varying field rheostat control knob (field
current Vs terminal voltage).
Note: - If the voltage does not build, interchange the field leads.
Table: 1
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

If

V0

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7. Carefully adjust the field rheostat that the DC voltmeter shows the generator rated
voltage.
8. Change the load resistance by varying resistive load control knob.
9. Gradually provide electrical load on the Generator by varying the resistive load
control knob up to generator rated current.
Table: 2
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Load (R)

IL

10. Measure and record 8 sets of data (IL Vs V).

11. Turn off the power supply.
REPORT:
1. Plot OCC curve from Table 1.
2. Plot loading characteristics curve from Table 2.
3. Calculate the voltage regulation of a self excited DC Shunt Generator.

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Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 252
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Laboratory

Experiment No: 07
Name of the Experiment: Speed control of a DC shunt motor and observation of
the existence of back EMF.
DISCUSSION:
Speed of a DC motor may be given by the following equation
N= K (V-IaRa)/ r.p.m (1)
Where
V= applied terminal voltage
Ia= armature current
Ra= armature resistance
= field flux
K= a constant which depends on the winding and the construction of the
Motor
Therefore speed of a DC shunt motor can be varied by the following methods:
1) Flux Control method:
Equation 01 describes an inverse relationship between speed and flux. So by decreasing
the field flux of a DC shunt motor, by inserting resistance in the field circuit, speed can
be increased above the base speed.
2) Voltage Control Method:
By applying a variable DC voltage across the motor terminals, speed can be varied
below or above the base speed
3) Armature Current Control method:
In this method armature current Ia is varied by applying variable DC voltage across the
armature. The relationship of armature current and speed would be proportional.
In this experiment all of these methods of speed control will be accomplished. In excess,
the existence of back EMF will also be observed through a simple test.
APPARATUS:
1. Power Supply Unit
2. DC Ammeter
3. DC Motor
4. Tachometer

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PROCEDURE:
Flux Control Method:
1) Connect the Circuit Shown in Fig-1.
2) Keep the field Rheostat control knob at it is the minimum position for minimum
resistance.
3) Turn on the power supply.
4) Gradually increase the voltage up to motor rated voltage.
5) Measure and record the motor speed and field current (If).
6) Take 5 sets of data (speed Vs field current) by varying the field rheostat.
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Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5

If

Motor speed

7) Return the field Rheostat control knob as it is previous position gradually.

Voltage Control Method:
8) Gradually increase the DC voltage up to motor rated voltage. (which is indicating
power supply voltmeter) measure and record 5 sets of data (speed Vs voltage)
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5

Voltage

Motor speed

9) Return the voltage to zero and turn on the power supply.

Armature Current Control method:
10) Connect the Circuit Shown in Fig-2.
11) Gradually increase the DC voltage up to 80 volts.
12) Again gradually increase the DC voltage up to motor rated voltage. In this time
measure and record at least 5 sets of data (Armature current speed Vs Armature
current (Ia).
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5

Armature current Ia

Motor speed

13) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
REPORTS:
1. Plot N Vs If, Ia and V curves on the same graph paper.
2. Comment on the merits and demerits of various methods of speed control of a DC
shunt motor,
3. How do you get a proof of the existence of back EMF in step 2 of the procedure?
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