Its

1nc its
Its is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005

(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to
substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership.
EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows
that it belongs to me.)

Violation the aff incentives private sector development or

exploration it doesnt mandate federal development or
exploration these are contextually distinct
McNutt, 13 - chair of the Ocean Exploration 2020 group (Marcia, The Report of
Ocean Exploration 2020
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf)
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT By 2020, private sector investments in exploration
technology development specifically for the dedicated national program of
exploration exceed the federal investment, but federal partners play a key role in
testing and refining new technologies.
Forum participants agreed that a top priority for a national ocean exploration
program of distinction is the development of mechanisms to fund emerging and
creatively disruptive technologies to enhance and expand exploration capabilities.
In addition to the significant federal government investment in ocean exploration
technology developmentwhether by the U.S. Navy, NASA, NOAA, or other civilian
agenciesmany felt strongly that increased investment would come from the
private sector to achieve the kind of program they envisioned. Participants also felt
that national program partners should continue to play a key role in testing and
refining these technologies as well as working to adapt existing and proven
technologies for exploration.

Voting issue
1. limits incentives introduce multiple new mechanisms its
huge

Moran, 86 (Theodore, Investing in Development: New Roles for Private Capital?, p.

28)
Guisinger finds that if incentivesare broadly defined to include tariffs and trade
controls along with tax holidays, subsidized loans, cash grants, and other fiscal
measures, they comprise more than forty separate kinds of measures. Moreover,
the author emphasizes, the value of an incentive package is just one of several
means that governments use to lure foreign investors. Other methodsfor
example, promotional activities (advertising, representative offices) and subsidized
government servicesalso influence investors location decisions. The author

points out that empirical research so far has been unable to distinguish the relative
importance of fundamental economic factors and of government policies in
decisions concerning the location of foreign investmentlet alone to determine the
effectiveness of individual government instrucments.

2. negative ground they kill core negative strategies like free

market counterplans

AT: No cases meet

Plenty of direct federal exploration affs

McNutt, 13 - chair of the Ocean Exploration 2020 group (Marcia, The Report of
Ocean Exploration 2020
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf)
toward a national program of ocean exploration
Ocean Exploration 2020 participants agreed that there is a critical need for effective
coordination among the federal agencies in all aspects of ocean exploration and
research. Likely federal budget ocean exploration allocations for these agencies are
too small for independent approaches. The community noted that a national
program must be flexible, responsive, and inclusive, and called for NOAA to act as a
coordinator and facilitator of all exploration activities. The program must have the
means to grow partnerships of all kinds to seize the opportunityand respond to
the urgent need to understand the global ocean.
Finally, Ocean Exploration 2020 participants noted the value of this National Forum
and the need for regular opportunities for the community of ocean explorers to
come together. Maintaining the momentum from Ocean Exploration 2020 is critical,
and NOAA and its partners need to take advantage of all opportunities to capture
the energy and maintain the commitment of the ocean exploration community.

Its means belonging to

Its means belonging to

Cambridge Dictionary ( Its,

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/its)
Definition

belonging to or relating to something that has already been mentioned

paw.
Their house has its own swimming pool.
The company increased its profits.
I prefer the second option - its advantages are simplicity and cheapness.

The dog hurt its

Aff - its
Federal ocean development occurs by permits the federal
government never directly develops anything
Winter, 9 - E&E reporter (Allison, Greenwire, White House task force crafting
'marching orders' for managing waters 8/24,
http://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/print)
The Obama administration is working to craft a new overarching national ocean
policy that could change how federal agencies address new projects at sea -- from
offshore energy development to aquaculture to marine conservation.
Top administration officials last week kicked off what will be a cross-country tour of
public listening sessions on the plan, the first public events for a group that has
worked in overdrive, but under the radar, throughout the summer to craft the new
policy.
Once completed, the group's work could significantly alter marine planning and set
the stage for a new system of ocean "zoning" that would allocate marine resources
among interests such as fishing, boating, oil and gas development, shipping,
renewable energy and wildlife.
The new ocean policy is intended to give a unifying voice to the 20 federal agencies
and more than 140 separate laws that address aspects of ocean policy. Two major
national oceans commissions recommended the creation of an overaching ocean
policy five years ago in reports that found the marine environment is seriously
depleted and disrupted by overfishing, development, pollution and climate change.
"It is commonly understood that the lack of a cohesive policy, the lack of
mechanisms to ensure the health of the ecosystem, is one of the reasons we're
seeing so many problems in the oceans," said Jane Lubchenco, one of the
administration's chief advocates for oceans as head of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration and a member of the task force.
Lubchenco added: "It is high time we took a careful look and made a statement
about what the national oceans policy should be, to bring that all together in a
cohesive fashion with clear marching orders, clear intent for our uses of the oceans
and our uses on land for things that affect the oceans."
The White House-appointed group plans to release the recommendations for a firstof-its-kind national ocean policy next month and a framework for marine planning
by the end of the year.
Its recommendations, which will go to President Obama for approval, are an attempt
to address issues such as who should oversee permits for ocean development ,
conflicts over shipping lanes that run into marine mammal migration routes, wind
farms poised to enter recreational areas and water pollution from Midwest farms
that kills fish in the Gulf of Mexico.

Federal ocean development occurs by creating legal

frameworks to guide private actions
Winter, 9 - E&E reporter (Allison, Greenwire, White House task force crafting
'marching orders' for managing waters 8/24,
http://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/print)

The new policy will likely provide "general guidance" to federal agencies on the
national priorities for the ocean, according to Lubchenco. Further regulations or laws
may be needed to translate the guidance into action, she said.
"But its importance shouldn't be underestimated," Lubchenco said. "There are
currently no guidelines, there is no cohesive statement about the nation's intent for
the use of the waters and ecosystems under its jurisdiction."
The next phase, the marine spatial planning framework, will set parameters for
how the federal government could approach ocean development and
conservation at the ecosystem level, rather than just project by project in different
isolated agencies.
The marine plan could eventually lead to a system of zoning the ocean for different
uses, mapping out areas for different activities, such as energy development,
recreation or fishing. But Lubchenco said the task force is unlikely to come up with
something that specific by the end of the year. Rather, she said the task force will
likely assemble a "road map" for how to move ahead with more specific plans.
"It's not clear how detailed we will be able to get," she said. "I think, in the time we
have available, we will be making recommendations about a fairly generic approach
framing what [marine spatial planning] is, what it looks like, who might be
responsible and what it would include."

Its means associated with

Its means associated with

Dictionary.com, 9 (based on Collins English Dictionary,

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/its?s=t)
its (ts)
determiner
a. of, belonging to, or associated in some way with it: its left rear wheel
b. ( as pronoun ): each town claims its is the best

Non-military

1nc Must be civilian

Non-military means they cant be associated with the armed
forces in any way
Oxford Dictionaries, 14 (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/nonmilitary)
non-military
Line breaks: non-military
Pronunciation: /nnmlt()ri /
ADJECTIVE
Not belonging to, characteristic of, or involving the armed forces; civilian:
the widespread destruction of non-military targets

B. Violation Using the military in a non-combat role isnt nonmilitary because it still operates within military structure
Brown, 12 - PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London (Sylvia, Youths in non-military
roles in an armed opposition group on the Burmese-Thai border.
http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15634)
a) Definition of key terms
The term youth is understood in this study to be a socially constructed emic term
which, like all social constructions, is not static, but continually re-defined by society
based on the social context of the time. The term non-military is used here to refer
to roles which are not located within army or militia structures. Since roles within
military structures involve both combat and non-combat roles (army cooks, porters,
signallers and engineers, for example), the term non-combat can be used to refer
to ancillary roles within a military, which are not the focus of this study. This study is
concerned with participants outside the armed wing of an armed opposition group
entirely, for instance, within its administrative apparatus or mass organisations.

C. Voting issue
1. limits allowing the military explodes the literature base and our research
burdens there are dozens of noncombat roles like anti-piracy, counterterrorism or
counternarcotics that could all facilitate development it could be its own topic
2. predictability their interpretation makes the word non-military meaningless if
military only means formal combat roles, exploration and development are
incoherent in that context.

2nc must be civilian

Theyre a non-aggressive use of the military thats
substantially broader than non-military international law
establishes a brightline

Benko et al, 85 served as the legal adviser to the German Delegation in the UN
Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) from 1979-2013;
teaches space law & policy at Aachen University of Applied Sciences (Faculty of
Aerospace Engineering)(Marietta, Space Law in the United Nations, p. 176)
The vast literature on the subject shows, in space law, two major interpretations
of'peaceful': that of non-military and that of non-aggressive53. In international law
'non-military is defined as the prohibition to use outer space for military activities in
times of peace, whereas 'non-aggressiveness' refers to the permission to use at
least partial military precautions. The term 'non-aggressiveness' includes the
possibility to apply military activities in outer space law-fully as long as those
activities do not aim at direct attack in the sense of the United Nations definition of
'aggression'.
The concept of non-aggressiveness is, from the political point of view, therefore a
much broader one than the non-military one : it permits among other things
almost all present activities in outer space such as those of 'spy' satellites,
interceptor satellites, remote sensing satellites of a certain type as well as laser
beam experiments and the use of nuclear power in outer space.
At this point it begins to be difficult for those among us who are in favour of peace
on Earth as well as in the rest of outer space, because many outer space activities,
scientific or not, have up to now been executed by military personnel*; so that, if we
had to get rid of the 'non-military', this would mean that space research as it stands
would become impossible. But it would be difficult, if not impossible, to discontinue
space research, the more so since international law, and, to a smaller degree space
law, do not forbid the use of outer space for military purposes.

Including military operations other than war makes nonmilitary meaningless and explodes the topic

Stepanova, 2 - Candidate of Historical Sciences (E.A., Military Thought: A Russian

Journal of Military Theory and Strategy, MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR
(THE U.S. VIEW) http://eastviewpress.net/Files/MT_FROM%20THE%20ARCHIVES_No.
%203_2010_small.pdf)
The term operations other than war* itself is formulated by the rule of contraries,
stressing their specifics as opposed to conventional military operations. The change
of terminology was also supposed to symbolize the difference of the new concept,
which placed a special thrust on the non-military character of humanitarian,
peacekeeping, and other suchlike operations, from the 1970s-1980s theory of lowintensity conflicts where they were regarded as less intensive military operations.
The concept of operations other than war is by definition rather blurry : In U.S.
society itself, there are plenty of versions of their definition and classification, as
reflected in the relevant documents by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Department of

Defense, U.S. Army field manuals, and so forth.2 The U.S. military doctrine specifies
the following main types of operations other than war:
Humanitarian operations in crisis zones that for their part include the following:
assistance in natural disasters and other emergencies (say, man-made disasters);
assistance to refugees and displaced persons; ensuring the security of humanitarian
operations (facilitating access for international humanitarian organization and
service officers to disaster areas, and protection of humanitarian personnel,
columns of refugees and areas of their temporary accommodation, humanitarian aid
convoys and depots as well as seaports and airports used to deliver humanitarian
aid); and technical supportsay, in humanitarian mine-clearing (not directly
connected with military necessity).
Peace support operations: peacekeeping operations, contingent on consent by the
belligerents to the presence of peacekeeping forces as well as non-use of force to
the extent possible, even in self-defensesay, the UN operation in Cyprus (since
1964) or Cambodia (1991-1992 and 1992-1993); and peace enforcement
operations, with none of the aforementioned limitationse.g., NATO operations in
Bosnia (since 1995) and Kosovo (since 1999).
Counterinsurgency and nation assistance (assistance in creating local (national)
security agenciestraining, arming, technical and information support;
humanitarian and other non-emergency assistance, etc.).
Support for insurgency (guerrilla) movements in other countries (support by the U.S.
military-political leadership for the mujahedin in Afghanistan in 1979-1989).
Noncombatant evacuation operations in zones of conflict or man-made disaster
(e.g., 1991 operations to evacuate U.S. and other citizens from Somalia and Zaire).
Sanctions enforcement (e.g., the 1993 operation along the Haitian coast) and no-fly
zone enforcementin Iraq (since 1992) and in Bosnia (since 1993).
Show of force (patrolling by U.S. Air Force of insurgency bases in the course of a
coup attempt in the Philippines in 1989).
Non-combat operations also include short-term actions to deliver pinpoint strikes,
controlling proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, arms control (inspections),
and interagency military contacts.3
Although U.S. military doctrine provides for military participation in operations other
than war mainly abroad, it allows for the use of armed forces in operations other
than war also domestically. This includes support for civilian authoritiesin dealing
with strikes, emergencies and natural disasters as well as in search-and-rescue,
humanitarian, and other operations; law enforcement agenciesin restoring public
order (in the event of mass riots), protection of sensitive installations (e.g., electric
power and water intake stations, transport and communication nodes, and so forth)
as well as in counterdrug and counterterrorism operations.
Whereas some types of operations other than war provide for the use of force (say,
peace enforcement), others (humanitarian or traditional peacekeeping operations)
do not. Oftentimes both types of operation are conducted simultaneously:
Humanitarian operation combined with peace enforcement (as in Bosnia, Kosovo,
etc.) is becoming standard practice. Finally, operations other than war can be both
multilateral (multinational) and unilaterali.e., conducted by one or several
countries. The most common types of operations other than war are peacekeeping
and humanitarian operations.
For all the diversity of operations other than war, they have something in common,
which sets them apart from military (combat) operations per senamely, their
predominantly political character. Regardless of the role that armed forces play in

an operation other than war, it serves above all political, not military, tasks and
objectives. Although military operations are in the final analysis also dictated by
political considerations, in operations other than war, political considerations prevail
over all other considerations. These operations are designed not to achieve military
victory, but to avert, limit, and settle conflicts; keep the peace and provide support
to civilian authorities in internal crises; maintain and assert influence in a particular
region, and so forthnaturally, in accordance with national interests.4 They do not
include such goals as effective engagement or physical elimination of an adversary;
they are called upon to, among other things, create conditions for electoral victory
by local political forces loyal to the international community or national
authorities. Operations other than war are literally permeated with political interests
and considerations on all levels while their objectives are always limited (that is to
say, are not related to the vital interests of participating countries) and can change
often and quicklycontingent on the prevailing situation. Although in theory,
specific tasks addressed by armed forces at a particular stage of an operation (say,
forcible separation of belligerents) should be subordinated to its general political
tasks, in practice it is often the case that political considerations not only do not
coincide with military needs at given moment but even are in conflict with them.

2nc not Icebreakers

Icebreakers are military ships

Bement, 8 Director, National Science Foundation (Adrien, COAST GUARD

ICEBREAKING (110-154) HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD
AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION OF THE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 7/16,
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43754/html/CHRG-110hhrg43754.htm)
The other big difference is that, because the Coast Guard icebreakers are military
ships and have multiple missions, they have a much larger crew strength. Their
manning is about 134 crew, officers and crew, compared with 18 on the Oden.

2nc Coast Guard is military

The Coast Guard is part of the military

US Coast Guard, 14 - About Us, last modified 3/20,

http://www.uscg.mil/top/about/)
The U.S. Coast Guard is one of the five armed forces of the United States and the
only military organization within the Department of Homeland Security. Since 1790
the Coast Guard has safeguarded our Nation's maritime interests and environment
around the world. The Coast Guard is an adaptable, responsive military force of
maritime professionals whose broad legal authorities, capable assets, geographic
diversity and expansive partnerships provide a persistent presence along our rivers,
in the ports, littoral regions and on the high seas. Coast Guard presence and impact
is local, regional, national and international. These attributes make the Coast Guard
a unique instrument of maritime safety, security and environmental stewardship.

AT: Non-combat CI
Non-military means not associated with the military, not noncombat
Wordnet, 10 - WordNet is a large lexical database of English, run by Princeton
University and supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation,
http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?
s=nonmilitary&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o
6=&o3=&o4=&h=) bold in original
Adjective
S: (adj) unmilitary, nonmilitary (not associated with soldiers or the military)
"unmilitary circles of government"; "fatigue duty involves nonmilitary labor"

Non-military means civilian it excludes peacetime military

roles
Bunyan, 6 Editor of Statewatch (Tony, Essays for an Open Europe,
http://www.statewatch.org/secret/essays2.htm)
There are a few other aspects to the Solana decision which are worrisome. First, the
phrase "non-military crisis management" refers to civilian aspects of crisis
management, such as police and judicial co-operation. This would exclude, for
example, access to all documents relating to the new EU rapid-reaction paramilitary
police force, even with regard to policy-making matters. Second, the Solana
decision allows international organisations such as NATO and third countries such as
the US to veto a citizens access to documents if the documents have been drawn up
by or in conjunction with them. For all the rhetoric of the EU on the need for greater
transparency only the Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland voted against adoption of
the Council's Solana decision.

Aff Coast Guard is topical

The Coast Guard is part of the armed forces but has a
statutorily mandated non-military function
Dolan, 5 Masters Thesis for the Naval Postgraduate School (Mark, THE
SEAMLESS MARITIME CONCEPT https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=452965)
Capability and resource redundancy is expensive. However, contingency and surge
compatibility is both necessary and appropriate. Where does appropriate
compatibility and surge capacity become unnecessary redundancy? Navy and Coast
Guard discussions concerning the Coast Guard as the national patrol boat manager,
Deepwater communications and weapons systems interoperability, and deployment
schedules are outstanding examples of complementary capabilities and
cooperation. While the Navys justification for capabilities is solely dependent on
defense missions, the Coast Guards justification includes readiness for defense
missions and traditional Coast Guard missions . The redundancy discussion
frequently fails to recognize that the Navy does not have a requirement to
execute non-military missions . Moreover, the Coast Guard through its statue as
a law enforcement agency and military service must be prepared for both . The
same is not true of the Navy .
This doesnt mean that the Navy cannot be an appropriate supporting service
during times of maritime homeland security duress; it just means the Navy force
should not be built for that secondary purpose. The Navys warfighting capability set
includes numerous assets that can augment the Coast Guard during crisis.
Some amount of redundancy is desirable. How much redundancy is appropriate is a
constantly changing, depending of the security and defense environments,
deployments, threats, resource status, etc. At a minimum the redundancy must
include a Coast Guard force structure and capability mix sized for the non-military
mission and readiness for defense missions. The Navy force structure planning and
capability mix must be sized for military missions. The Navy does not need to be
built to nonmilitary mission specifications; however, that does not preclude the use
of Navy resources and capabilities in dealing with homeland security contingency
plans. A Seamless Maritime Concept would include all resources.

Coast Guard missions are non-military despite being part of

the armed forces
Garrett, 81 Thesis written for the Naval Postgraduate School (Jeffrey, Arctic
Alaska and icebreaking : an assessment of future requirements for the United States
Coast Guard
http://calhoun.nps.edu/public/bitstream/handle/10945/20435/arcticalaskaiceb00garr
.pdf?sequence=1)
The Coast Guard is in certain ways unique in the country's governmental structure.
It is, by definition, an armed force of the United States yet virtually the entire
thrust of its peacetime role is distinctly non-military . This dual nature is

characteristic of individual operating units as well as the organization as a whole.

The sheer scope of duties is also noteworthy; there are fourteen operating programs
(or major endeavors) carried out by 38,400 uniformed personnel, 5,400 civilian
employees, 11,700 selected reservists and an auxiliary of 42,500 [Reference 160] .
The Coast Guard has been descriptively categorized with regard to these features
as a dual-role, multi-mission agency: it is a military service performing a wide range
of civilian duties [Ref. 2]

Most Coast Guard missions are non-military its military

capabilities are only for a crisis

ORourke, 14 Specialist in Naval Affairs at the Congressional Research Service

(Ronald, Coast Guard Polar Icebreaker Modernization: Background and Issues for
Congress 6/5, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL34391.pdf)
The prepared statement of the GAO witness at a December 1, 2011, hearing before
the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation subcommittee of the House
Transportation and Infrastructure Committee that focused primarily on icebreakers
states:
Another alternative option addressed by the Recapitalization report would be to
fund new icebreakers through the NSF. However, the analysis of this option
concluded that funding a new icebreaker through the existing NSF budget would
have significant adverse impacts on NSF operations and that the capability needed
for Coast Guard requirements would exceed that needed by the NSF.
The Recapitalization report noted that a funding approach similar to the approach
used for the Healy, which was funded through the fiscal year 1990 DOD
appropriations, should be considered. However, the report did not analyze the
feasibility of this option. We have previously reported that because of the Coast
Guards statutory role as both a federal maritime agency and a branch of the
military, it can receive funding through both the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) and DOD. For example, as we previously reported, although the U.S. Navy is
not expressly required to provide funding to the Coast Guard, the Coast Guard
receives funding from the Navy to purchase and maintain equipment, such as selfdefense systems or communication systems, because it is in the Navys interest for
the Coast Guard systems to be compatible with the Navys systems when the Coast
Guard is performing national defense missions in support of the Navy. However,
according to a Coast Guard budget official, the Coast Guard receives the majority of
its funding through the DHS appropriation, with the exception of reimbursements for
specific activities. Also, as the Recapitalization plan acknowledges, there is
considerable strain on the DOD budget. A recent DOD report on the Arctic also
notes budgetary challenges, stating that the near-term fiscal and political
environment will make it difficult to support significant new U.S. investments in the
Arctic. Furthermore, DOD and the Coast Guard face different mission requirements
and timelines. For example, DODs recent report states that the current level of
human activity in the Arctic is already of concern to DHS, whereas the Arctic is
expected to remain a peripheral interest to much of the national security
community for the next decade or more. As a result, the Coast Guard has a more
immediate need than DOD to acquire Arctic capabilities, such as icebreakers. For
example, with preliminary plans for drilling activity approved in 2011, the Coast
Guard must be prepared to provide environmental response in the event of an oil
spill. Similarly, as cruise ship traffic continues to increase, the Coast Guard must be

prepared to conduct search and rescue operations should an incident occur. For
these reasons, it is unlikely that an approach similar to the one that was used to
build the Healy would be feasible at this time.63

Aff noncombat roles topical

CI noncombat functions of the military are non-military

Huntington, 93 former professor of government at Harvard (Samuel, Noncombat Roles for the U.S. Military in the Post-Cold War Era, ed: James Graham, p. 5)
These would clearly seem to be non-traditional roles. But are they really? The more I
have thought about this issue, the more I have become convinced that with one
possible exception the subject of this conference does not exist There are almost no
conceivable roles for the American military in this new phase of national security
that the American military have not performed in some earlier phase. The true
distinction, I believe, is not between traditional and non-traditional roles but
between military and non-military roles, or more precisely, between the combat
missions of the military and the non-combat uses of military force. The purpose of
military forces is combat, that is to deter and to defeat the enemies of the United
States; that is their central mission, their raison d'etre, the only justification for
expending resources on their creation and maintenance. The forces created for that
mission, however, can and throughout our history have been employed in noncombat non-military uses.

Official military doctrine includes non-military roles

Morag, 6 - faculty member at the Center for Homeland Defense and Security
(CHDS) at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California (Nadav, The
National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism: An Assessment Homeland
Security Affairs, July, http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=2.2.7) NMSP = National
Military Strategic Plan
Given the above, in order to develop a credible and realistic strategy for dealing
with terrorism, the military should play to its strengths and comparative
advantages. The military establishments primary role is to apply physical power in
order to achieve national objectives. In this case, this means that the military
focuses on the physical disruption of terrorist networks and the apprehension or
liquidation of individual terrorists. The NMSP correctly spells out these goals and
notes that they are a major part of the militarys mission, but then it goes into
unfamiliar territory, for the military, by dealing with overtly non-military issues
as well as ones in which the DoD subordinates itself to other domestic agencies
and/or foreign countries. The American public can legitimately and realistically
expect the military to be competent and effective (though not necessarily
successful 100% of the time) in counterterrorist efforts within the purely military
sphere. Why, then, should the Pentagon willingly embrace mission creep and dive
head-and-shoulders into complex and muddled economic, financial, cultural,
educational, etc. issues that relate to broader societies? The military is infinitely
more prepared and competent to arrest or kill terrorists and destroy their bases
than it is to change values, societal structures, and political regimes. It is
immeasurably better to produce a successful limited policy than a failed allencompassing one. As with any illness, it is always better to treat the root causes,
but some diseases are presently incurable and the best way to manage them is by
addressing their symptoms.

Non-military missions include military assistance to civil

authorities

GAO, 3 US General Accounting Office (Homeland Defense: DOD Needs to Assess

the Structure of
U.S. Forces for Domestic Military Missions 7/11,
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO03-670.htm)
To address these objectives we assessed key national and defense strategies; DOD
plans, mission orders, documents (such as training manuals), and directives; and
laws governing DOD assistance to U. S. civilian authorities. We conducted interviews
with knowledgeable officials including those in the Office of the Secretary of
Defense; the services and their various commands; U. S. Northern Command; and
met with units performing domestic military missions at various locations
nationwide. We analyzed Army military police and other combat unit installation
security deployments, Air Force fighter wing operational data, 1 We define domestic
military missions as DOD activities to protect the U. S. sovereignty, territory,
domestic population, and critical defense infrastructure from external threats and
aggression (i. e., homeland defense). We define nonmilitary missions as military
assistance to U. S. civil authorities* federal, state, and local governments.

The military can provide non-military functions

Department of Defense, 7 (Irregular Warfare: Joint Operating Concept,
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/dod/iw-joc_v1_2007.pdf)
Combatant Command Strategic Planning. Before a JFC can design an IW campaign,
the supported combatant commander and supporting and subordinate JFCs will
conduct strategic planning to translate national strategic guidance and direction
into a strategic concept for achieving a set of military and non-military conditions
necessary to achieve strategic success. Unlike conventional warfare, the nature of
IW will rarely dictate that the military instrument of power be in the lead. In fact, a
strategic military lead will usually be counterproductive in IW because it will tend to
alienate the population that is the focus of the IW effort. Typically, the joint force
role in IW will be to establish the military conditions necessary to enable and
support the other instruments of national power so that they can lead a unified
effort to achieve strategic success. However, when other instruments of national
power are unavailable in sufficient quantity, the President or Secretary of Defense
may direct the supported combatant commander to employ military forces and
capabilities to perform non-military tasks and achieve non-military conditions in the
pursuit of strategic success.

Only a Communist votes neg

Huntington, 93 former professor of government at Harvard (Samuel, Noncombat Roles for the U.S. Military in the Post-Cold War Era, ed: James Graham, p. 56

I will not go deep into this history, which I am sure, is familiar to you, but let me just
highlight a few of the traditional, non-combat uses of the aimed forces in our
history. For over three decades West Point trained all of this country's engineers,
civilian as well as military. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Army engaged in
economic and political development. It explored and surveyed the West, chose the
sites for forts and settlements, planned settlements, built roads and developed
waterways. For years, the Army performed the functions later assumed by the
Weather Bureau and the Geological Survey. In the latter part of the century, the
Signal Corps pioneered in the development and use of the telegraph and telephone.
The Navy was equally active in exploration and scientific research. U.S. naval ships
explored the Amazon, surveyed Latin American and North American coasts, laid
cables, collected scientific specimens and data from around the world. They policed
the slave trade. Naval officers negotiated dozens of treaties and served in the
lighthouse service, the life-saving service, the coastal survey, and the steamboat
inspection service. The Army ran civil government in the South during
Reconstruction and simultaneously for ten years also governed Alaska. It was, of
course, frequently called upon to deal with strikes and labor violence. The Corps of
Engineers constructed public buildings and canals and other public works including
the Panama Canal. Soldiers helped deal with malaria in Panama and cholera,
hunger, illiteracy in Cuba, Haiti, and Nicaragua. They also established schools, built
public works, promoted public health, organized elections, and encouraged
democracy in these countries. In the 1930s, the Army took on the immense task of
recruiting, organizing, and administering the Civilian Conservation Corps.
This past year after the hurricanes in Florida and Hawaii many people hailed the
superb contribution the military made to disaster relief as evidence of a "new role"
for the U.S. armed forces. Nothing could be more off the target. The U.S. military
have regularly provided such relief in the past. As the official U.S. military history
puts it, during the 1920s and 1930s, "the most conspicuous employment of the
Army within the United States... was in a variety of tasks that only the Army had the
resources and organization to tackle quickly. In floods and blizzards and hurricanes
it was the Army that was first on the spot with cots, blankets, and food."2 That has
been the case throughout our history. It is hard to conceive of any non-military role
for the U.S. military that does not have some precedent in U.S. history. Non-military
functions of the armed forces are as American as apple pie .

Exploration

1nc search for resources

Exploration means the process of searching for resources and
development means extracting them
US Code, 14 (43 USC 1331: Definitions, current as of 2014, From Title 43-PUBLIC
LANDS CHAPTER 29-SUBMERGED LANDS SUBCHAPTER III-OUTER CONTINENTAL
SHELF LANDS, http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?
req=(title:43%20section:1331%20edition:prelim))
(k) The term exploration means the process of searching for minerals, including
(1) geophysical surveys where magnetic, gravity, seismic, or other systems are
used to detect or imply the presence of such minerals, and (2) any drilling, whether
on or off known geological structures, including the drilling of a well in which a
discovery of oil or natural gas in paying quantities is made and the drilling of any
additional delineation well after such discovery which is needed to delineate any
reservoir and to enable the lessee to determine whether to proceed with
development and production;
(l) The term development means those activities which take place following
discovery of minerals in paying quantities, including geophysical activity, drilling,
platform construction, and operation of all onshore support facilities, and which are
for the purpose of ultimately producing the minerals discovered;
(m) The term production means those activities which take place after the
successful completion of any means for the removal of minerals, including such
removal, field operations, transfer of minerals to shore, operation monitoring,
maintenance, and work-over drilling;

The aff violates the only topical affs are about energy
exploration and development
Voting issue
1. Limits the energy topic is already huge adding entire
categories of small science research cases or looking
through the ocean for missing airplanes or protecting fish
habitats makes it impossible to prepare for
2. Negative ground energy creates a finite, predictable
body of literature with stable plan mechanisms that
guarantee us links to good energy disads

--XT exploration means resources

Exploration means looking for resources

US Code, 14 (16 USC 2462: Definitions, From Title 16-CONSERVATION CHAPTER

44B-ANTARCTIC MINERAL RESOURCES PROTECTION, Pub. L. 101594, 3, Nov. 16,
1990, 104 Stat. 2976, http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USCprelim-title16-section2462&num=0&edition=prelim)
(3) The term development means any activity, including logistic support, which
takes place following exploration, the purpose of which is the exploitation of specific
mineral resource deposits, including processing, storage, and transport activities.
(4) The term exploration means any activity, including logistic support, the
purpose of which is the identification or evaluation of specific mineral resource
deposits. The term includes exploratory drilling, dredging, and other surface or
subsurface excavations required to determine the nature and size of mineral
resource deposits and the feasibility of their development.

2nc AT: CI
Prefer our resources-based definition its internationally
recognized, and theirs is not
National Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean
Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council
(Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p. 199)
Montserrat Gorina-Ysern, American University, is an expert on the Law of the Sea
Convention (LOSC). She provided a brief background on the regulation of
fundamental oceanographic research and marine science research as distinct from
exploration in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf and the 1982
LOSC, Part XIII, respectively. She outlined the main principles, rights and duties
concerning the conduct of marine science research in different jurisdictional
maritime zones and proposed how these would apply to IGOE activities.
Exploration has different meanings for different purposes (i.e., marine science
research versus discovery of natural resources). The definition problem is
compounded because marine science research has not been defined in LOSC. IOC
has defined marine science research as referring to the scientific investigation of
the ocean, its biota and its physical boundaries with the solid Earth and the
atmosphere. The results of marine science research, normally published in journals
of international circulation, are said to benefit humankind at large; whereas,
exploration (also referred to as applied research) is concerned with ocean resources,
and the results of this type of research are considered to be the property of the
persons, corporations, or governments initiating the research.

Aff - AT: search for resources

Their definition is only in the context of extractive industries
not general ocean exploration
National Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean
Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council
(Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p. 17)
As defined by the President's Panel on Ocean Exploration (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 2000), exploration is discovery through disciplined,
diverse observations and the recording of findings. Ocean exploration has included
rigorous, systematic observation and documentation of the biological, chemical,
physical, geological and archaeological aspects of the ocean in the three
dimensions of space and in time. This definition of exploration is much broader than
the definition one would find, for example, within the context for the extractive
industries, where exploration is a search for hydrocarbon or mineral deposits. More
general approaches allow researchers to develop and ask questions that are not
rooted in specific hypotheses and that often lead to unexpected answers a
difficult task to promote within the current approaches to research funding.
Exploration is an early component of the research process; it focuses on new areas
of inquiry and develops descriptions of phenomena that inform the direction of
further study. It is the collection of basic observations that later allow hypotheses to
be posed to connect those observations with the laws of physics, chemistry, and
biology. In some disciplines, such as physics, exploration has been pursued
aggressively, and the resources are best invested in testing hypotheses and
conducting controlled experiments. In other disciplines, the system under
investigation is so vast, complex, or remote that exploration is still the necessary
first step. Outer space, the human genome, and the oceans are excellent examples.
This nation and others have invested heavily in the exploration of outer space and
the functioning of the human genome, and each program has both captured the
imagination of the public and produced tangible, valuable discoveries. No similar
systematic program exists for ocean exploration, despite its promise.
In June 2000, a panel of experts from the ocean science community was convened
to fulfill a presidential request to provide recommendations for a national ocean
exploration strategy (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000). In
October, the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration recommended that the United
States add a national program of ocean exploration to its current marine research
portfolio (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000). That program
would provide the opportunity to explore the Earths oceans through broad-based
observations and through interdisciplinary and cross-cultural investigations. The
panels vision was to not only go where no one has ever gone, but to see the
oceans through a new set of technological eyes, and record those journeys for
posterity (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000).

Their definition only refers to the limited context of the Law of

the Sea
National Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean
Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council
(Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p. 199) LOS = Law of the Sea

An international ocean exploration program must be nonbureaucratic and flexible.

Perhaps a decentralized structure, evolving through time, would be the most
effective. Many countries already have ocean exploration programs. Others do not,
often for financial reasons. As we consider global ocean exploration, we need to
consider it not only in the geographic sense, but also in the sense of participation.
The gap between developed and developing in science is widening. If we really want
to carry out an international program, we must consider issues of wide participation.
The cooperation must be rooted in shared interests. Standardization of data to
facilitate data management, access, and transfer is important. The situation with
regard to data accessibility is changing and some of these issues are being dealt
with in international agreements. More data have commercial interest and this is a
growing problem. More data are now being used in real time and this means they
must be shared much more rapidly. Various international laws are forming the basis
for changes in management of EEZs to protect the proprietary interests of nations.
While fully respecting the rights of coastal states and LOS, we should seek to
simplify the regulatory complexity where possible. The definition of exploration is
not the same as it is defined in LOS (i.e., exploration as a precursor of production,
but rather in the context of scientific discovery). An international ocean exploration
program should ensure a strong education and public outreach component.

1nc exploration is discovery

Ocean exploration is discovery and data collection

Huddleston, 9 communications officer for the National Research Council (Nancy,

Ocean Exploration: Highlights of the National Academies Reports,
http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/osb/miscellaneous/exploration_final.pdf
What Is Ocean Exploration?
As defined by the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 2000), ocean exploration is discovery through
disciplined, diverse observations and recordings of findings. It includes rigorous,
systematic observations and documentation of biological, chemical, physical,
geological, and archeological aspects of the ocean in the three dimensions of space
and in time.

Violation discovery is open ended they cant search for

something specific thats research

McNutt, 6 - PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, MONTEREY BAY

AQUARIUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Marcia, Prepared Testimony, UNDERSEA
RESEARCH AND OCEAN EXPLORATION: H.R. 3835, THE NATIONAL OCEAN
EXPLORATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2005 AND THE UNDERSEA RESEARCH PROGRAM
ACT OF 2005, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg28758/html/CHRG109hhrg28758.htm)
Ocean exploration is distinguished from research by the fact that exploration leads
to questions, while research leads to answers. When one undertakes exploration, it
is without any preconceived notion of what one might find or who might
benefit from the discoveries . Research, on the other hand, is undertaken to test
a certain hypothesis, with the clear understanding of the benefits of either
supporting or refuting the hypothesis under consideration. Often novel discoveries
are made accidentally in the process of performing hypothesis-driven research, but
with a purposeful exploration program, those discoveries are more likely to be
appreciated for what they are, properly documented, and followed-up.
Here is a concrete example. One of the greatest surprises in oceanography in the
20th century was the discovery of the hot-vent communities, deep-sea oases that
thrive in sea water geothermally heated to several hundred degrees centigrade.
These animals form an entire ecosystem completely independent of the sun's
energy, and their existence opens up huge new possibilities for how life might be
sustained elsewhere in the universe. This discovery led to a host of new research
questions. What is the energy source for this new style of community? How do
proteins fold at such high temperatures? By what reproductive strategy do deep-sea
vent organisms manage to find and colonize new, isolated vent systems as the old
ones die? These are important questions, but ones that we would not know enough
to even ask had the discovery not happened. And it almost didn't. The shipboard
party involved was entirely geologists and geophysicists. There wasn't a single
biologist on board to appreciate the significance of what was to become the most
important discovery in marine biology. Ever. Lacking basic biological supplies, the

geophysicists had to sacrifice all of their vodka to preserve the novel specimens
they collected.
Such discoveries don't need to be rare, accidental, or potentially unappreciated with
a strong, vigorous, and systematic ocean exploration program. I created a graphic
(Figure 1) to show how NOAA's OE program might ideally relate to the broader
ocean research agenda and to the NURP program.
The upper box is meant to represent NOAA's Ocean Exploration program. New
discoveries are made by exploring new places, and/or by deploying new tools which
``see'' the ocean in new dimensions. With roughly 95 percent of the ocean still
unexplored, and new tools that image the physics, chemistry, biology, and geology
of the ocean at all scales being developed constantly, the opportunities for
discovery are virtually limitless. The greatest strength of having a federal
organization such as NOAA leading this effort is the fact that it can undertake a
systematic, multi-disciplinary exploration of the ocean. However, if I had to identify
NOAA's weakness in terms of being the lead agency for this effort, it is the fact that
NOAA is not widely known for its prowess in developing new technology. For this
reason, I support the provision in H.R. 3835 that establishes an interagency task
force which includes NASA and ONR to facilitate the transfer of new exploration
technology to the program.

Voting issue they destroy negative ground and unlimit the

topic both by allowing searches for downed airplanes or
specific shipwrecks, making small search and rescue missions
topical, and by allowing the entire category of ocean
research as an unpredictable aff mechanism

2nc discovery, not research

Exploration is the study of the unknown research is the
attempt to understand things previously discovered
Keener, 14 Marine Biologist and Education Director at the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (Paula, Introduction to Volume 2: How Do We Explore?
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/edu/collection/media/hdwe-Bkgnd.pdf) bold
in original
On August 13, 2008, the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer was commissioned as
Americas Ship for Ocean Exploration; the only U.S. ship whose sole assignment is
to systematically explore Earths largely unknown ocean. A key part of the vision
underlying this assignment is that the Okeanos Explorer is a ship of discovery. Her
mission is to find anomalies; things that are unusual and unexpected. When
anomalies are found, explorers aboard the ship collect basic information that can
guide future expeditions to investigate hypotheses based on this information. This
process underscores an important distinction between exploration and research:
Exploration is about making new discoveries to expand our fundamental scientific
knowledge and understanding and to lay the foundation for more detailed scientific
investigations;
Research is about the attempt to understand things that have previously been
discovered and leads to informed decision-making.

Exploration seeks to establish new hypotheses; research seeks

to prove or disprove existing hypotheses
Malik et al, 13 The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (To Explore or
to Research: Trends in modern age ocean studies American Geophysical Union, Fall
Meeting 2013, abstract #OS33B-1763,
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMOS33B1763M)
The recommendations of President's Panel Report on Ocean Exploration gave rise to
NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration in 2001, and helped establish NOAA as the lead
agency for a federal ocean exploration program. The panel defined exploration as
discovery through disciplined, diverse observations and recordings of findings
including rigorous, systematic observations and documentation of biological,
chemical, physical, geological, and archaeological aspects of the ocean in the three
dimensions of space and in time. Here we ask the question about the fine line that
separates ';Exploration' and ';Research'. We contend that successful exploration
aims to establish new lines of knowledge or give rise to new hypothesis as
compared to research where primary goal is to prove or disprove an existing
hypothesis. However, there can be considerable time lag before a hypothesis can be
established after an initial observation. This creates interesting challenges for ocean
exploration because instant ';return on investment' can not be readily shown.
Strong media and public interest is garnered by far and apart exciting discoveries
about new biological species or processes. However, most of the ocean exploration
work goes to systematically extract basic information about a previously unknown
area. We refer to this activity as baseline characterization in providing information
about an area which can support hypothesis generation and further research to

prove or disprove this hypothesis. Examples of such successful characterization

include OER endeavors in the Gulf of Mexico that spanned over 10 years and it
provided baseline characterization in terms of biological diversity and distribution
on basin-wide scale. This baseline characterization was also conveniently used by
scientists to conduct research on benthic communities to study effects of deep
water horizon incident. More recently similar characterization has been attempted
by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer from 2011 - 2013 field season in NE Atlantic
canyon. This has been one of the first ever campaigns to systematically map the NE
canyons from US-Canada border to Cape Hatteras. After the 3D mapping of the
canyons that included multibeam sonar derived bathymetry and backscatter, OER
provided the first ever comprehensive maps of the seafloor and water column which
have become the basis for further exploration and research in this region. NOAA
Ship Okeanos Explorer currently remains the only federal vessel dedicated solely to
Ocean Exploration. Examples of some of the recent discoveries of the ship will be
provided to explain as how Exploration and Research are merging together in
modern era of ocean sciences.

Exploration is discovery, not research means it has to be

open-ended

NOAA, 12 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Office of Ocean

Exploration and Research (Independent Review of the Ocean Exploration Program
10 Year Review 2001 2011 5/21,
http://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/about-oer/program-review/oeprogram-history-overview.pdf)
2.1 What is Exploration?
As described in the Presidents Panel Report, ocean exploration is defined as
discovery through disciplined diverse observations and the recording of the
findings. An explorer is distinguished from a researcher by virtue of the fact that an
explorer has not narrowly designed the observing strategy to test a specific
hypothesis. A successful explorer leaves a legacy of new knowledge that can be
used by those not yet born to answer questions not yet posed at the time of the
exploration. Above all, the overarching purpose of ocean exploration is to increase
our knowledge of the ocean environment; its features, habitats, and species; and
how it functions as part of the global ecosystem.
In practice, the NOAA Ocean Exploration Program adopted and continues to
promote an approach to engage teams of scientists representing multiple disciplines
to explore unknown and poorly known ocean areas and phenomena. This approach
also includes recruiting natural resource managers, educators, journalists,
documentary filmmakers, and others to join expeditions and provide a unique
perspective on the areas being investigated. The objective is to generate a
comprehensive characterization of the area and phenomena explored, providing a
rich foundation to stimulate follow-on research, as well as new lines of scientific
inquiry.

Ocean exploration is distinct from hypothesis-driven

investigations exploration is discovery of the unknown

Ban, 12 - Chair, NOAA Science Advisory Board (Raymond, Letter to The Honorable
Jane Lubchenco Administrator National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
11/26, http://www.sab.noaa.gov/Reports/OER_Review_TransmittalLetter_Final.pdf)

I am pleased to transmit to you the following report from the Ocean Exploration and
Research (OER) Program review. This review was conducted under the Science
Advisory Board Ocean Exploration Advisory Working Group (OEAWG) as per its terms
of reference. The review panel found that the OER Program has had impressive
successes in science, mapping, data management, education, politics, and
diplomacy. However, there remain vast unexplored regions of the ocean. The
panels major finding is there is undiminished motivation for ocean exploration
research. The panel affirmed that ocean exploration is distinct from comprehensive
surveys and at-sea research, including hypothesis-driven investigations aimed at
the ocean bottom, artifacts, water column, and marine life.

Aff AT: not research

Ocean exploration is the first stage of research and can lead to
directed discovery
Mineart, 2 Oceanography Dept, US Naval Academy (G.M, A data management
strategy for the ocean exploration program OCEANS '02 MTS/IEEE (Volume:3 )
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/89070111/A-Data-Management-Strategy-for-theOcean-Exploration-Program)
The Frontier Report defines ocean exploration as discovery through disciplined
diverse observations and recording of the findings [2]. The U.S. Navy, a partner in
the Presidents Panel process, has refined its definition as the systematic
examination of the oceans for the purposes of discovery; cataloging and
documenting what one finds; boldly going where no one has gone before; and
providing an initial knowledge base for hypothesis-based science and for
exploitation [3]. This definition recognizes that true ocean exploration is planned
and executed to achieve discoveries as an intentional process rather than relying on
serendipitous discoveries that sporadically emerge from typical oceanographic
research programs. This definition also emphasizes the recording of results to
facilitate the sharing of each new baseline level of knowledge across a broad,
multidisciplinary user community.

Exploration is the first stage of research

National Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean

Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council
(Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p. 17)
As defined by the President's Panel on Ocean Exploration (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 2000), exploration is discovery through disciplined,
diverse observations and the recording of findings. Ocean exploration has included
rigorous, systematic observation and documentation of the biological, chemical,
physical, geological and archaeological aspects of the ocean in the three
dimensions of space and in time. This definition of exploration is much broader than
the definition one would find, for example, within the context for the extractive
industries, where exploration is a search for hydrocarbon or mineral deposits. More
general approaches allow researchers to develop and ask questions that are not
rooted in specific hypotheses and that often lead to unexpected answers a
difficult task to promote within the current approaches to research funding.
Exploration is an early component of the research process; it focuses on new areas
of inquiry and develops descriptions of phenomena that inform the direction of
further study. It is the collection of basic observations that later allow hypotheses to
be posed to connect those observations with the laws of physics, chemistry, and
biology. In some disciplines, such as physics, exploration has been pursued
aggressively, and the resources are best invested in testing hypotheses and
conducting controlled experiments. In other disciplines, the system under
investigation is so vast, complex, or remote that exploration is still the necessary
first step. Outer space, the human genome, and the oceans are excellent examples.
This nation and others have invested heavily in the exploration of outer space and

the functioning of the human genome, and each program has both captured the
imagination of the public and produced tangible, valuable discoveries. No similar
systematic program exists for ocean exploration, despite its promise.
In June 2000, a panel of experts from the ocean science community was convened
to fulfill a presidential request to provide recommendations for a national ocean
exploration strategy (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000). In
October, the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration recommended that the United
States add a national program of ocean exploration to its current marine research
portfolio (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000). That program
would provide the opportunity to explore the Earths oceans through broad-based
observations and through interdisciplinary and cross-cultural investigations. The
panels vision was to not only go where no one has ever gone, but to see the
oceans through a new set of technological eyes, and record those journeys for
posterity (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000).

Development

1nc exploitation, not conservation

Ocean development is utilization of ocean resources

Japanese Institute of Navigation, 98 (Ocean Engineering Research

Committee, http://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htm)
Discussions of "Ocean Engineering" are inseparable from "Ocean Development."
What is ocean development? Professor Kiyomitsu Fujii of the University of Tokyo
defines ocean development in his book as using oceans for mankind, while
preserving the beauty of nature. In the light of its significance and meaning, the
term "Ocean Development" is not necessarily a new term. Ocean development is
broadly classified into three aspects: (1) Utilization of ocean resources, (2)
Utilization of ocean spaces, and (3) Utilization of ocean energy.
Among these, development of marine resources has long been established as
fishery science and technology, and shipping, naval architecture and port/harbour
construction are covered by the category of using ocean spaces, which have grown
into industries in Japan. When the Committee initiated its activities, however, the
real concept that caught attention was a new type of ocean development, which
was outside the coverage that conventional terms had implied.
Special technologies are required for developing oceans, and an academic field is
necessary to provide a base to construct such special technologies in systematic
and organic ways. This academic field is Ocean Engineering. Dr. Tadayoshi Sasaki of
the Tokyo Fisheries University stated that "Ocean Engineering" is the integration of
several fields in which diverse approaches are to be taken for the ocean
environment, unlike individual engineering fields in a traditional sense.

Violation increasing development excludes conservation it

requires increasing commercial use

Underhill, 7 US District Court Judge (Stefan, STATE OF CONNECTICUT and

ARTHUR J. ROCQUE, JR., COMMISSIONER OF THE CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE and THE HONORABLE DONALD L. EVANS, IN HIS CAPACITY AS
SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, Defendants, ISLANDER EAST PIPELINE COMPANY, LLC,
Intervenor Defendant. CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:04cv1271 (SRU) UNITED STATES
DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59320
August 15, 2007, Decided, lexis)
The term "develop" is not defined in the statute, and there is a dearth of case law
on the subject. In the "absence of statutory guidance as to the meaning of a
particular term, it is appropriate to look to its dictionary definition in order to discern
its meaning in a given context." Connecticut v. Clifton Owens, 100 Conn. App. 619,
639, 918 A.2d 1041 (2007). There are various definitions of the term "develop,"
some of which connote commercial and industrial progress, and some of which
imply natural growth. See BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 462 (7th ed. 1999);
WEBSTER'S NEW COLLEGE DICTIONARY 310 (2d ed. 1995). Having gained no clear
answer from the dictionary, words must be given their "plain and ordinary meaning .
. . unless the context indicates that a different meaning was intended." Connecticut
v. Vickers, 260 Conn. 219, 224, 796 A.2d 502 (2002). [*19] Here, the plain meaning
of the term "develop" includes commercial improvement. Connecticut argues, in

effect, that by placing the term "develop" in the context of other terms, such as
"preserve, protect, and restore," the definition of "develop" must have a natural,
conservationist meaning. That argument is not supported by the legislative history
of the CZMA. Congress intended the CZMA to balance conservation of
environmental resources with commercial development in the coastal zone. See,
e.g., COASTAL AND OCEAN LAW at 229. In fact, in the context of the CZMA, the term
"develop" has been defined to mean commercial improvement. Id. ("[T]he CZMA
reflects a competing national interest in encouraging development of coastal
resources.").See also Conservation Law Foundation v. Watt, 560 F. Supp. 561, 575
(D. Mass. 1983) (noting that the CZMA recognizes a wide range of uses of the
coastal zones, including economic development).

Voting issue
1. Limits the 2003 oceans topic was about protection, not development they add
every aff from that topic to this one
2. Negative ground they make the topic bidirectional; it allows increasing use of
resources and decreasing them

2nc exploitation, not conservation

Development means resource exploitation

US Code, 14 (16 USC 2462: Definitions, From Title 16-CONSERVATION CHAPTER

44B-ANTARCTIC MINERAL RESOURCES PROTECTION, Pub. L. 101594, 3, Nov. 16,
1990, 104 Stat. 2976, http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USCprelim-title16-section2462&num=0&edition=prelim)
(3) The term development means any activity, including logistic support, which
takes place following exploration, the purpose of which is the exploitation of specific
mineral resource deposits, including processing, storage, and transport activities.
(4) The term exploration means any activity, including logistic support, the
purpose of which is the identification or evaluation of specific mineral resource
deposits. The term includes exploratory drilling, dredging, and other surface or
subsurface excavations required to determine the nature and size of mineral
resource deposits and the feasibility of their development.

AT: We meet sustainable use

They can take actions towards marine preservation but it has
to be in the context of increasing exploitation of resources
UNESCO, 86 - Organized with the support of the Department of Ocean
Development, Government of India Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of
Technology (IOC-Unesco Regional Training Workshop on Ocean Engineering and Its
Interface with Ocean Sciences in the Indian Ocean Region
http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/Training/085239eo.pdf)
The term "ocean development" has often been used to denote all activities,
including ocean sciences, ocean engineering and related marine technology,
directed to resource exploration and exploitation and the use of ocean space. The
underlying guiding principle in all these activities has been that these be conducted
in a manner that insure the preservation of the marine environment without
detriment to its quality and the resources with which it abounds. From the
statements given by the participants, it became apparent that in some countries,
such as China, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand, ocean
development programmes and activities, over the years, have evolved from
fisheries oriented needs towards mineral resources exploitation. In some of these
countries exploitation of these resources has brought about new adjustments to
their priority needs which have progressively involved the strengthening of their
marine scientific and technological capability demanded by these new situations.

Sustainable development requires growth it cant be just

environmental protection alone
Dernbach et al, 2 Widener University Law School; report prepared for the
Committee on Climate Change and Sustainable Development (John, Climate
Change and Sustainable Development, Environmental Energy, and Resources Law:
The Year in Review, Vol. 2002, pp. 166-354 2002 Env't. Energy & Resources L.: Year
Rev. 166 (2002), Hein Online)
Sustainable development was formally endorsed by the nations of the world ten
years ago at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED, or Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro. At the Earth Summit, nations agreed to
implement Agenda 21, a global plan of action for sustainable development.77 The
concept of sustainable development incorporates environmental protection and
restoration into the definition of development. The idea is to work toward both
conventional development and environmental protection, instead of making
progress in conventional development at the environment's expense or only
protecting the environment.

Development requires commercial resource expansion

Byron, 88 - Neil Byron, Department of Forestry, Australian National University

(Asian-Pacif ic Economic Literature Vol. 2, No. 1, (March 19881, pp. 46-80, Wiley
Online)

The notion of harnessing more of un-utilized or under-utilized resources is generally

implicit in any definition of 'development'. Thus the thrust of many development
agencies is to expand sectors of the economy in which such slack resources exist,
particularly by incorporation into the world economy through trade. Characteristic
examples are plantation estates (of rubber, tea, coffee, etc), export-oriented
fisheries, mining and forestry development programs, all utilizing indigenous labour,
land and natural resources, plus foreign capital, typically to produce primary
commodities for world markets. It is within this context that many of the resource
and environmental issues reported in the Asian-Pacific region, have arisen.

Sustainable development makes the topic bidirectional

UNESCO, 11 (Build Green Societies in Small Island Developing States: Addressing
Key Vulnerabilities http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/iococeans/priority-areas/rio-20-ocean/10-proposals-for-the-ocean/2a-small-islanddeveloping-states/)
SIDS expect Rio+20 to provide support for sustainable ocean development and
protection of resources. Measures could include actions to reduce fishing
overcapacity, to establish MPAs, enhance and support local coastal management
efforts, improve wastewater treatment as well as solid waste management and
recycling. Significantly, capacity development could take place through SIDS-SIDS
partnerships based on the sharing and consolidation of unique SIDS approaches to
coastal management; such as the Pacific Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMA)
network, the recognition and transmission of local and indigenous knowledge and
customary management of the coastal environment, and community participation in
scientific coastal monitoring, management and decision-making as practiced in
UNESCOs Sandwatch programme.

Aff - AT: Not conservation

Conservation efforts are development they allow more
sustained use of resources
Barnabe, 97 professor of marine ecology at the University of Montpellier (Gilbert,
Ecology and Management of Coastal Waters: The Aquatic Environment, p. 3-4)
1.3 DEFINITIONS OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENT
In ecological terms, development is defined as the organisation of a space by
modifying an ecosystem in order to exploit it, or the creation of habitats with a view
to encouraging reproduction or settling of particular species (Parent, 1990). Thus,
pastoral, rural or forestry developments have become well known on land and
involve the development and careful exploitation of natural resources with respect
to the environment, since development also requires judicious organisation.
The development of European coastal waters which is aimed first at animal and, to
a lesser degree, at plant resources can be defined in the same way. This consists of
the application of scientific and technical principles and concepts to animal or plant
populations, as well as to their habitats, with a view to encouraging the
reproduction or settling of particular species or ensuring their healthy survival.
These aims are of no direct benefit to man, whereas those of land management
concern human ecology and are defined as the organisation of space so as to
improve living conditions for populations, to develop economic activities and to
develop natural resources while avoiding disturbance of natural ecosystems (Parent,
1990). According to Lamotte (1985), the concept of development consists of the
transformation by man of a systemextending to the land, productivity, or some
complex combination of thesewith a view to more rational or efficient utilisation of
resources; he added that it involves an activity which is essential to human
society ... man's objective is to free himself from the constraints of the functioning
of natural ecosystems in which he evolves and which he transforms.
The coastal domain is not very well defined; in France, it is considered to be a zone
approximately 40 km on either side of the water's edge (Anon., 1994). Coastal
waters thus extend 40 km out from the coast.
Development of coastal waters must aim to compromise between man's
requirements (in terms of food, leisure, etc.) and safeguarding aquatic ecosystems.
There is no contradiction between these two objectives, even from the point of view
of strict human utilitarianism; this goal can also be attained by conservation of
ecosystems (since reserves or wildlife parks constitute developments) as well as by
modifications. It has been said that it has now become essential to save the whales
and the elephants ... not for the whales and elephants themselves, but in order that
we develop the qualities that will save them and which will save ourselves
(Panneau, 1990).
This compromise between strict human utilisation and conservation of natural
ecosystems can also be shown by sustainable development*, which consists of
management and development that are limited with respect to nature but are
permanently renewable, as advocated by the Rio Conference in 1992.

Sustainable development is still resource exploitation it just

manages it so that long-term exploitation is possible

Borgese, 94 - Elisabeth Mann Borgese is Professor of Political Science at Dalhousie

University. She is the Founder of the International Ocean Institute and acts as
Chairperson of the IOI Planning Council.Elisabeth Mann Borgese is Professor of
Political Science at Dalhousie University. She is the Founder of the International
Ocean Institute and acts as Chairperson of the IOI Planning Council. Ocean
Governance: Sustainable Development of the Seas, http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?
e=d-00000-00---off-0envl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-800&cl=CL3.33&d=HASH015e0d6a44dfd69a2ad9fcdc.1&gt=2
The word "development," in its international setting too readily associated with
"economic development," refers here to the use or exploitation of a natural
resource. The word "sustainable," which conveys the idea of holding up or support,
in this context means development that is conservative, and is conducive to
continued viability of a resource.
The term "sustainable development" which appeared in the World Conservation
Strategy published in 1980 by the International Union for the Conservation of
Nature and was adopted by the World Commission on Environment and
Development, is used to describe management (i.e. regulation of use and
exploitation, and conservation) of a given resource in such a manner that the
benefits of the resource are optimized, that is, made available on an equitable basis
to the largest number over the longest term. It requires the sparing and economical
use of non-renewable resources, and maintenance of the productivity of renewable
resources, as well as avoidance of or compensation for, irreversible effects caused
to the resource through use or exploitation that does not meet these standards.
Such equitable allocation of benefits from a resource necessarily implies regulation
of access to the resource, whether that resource is a stock of fish, a deposit of
minerals, or the air or water; and whether the resource is fixed, or mobile and
fluctuating across national boundaries, or beyond national jurisdiction in areas
sometimes referred to as "global commons." The Report of the World Commission
declares that
... physical sustainability cannot be secured unless development policies pay
attention to such considerations as changes in access to resources and in the
distribution of costs and benefits. Even the narrow notion or physical sustainability
implies a concern for social equity between generations, a concern that must
logically be extended to equity within each generation. (emphasis added)1
Thus, according to the Report, "sustainable development" requires, inter alia, (1)
"that [the] poor get their fair share of the resources required to sustain [economic]
growth"; and (2) "that those who are more affluent adopt lifestyles within the
planet's ecological means.... Painful choices have to be made...." The Report is right
to conclude, therefore, that "sustainable development" implies nothing less than the
"progressive transformation of economy and society"; and to emphasize that "in the
final analysis, sustainable development must rest on political will."2

Sustainable development still requires growth conservation

doesnt exclude it
Clancy, 98 - Indiana University School of Law (Erin, The Tragedy of the Global
Commons, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies: Vol. 5: Iss. 2, Article 12.
Available at: http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls/vol5/iss2/12)

Sustainable development is equally fixated with the utilization of resources and

distribution of economic gains. Inherent in the term "development" is the concept of
growth. This growth is fueled by the consumption of natural resources. The term
"sustainable" pertains to the distribution of that growth." Ultimately, sustainable
development seeks to promote economic growth so that current needs can be
sated, without jeopardizing the needs of future generations.34 Arguably,
conservation is an integral part of this theory. Clearly, future generations cannot
prosper if there are no resources to exploit. The goal then becomes to accurately
assess the highest level of exploitation of resources possible while maintaining a
large enough resource base for future support. This calculation is what is known
scientifically as "maximum sustainable yield.""

Sustainable development means resource exploitation without

depleting natural capital stock

Pearce et al, 90 - Professor of Economics at University College London (David,

Sustainable Development: Economics and the Environment in the Third World, p. 1)
In this chapter we suggest a simple definition of sustainable development, and
elaborate a set of minimum conditions for development to be sustainable, the
conditions being based on the requirement that the natural capital stock should not
decrease over time. Natural capital stock, in this context, is the stock of all
environmental and natural resource assets, from oil in the ground to the quality of
soil and groundwater, from the stock of fish in the oceans to the capacity of the
globe to recycle and absorb carbon. We keep the definition of natural capital stock
deliberately vague in order to capture the more general picture, and in the belief
that a more detailed investigation will not raise insuperable problems. The meaning
of a constant natural capital stock is more problematic, however, and we therefore
devote a little time to alternative meanings.

Development is distinct from growth it requires considering

negative consequences

Brown and Sovacool, 11 *American geographer on the faculty of the Georgia

Institute of Technology and is a member of the Tennessee Valley Authority board of
directors. During her prior career at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, she held various
leadership positions managing programs focused on energy efficiency, renewable
energy, and the electric grid AND **Associate Professor of Law at Vermont Law
School and founding Director of the Energy Security and Justice Program at their
Institute for Energy and the Environment (Marilyn and Benjamin, Climate Change
and Global Energy Security: Technology and Policy Options, p. 343)

4. We are careful here to use the term development rather than growth. Growth
implies getting bigger at expanding regardless of the consequences, whereas
development means getting better and carefully considering social, political, and
environmental consequences. See Herman E. Daly, Steady-State Economics (Island,
1991); Paul Hawken, The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability
(HarperCollins, 1993); Herman E. Daly, Beyond Growth: The Economics of
Sustainable Development (Beacon, 1996).

1nc Development not production

Development is resource extraction distinct from production
of energy
US Code, 14 (43 USC 1331: Definitions, current as of 2014, From Title 43-PUBLIC
LANDS CHAPTER 29-SUBMERGED LANDS SUBCHAPTER III-OUTER CONTINENTAL
SHELF LANDS, http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?
req=(title:43%20section:1331%20edition:prelim))
(k) The term exploration means the process of searching for minerals, including
(1) geophysical surveys where magnetic, gravity, seismic, or other systems are
used to detect or imply the presence of such minerals, and (2) any drilling, whether
on or off known geological structures, including the drilling of a well in which a
discovery of oil or natural gas in paying quantities is made and the drilling of any
additional delineation well after such discovery which is needed to delineate any
reservoir and to enable the lessee to determine whether to proceed with
development and production;
(l) The term development means those activities which take place following
discovery of minerals in paying quantities, including geophysical activity, drilling,
platform construction, and operation of all onshore support facilities, and which are
for the purpose of ultimately producing the minerals discovered;
(m) The term production means those activities which take place after the
successful completion of any means for the removal of minerals, including such
removal, field operations, transfer of minerals to shore, operation monitoring,
maintenance, and work-over drilling;

Violation the aff is energy production topical affs are limited

to removing ocean resources, they cant mandate use
Voting issue for limits energy affs are big enough that they
are their own topic its impossible to debate the energy topic
plus dozens of actual ocean exploration and development affs

Development is management / regulation

Development includes management and regulation of
resources
Borgese, 94 - Elisabeth Mann Borgese is Professor of Political Science at Dalhousie
University. She is the Founder of the International Ocean Institute and acts as
Chairperson of the IOI Planning Council.Elisabeth Mann Borgese is Professor of
Political Science at Dalhousie University. She is the Founder of the International
Ocean Institute and acts as Chairperson of the IOI Planning Council. Ocean
Governance: Sustainable Development of the Seas, http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?
e=d-00000-00---off-0envl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-800&cl=CL3.33&d=HASH015e0d6a44dfd69a2ad9fcdc.1&gt=2
The word "development," in its international setting too readily associated with
"economic development," refers here to the use or exploitation of a natural
resource. The word "sustainable," which conveys the idea of holding up or support,
in this context means development that is conservative, and is conducive to
continued viability of a resource.
The term "sustainable development" which appeared in the World Conservation
Strategy published in 1980 by the International Union for the Conservation of
Nature and was adopted by the World Commission on Environment and
Development, is used to describe management (i.e. regulation of use and
exploitation, and conservation) of a given resource in such a manner that the
benefits of the resource are optimized, that is, made available on an equitable basis
to the largest number over the longest term. It requires the sparing and economical
use of non-renewable resources, and maintenance of the productivity of renewable
resources, as well as avoidance of or compensation for, irreversible effects caused
to the resource through use or exploitation that does not meet these standards.
Such equitable allocation of benefits from a resource necessarily implies regulation
of access to the resource, whether that resource is a stock of fish, a deposit of
minerals, or the air or water; and whether the resource is fixed, or mobile and
fluctuating across national boundaries, or beyond national jurisdiction in areas
sometimes referred to as "global commons." The Report of the World Commission
declares that
... physical sustainability cannot be secured unless development policies pay
attention to such considerations as changes in access to resources and in the
distribution of costs and benefits. Even the narrow notion or physical sustainability
implies a concern for social equity between generations, a concern that must
logically be extended to equity within each generation. (emphasis added)1
Thus, according to the Report, "sustainable development" requires, inter alia, (1)
"that [the] poor get their fair share of the resources required to sustain [economic]
growth"; and (2) "that those who are more affluent adopt lifestyles within the
planet's ecological means.... Painful choices have to be made...." The Report is right
to conclude, therefore, that "sustainable development" implies nothing less than the
"progressive transformation of economy and society"; and to emphasize that "in the
final analysis, sustainable development must rest on political will."2

Development implies management for sustainable use

Barnabe, 97 professor of marine ecology at the University of Montpellier (Gilbert,
Ecology and Management of Coastal Waters: The Aquatic Environment, p. 167-168)
It is thus necessary to change strategy, which is what we propose in the following
chapters. Our proposals are based on the work on developing the rearing of sea
bream and sea bass in our laboratory (Barnabe and Rene, 1972, 1973; Barnabe,
1974, 1976, 1990a), fisheries studies (Barnabe, 1973. 1976), eco-ethological
studies offish in the littoral zone (Barnabe and Chauvet, 1992; Chauvet et a!.,
1991), and also on the coordination of studies examining aquaculture and aquatic
resources (Barnabe, 1990c, 1991). In order to expose what is happening elsewhere
in the area of exploitation of aquatic resources, we have chosen the term
"development", as it also implies "management" and comes under the perspective
of "sustainable development" as it has been called since the Rio Conference in
1992.

Ocean development includes protection and establishing legal

regimes
Visbeck et al, 13 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (Martin,
Establishing a Sustainable Development Goal for Oceans and Coasts to Face the
Challenges of our Future Ocean June, http://www.ifw-members.ifwkiel.de/publications/establishing-a-sustainable-development-goal-for-oceans-andcoasts-to-face-the-challenges-of-our-future-ocean/KWP_1847.pdf)
3 Ocean Sustainability and Sustainable Development
The definition of an SDG for oceans and coasts (SDG Oceans and Coasts), the
formulation of a set of specific targets and the development of an underlying
indicator set to measure these objectives are essential elements of a prudent ocean
management strategy. Importantly, both the sustainable development goal and the
corresponding indicator set should cover the coasts, the exclusive economic zones
(EEZs), and the high seas. Furthermore, an SDG Oceans and Coasts should reflect
the ecosystem approach and make reference to the polluter pays principle. The
ecosystem approach, adopted as the primary framework for action under the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD 1992), aims at managing the ecological
system as a whole by integrating land, water, and living resources. It promotes
conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way and incorporates the
precautionary principle by urging stakeholders, especially States, to take action
even under conditions of scientific uncertainty.
3.1 Sustainable Development Goal for Oceans and Coasts
The primary objectives of the proposed SDG OCEAN and COASTS should be to:
1) Ensure the basic life-sustaining and regulating functions of the oceans (oxygen
production, key processes in the climate system, and in the hydrological cycle).
a) Limit activities that alter these functions.
b) Limit CO2 emissions to reduce further ocean warming, acidification and deoxygenation.
2) Ensure a healthy and productive marine environment to sustain all provisioning
and non-provisioning (i.e. supporting and regulating) services of oceans and coasts
a) Exploit all living resources within safe biological limits and in accordance with the
ecosystem approach and the precautionary principle.

b) Exploit all non-living resources in accordance with the ecosystem approach and
the precautionary principle.
c) Limit use and degradation of marine space in accordance with the ecosystem
approach and the precautionary principle.
d) Develop and distribute technical capacities for the sustainable use of ocean
resources.
e) Provide access to marine information and data and build global capacity for the
assessment of oceans and for the management of ocean related activities.
f) Report on the status of the oceans and coasts regularly against a set of ocean and
coastal indicators.
3) Build resilient coastal communities through mitigation and adaptation strategies,
innovation and sustainable development, by sharing benefits and responsibilities.
4) Engage in integrated and multi-level ocean governance.
a) Develop a framework for MSP within EEZs and in areas beyond national
jurisdiction.
b) Improve and harmonize legal frameworks for oceans and coasts to take into
account current and future uses.
c) Improve and harmonize the governance of ocean and coastal regimes.
For all these objectives, specific targets need to be developed and negotiated at a
national, regional and global level. For that purpose, the proposed SDG OCEANS
AND COASTS can be operationalized through the three dimensions OCEAN
SERVICES, OCEAN HEALTH AND COASTAL RESILIENCE discussed in Section 2.
Progress against the targets in these dimensions should be monitored through an
adequate set of indicators to measure sustainable development for oceans and
coasts.

Development includes research

Development includes research, utilization and conservation
US Code, 9 (TITLE 33. NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS CHAPTER 22. SEA
GRANT COLLEGES AND MARINE SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL SEA GRANT
COLLEGE PROGRAM, 33 USCS prec 1121,
http://seagrant.noaa.gov/Portals/0/Documents/who_we_are/legislation/docs/USC
%20as%20amended%20by%202008.pdf)

"(i) For the purposes of this title-"(1) the term 'development of marine resources' means scientific endeavors relating
to the marine environment, including, but not limited to, the fields oriented toward
the development, conservation, or economic utilization of the physical, chemical,
geological, and biological resources of the marine environment; the fields of marine
commerce and marine engineering; the fields relating to exploration or research in,
the recovery of natural resources from, and the transmission of energy in, the
marine environment; the fields of oceanography and oceanology; and the fields with
respect to the study of the economic, legal, medical, or sociological problems
arising out of the management, use, development, recovery, and control of the
natural resources of the marine environment;
"(2) the term 'marine environment' means the oceans; the Continental Shelf of the
United States; the Great Lakes; the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas
adjacent to the coasts of the United States to the depth of two hundred meters, or
beyond that limit, to where the depths of the superjacent waters admit of the
exploitation of the natural resources of the area; the seabed and subsoil of similar
submarine areas adjacent to the coasts of islands which comprise United States
territory; and the natural resources thereof;
"(3) the term 'sea grant college' means any suitable public or private institution of
higher education supported pursuant to the purposes of this title which has major
programs devoted to increasing our Nation's utilization of the world's marine
resources and which is so designated by the Secretary; and
"(4) the term 'sea grant program' means (A) any activities of education or research
related to the development of marine resources supported by the Secretary by
contracts with or grants to institutions of higher education either initiating, or
developing existing, programs in fields related to the purposes of this title, (B) any
activities of education or research related to the development of marine resources
supported by the Secretary by contracts with or grants to suitable institutes,
laboratories, and public or private agencies, and (C) any programs of advisory
services oriented toward imparting information in fields related to the development
of marine resources supported by the Secretary by contracts with or grants to
suitable institutes, laboratories, and public or private agencies.".

Joint development allows cooperation

Joint development is the cooperative exploitation of non-living
ocean resources
Espina, 12 - Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (Ana, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN
THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND PROSPECTS FOR JOINT DEVELOPMENT 10/24,
http://www.apu.ac.jp/rcaps/uploads/fckeditor/publications/workingPapers/RCAPS_RP
D-12001.pdf)
Joint development is defined as the cooperation between States with regard to the
exploration for and exploitation of certain deposits, fields or accumulations of nonliving resources which either extend across a boundary or lie in an area of
overlapping claims.26 The said definition implies two circumstances wherein joint
development may be implemented. The first case is when the resources straddle
between or across the boundaries of the concerned States. In this case, the
maritime boundary is presumed to be delimited. Joint development becomes more
attractive to concerned States to avoid the possibility of being in the losing end with
regards to the exploitation of resources, especially the energy resources, whose
deposit possibly extends across the delimitation line. An oil and gas field in ones
jurisdictional area, for instance, may siphon off the same resources that are under
the other States jurisdiction. 27 Thus, it is economically more beneficial for
concerned States to jointly exploit the resources as one unit and agree on the
scheme for apportionment of costs and benefits for such an undertaking. This
arrangement is also called unitization.
The second scenario is when the potential resources are located in a yet
undelimited area between the claimant countries, and the concerned States, for
political and economic reasons, have decided to jointly develop the resources in the
area. In this case, the decision to establish joint development may be made within
the context of maritime delimitation28 or when maritime delimitation is still shelved
or unresolved.29 Joint development takes the form of a provisional arrangement
when the disputed area is still undelimited, although concerned States could decide
later on to make it a permanent arrangement.
Generally, joint development pertains more to the non-living, especially oil and gas,
than the living resources like fisheries. The precedents for joint development for
fisheries are relatively few.30 It appears that there is a generally accepted practice
in the international community to limit the joint development to the non-living
resources and to exclude fish and marine mammals.31 Several factors were cited as
reasons for this. 32 First, the nature of the fisheries resources is different from the
oil and gas resources and consequently entails a diverse set of considerations.
Second, there are relevant provisions in the UNCLOS regarding the exploitation,
conservation and distribution of fisheries resources. Third, there are other
considerations such as historic rights and interests and fish stocks that may be
governed by various international treaties.