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Basketball History: Origin of the Sport

In contrast to other sports, basketball has a clear origin. It is not the evolution from an ancient
game or another sport and the inventor is well known: Dr. James Naismith.
Naismith was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, Ontario, Canada. He graduated as a physician
at McGill University in Montreal and was primarily interested in sports physiology.
In 1891, while working as a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training
School (today, Springfield College) in the United States, Naismith was faced with the problem of
finding in 14 days an indoor game to provide "athletic distraction" for the students at the School
for Christian Workers (Naismith was also a Presbyterian minister).
After discarding the idea of adapting outdoor games like soccer and lacrosse, Naismith recalled
the concept of a game of his school days known as duck-on-a-rock that involved accuracy
attempting to knock a "duck" off the top of a large rock by tossing another rock at it.
Starting from there, Naismith developed a set of 13 rules that gave origin to the game of
basketball.
Of course it was not exactly as we know it today. The first game was played with a soccer ball
and two peach baskets nailed 10-feet high used as goals, on a court just half the size of a
present-day court. The baskets retained their bottoms so balls scored into the basket had to be
poked out with a long dowel each time and dribbling (bouncing of the ball up and down while
moving) was not part of the original game.
The sport was an instant success and thanks to the initial impulse received by the YMCA
movement, basketball's popularity quickly grew nationwide and was introduced in many nations.
Although Naismith never saw the game develop into the spectacular game we know these days,
he had the honor to witness basketball become an Olympic sport at the 1936 Games held in
Berlin.
Court Equipment

Floor
The playing surface is made of either wood or maple and it has to be flat and rectangular in
shape
Ball
Ball is the most visible equipment in the game of basketball. There are different types of
basketball used in different leagues. Usually it is made of leather, rubber or any synthetic
material but it has to be inflated properly.
Basket/Hoop
Basket consists of a round shaped metal rim with the covering of net around it. Baskets are
mounted at a certain height (10 feet above the floor).

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Backboard
Backboard is a rectangular board on which the basket is attached.
Scoreboard
Scoreboard displays the time left in the period and running scores of the both team. A
scoreboard can be either digital or manual.
Officials Equipment
Uniform of Officials
Officials wear a uniform prescribed by their respective governing body. Usually, officials are
dressed in white and black stripped shirts, black pants and black shoes. NBA officials wear gray
shirts, black pants and black shoes.
Whistle
Basketball referee carries a whistle which he blows every time he needs to stop a play.
Score book
Score book is used by the scorekeeper who writes down scores and stats on it. Score book is
something where you find summary of the whole game, names of the players, their positions
and jersey numbers, details of each quarter and half etc.
Shot Clock and Game Clock
Shot clock and game clock are operated by timekeepers. Game clock records the overall time of
the game while shot clock counts down the 24 second shot clock.
Players Equipment
Players Uniform
Uniform consists of jersey (preferably sleeveless), short and shoes. All the teams wears their
own specific uniform. In NBA, all players wear a uniform prepared by leagues sponsored
sportswear company. They are not allowed to wear shorts which are too long. In NBA, players
can be fined if their uniform does not comply with the rules of the league.
Protective Gears and Accessories
Protective gears and accessories include goggles, face masks, mouth guards, knee pads or
brace, headbands, arm sleeves, wristbands etc. Not all players wear necessarily all these
things. They use them only when they required them.

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Fundamental Skills in Basketball

Dribbling
Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. This skill will allow you to move up and
down the court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays. Proper dribbling requires ballhandling skills and knowledge of how to spread your fingers for ball control. It is also best if you
know how to dribble equally well with both hands.
Shooting
In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This requires the
ability to properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the basket while avoiding
defenders. A proper shot requires precise aiming, arm extension and lift from the legs. There are
different types of shots you need to learn, including jump shots, layups and free throws.
Running
Running is a big part of basketball. In a full-court game, you will find yourself running back and
forth as the game quickly transitions between offense and defense. When you have the ball,
running will help you to avoid defenders and get to the basket quicker. On defense, you often
will find yourself needing to run after the opponent, especially during fast breaks.
Passing
Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a complete basketball player.
Basketball is a team sport that involves finding a teammate who is open for a shot. The ability to
pass the ball to this player can make the difference between scoring and not scoring. Really
great passers are an important part of a basketball team and usually the ones who set up
scoring plays.
Jumping
Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball player is. Jumping is involved in
offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking shots and sometimes while trying to
catch a pass. On defensive you will need the ability to jump when trying to block a shot or a
pass. Being able to out jump your opponent for a rebound also is important.
Rules and Regulations

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Principles of the Game

There are two primary objectives in basketball:

Score points by throwing or dropping the ball through the oppositions basket
Stop the opponent from scoring
Rules and regulations are in place to help maintain the flow of the game and to ensure player
safety and fair play. It is important to know and understand the major principles and/or rules of
the sport, as they dictate how the game is played. These rules are outlined below:
Time Limits
A basketball game is essentially a race against time. Most leagues/levels divide games into four
equal periods called quarters (the length of each period differs according to the level). However,
it is not uncommon to divide a game into halvestwo equal segments.
In addition to the game clock, many levels/leagues also play with a shot clocka device that
limits the amount of time a team can have the ball during each possession.
Scoring
A team scores by throwing or dropping the ball through the opponents hoop from above. An
attempt to score is called a shot. Each time a player successfully puts the ball through the hoop
their team is awarded one, two, or three points. The number of points given for each successful
shot depends on the type of shot. Below is a breakdown of the different shot values:

Foul Shot/Free Throw: The referee will grant a foul shot to a player who is fouled while
in the act of shooting. A successful free throw is worth one point.
2 Point: Any shot taken within the area between the end line and the three point arc is
worth two points if it goes in.
3 Pointer: Any successful shot taken behind the three-point line is worth three points.
And the Winner is...
The team that scores the most points within the allotted time is the winner of the game.
Overtime
If the score is tied at the end of regulation time, an extra period is played to determine the
winner. This period is called overtime. The length of the extra period depends on the
league/level.
Overtime begins with a jump ball and ends when the allotted time has expired. The team with
the most points at the end of the extra period is the winner. If the score remains tied at the end

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of overtime, then another period will be played; this process will continue until a winner can be
determined.
Moving the Ball
There are two ways to move the basketball: The pass and the dribble. Passingthe intentional
transfer of the ball from one player to another is the preferred option, because it is the fastest
way to move the ball and involves team work. The dribblethe continuous bouncing of the ball
on the flooron the other hand, is an individual act. While it can be necessary in certain
situations, dribbling too often can easily get a player into trouble.
Rough Play
Dr. James Naismith, the inventor of basketball, despised the rough-play tactics rampant in
sports like football and rugby. Thus, when inventing basketball he did his best to create a sport
that discouraged excessive roughness. The modern rules reflect his desire.
By rule, basketball is a non-contact sport. This does not mean that any physical contact
between opponents is illegal. What it does mean however, is that players are not allowed to
engage in rough/excessive physical contact and/or use contact to gain a competitive advantage
on the opponent.
Referees and Their Duties
The referee(s) are in charge of enforcing the rules. When a rule has been violated, the referee
will use a whistle to stop play and subsequently communicate said infraction using predesignated hand signals. For a detailed guide to deciphering the referees hand signals click
here. The number of officials presiding over a given game depends on the level of play. Youth
and high school games generally have two referees, while the college and professional ranks
employ three officials.
Referees are usually dressed in white-and-black stripped shirts and black pants. Officials in the
NBA are required to wear a gray shirt and black pants.
Game Play
Though it can be played on an individual basiswhen two people play against each other it is
called one-on-onebasketball was designed to be a team sport. Teams can be made up of
anywhere from two to five players, but traditionally, the sport is played between two teams of
five. Each team can have more than five players, but only five players per team are allowed on
the court at one time. The five players who are on the court when the game begins are called
the starters. The other players are reserves or substitutes. Substitutions are allowed to enter
the game during dead ball situations (when play is stopped).

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Once the starters are on the court and ready to get the game underway, play is initiated by a
tip-off (also called a jump ball). Two opposing players gather at midcourt and subsequently
attempt to gain control of the ball after it is tossed into the air in by an official between the two
opposing players.
As soon as a team gains possession of the ball, that team is on offense; that means it will be
actively trying to score points. A team will remain in possession of the ball until it commits a
violation/foul, scores, or turns the ball over to the defense.
When a team does not have possession of the ball, it is on defense. In other words, it is trying to
prevent the offensive team from scoring. Defenders are allowed to contest a shot in an attempt
to prevent scoring, but are not allowed to use excessive physical contact. Doing so is a violation
of the rules and considered a foul.
Breaking the Rules
Rule infractions generally fall into one of two categories: Fouls or violations. The penalty for a
violation is less severe than the penalty for a foul. Also, a player may commit any number of
violations, but only five fouls (six in the NBA) during a game.
For a better understanding of the difference between a foul and a violation (and a few examples
of each), see the descriptions below.
Fouls
A foul is a breach of the rules concerning illegal contact between opponents and/or
unsportsmanlike conduct. There are two distinct types of fouls in basketball: The technical foul
and the personal foul.

o
o
o

A technical foul is issued when a player, coach, or team commits an infraction of the
games administrative rules (any rules that have to do with equipment specifications,
sportsmanship, or game procedure). These fouls generally do not involve live-ball infractions,
but can be issued in response to physical contact between two opponents during a dead-ball
situation. Examples of actions/behavior that may result in a technical foul include:
Unsportsmanlike conduct by either a coach or player. Inappropriate language is
not tolerated and will be penalized with a technical foul.
Submitting an incorrect roster.
Wearing uniforms that do not comply with regulations outlined in the rules.
Because the rules regarding the administration of technical fouls are fairly cut and dry, much of
the focus here will be on the personal foul.
A personal foul is a player foul that involves illegal contact with an opponent while the
ball is live. The offender is charged with one foul per violation, and if it is the players fifth foul
he/she is disqualified from the game (in the NBA players are allowed six fouls before
disqualification). One of the officials main duties is to ensure that the game is always played
fairly and they have to think about the effect of player contact when determining its legality. If the

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contact creates a disadvantage for either player, then it is called a foul. If it does not, no violation
has occurred.
Violations
In basketball, a violation is when a player breaks one of the non-foul related rules. Violations
can be called on both the offense and the defense, but are most commonly called on the
offensive team. An offensive violation results in the loss of possession.
Here is a breakdown of a few of the most common violations:

Traveling: It is illegal to take more than one step while holding the ball doing. Players
are allowed to establish a pivot foot, but once a pivot foot is determined it cannot be lifted off the
ground before the player shoots, passes, or dribbles the ball.
Illegal dribble: A player shall not dribble a second time after his/her first dribble has
ended.
Carrying/palming: Allowing the ball to come to a rest in one or both hands while
dribbling.
Out of bounds: The court boundaries are marked by a sold line that is at least two
inches thick. It is a violation if a player contacts a boundary line while in possession of the ball.
Backcourt violation: Once a team establishes possession in the frontcourt, no person
from that team may be the first person to touch a ball that is knocked into the backcourt.

Playing Positions in Basketball

There are five players per team in a basketball game and each player plays a specific position
on court.
Each position can be thought of as a role, although these roles can be a hybrid when each
player is required to play two or more positions at one time. This is due to the nature of the sport
where players move around the court and play flexibly, doing what is needed in a given
situation.
Here are the five basic positions in basketball.
1. Centre
The centre is generally the tallest player who is positioned near the basket as he must be able
to get up as high as possible for rebounds. He is also required to be more physically
domineering with more physical strength and overall athleticism.
Offensive -- The centre's goal is to get open for a pass and to shoot. They are required to block
defenders, and to open other players up for driving to the basket for a goal. Centres are
expected to get some offensive rebounds and put-backs.

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The centre should be good at making quick jump shots, hook shots, and using the backboard on
his shots.
Defensive -- On defense, the centre's main responsibility is to keep opponents from shooting by
blocking shots and passes in the key area. They also are expected to get more rebounds
because they're taller.
2. Power forward
The power forwards are usually the next tallest players in the team, who are closest to the
centre in physical attributes and playing style, but with more speed. A forward may play under
the hoop or are expected to operate in the wings and corner areas.
They must be strong and comfortable with a lot of physical play and must be an effective
rebounder and effective inside shooter like the centre. The power forward is also expected to
shoot from further distances than the centre.
3. Small forward
The small forward is usually the shorter of the two forwards on the team. However, the small
forward must have enough height and ability to play inside, and on top of that, play like the
centres and power forwards, but also be able to guard.
Small forwards are also the second or third best shooters from distance of the five positions as
they also play defensive roles.
4. Shooting guard
The shooting guard is potentially the shortest player in the team. However, he has to be good at
dribbling fast, passing and having court vision by seeing the court. He is responsible for bringing
the ball down the court and setting up offensive plays.
The shooting guard is also the player who takes the most shots. He needs to be an accurate
shooter from three-point range.
The shooting guard is potentially the shortest player in the team. However, he has to be good at
dribbling fast, passing and having court vision by seeing the court. He is responsible for bringing
the ball down the court and setting up offensive plays. In terms of height, shooting guards are
taller than point guards.
5. Point guard
The point guard needs to be the best ball handler, dribbler and passer as he handles the ball the
most out of all the players on the team. He needs to bring the ball down the court and initiate
offensive plays.

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Point guards can also be the shortest player on the team as they use their intelligence and court
vision to coordinate all his teammates on offense.
Point guards need to have a good long distance shooting, though it's not quite as crucial as for
shooting guards. However, some point guards take as many shots as shooting guards.
TIP Vision
In the year 2020, TIP envisions itself to be:
1. a leading professional technological institution in the Philippines through
o outcomes-based education, and
o a culture of innovation and continuous improvement, and
2. an institution whose graduates contribute to the welfare of society.
TIP Mission
The Technological Institute of the Philippines is committed:
1. to continue to empower the Filipino youth through technological education of the highest
standard, employing outcomes-based education and state-of-the-art laboratories
2. to transform students into graduates with full competence in their fields of study and who
also possess:
o The Filipino values of honesty and integrity, service to others, the importance
of family, frugality, resilience in the face of adversity, and the willingness to
surmount difficulties in order to succeed and excel.
o The industry-desired values of positive work attitude, good communication
skills, proficiency in computers and in the software that pertain to their fields of
study, initiative, and the openness to keep on learning to reinvent themselves.
o The global citizen values of respect for cultural diversity, care for the
environment and the desire to contribute to the general welfare of society.

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TIP Graduate Attributes

Institutional Intended Learning Outcomes (IILO)

Professional
Competence

Demonstrate understanding and mastery of the fundamental

knowledge and skills required for effective professional practice in the
field of specialization.

Critical Thinking and

Problem Solving Skills

Exercise critical and creative

discipline-related problems.

Communication Skills

Apply effective communication skills, both orally and in writing, using

the English language.

Lifelong Learning

Utilize lifelong learning skills in pursuit of personal development and

excellence in professional practice

Social
and
Responsibility

Ethical

thinking in providing solutions to

Hold personal values and beliefs as ethical professional consistent

with Filipino family values, industry-desired values and global citizen
values.

Productivity

Contribute to nation-building and national development through

application of new technology

Interpersonal Skills

Work effectively in multi-disciplinary and multicultural teams

Personal Information
Name: Jake Christian Felipe Adraque
Guardian: Charito Adraque
Contact # of Guardian: 0906 593 8135