Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2005
1707
AbstractThis paper presents a three-phase four-wire grid-interfacing power quality compensator for microgrid applications.
The compensator is proposed for use with each individual distributed generation (DG) system in the microgrid and consists
of two four-phase-leg inverters (a shunt and a series), optimally
controlled to achieve an enhancement of both the quality of
power within the microgrid and the quality of currents flowing
between the microgrid and the utility system. During utility grid
voltage unbalance, the four-phase-leg compensator can compensate for all the unwanted positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence
voltagecurrent components found within the unbalanced utility.
Specifically, the shunt four-leg inverter is controlled to ensure
balanced voltages within the microgrid and to regulate power
sharing among the parallel-connected DG systems. The series
inverter is controlled complementarily to inject negative- and
zero-sequence voltages in series to balance the line currents, while
generating zero real and reactive power. During utility voltage
sags, the series inverter can also be controlled using a newly
proposed fluxcharge current-limiting algorithm to limit the flow
of large fault currents between the micro- and utility grids. The
performance of the proposed compensator has been verified in
simulations and experimentally using a laboratory prototype.
Index TermsFault current limitation, four-phase-leg inverter, microgrid, power quality compensator, sequence voltages/currents.
I. I NTRODUCTION
will open and isolate the microgrid. However, when the utility
voltages are not so seriously unbalanced, the separation device
will remain closed, subjecting the microgrid to sustained unbalanced voltages at the point of common coupling (PCC), if
no compensating action is taken. Such an unbalance in voltages
can cause increased losses in motor loads and abnormal operation of sensitive equipment.
An obvious solution is to balance the voltages within the
microgrid using some voltage regulation techniques. However,
large unbalanced currents can flow between the unbalanced
utility grid and microgrid due to the very low line impedance interfacing both grids, if only the microgrid voltages are regulated
[1]. This flow of large currents can overstress semiconductor
devices within the interfacing inverters and the distribution
lines, and is expected to worsen during utility voltage sags when
the voltage differences between the utility grid and the microgrid increase. For low voltage distribution, where microgrids
are usually constructed with a four-wire configuration to supply
both single-phase and three-phase loads, the problem is further
complicated by the flow of zero-sequence currents through the
line and neutral conductors.
To mitigate the above-mentioned complications, this paper
proposes a grid-interfacing power quality compensator for
three-phase four-wire microgrid applications. The proposed
compensator is to be used with each individual distributed
generator (DG), and it consists of two optimally controlled
four-phase-leg inverters (a shunt and a series as in Fig. 1).
Operating together, the two four-leg inverters can compensate
for all the unwanted positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence
voltages/currents within the system, enhancing both the quality
of power within the microgrid and the quality of current flowing
between the microgrid and the utility. During utility voltage
sags, the compensator can also be controlled to limit the flow of
large fault currents using a newly proposed fluxcharge currentlimiting algorithm. The proposed system has been tested in
simulations and experimentally using a laboratory hardware
prototype. Lastly, to assist readers in identifying objectives of
the paper, Table I, summarizing the compensator functionalities
and control features, is included.
II. T HREE -P HASE F OUR -W IRE G RID -I NTERFACING
P OWER Q UALITY C OMPENSATOR
Fig. 1 shows the general layout of the proposed grid-interfacing power quality compensator. The compensator consists
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Fig. 1. Proposed microgrid compensator. (a) Overall system structure. (b) Inverter topology.
TABLE I
POWER COMPENSATOR FEATURES AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
Fig. 2. Control scheme for shunt inverter A. (a) Overall control structure.
(b) Voltage control algorithm.
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21
0
1
12
3
T0 = 0
23
0
2
1
1
1
23 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
(3)
(4)
cos(t)
+
= sin(t)
Tdq0
0
Udq0
= Ud Uq
cos(t)
Tdq0
= sin(t)
0
U0+
+
= Tdq0
U0
sin(t) 0
cos(t) 0
0
1
T
U0 = Tdq0
U0
sin(t) 0
cos(t) 0 .
0
1
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
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is
2kp + s22k+
2
0
0
is
2kp + s22k+
2
(9)
Effectively, these voltage ( P + resonant) controllers introduce an infinite gain at the positive (50 Hz) and negative
(50 Hz) fundamental frequencies to force the positive- and
negative-sequence voltage errors to zero [see Fig. 3(a) for an
example bode plot of (9) using a positive resonant frequency
of 50 Hz], and can conveniently be implemented in the stationary frame with minimum computational requirements
[6]. The same P + resonant compensator with the resonant
frequency set at 50 Hz can also be used for controlling the zerosequence voltage, again with zero steady-state error, as shown
in Fig. 2(b). Note that for this work, the resonant frequency is
set by inverter A real power versus supply frequency droop
controller and not the utility grid frequency. A mechanism to
track the grid frequency for determining resonant condition (or
transformation phase for synchronous PI implementation) is
therefore not required.
The outputs of the individual voltage controllers when added
together give the demanded reference currents I , I , and
I0 for the inner filter inductor current loop. This inner loop
is implemented using only proportional controllers with peak
current limiting in the stationary 0 frame as any steadystate error in this loop would not affect the outer voltage loop
accuracy substantially. The outputs of the current controllers
are then transformed back to the abc frame and sent to
a four-phase-leg pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) modulator for
switching shunt inverter A.
B. Closed-Loop Transfer Functions
As far as the dynamics of the outer voltage loop is concerned,
the inner current loop is considered to be having fast dynamic
response. The inner loop can therefore be represented as a
Fig. 3. Bode plots of P + resonant compensators using (a) (9) and (b) (15)
with kP = 1, ki = 20, = 314 rad/s, and cut = 10 rad/s.
Cs3
2kp s2 + 2ki s + 2 2 kp
V
+ 2kp s2 + ( 2 C + 2ki )s + 2 2 kp
(10)
(11)
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TABLE II
SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Fig. 4.
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2
+ L2f Cf RLine 2
2ki Lf Cf RLine
> 0.
2k L2Line
Lf Ri Line
Lf
(13)
(14)
kp0 +
2ki0 cut s
s2 + 2cut s + 2
(15)
GVcl = kp LLine s3 + (2kp RLine + 2ki LLine )s2 + (2kp 2 LLine + 2ki RLine )s + 2kp 2 RLine
Lf Cf LLine s5 + Lf Cf RLine s4 + (Lf + LLine + 2kp LLine + Lf Cf LLine 2 )s3 + (2kp RLine + 2ki LLine
+ RLine + Lf Cf RLine 2 )s2 + (2kp + 1) 2 LLine + 2 Lf + 2ki RLine s + (2kp + 1) 2 RLine
(12)
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Fig. 6.
kp s + ki
.
LLine s2 + (RLine + kp )s + ki
(16)
GIcl
kp0 s2 + 2cut kp0 + ki0 s + 2 kp0
(17)
=
LLine s3 + 2cut LLine + RLine + kp0 s2 + 2 LLine + 2cut RLine + 2cut kp0 + 2cut ki0 )s + 2 (RLine + kp0
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Fig. 8. Bode plots of (a) closed charge loop and (b) open flux loop.
Fig. 9. Simulated waveforms of (a) mains grid voltages, (b) abc frame
sensitive load voltages in the microgrid, and (c) 0 frame sensitive load
voltages in the microgrid.
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Fig. 11. Simulated filtered voltages generated by series inverter B. (a) abc
frame. (b) 0 frame (zoomed-in view in the steady state).
Fig. 12. Simulated line currents with series inverter B. (a) abc frame.
(b) Negative dq0 frame.
Fig. 10. Simulated line currents without series inverter B. (a) abc frame.
(b) Negative dq0 frame.
Fig. 13. Simulated waveforms of (a) real power supplied by shunt inverter A,
(b) reactive power supplied by shunt inverter A, (c) real power supplied by
series inverter B, and (d) reactive power supplied by series inverter B.
The current-limiting action of the compensator is also confirmed by simulating an unbalanced utility voltage sag (VGa =
32 44.7 , VGb = 66.4 170 , and VGc = 54.5 38.6 )
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Fig. 14. Simulated waveforms of (a) mains grid voltages and (b) abc
frame sensitive load voltages in the microgrid.
Fig. 16. Simulated waveforms of (a) real power supplied by shunt inverter A,
(b) reactive power supplied by shunt inverter A, (c) real power supplied by
series inverter B, and (d) reactive power supplied by series inverter B.
Fig. 15. Simulated waveforms of (a) abc frame voltages injected by series
inverter B and (b) abc frame line currents.
Fig. 17. Experimental waveforms of (a) mains grid voltages, (b) abc
frame sensitive load voltages in the microgrid, and (c) 0 frame sensitive
load voltages in the microgrid.
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Fig. 19. Experimental line currents with series inverter B. (a) abc frame.
(b) Negative dq0 frame.
Fig. 20. Experimental waveforms of (a) real power supplied by shunt inverter
A, (b) reactive power supplied by shunt inverter A, (c) real power supplied by
series inverter B, and (d) reactive power supplied by series inverter B.
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Fig. 21. Experimental waveforms of (a) mains grid voltages and (b) abc
frame sensitive load voltages in the microgrid.
Fig. 23. Experimental waveforms of (a) real power supplied by shunt inverter
A, (b) reactive power supplied by shunt inverter A, (c) real power supplied by
series inverter B, and (d) reactive power supplied by series inverter B.
Yunwei Li (S04) received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from Tianjin University, Tianjin,
China, in 2002. He is currently working toward the
Ph.D. degree in the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
From February to July 2005, he was with the
Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University,
Aalborg, Denmark, as a Visiting Scholar.
Mr. Li is a member of the IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS).
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