MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 1
LUNA HASANI

INTRODUCTION

What is the job of a material scientist?

-

To develop or synthesize new materials. In other words to study the relationship between the structure of the material and
its properties.

What is the job of a material engineer?

-

To use existing materials to create new products.

INTRODUCTION

Material science and engineering consist of four components, which have the following relationship:

Processing

Structure

Property

Performance

INTRODUCTION
What do we mean by the Structure of a material?
-

Arrangement of particles, and can be classified into different scales.

Macroscopic level:
Can be seen with
the naked eye.

Microscopic level:
Can be seen with
the microscope.

Image taken from schoolbag.info

Atomic level:
Shows atoms and
molecules.

Subatomic level:
Protons, neutrons
and electrons.

INTRODUCTION
What do we mean by the property of a material?
-

A trait that describes the response of the material to an external action.

For example, will the material deform when subjected to an external force? Will it behave elastically or plastically?

Material properties are classified into six categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical and deteriorative.

Stimulus

Stimulus

Stimulus

Stimulus

Stimulus

Stimulus

Applied force

Electric field

Temperature

Magnetic field

Electromagnetic or light
radiation

Chemical reaction

Example

Example

Example

Example

Example

Example

Deformation
properties such as
elastic modulus

Electrical
conductivity

Heat capacity,
thermal conductivity.

Magnetic moment

Reflectivity

Chemical reactivity

INTRODUCTION
Comment on the image below in terms of the previously discussed.

Transparent
Single crystal

Translucent
Small interconnected
single crystals

Opaque
Small interconnected
single crystals + voids

Fig 1.2, Callister & Rethwisch 7e.

It can be noted through observation that there

is a difference in optical properties between
the disks.
This is due to the difference in the structure of
the disks (boundaries, voids).
Disks were processed differently, and have
different performance.

INTRODUCTION
Why do we need to study material science and engineering?
-

This will help us choose the right material for our creation, taking into consideration three important aspects:

1.

Material properties: decide which material properties you need to suit your project (high strength, ductile, etc..).

2.

Material deterioration: your choice of material must suit the surrounding conditions (temperature, corrosion, etc).

3.

Economics: make some compromises in terms of material properties to reach a more reasonable cost.

Steel Structure
Image taken from induspray.com

Concrete Structure
Image taken from hawkesgroup.co.uk

INTRODUCTION

Materials are classified into three categories based on their chemical properties and atomic structure:
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
Two or more material classes could be combined to create what is known as the composites.
High-technology applications use advanced materials: smart materials, nano-engineered materials, biomaterials,

etc.

INTRODUCTION

Materials are classified into three categories based on their chemical properties and atomic structure:
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
Two or more material classes could be combined to create what is known as the composites.
High-technology applications use advanced materials: smart materials, nano-engineered materials, biomaterials,

etc.

INTRODUCTION
Metals (iron, silver, etc..)
-

Stiff and strong

Ductile

High thermal and electrical conductivity

Opaque

Fig 1.4, Callister, 7e.

Image taken from tsaos.deviantart.com

INTRODUCTION
Ceramics (clay, glass, etc..)
-

Stiff and strong

Brittle

Low electrical and thermal conductivities

(insulators)

Transparent, translucent, or opaque

Fig 1.6, Callister, 7e.

Image taken from houzz.com

INTRODUCTION
Polymers (rubber, plastic, etc..)
-

Not Stiff or strong

Ductile

Chemical nonreactivity

Low electrical conductivity

Nonmagnetic

Fig 1.5, Callister, 7e.

Image taken from economist.com

INTRODUCTION

Composites
-

It combines two or more material classes (metals, polymers, ceramics)

Fiberglass is one example. It combines glass and a polymer, which results in a strong, stiff and ductile material.

Image taken from

greenlightsurfsupply.com

Image taken from hotrod.com