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Factor:

Milliamperage-second:
(mAs)

Kilovoltage:

Definition:
Is the measurement of xray tube current-the
number of electrons
crossing the tube from
cathode to anode per
second.

Is the maximum voltage


applied across an X-ray
tube. It determines the
kinetic energy of the
electrons accelerate in the
x-ray tube and the peak
energy of the x-ray
emission spectrum.
(wikipedia, 2016)

Notes:
-Exposure time is directly
proportional to the number of
electrons crossing the tube and is
therefore directly proportional to the
number of x-rays created.
(QUANTITY)
-(6.31015 )

-The 15 percent rule states that an


increase in kVp by 15 percent will
cause a doubling in exposure, the
same effect as doubling the mA or
doubling exposure time.
-An increase in kVp causes an
increase in penetrability, result in an
image with less (contrast.) (more
scatter)
- (QUANTITY) and (QUALITY)
More transmission

Equation:
mAs = mAs
-Calculate the mAs
EX.
200mA 0.083second = 16.6mAs
-Calculate the exposure time
EX.
75mAs = 100 mA _____seconds
75mAs = 100 mA 0.75 =
( or 750 ms) seconds
-Calculate the mA
EX.
60 mAs = 0.3 (3/10 or 300 ms)
second ____mA
60 mAs = (3/10 or 300 ms) second
200 mA
If mAs is doubled, subtract the kVp
to maintain the same exposure.
EX.
150mAs 300 mAs
60kVp
___kVp
60 .15 = 9
60 - 9 = 51 kVp
EX.
200mAs 100mAs
90kVp ___kVp
90 .15 = 13.5
13.5 + 90 = 103.5 0r 104

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Distance:

The source to imagereceptor distance (SID) is


a measurement of the
distance between the
radiation source
(wikipedia, Source to
image-receptor distance,
2016)

- The measurement of the x-ray


intensity is obtained using a
dosimeter.
- The inverse square law states that
the intensity of radiation ate a given
distance from the point source is
inversely proportional to the square
of the distance.
-As the distance increases, intensity
decrease, which causes a decrease in
IR exposure.

Inverse square law


1
2

= 22
1

EX.
240
2

2 =
2 =

402
202

240202
402
240400
1,000

2 = 60
Exposure maintenance formula
1
2

= 12
2

EX.
2 =
2 =

25562
402
253,136
1,600

2 = 49

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Filtration:

Materials that are selected to


absorb as many low-energy
photons as possible while
transmitting a maximum number
of high-energy photons.

Inherent:

Is a result of the composition of


the tube and housing.
Occurs outside the tube and
housing and before the image
receptor.
Uses to or more materials that
complement one another in their
absorbing abilities.
Designed to solve a problem
involving unequal subject
densities. The goal is to add an
absorber to compensate for
unequal absorption within the
subject, thus making the overall
absorption of the primary beam
more equal.
Equal to the sum of inherent and
added filtration ONLY.

Added:
Compound:
Compensation:

Total:

-reduces the patient exposure


dose by elimination low-energy
photons from the primary x-ray
beam.
-when filtration is increased to
maintain the same image
receptor exposure.
0.5-1.0 mm Al/Eq

-is the amount of absorbing


material that will reduce the
intensity of the primary beam to
one-half (1/2) its original value.
HVL = 2.0mm AI/Eq

-uses aluminum(1mm), atomic


number of 13 and copper (0.25)
an atomic number of 29.
-made of aluminum, leaded
plastic, or plastic.
-wedge filter and trough filter.

-the percentage of photons


attenuated decreased as photon
energy increases, even when
filtration is increased.

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References
Carlton, R. R., & Adler, A. M. (2013). Principles of radiographic imaging: An art and a science. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar/Cengage Learning.

wikipedia. (2016). kVp. Peak kilovoltage, 1 . Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_kilovoltage


wikipedia. (2016). Source to image-receptor distance. SID, 1. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_to_image-receptor_distance

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