OPERATING SYSTEM:

An operating system is a software that allows the interaction between hardware and software in a
fashion that the underlying things are invisible to the user.
1. Unix-like (Mac OS,Solaris, FreeBSD,Linux,etc)
2. Linux - Ubuntu,Mint,Fedora,Slackware,Arch,Debian,Trustix etc are few of the names
3. Windows (95,98,ME,2000,NT,XP,Vista,7,8,10)
Operating system comes preloaded with every system you buy, but you can upgrade or
change the OS.
The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft
Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface, or GUI. Each operating system's
GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a different operating system it may seem
unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most
of the basic principles are the same.

Functions:
1.

Program creation

2.

Program execution

3.

Access to Input/output devices

4.

Controlled access to files

5.

System access

6.

Error detection and response

7.

Interpreting the commands

8.

Managing peripherals

9.

Memory management

10.

Processor management

11.

Information management

12.

Process communication

13.

Networking

OS FOR MOBILES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

ANDROID
APPLE Ios
BLACKBERRY OS
WINDOW OS
SYMBIAN was used by Nokia after the Java and before the existence of
IOS and android
BADA- was introduced by Samsung but not used efficiently
PALM OS (GARNET OS) used by companies such as Lenovo and IBM
for Smartphone but not performed well
OPEN WEB OS introduced by Palm but later acquired by HP and used in
many tablets and laptops
MAEMO- introduced under the partnership of Nokia and Maemo

PROCESSOR:
Every PC has a Central Processing Unit (CPU) this acts as the brain of your system.
Advancements in CPU technology now mean systems typically come with Dual Core,
Triple core or Quad Core processors (on one single chip) instead of the traditional
one core per chip.
Intel and AMD are the two companies who dominate the PC Processor market. Both have been around for
decades and have become the main Chip suppliers for the home and business markets.
Both companies have fierce rivalry and they file and counter file court cases against each other all we
care about is that they have near identical chip products on the market at the same time as they compete
for the fastest chip and share of the market.
The competing products are very close to each other and really only the techies compare the benchmarks
before choosing.

INTEL :
Intel Pentium Dual Core Processors
The Intel Pentium processors with Intel dual-core technology deliver great desktop performance, low
power enhancements, and multitasking for everyday computing.

Intel i3 Processors (Ivy Bridge)

Intel Core i3 dual core processors provide 4-way multitasking capability, runs at fixed speed ideal for
typical tasks and media playback but not games.
Intel i5
Processors
Intel i5
usually quad core but some dual processors deliver the next level of
productivity.
Mostly the same as i3 but with Intel Turbo Boost Technology, delivers extra
speed when
you need it. Like the i3 integrated graphics is included but is only ideal for
normal use not for gaming.

Intel i7 Processors
Intel i7 processors dual or quad core for the most demanding applications with cache and
faster clock speeds. Quad-core processors feature 8-way threading, four cores will run
faster, and more L3 cache, but will consume more power. High-end use, video and gaming
with dedicated video card.

AMD:
AMD A4 - These A4 processors have 2 processor cores and include a Radeon graphics chip. Aimed for
use with lower end systems.
AMD A6 - A6 processors dual core, includes turbo function similar to Intels allows for the processor to
adapt to the task needed. Integrated graphics, on par with Core i3 range.
AMD A8 - 4 processor cores is comparable to the i3 and low i5, its graphic part is faster than Intels
version, can handle light gaming with ease.
AMD A10 - 4 processors these quad cores are comparable with the Intel i5, and some i7s should benefit
from better battery life.
ASeries processors use the FM2 socket so they will only fit in a Motherboard with FM2.
2013 AMD Piledrivers are the latest versionPiledriver then FX-4,
FX-6, FX-8 for either 4-8 cores, they use the AM3+ socket so can
only be used in Motherboards with AM3+

COMPARISON
My personal view is there is little difference between using both makes and have run many stable and fast
systems using both makes. The AMD processors do tend to run hotter than the Intel versions, but with a
suitable fan this is easily kept under control.
I would decide depending on your budget, don't be afraid of using AMD, the AMD range will mirror
closely to Intels in speed and performance and for general use you can use either to run general programs
and movie playback with ease. Gaming or video needs you will have a dedicated video card to spread the
load and likely a larger budget.
Intel products have in my experience always been consistently more expensive, typically 20 than the
AMD equivalent. Throughout my use and builds I find the AMD nearly always more affordable, partly as
Intel's products higher price is sometimes because they are available more in retail packaging rather than
cheaper OEM offerings, this depends on the supplier.

Don't get to hung-up on reviews, you can view a

number of benchmarks comparing the Intel and AMD
equivalents head to head, sometimes AMD will be
ahead sometimes Intel will be out in front. But unless
you are crunching specific tasks you will not notice the
odd fraction of a second or couple of seconds here and
there

SOFTWARES:
TALLY:
Well, Tally is a complete Enterprise Resource Planning system with a
excellent grip in accounting features. Although it has many more core
features that a business requires but its hold in accounting is truly
commendable. Therefore it is known more for accounting rather than
any other of its features.
If I have to mention a single software for a business need even if the
business is just starting out, Tally is the one which I would recommend.
The reason for this recommendation is because Tally does all the things
that a business at a time of starting up requires.
For example, if you are starting out a general store, what would you
require?
1. Accounting
2. Billing

3. Sales and profit analysis

4. Banking
5. Inventory
6. Taxation (VAT, TDS, TCS)

HTML
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML describes the structure of Web pages using markup
HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages
HTML elements are represented by tags
HTML tags label pieces of content such as "heading", "paragraph",
"table", and so on
Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the
content of the page

HTML Tags
HTML tags are element names surrounded by angle brackets:
<tagname>content goes here...</tagname>
HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>
The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a forward
slash inserted before the tag name

Web Browsers
The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, IE, Firefox, Safari) is to read
HTML documents and display them.
The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to
determine how to display the document:

HTML Page Structure

The <! DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps
browsers to display web pages correctly.

HTML Versions

Since the early days of the web, there have been many versions of
HTML:

Version

Year

HTML

1991

HTML 2.0

1995

HTML 3.2

1997

HTML 4.01

1999

XHTML

2000

HTML5

2014

ERP/SAP:
TAKE POINT FROM YOU TUBE

HRMS:
The term HRMS is sometimes used synonymously with HRIS (Human Resource Information
System), but an HRIS is really a type of HRMS. Functionally, however, there is no real
difference in the type of systems offered going by one title or the other. At one time, a HRMS
was a more complete automated solution to human resources management than
software labeled as HRIS or even HCM, but rebranding by many companies has worked to
make the different software titles generally indistinguishable

Functions of HRMS Systems

The function of the human resources department involves tracking
employee histories, skills, abilities, salaries, and accomplishments.
Replacing certain processes with various levels of HRMS systems can
distribute information management responsibilities so that the bulk of
information gathering is not delegated strictly to HR. By allowing employees
to update personal information and perform other tasks, information is kept
more accurate and HR professionals are not bogged down.
Each module performs a separate function within the HRMS that helps with
information gathering or tracking. HRMS modules can assist with:

Managing payroll
Recruitment and onboarding
Gathering, storing, and accessing employee information
Keeping attendance records and tracking absenteeism
Performance evaluation
Benefits administration
Learning management
Employee self-service
Employee scheduling
Analytics and informed decision making

HRIS: Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) keep track of important

static information about employees such as address, social security number, tax
status and withholding information, benefits status, payroll information and which
department the staffer works in. Payroll can also be part of a HRIS. At a
departmental level, HRIS can crunch simple metrics such as turnover, staff
headcounts and other information useful for planning purposes.

TYPE OF LAPTOP:

1. Origin EON15-X
Great value
Desktop-grade performance
Razor thin viewing angles

2. Asus ROG Strix GL502

Rocks Full HD gaming
Deliciously vibrant screen
Middling battery life

3. Lenovo Ideapad Y700 15-inch

Stylish look
Ample battery life
Gets hot
Terrible trackpad buttons

4. MSI GS60 Ghost Pro

Performance pusher
Stupendous keyboard
Fleeting battery life
A bit expensive

5. Gigabyte P57X
Owns everything at 1080p
Plenty of ports
Overpowered for 1080p
Plastic build quality

6. Asus ROG G752

Distinguished design
Top-end specs and performance

No 4K screen
Poor battery life

7. Razer Blade
Hugely improved battery life
Thunderbolt 3 a smart add
Minor graphical upgrades
Limited part options

8. Origin EON17-SLX
Nearly unrivaled performance
Sharp, aggressive styling
Awful battery life
Astonishingly heavy

9. MSI GT80 Titan

Authentic mechanical keyboard
Easily upgraded
H-E-A-V-Y
Impossible to use on your lap

10. Alienware 17 (2015)

Flexible desktop mode
Excellent large screen
Still quite expensive
Slightly bottlenecked Amplifier performance

2. NETBOOKS FOR WORKING PURPOSE

MOTHERBOARD:
Totally we have 4 types of motherboards so far. They are XT, AT, Baby
AT and ATX
XT Motherboards:
XT Stands for eXtended Technology. These are all old model
motherboard. In this motherboards, we find old model processor socket
LIF (Low Insertion Force) sockets, ram slots Dimms and ISA (Industry
Standards Architecture) slots, 12pin Power Connector and no ports.
They have slot type processors, Dimms memory modules, ISA slots for
add-on card, and no ports. There are connectors and add-on cards for
ports.
Eg: Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium -II and Pentium-II Processors.

AT Motherboards:
AT stands for Advanced Technology. Advanced Technology
Motherboards have PGA (Pin Grid Array) Socket, SD Ram slots, 20pin
power connector PCI slots and ISA slots. we find the above components
on AT motherboards.
Eg: Pentium-III Processors

Baby AT Motherboards:
Baby AT Motherboards have the combination of XT and AT. They have
both slot type processor sockets and PGA processor sockets, SD Ram
slots and DDR Ram slots, PCI slots and ISA slots, 12 Pin power
connector and 20Pin power connector and Ports.
Eg: Pentium-III and Pentium-IV
ATX Motherboards:

ATX stands for Advanced Technology eXtended. latest motherboards all

are called as ATX motherboards. designed by ATX form factor. In this
motherboards, we find MPGA Processor Sockets, DDR Ram slots, PCI
slots, AGP slots, Primary and secondary IDE interfaces, SATA
connectors, 20pin and 24 pin ATX power connector and Ports.
Eg: Pentium-IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core, i3, i5 and i7
Processors.

MEMORY:

Computer Memory is of two types:

1. Permanent memory

2. Temporary Memory

Permanent Memory
A memory that is not affected by the absence of electricity is a permanent memory and the data
stored in it remains intact even if it is moved from one place to another. On a motherboard , it is
present in an Integrated chip, also called ROM or BIOS. All the information about motherboard,
booting instructions, and functions are stored in BIOS at the time of manufacturing.
Permanent memory is of 4 types.
ROM (Read only memory). ROM, once manufactured cannot be changed. It is the static form
of permanent memory. A commercially available movie or software CD-ROM is a good example
of Read only Memory, you cannot change the contents once the data has been written to it.
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory). The hardware chip that can be programmed
once is called PROM. Special Programmable kits are used to program the electronic chips. The
common example is burning(writing data) on a CD-ROM at home.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory). This type of ROM has a small
window on its top. If this window is exposed to UV light for a specific period of time, all the
previous data is deleted. You can re-program it after the data has been completely removed.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory). This is the most used type of
permanent memory. You can easily erase the data with a software program. BIOS on the
motherboard is an example of EEPROM.

Temporary Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory) is another name for temporary memory. IT is called temporary
since all the data stored in RAM gets erased once the power is off. RAM is used to hold and
execute the data or the instructions. Whenever we work on the computer, actually we are
working on a RAM and its only when we press save button the data gets saved in permanent
storage like a hard disk.

On a motherboard, a RAM is present is PCB modules as shown in the figure below.

Types of RAM Modules:

Different types of RAM modules are shown above. You can differentiate these RAM modules by
the CUTS on golden pins on the lower side of each module Just notice that each type of RAM
module has cut on different positions along the length.RAM modules have been aligned
vertically according to their date of origin and speed. Like SIMM modules were among the first
type of memories to come and DDR 3 are the fattest and latest memory types.All the above type
of RAMs are Dynamic RAMs.
RAM is further classified as two types
1. DRAM:Dynamic RAM
2. SRAM: Static RAM
DRAM

SRAM

Memory Cells Type

Capacitors

FET

Packing Density

High

Low

Speed

Low

High

Cost

Less

High

Function ( Used As )

Main Memory

Cache Mem

Cache Memory
Cache memory is just like another memory that stores the data. Although all the programs,
documents or other media files you access in a computer runs in RAM but to make the
processing more faster, the processor, instead of searching for data in main memory(RAM), it
reads the data from cache(SRAM). The SRAM which consists of FETs has high speed
compared to RAM which is built on capacitors.

Shadow Ram
The ROM functions relatively slower than RAM. So it takes a longer time to access codes from
ROM than from RAM. In order to speed up the ROM processing, the codes of ROM are copied
in a region of RAM and are write protected. This way the system now can access the ROM

codes from RAM at a much higher speed. The region of RAM where the ROM codes are copied
is called shadow RAM.

HARD DRIVE
One of the permanent storage types, computer hard drive is the
primary storage device used in computers or laptops. Commonly
abbreviated as HDD, it is used to store the operating systems,
programs, media files and documents whether you created it, copied
or downloaded from the internet.
The amount of data that you can store, depends on the capacity of a
computer hard drive. The older models of hard drives used to have the
storage capacity in Megabytes(MB) and the newer hard disk drives
can store the data up to several terabytes(TB).

Computer hard drive sizes

3.5 for Desktop Computers. The standard size for hard disk
drives is 3.5 which was launched in 1983 with the introductory
capacity of only 10 MB. The 3.5m size hard disks are still used
till date in desktop computers
2.5 for Laptops. The 2.5 inches hard disk was invented by
Prairie Tek in the year 1988. The first small-sized hard disk was
designed for notebooks and the size of 1st 2.5 HDD was 20
MB.

HDD interface types

40 pin IDE male connector on the motherboard.
50 pin SCSI connector

 SATA connector
USB connector.