Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Course Objectives
Familiar with network planning flow and main steps
Master the meaning and values of different parameters in link
budget
Master the principle of CDMA capacity and coverage
Master the principle and method of repeater planning
Master PN planning and initial neighbouring cell planning
method
Contents
1 Wireless Network Planning Process............................................................................................................1
1.1 Brief Introduction to Overall Process..................................................................................................1
1.2 Network planning Flow.......................................................................................................................1
2 Coverage Planning of CDMA System.........................................................................................................5
2.1 Link budget introduction.....................................................................................................................5
2.2 Differences between CDMA 1x and EV-DO Link Budget.................................................................9
3 CDMA Capacity Planning.........................................................................................................................17
3.1 Prediction of the user quantity...........................................................................................................17
3.1.1 Principle of user prediction....................................................................................................17
3.1.2 The method to predict user quantity.......................................................................................18
3.2 Service Model....................................................................................................................................20
3.2.1 Voice Service Model...............................................................................................................20
3.2.2 Data Service Model................................................................................................................20
3.3 Capacity calculation of CDMA2000 1X system...............................................................................26
3.3.1 The ultimate capacity of isolated BTS...................................................................................26
3.3.2 BS capacity in cellar system...................................................................................................28
3.4 EV-DO capacity planning..................................................................................................................29
3.4.1 Active Subscribers Quantity per Sector.................................................................................30
3.4.2 Recommended Sector Throughput.........................................................................................30
3.4.3 Analysis on Sector Reverse Throughput................................................................................30
3.4.4 Sector forward throughput......................................................................................................32
3.4.5 Simplified EV-DO Data Traffic Model..................................................................................35
3.5 Planning case.....................................................................................................................................38
i
5.2.7 Isolation..................................................................................................................................75
6 Principles for PN Planning and Setting of Initial Neighboringing Cell................................................81
6.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................81
6.2 PN Planning.......................................................................................................................................82
6.2.1 PILOT_INC setting................................................................................................................82
6.2.2 Site PN planning.....................................................................................................................84
6.3 Setting of Initial Neighboringing Cell List........................................................................................84
6.4 Setting of Dual Frequency Neighboringing Cells.............................................................................87
6.5 PN planning by use of CNO..............................................................................................................89
6.5.1 Parameters Setting of PN Planning........................................................................................90
6.5.2 Setting PN-reusing BTSs........................................................................................................93
6.5.3 Querying PN Reuse and PN Offset Information....................................................................95
6.5.4 PN Planning............................................................................................................................99
6.5.5 Checking-up PN Reuse.........................................................................................................102
6.5.6 Selection of BTSs to be PN Planned....................................................................................103
6.5.7 PN Planning of Capacity-expanded BTS.............................................................................104
iii
Project
Initialization
RF
Optimization
Earlier Stage
Planning
Single Site
Check
Initial
Acceptance
Project
Commence
Project
Implement
Maintenance
Optimization
Network
Planning
Final
Acceptance
Procedure
Simplify
&Project Plan
Project
Pre-research
Requirement
Analysis
Available sites
survey
Planned Sites
Survey
Network
Topology
Design
Wireless
Environment
Test
Network
Evaluation
Design Result
Report
Simulation
PN Design
&Neighbor
List Configure
Design Report
Submitted
Figure 1 -2 shows the whole procedures of network planning; the following is the
rough definition of each stage.
1.
2.
Requirement analysis: First, the customers needs, which are the basis of the
entire network building, should be understood completely; if the information
about customers needs is incorrect, all subsequent work will be futile, and the
result of network planning will not be accepted by the customer; the
requirements can be gotten from various ways, such as communicating with the
customer formally or informally, practical survey (includes planning area
environment survey and available sites survey), the result must be confirmed by
the customer;
3.
Available sites survey: this stage includes the following steps: collect the
information of the radio propagation environment in the planning areas; select
suitable sites for field test in radio environment test stage; collect the
information of available sites, in which, suitable sites can be used as the basic
of network topology design;
4.
Plan establishment: establish the work plan in accordance with the simplified
process, project scale, topographical conditions, etc. and the time demand
raised by the customer, gross time setting for each stage (setting the
milestones), need for resources and personnel etc; the large-scale and urgent
task may be done in groups. In this case, information of the groups should be
provided; and the resources and personnel requirement must be confirmed by
project implement unit; then confirm the time schedule with the customer; the
work must be done after the plan had be confirmed;
6.
7.
Radio environment test: includes spectrum scan and field test. They are both
optional.
(1)
(2)
(3)
The aim of field test is to get the propagation mode which can reflect
characteristics of planning area propagation environment, which is used to
simulation and network topology structure design (calculating the coverage
distance of related stations).
(4)
There is no need to do field test in these situations: the customer can provide
applicable radio propagation model; the radio propagation model in the model
3
9.
Planned sites survey: find the points that can meet the requirements in the
actual environment on the basis of the network topology design. To a larger
network, it should judge whether the sites are qualified by network simulating;
10. Network plan report: to ensure the planning results can be accepted by the
customer, and get the ideas and suggestions about the planning form
thecustomer, it needs to report the result of the first stage to the customer.
11.
12. PN plan and neighboring list setting: after the entire sites have been confirmed,
configure the PN and neighboring list;
13. Hand in the network design report: when the planning work is completed,
compose the wireless network design report; the report should be passed the
internal inspection and approval before being submitted to the customer; after
the customer identifies the result (network design report), file the related
reference and data. The project ends.
Eb
Prec
=
N o DataRate Thermalnoise power spectrum density
(Formular 2.1)
According to the formula (2.1), the receiver sensitivity Prec (dBm) is:
E b
N o
DataRate
req
(Formular 2.2)
Note: The actual calculation of receiver sensitivity should also consider the influence
of the system noise figure and loading factor.
Margin and other factors affecting path loss include fading margin, penetration loss and
soft handoff gain.
(1)
Fading margin
Fading margin is a reserved margin, based on a full consideration of channel
fading variation, for guaranteeing communication reliability. It corresponds with
a specified cell edge communication probability.
In the radio space propagation, for any given distance, its path loss changes and
can be regarded as a random variable in conformity with lognormal distribution.
The median of path loss is usually adopted in the propagation model. If the
network is designed based on the average path loss, the path loss at the edge
coverage area of the cell will be greater than the path loss median with a 50-50%
probability, that is, the edge coverage probability of the cell is only 50%. To
improve the edge coverage probability of the cell, it is necessary to reserve the
fading margin in advance.
The following takes a cell with a 75% edge coverage probability as an example.
Suppose that the propagation loss random variable is , then is the Gauss
distribution on dB. Set its average value to m, the standard deviation to , and
the corresponding probability distribution function to the Q function. Set a loss
threshold 1 (If the propagation loss is beyond this threshold, the signal strength
will fail to meet the demodulation requirement of the expected service qualities).
The edge coverage probability equal to or greater than 75% can be represented
as:
Pcoverage Pr ( 1 )
( m ) 2
2 2
(Formular 2.3)
For the outdoor environment, the standard deviation is set to 8 dB (This standard
deviation is different for various morphologies. 8 dB is usually for a small open
space with density buildings), and the corresponding margin for the 75% edge
coverage probability (communication proportion) can be calculated with the
following formula.
(Formular 2.4)
Accumulated lognormal
probability distribution
Median
(2)
Penetration loss
Penetration loss usually adopts the experience value, depending on the factors
such as construction materials and thickness of building wall in different places.
The descending order of the penetration loss is normally as: dense urban area,
urban area, suburb and rural area. For the link budget, generally the penetration
loss of the dense urban area is 25 dB, urban area 20 dB, suburb 15 dB and rural
area 6 dB. In the actual planning, more accurate penetration loss can be obtained
through test.
(3)
= 8 dB
Perl
0.75
0.5
4.0
0.9
0.5
4.09
0.95
0.5
4.2
0.98
0.5
4.67
Link
Forward
Reverse
CDMA 1x
EV-DO Rls0
9.6kbps~153.6kbps
38.4kbps~2.4Mbps
38.4kbps~3.1Mbps
5 classes
9 classes
11 classes
9.6kbps~153.6kbps
9
EV-DO RevA
4.8kbps~1.8Mbps
Type
Link
CDMA 1x
EV-DO Rls0
5 classes
EV-DO RevA
max. 22 classes
Terminal Type
Forward
Single Antenna
Body Loss
Forward/R
3dB (Voice)
0dB
everse
0dB (Data)
Forward
Demodulation
Threshold
Multi-User
3dB (Voice)
0dB (Data)
Different
Forward
N/A
Available
Diversity Gain
1.
CDMA2000 1X system
CDMA2000 1X system supports data service besides voice service, the data
rate is up to 153.6kbps. Table 2 -3 is a reverse link budget table of CDMA2000
1X system in 800MHz, compared with IS-95A.
The difference between IS-95A and CDMA2000 1X voice service lays in
different demodulation signal noise ratio requirements and interference margin
value. Different demodulation reqirements are due to adoption of CSM5000
chip by CDMA2000 1X base station, so the channel modulation technology is
improved. As to interference margin, we may apply 75% of the maximum
capacity for link budget because the capacity of CDMA2000 1X is more than
that of IS-95A.
The data rate in Table 2 -3 is from 9.6kbps to 153.6kbps. The difference
between IS-95A and CDMA2000 1X data service lays in different
demodulation signal noise ratio requirements, interference margin value and
processing gain.
Because either convolutional code or Turbo code can be selected for channel
coding of data service, compared with voice service, the demodulation
requirement for data demodulation decreases. With data rate increasing, the
performance of Turbo code is getting better, the demodulation requirement
decreases.
Due to adoption of advanced technology in CDMA2000 1X system, such as
reverse coherent demodulation, Turbo coding, data coding and convolutional
coding promotion, forward quick power control etc., the capacity of
CDMA2000 1X system increases. We use 75% of the top load in link budget,
so the interference margin is increasing to 6.02dB.
10
11
2.
1X EV-DO system
As a transition from CDMA2000 1X to 3G, 1X EV-DO( named HRPD in
12
protocol) only provides high data rate service. Due to asymmetry of data
service in forward and reverse direction, the forward link becomes the more
crucial link.
Table 2 -4 is the forward link budget table of 1X EV-DO sytem in 800MHz, the
receiver terminal is divided into single antenna type and dual antenna type.
The main difference between IS-95A and 1X EV-DO system are: transmit
power, demodulation signal noise ratio, multi-user diversity gain and receive
diverdity gain, soft handoff gain.
1X EV-DO system uses rate control technology, not power control technology as
in IS-95A and CDMA2000 1X, use full power transmission not part of the full
power for data channel, so the tansmit power of data channel in link budget is
much greater than in IS-95A and CDMA2000 1X, the transmit power is 20W in
the table.
1X EV-DO uses Turbo code in forward direction, the demodulation signal noise
ratio is increasing as the data rate increasing.
As to data service, the terminal can be chosen as a dual antenna one, so there
exist receiving diverdity gain; as to user data dispatch, when multi users share
the common data channel, the system can provide service for those who require
high data rate, that will improve the resource efficiency, increase the system
throughput, thus provides diversity gain.
In 1X EV-DO system, when the user is in handoff state, the terminal will select
the best link and transmits rate requirement only to the base station; the station
transmit data to the terminal; it provides selection gain, called virtual soft
handoff gain.
Table 2-4 cdma2000 HRPD system 800M forward link budget
cdma2000 HRPD system 800M forward link budget
Propagation Environment
Urban
Channel Type
Traffic Channel
Receiver Terminal
single antenna
dual antenna
single antenna
dual antenna
9600
9600
38400
38400
67132.87
67100
N/A
N/A
14.3
14.3
N/A
N/A
bandwidth(kHz)
1228.8
1228.8
1228.8
1228.8
13
Control Channel
Urban
Channel Type
Traffic Channel
Receiver Terminal
single antenna
dual antenna
single antenna
dual antenna
bandwidth(dB-Hz)
60.89
60.89
60.89
60.89
BS Tx Power(Watts)
20
20
20
20
BS Tx Power(dBm)
43.01
43.01
43.01
43.01
BS Antenna Gain(dBi)
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.7
BS jumper loss(dB)
BS feeder loss(dB/100m)
BS feeder length(m)
50
50
50
50
BS EIRP(dBm)
53.71
53.71
53.71
53.71
Body Loss(dB)
Noise Figure(dB)
Density(dBm/Hz)
-166
-166
-166
-166
Aim PER(%)
-7
-11.6
-8
gain(dB)
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.6
N/A
12
MS receiver sensitivity(dBm)
-112.11
-116.71
-101.11
-113.11
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
Gain(dB)
161.42
166.02
150.42
162.42
20
20
20
20
141.42
146.02
130.42
142.42
BS Antenna Height(m)
40
40
40
40
MS Antenna Height(m)
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
RF Central Frequency(MHz)
870
870
870
870
124.31
124.31
124.31
124.31
Slope
34.41
34.41
34.41
34.41
Thermal
Control Channel
Noise
multi-subscribers
diversity
Soft
Handoff
14
Urban
Channel Type
Traffic Channel
Receiver Terminal
single antenna
dual antenna
single antenna
dual antenna
Radius of RF Coverage(km)
3.14
4.28
1.51
3.36
Control Channel
Urban
1x EV-DO
IS-95-A
data rate(bps)
9600
9600
MS rating Tx Power(dBm)
23
23
MS Antenna Gain(dBi)
Body Loss(dB)
20
20
15.70
15.70
BS jumper loss(dB)
BS feeder loss(dB/100m)
BS feeder length(m)
50
50
-174
-174
Noise Figure(dB)
Aim PER(%)
1%
1%
Eb/No
3.24
6.80
Loading
0.50
0.50
Interference Margin(dB)
3.01
3.01
BS Sensitivity(dBm)
-122.93
-119.37
Handoff Gain(dB)
Fading Deviation(dB)
0.75
0.75
Fading Margin(dB)
5.40
5.40
152.23
148.67
15
Urban
1x EV-DO
IS-95-A
data rate(bps)
9600
9600
20
20
132.23
128.67
BS Antenna Height(m)
40
40
MS Antenna Height(m)
1.50
1.50
RF Central Frequency(MHz)
825
825
123.70
123.69
Slope B
34.41
34.41
Radius of RF Coverage(km)
1.77
1.40
16
17
Analysis shows that Pakistan is predicted to be in the coming fast expansion period of
cellar wireless communication and the high increase rate is the characteristic of this
stage.
In the following several years, the main features of development environment of cellar
wireless communication are as following:
It can be predicted that high increase speed will continue in certain period in cellar
wireless communication marketing and then gradually go to stable development stage.
(1)
Tendency extrapolation
Tendency extrapolation is a statistic prediction method to study the development
18
Recursive prediction
Recursive prediction is to predict the development change of one variable based
on the other variable change. There is certain experience formula between the
two variables, which accords with the tendency distribution relationship of the
two or more variable data (such as average GPD and user number).
The number of users is greatly influenced by economic status and individual
income. If individual average GPD is used to estimate economic status, it is used
as recursive independent variable and conic is adapted to recursively predict
user number.
Conic recursive formula:
Y=0.0004x2-3.3587x+6825.2
Herein: x is individual average GDP of some year, Y is the user number.
(3)
2.
19
1.
2.
3.
4.
GOS
2.
Definition of Erlang per subscriber: the definition is related with the proportion
of each service because there are many kinds of data service and the result is
got by statistics;
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
The resource occupation, for one packet call, varies with data burst and time;
5.
6.
7.
8.
Web page
download
Active state
Active state
Dormant state
21
E-mail download
22
CE number
Ratio
9.6
25%
19.2
40%
38.4
30%
76.8
4%
153.6
16
1%
subscriber (kbps)
26.21
Average CE number
2.73
(kbps)
9.6
Average CE number
Average
data
service
rate
of
high-end
23
tion on
WWW/WAP E_MAIL
FTP
VOD/AOD
Demand
E-COMMERCE
OTHER
60
60
60
60
20
15
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
0.25
0.75
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.025
0.1
0.075
120
300
15
30
300
120
60
Duty Factor
0.1
0.1
0.75
0.8
0.8
0.1
0.1
12
30
11.25
24
240
12
26210
26210
26210
26210
26210
26210
26210
26.21
65.53
24.57
52.42
43.68
8.74
3.28
224.43
Value
0.94
2.5
250
1.67
0.33
0.13
8.57
Value
10
tion on
EWWW/WAP E_MAIL
FTP
Demand
30
30
20
30
10
10
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
10%
12%
10%
10%
10%
10%
0.15
0.18
0.1
0.15
0.05
0.05
120
300
15
30
120
60
Duty Factor
0.1
0.1
0.75
0.8
0.1
0.1
12
30
11.25
24
12
9600
9600
9600
9600
9600
9600
9600
4.8
14.4
9.6
1.6
0.8
34.2
Value
35
0.5
1.5
0.31
0.17
0.08
3.56
Value
3.5
Voice only
Subscriber Ratio
1-
0.02
0.02
45.42
24.17
*k
* 1-k
0.02
0.02
45.42
45.42
24.17
24.17
0.2
Total subscriber
50000
50000
Voice subscriber
50000
50000
Data subscriber
50000
10000
1000
1000
0.8
0.8
40000
8000
10000
2000
1816.8
363.36
241.7
48.34
26.21
26.21
Average CE number
2.73021
2.730208
9.6
9.6
Average CE number
5201.94
1040.389
25
Voice Ev(Erl)
0.02
0.02
45.42
45.42
6201.94
2040.389
Eb
)V _ req
Nt
requiring demodulation
under FER of 1%, meanwhile there are n data users
E
( b ) D _ req
Nt
with data rate Rd, requiring demodulation
under some FER. Supposed that
(
terminal signal of voice service reaches BS with power Pm and signal of data service
Pd, the terminal signals of all service types should be the same when reaching the BS if
the power control is ideal, so the total received power of BS should be:
(Formular 3.1)
Herein No is the sum of system noise and interference from other system, and here the
voice activity factor is not concerned, change (Formular 3.1) into:
(Formular 3.2)
mPm
nPd
1
Ptot N o Ptot N o
(Formular 3.3)
Pm
E
RV
Pm
W
( b )V
Ptot Pm Ptot Pm RV
Nt
W
(Formular 3.4)
or
Eb
)V
Pm
Nt
W
Ptot Pm
RV
(
(Formular 3.5)
26
Pm
Ptot
1
W
RV
1
E
( b )V
Nt
(Formular 3.6)
Pd
E
RD
Pd
W
( b )D
Ptot Pd Ptot Pd RD
Nt
W
(Formular 3.7)
or:
Eb
)D
Pd
Nt
W
Ptot Pd
RD
(
Pd
Ptot
(Formular 3.8)
1
W
RD
1
E
( b )D
Nt
(Formular 3.9)
Ptot N o
(Formular 3.10)
And
Ptot N o Ptot
(Formular 3.11)
Pm
P
n d 1
Ptot
Ptot
(Formular 3.12)
Va
W
RV
E
( b )V _ req
Nt
n
W
RD
E
( b ) D _ req
Nt
1
1
(Formular 3.13)
27
mVa
W
RV
E
( b )V _ req
Nt
n
W
RD
E
( b ) D _ req
Nt
1
(Formular 3.14)
If there are many types of data services, then the ultimate capacity formula should be:
mVa
W
RV
E
( b )V _ req
Nt
ni
W
RD _ i
E
( b ) D _ req _ i
Nt
1
1
(Formular 3.15)
I oc f I sc
(Formular 3.16)
Therefore,
Ptot I oc I sc (1 f ) I sc
(Formular 3.17)
mVa
W
RV
E
( b ) V _ req
Nt
ni
W
RD _ i
E
( b ) D _ req _ i
Nt
28
loading
1 f
1
(Formular 3.18)
In omni cellar BS group, if the users are distributed uniformly, the f value is 60% or so
in theory. ZX3G 1X system greatly improves the system capacity through enhancing
air interface performance; by adding reverse link pilot, supporting reverse link
correlative demodulation, effectively reduce required signal noise ratio for
demodulation; changing forward link BPSK into QPSK and adding forward link fast
power control enhance the forward link capacity. The following formula can be used to
indicate channel number supported simultaneously by each cell of ZX3G 1X system:
mVa
W
RV
E
( b )V _ req
Nt
ni
W
RD _ i
E
( b ) D _ req _ i
Nt
Loading
1 f
1
(Formular 3.19)
Herein:
29
In the common commercial network, there are more considerations, such as QoS,
system stability, configuring features of channel board, etc. so it is recommended that
the maximum active subscriber quantity per sector is set to 30 or so.
Eb
) D _ req
N
t
and under the specified PER, the required demodulation threshold is
, where,
(
Eb/Nt is the ratio of energy per bit to noise spectral density, and it is the demodulation
threshold on the BTS side. Suppose that the power strength of data traffic signal of
terminal is Pd when it arrives at the BTS side; and under the ideal reverse power
control condition, the strengths of all users signals are the same when they arrive at the
BTS side, so the BTS's total received power is:
Ptot nPd N o
(Formular 3.20)
Where, No is the thermal noise. Suppose all the users have the same data rate, omitting
the thermal noise, it can be deduced from the equation (Formular 3.19) the formula
about the capacity:
n
W
RD
E
( b ) D _ req
Nt
1
1
(Formular 3.21)
Where,
30
Eb
) D _ req
N
t
Eb/Nt(dB)
9.6
3.67
56.0
537
19.2
2.66
35.7
685
38.4
1.75
22.4
859
76.8
2.24
10.5
810
153.6
5.23
3.4
522
Sector (kbps)
In real cases, subscribers do not have the same data rates, meanwhile, the radio channel
environment differs from that in the table (for example most of users stay in the
stationary environment), and therefore the practical reverse throughput of single sector
is different from its theoretical calculation. But tests show that the difference between
them is not big.
3.4.3.2 Cellualr sector reverse throughput
In the commercial cellular network, there also exist interferences from surrounding
sectors, so the capacity in this case is obviously less than that of single sector. Suppose
that the ratio of adjacent cells' interference to local cell interference is f, and then the
Formular 3.21 can be transmitted into:
31
n
W
RD
E
( b ) D _ req
Nt
1
1 f
1
(Formular 3.22)
For example, an omni cell, its interference factor is f=0.6, then the calculation of the
reverse sector throughput is like follows:
Table 3-12 Reverse Throughput Calculation of Cellular Sector
Channel:30km/h, 1path, 2Antenna, 800MHz
Reverse Data Rate (kbps)
Eb/Nt(dB)
Max. Subscriber
Total Throughput of
Quantity
9.6
3.67
36
346
19.2
2.66
22.3
428
38.4
1.75
14
538
76.8
2.24
6.6
507
153.6
5.23
2.1
323
2.
3.
4.
maintains a scheduling variable Tk[n] that reflects the average throughput; the data rate
applied for by the subscriber k is DRCk[n]. Whenever transmitting a new packet, the
scheduler conducts the following two steps:
1.
(Formular 3.23)
as the criterion, select the subscriber with the largest ratio as the user to be
served in this time slot;
2.
1
Tk [n 1] 1
tc
1
tc
Tk [n]
S k [n]
(Formular 3.24)
Sk[n] =lk[n]*Nk[n]
Where, tc=1024 time slots
If lk[n] is the time slot length occupied by the packet scheduled the last time
slot, and its rate is Nk[n];
If the subscriber k was not scheduled in the last time slot, then Sk[n] = 0.
Here is the flow chart of the algorithm:
33
When using this scheduling algorithm, the total forward sector throughput is
mainly determined by subscribers' geographic distribution in sector;
3.
Considering that subscribers are stationary, when they assemble in the near-cell
areas, the forward sector throughput is expected to attain about 2 Mbps; when
subscribers are distributed evenly in the sector, the forward sector throughput is
expected to be 0.8~1.4Mbps, and when subscribers gather in the far-cell area,
the expected throughput is 300~600 kbps.
The practical tests show that the real forward sector throughput is very close to the
above simulated values.
35
Following figure shows one session process of a subscriber who experiences only two
Active states before logging off.
It should be noted that when the terminal is in Active state, it occupies air interface and
CE resource of the sector, if it stays in Dormant or Idle state, no resource occupation
occurs. Therefore, the key factor influencing the system throughput and capacity is the
user's behavior in Active state.
Here we present a simplified traffic model of EV-DO, same as EV-DO Release 0,
which describes macroscopically the requirements of packet data traffic subscriber and
his behavior features. Parameters in the model are all set default values, which should
be revised or adjusted in practical case according to the customer's demands or local
real situations.
Table 3-13 A Simplified Data Traffic Model of EV-DO
ID
Parameter
Unit
Default
Description/
Relationship
Input/Output
Subscriber quantity to be
B
300
number-allocated:
provided by customer's
Input
prediction
Average
duration
Recommend
input
as
ID
Parameter
Unit
Description/
Default
Input/Output
Relationship
habit
Ratio of Active state
40%
when
on
line,
the
remaining is Dormant
Recommend
as
input
Busy
Hour
Sessions
per
Subscriber
0.3
Recommend
of subscriber
input
Average
C
Average Size
kByte
1200
total
data
throughput
in
one
session,
including
forward
and
reverse
Recommend
as
as
input
1:4
of
user's
uploading throughput to
downloading throughput:
Input
user habit
S
35%
It
is
related
Percentage
E
subscribers
%
3%
to
the
network layout.
of
on-line
(including
Input
subscribers
Recommend
as
output
D*H/3600
Vf
Vr
Average
Active
Forward
Throughput
Average
Throughput
Average throughput of
kbps
64
Active
Reverse
Average throughput of
kbps
16
Recommend
as
output
Recommend
as
output
In this model, parameters such as Vf, Vr and E are not independent variables, which
can be calculated from other parameters. In general, it is recommended to input C, D,
G and I, and output Vf and Vr.
Most of data service can use this data traffic model, but for some special service, such
as VoIP, the voice traffic model may be more suitable. Here we recommend that the
sector quantity needed can be calculated separately for each different service, and sum
of them is the planning result meeting the capacity requirement.
37
few industrial zones, and the population density and income level are both low,
therefore, the major target in these areas also focus on the coverage scope.
The network building in this phase consentrates along the Shenhui Highway,
guaranteeing the coverage in central areas, namely, Liuyue, Henggang, and Silian, and
the high-grade estates. The key covered areas are shown in Figure 3 -11. Cover the
roads of Shenhui Highway and Jihe Freeway as key areas, guaranteeing the continuous
coverage of the joining area of the two roads in Henggang.
39
Ban Tian
Long Hhua
Lian Tang
23.00
23.00
23.00
MS Antenna Gain(dBi)
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
MS ERP(dBm)
20.00
20.00
20.00
BS Antenna Gain(dBi)
17.10
17.10
17.10
1.00
1.00
1.00
BS Feeder Loss(dB/100m)
6.00
6.00
6.00
BS Feeder Length(m)
50.00
50.00
50.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
-174.00
-174.00
-174.00
9600.00
9600.00
9600.00
Noise Figure(dB)
5.00
5.00
5.00
Eb/No
7.00
7.00
7.00
Loading
0.50
0.50
0.50
Interference Margin(dB)
3.01
3.01
3.01
BS Sensitivity (dBm)
-119.17
-119.17
-119.17
4.00
4.00
4.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
Fading Margin(dB)
5.40
5.40
5.40
149.87
149.87
149.87
28
28.00
28
119.87
121.87
122.87
BS Height(m)
30.00
30.00
30.00
MS Height(m)
1.50
1.50
1.50
Frequency (MHz)
1975.00
1975.00
1975.00
40
Parameter
Ban Tian
Long Hhua
Lian Tang
23.00
23.00
23.00
MS Antenna Gain(dBi)
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
MS ERP(dBm)
20.00
20.00
20.00
BS Antenna Gain(dBi)
17.10
17.10
17.10
A(dB)
12.26
45.80
16.87
40.52
30.24
39.10
452.24
327.40
513.59
Number of
Allocated
Access Point
No.
Telephone
Allocated
Access Point
Telephone
subscribers
1
Liuyue
China
Telecom
Equipment Building
subscribers
8638
Henggang
China
Equipment Building
Telecom
8457
2124
Huaxi Village
1526
5309
Kangle Garden
511
Town Government
1268
Longsheng Garden
846
10
Anliang
2782
11
Dakang
3052
12
Xikeng
1823
13
1659
14
Heao
1095
15
Aobei
2432
16
Dafu
1691
17
Baoan
1630
18
1350
19
Shenkeng Village
Not open
3.5.5 Solution
Solution to the above coverage and capacity requirements is shown in Table 3 -16.
41
Site
Sector
Site
type
Longitude
Latitude
Antenna
Antenna
Sector
Downtilt
Coverage
type
height
direction
angle
radius
Henggang
1
Equipment a
S111
114.205972 22.647694
65
30
0.5
S111
114.205972 22.647694
65
35
120
S111
114.205972 22.647694
65
35
250
S111
114.193417 22.645806
65
36
0.6
S111
114.193417 22.645806
65
36
110
1.5
S111
114.193417 22.645806
65
36
220
0.6
Equipment a
S111
114.187250 22.639583
65
35
0.8
S111
114.187250 22.639583
65
35
120
S111
114.187250 22.639583
65
35
240
S111
114.171167 22.638444
65
26
120
S111
114.171167 22.638444
65
26
240
S111
114.171167 22.638444
65
26
340
S111
114.183570 22.647570
65
26
S111
114.183570 22.647570
65
26
100
0.6
S111
114.183570 22.647570
65
26
220
S111
114.192250 22.656806
90
26
Building
Henggang
1
Equipment b
Building
Henggang
Equipment g
Building
2
2
2
Town
Government
Town
Government
Town
Government
Liuyue
Building
Liuyue
3
Equipment b
Building
Liuyue
Equipment g
Building
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
Shenkeng
Village
Shenkeng
Village
Shenkeng
Village
Kangle
Road
Kangle
Road
Kangle
Road
Paibang
Road
42
No.
6
Site
Paibang
Sector
Site
type
Longitude
Latitude
Antenna
Antenna
Sector
Downtilt
Coverage
type
height
direction
angle
radius
S111
114.192250 22.656806
65
26
120
0.5
S111
114.192250 22.656806
65
26
240
0.8
Datang New
a
Village
S111
114.199500 22.653167
65
26
0.5
Datang New
b
Village
S111
114.199500 22.653167
65
26
120
0.5
Datang New
g
Village
S111
114.199500 22.653167
65
26
240
0.5
Dalong bag
a
factory
S111
114.204667 22.654778
65
26
0.5
Dalong bag
b
factory
S111
114.204667 22.654778
65
26
120
Dalong bag
g
factory
S111
114.204667 22.654778
65
26
240
0.5
S111
114.204510 22.659510
90
26
S111
114.204510 22.659510
65
26
120
S111
114.204510 22.659510
65
26
240
0.6
S111
114.212940 22.662670
65
27
40
S111
114.212940 22.662670
65
27
120
S111
114.212940 22.662670
65
27
230
0.6
11
992 Factory a
S111
114.208611 22.670444
90
26
80
11
992 Factory b
S111
114.208611 22.670444
90
26
200
11
992 Factory g
S111
114.208611 22.670444
90
26
320
S111
114.222694 22.678389
65
23
9
9
9
Road
Paibang
Road
Guangda
Road
Guangda
Road
Guangda
Road
Xin
10
Quansheng
Seafood
Restaurant
Xin
10
Quansheng
Seafood
Restaurant
Xin
10
Quansheng
Seafood
Restaurant
Heao
12
Police
Station
43
No.
Site
Sector
Site
type
Longitude
Latitude
Antenna
Antenna
Sector
Downtilt
Coverage
type
height
direction
angle
radius
Heao
12
Police
S111
114.222694 22.678389
65
23
110
S111
114.222694 22.678389
65
23
240
O1
114.241163 22.642345
360
20
360
S111
114.236480 22.648650
90
23
S111
114.236480 22.648650
90
23
120
S111
114.236480 22.648650
90
23
240
S111
114.221900 22.646970
65
26
60
S111
114.221900 22.646970
65
26
200
S111
114.221900 22.646970
65
26
300
S111
114.214028 22.632889
65
23
50
S111
114.214028 22.632889
65
23
160
0.8
S111
114.214028 22.632889
65
23
310
S111
114.217940 22.621640
90
17
0.8
Station
Heao
12
Police
Station
13
14
14
14
15
Yuanshan
Garden
Dafeng
Village
Dafeng
Village
Dafeng
Village
East
City-
loop
Road
of
Shangzhong
Village
15
East
City-
loop
Road
of
Shangzhong
Village
15
East
City-
loop
Road
of
Shangzhong
Village
Anliang
17
Villager
Committee
Anliang
17
Villager
Committee
Anliang
17
Villager
Committee
18
North
Baotong
44
No.
Site
Sector
Site
type
Longitude
Latitude
Antenna
Antenna
Sector
Downtilt
Coverage
type
height
direction
angle
radius
Road
No.102
North
18
Baotong
Road
S111
114.217940 22.621640
63
17
130
S111
114.217940 22.621640
63
17
215
S111
114.217970 22.684410
90
23
S111
114.217970 22.684410
90
23
120
S111
114.217970 22.684410
90
23
240
S110
114.196150 22.676540
90
10
60
S110
114.196150 22.676540
90
10
240
1.5
S110
114.177410 22.655600
90
10
60
1.5
S110
114.177410 22.655600
90
10
270
1.5
S110
114.221417 22.660389
65
26
60
0.7
S110
114.221417 22.660389
65
26
240
S110
114.221417 22.660389
65
26
320
S110
114.226250 22.635430
65
25
45
S110
114.226250 22.635430
65
25
230
S110
114.226250 22.635430
65
25
340
S110
114.207100 22.639630
65
26
0.6
No.102
North
18
Baotong
Road
No.102
21
21
21
22
22
23
23
Heao Road
No.70
Heao Road
No.70
Heao Road
No.70
Jihe
Highway1
Jihe
Highway1
Jihe
Highway2
Jihe
Highway2
Henggang
24
High
School
24
24
25
25
25
Henggang
High School
Henggang
High School
Rongmei
School
Rongmei
School
Rongmei
School
Henggang
26
Primary
School
45
No.
Site
Sector
Site
type
Longitude
Latitude
Antenna
Antenna
Sector
Downtilt
Coverage
type
height
direction
angle
radius
65
26
120
0.6
Henggang
26
Primary
S110
114.207100 22.639630
School
46
4.1 Overview
It can be seen from the network planning procedure that many principles should be
followed during the network planning.
The position of site survey in network planning is shown in Figure 4 -12.
Procedure
Simplify
&Project Plan
Project
Pre-research
Requirement
Analysis
Available sites
survey
Planned Sites
Survey
Network
Topology
Design
Wireless
Environment
Test
Network
Evaluation
? ? ? ?
Design Result
Report
Simulation
PN Design
&Neighbor
List Configure
Design Report
Submitted
available sites are left for determine whether need survey during planned sites survey
stage. The available sites provided by operator which meet the network topology
requirements will be set as the primary sites during planned sites survey stage.
In village/road network planning stage, the available sites may be dispersedly, so it is
difficult to make a survey of all the sites. The project manager can design the network
topology base on the distribution of the available sites according to the detailed
situation. Other sites can be selected only when all the available sites are not suitable.
2.
Height: at the station of urban area, the antenna height should be 10-15 meters
higher than surrounding buildings (in very densely urban area, the antenna
height can be about 10 meters higher); in suburb, the antenna height is over 15
meters higher, whose height is determined according to the required coverage
range; in terms of the planned site station, the height of surrounding buildings
must not over 1.3 times than that of the planned antenna height;
3.
Interference: avoid interference with other network systems; select the sites
where there is no interference or the problem of existing interference can be
solved;
4.
GPS: the solid angle should be over 90 degree (the part of the surface area of
the celestial body that can be seen from the GPS location should account for no
less than one fourth of the whole surface area, i.e. it should be no less than R2 ,
as the surface area of a sphere equals to 4R2);
5.
Antenna feeder: there is enough space for installing the antenna and feeder on
top of the building /tower;
6.
7.
Site location: the distance between the actual location and the planned location
48
of the site station can not exceed one fourth coverage radius.
The above requirements can be reached by adjusting the parameters, for example, when
the antenna height is not enough, it can be mended by building a tower and heightening
the mount or pole; if there exist barriers in some direction, the sector in this direction
can be cancelled under the condition that the network topology will not be affected;
etc.
Below, we will discuss the first three requirements in detail.
2.
For a relatively small barrier, to avoid serious obstacle, the distance from the
barrier to the site should meet:
L > 2**(180/(*))2
For example:
49
: wavelength.
= 7
L > 50 m;
= 16
L > 10 m;
f = 1900M: = 7
L > 22 m;
= 16
L > 5 m.
f = 800M:
As for some very low sites required by the customers, such as the customers
equipment building where the transmission and power supply are provided, the
building can be used as a site if it satisfys the conditions of without obvious barrier and
with bearing ability, ect, and the antenna height requirement can be met through
heightening the pole or mount, tower, etc.
the same plane. If the two antennas are in the upper and lower parts of the pole
simultaneously, considering that an antenna will always have a downtilt, try to set the
antenna at the lower part of the pole, thus antenna downtilt can reduce the interference.
To one 1.9-GHz CDMA system and one 1.8-GHz system, the mutual interference can
be solved through horizontal or vertical isolation. However, as the out-of-band
suppressing capability of the GSM system is unknown, we can not calculate the
specific isolation distance.
Likewise, horizontal or vertical isolation can also be used to reduce the interference
between 800-MHz CDMA system and 900-MHz GSM system.
Besides, to one CDMA system, it should also be taken into account of the isolation
between CDMA and other wireless equipment whose frequency is close to the CDMA
system. The base station should not be set near the devices such as large power station,
paging and microwave devices with similar frequencies.
Specific isolation requirements can only be worked out after information incluing
frequenchy points, out-of-band suppressing capability, etc. has been obtained.
There should no apparent obstruction in front of a sector, make sure the planned
direction is available;
2.
The antenna height must be 10m~15m higher than ambient buiding for urban
sites, as to suburb and village, the antenna height must be 15m higher than
ambient buiding; the buiding height must not be 1.3 multiple higher than the
planned site height.
3.
4.
The distance between the site position and the planned site should not go
beyond 1/4 coverage.
5.
6.
There is enough position for antenna installation on top of building and tower.
7.
52
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Site survey, chose a suitable site. The site should meets the requirements of
height and direction, affects the existing network as less as possible.
6.
Site type
Classification
O1
O1
S1
O1
S11
S11
S111
S111
O2
O2
S2
O2
S22
S22
S222
S222
O3
O3
Description
One carrier omnidirection
One carrier one
sector
One carrier two
sectors
One carrier three
sectors
Two carrier omnidirection
Two carrier one
sector
Two carrier two
sectors
Two carrier three
sectors
Three
carrier
omni-direction
Carrier
Sector
Macro-
Micro-
number
number
BTS
BTS
Ultra-far
Coverage
RFS
BS
54
Site type
Classification
S3
O3
S33
S33
S333
S333
O4
O4
S4
O4
S44
S44
S444
S444
O-L0-R1
O1
S-L0-R1
S1
S-L0-R2
Description
Three carrier one
Carrier
Sector
Macro-
Micro-
number
number
BTS
BTS
Ultra-far
Coverage
RFS
BS
S11
S-L0-R3
S111
S-L1-R1
S11
S-L1-R2
S111
S-L1-R3
S-L1-R3
S-L2-R1
S111
S-L2-R2
S-L2-R2
S-L2-R3
S-L2-R3
S-L3-R1
S-L3-R1
S-L3-R2
S-L3-R2
S-L3-R3
S-L3-R3
sector
Three carrier two
sectors
Three carrier three
sectors
Four carrier omnidirection
Four carrier one
sector
Four carrier two
sectors
Four carrier three
sectors
RFS
omni-
direction
55
Site type
M1
Classification
M1
Description
One carrier MicroBTS
One
M-L1-R1
M11
Sector
Macro-
Micro-
number
number
BTS
BTS
Ultra-far
Coverage
RFS
BS
Micro-
BTS+one
one
Carrier
carrier
RFS:
two
sectors
Micro-BTS
M-L1-R2
M111
one
M2
M2
M3
M3
M1804
M140
Micro-BTS
two
M804L1-R1
M1140
RFS:
one
Ultra-far Coverage
M11140
M2804
M240
M3804
M340
BTS
three
carrierone sector
56
5 Repeater Planning
Keypoint
Familiar with repeater planning
57
In practice, the base station in which the repeater is located is named donor base
station. The wireless link between the donor base station and the repeater is called the
donor link. The repeater antenna which receives the signal from the donor base station
is donor antenna, and the repeater antenna which faces the user is named the repeater
antenna.
The application of the repeater to the CDMA network will cause changes in the
network topological structure, link budget, noise, time delay and multi-path
information. These changes will exert great influence on the cell coverage, handoff
relation, uplink/downlink power budget, cell subscriber capacity and system
parameters, and so on.
The repeater has a direct influence on the donor base station. It expands the coverage of
the donor base station and increases its traffic. As the repeater itself produces noise, it
will affect the floor noise of the donor base station to a more or less degree based on
the gain, and finally result in the coverage radius decrease of the donor base station and
the transmitting power increase of the mobile station in the coverage area. If the
repeater cannot well ensure the diversity effect, it will also directly influence the
capacity of the base station.
Another problem which should be considered during the network planning is the
influence on surrounding base stations caused by the repeater. The repeater appears as a
noise source for surrounding base stations and will affect both the coverage and
capacity of them. When the repeater is introduced into the system, the network
coverage situation changes, so does the voice traffic loaded by all base stations. The
repeater will absorb part of the traffic from surrounding base stations. If the voice
58
traffic of surrounding base stations is busy, the repeater can play a role of balancing the
system traffic, and make a maximum use of the system processing capability.
In the mixed repeater networking technology, it requires to treat the repeater as a
network element similar to a base station. During the stages of network planning,
engineering and optimizing, the mutual relationship between the base station and
repeater should be considered thoroughly from the angle of the system. Besides, the
uplink and downlink coverage, interference, noise and system parameter setting should
be evaluated and calculated, so that the base station and the repeater can together
implement well the wireless coverage and improve the comprehensive network quality.
In this process, the repeater should be treated as a special base station rather than only
as a tool for network optimization. The mixed networking technology involves a series
of practical engineering technologies applied to repeater planning, project installation
and debugging as well as system parameter optimization.
Due to the difference in application, different factors should be considered during the
outdoor repeater project from those for indoor distribution system. Generally speaking,
the outdoor repeater will exert greater influence on the system.
e.g. sparse urban area, suburb and areas along highways, the planned base station
coverage will be much larger than the coverage in the metropolitan area. This is true
theoretically. However, in practice, due to the topographical factors, the coverage of the
base station often cannot reach the required standard. This wastes the base station
capacity and lowers the equipment utility.
In this case, in addition to the base station, the repeater can be used to help implement
the coverage. Suppose that the capacity is not a limiting factor at the early network
development stage, and then the coverage expansion can improve the equipment utility.
For example, a repeater can be used to extend the base station coverage along the
expressway and expand the capacity. This design can improve the economic benefit of
the network with a small sum of investment.
The mixed repeater networking in the CDMA network can lower the cost and improve
the economic benefit. Its application in foreign countries shows that it can save
30%~40% of the system construction and maintenance investment when it is applied in
the network building in open areas such as suburb, country and expressway, etc.
Downlink noise
In most applications, the downlink signals reaching the repeaters still feature
high signal-noise ratio and the signal level is much higher than the Gaussian
environment noise. After the signals are amplified by the repeaters (considering
the noise coefficient of the repeaters), the signal-noise ratio is still high and will
hardly affect the system. For example: suppose the working rate is 9.6K and the
downlink noise coefficient of the repeater is 5dB. As the donor link of the RF
repeater requires line-of-sight connection, the signal strength at the input end of
the repeater should be greater than -80dBm and the level of the Gaussian
environment noise should be -113dBm and S/N=33dB. After the signals are
amplified, the signal-noise ratio output by the repeater still reaches 28dB and
meets the requirement.
From the above example, it can be seen that the downlink noise coefficient of
the repeater is generally less than 5dB. Thus, the repeater has little influence on
the system, which can be omitted in practice.
2.
(1)
Uplink noise
The influence of uplink noise on the thermal noise of the base station
First the uplink noise will cause the level of the thermal noise of the base station
to rise: The repeater is functionally equivalent to an interference source. Even if
there is no user in the covered area, i.e. there is no input on the uplink, it will
also produce interference noise to the base station and cause the thermal noise
level of the base station to rise. This means that the sensitivity of the base station
receiver will decline and all users in the coverage of this base station will be
affected (the users in the repeater coverage will not be directly affected). The
influence of this noise can be seen from the calculation and analysis below:
First, after the repeater thermal noise is amplified, undergoes the loss over the
transmission path and reaches the input end of the base station receiver, its level
can be calculated out:
Prep_inject = KTB+Frep_reverse+Grep_reverse-PLnet
In the above formula:
K
Frep_reverse
Grep_reverse
PLnet
The net value of the path loss from the repeater to the
base station, including the repeater feeder loss, donor antenna gain of the
repeater, path loss, base station antenna gain and base station feeder loss
In this case, the equivalent thermal noise level at the input end of the base
station receiver is:
Pbts_noise_floor = KTB+Fbts_receiver
Thus, level rise of the base station thermal noise ROTrep (Rise Over Thermal) is:
6
4
2
10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
0
-1
0
ROTrep
NIM
Figure 5-14 Relation between NIM and thermal noise level rise caused by repeater
(2)
Antenna and
path loss, etc.
Repeater
Base
station
Pbts_niose_floor
Equivalent noise level at the input port of the base station receiver.
Prep_inject
Frep=6dB
Frep=7dB
Frep=8dB
Frep=9dB
19
17
13
11
9
7
10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
5
-10
Fcascade
15
NIM
(3)
On the contrary, when NIM becomes greater, so does the Fcascade. For example:
When NIM=6 and Frep=6dB, ROTrep=1dB, Fcascade=13dB.
When NIM=10 and Frep=6dB, ROTrep=0.4dB, Fcascade=16.4dB.
In practice, a compromise value should be adopted between the two values.
Reference materials and analysis show that in areas such as highway, suburb and
country, the repeater is required to cover a long distance and the F cascade be
minimized. When NIM=0dB, ROTrep=3dB and Fcascade reaches 8dB, 3dB more
than the uplink noise coefficient of the repeater. In special areas such as
metropolitan indoor coverage, NIM can be set to a greater value. Thus, the
influence of the ROTrep can be reduced as long as the application requirement
can be met.
(4)
User signal
level
User signal level
Noise level
Static noise
level
Noise level
When there is no user, the port of the base station receiver has thermal noise
level.
When the first user accesses, he only needs to transmit signals the strength of
which is W/R-Eb/Io lower than the thermal noise voice because of the power
65
control. W/R here refers to the gain of the spread spectrum; Eb/Io refers to the
rate between the power density of the signal spectrum required by the base
station and the power density of the noise. In this case, the port of the base
station receiver includes thermal noise level+ signal level.
When the second user accesses, he only needs to transmit signals the strength of
which is W/R-Eb/Io lower than the noise level+ signal level of the first user. As
the signals transmitted by the first user are also noises to the second user, the
second user should increase the transmitting power to overcome the
interference from the first user in addition to the interference from the thermal
noise level. Therefore, the noise level rise reflected at the port of the base
station receiver is greater than that when there is only one user, i.e. the level
indicted by the white part of the above figure is greater than the level indicated
by the red part.
When three or more users access, the change follows the same trend as above
and the extra transmitting power to be increased becomes greater and greater.
When the Nth user accesses, as there are many users at that time, the extra
transmitting power to be increased is so high that it becomes impossible to
overcome the interference and implement stable demodulation (in practice, the
case will come earlier as both the transmitting power of the mobile phone and
the system power control capability are limited). This is called the pole of the
capacity in the CDMA principles. In this case, the pole capacity of the system is
N-1.
The injection noise caused by the thermal noise of the repeater is static and is
similar to environment interference. From the Figure 5 -17, it can be seen that
only the noise level of the base station receiver is increased. This may cause the
increase of the transmitting power of the mobile station or decrease of the
uplink coverage radius, but it will not affect the user capacity because of the
power control of the CDMA system.
some repeaters; the other spatial diversity message is delayed and changed into
multi-path signals, which are then combined together. This diversity receiving
method through multi-path receiving increases the processing load of the base
station as it causes multi-path artificially. Thus, in practice, the effect is greatly
lowered.
5.2.3 The Case that Several Repeaters Share One Donor Base Station
Suppose that each repeater will influence the thermal noise rise of the donor base
station. From the above analysis, it can be seen that this influence is related to the
uplink noise coefficient of each repeater, the path loss between each repeater and the
donor base station and the uplink gain of the repeater. The influence on the donor base
station equals to the sum of influence of these repeaters. The number of repeaters that
one base station can be connected with should be determined according to the thermal
noise rise of the base station.
If the uplink gain of the outdoor repeater is adjusted to an appropriate value, i.e. it will
only cause the thermal noise of the base station to rise for 3dB, then:
1 repeater
ROT=3dB
2 repeaters
ROT=4.7dB
3 repeaters
ROT=6dB
4 repeaters
ROT=7dB
5 repeaters
ROT=7.8dB
6 repeaters
ROT=8.5dB
Next, the maximum thermal noise rise that a base station can tolerate should be
considered. Different base stations in the network have different tolerance capabilities.
If the capacity of a base station is limited by the high traffic density in its coverage or
its coverage radius is shortened because of the barriers, then the uplink power budget
will have large redundancy. Thus, the base station will be able to tolerate great thermal
noise rise while its coverage will not be severely affected. Urban indoor coverage
generally allows great cascading noise coefficient. As the uplink gain is small, the
influence on the thermal noise of the base station can even be omitted. Of course, the
coverage of some minor base stations can be sacrificed so that repeaters can be added
to improve the overall coverage effect, e.g. the coverage of highway. In short, after the
repeaters influence on the thermal noise of the base station is made clear, the number
67
of repeaters that a base station can be connected with should be determined according
to the specific situation of each base station.
In the above, the capacity of the donor base station is omitted. However, it should be
considered in practice. Therefore, the number of repeaters that can be connected to a
base station should also be determined on the base that the capacity of the donor base
station can meet the user capacity requirement of the base station as well as the
repeater coverage.
Repeater 1
Gain G1
Noise NF1
Repeater 2
Gain G2
Noise NF2
Path loss
PL 1
Path loss
PL 2
Base station
Noise NF3
68
When the thermal noise rises for 3dB, the cascading noise coefficient is 5dB than the
noise coefficient of the base station.
From the above calculation, it can be seen that when the repeater cascading is applied,
the conflict between cascading noise coefficient in the repeater coverage at the second
level and the thermal noise rise of the base station will become acute. Thus, in the
application the performance will be greatly affected. However, with well planning and
delicate project optimization, the two-level repeater cascading can be applied to some
special cases. Due to the influence of cascading noise coefficient and the thermal noise
rise of the base station, repeater cascading of three or more levels has little practical
significance and therefore is not recommended.
69
F1
ht
d1
d2
hm
d
The first fresnel area
In the space between the transmitting and receiving antennas through which the radio
waves are propagated, there is space area that plays a major role for energy
transmission. If this area meets the conditions for free space propagation, then the radio
waves can be considered as being transmitted through free space. According to the
Huygens-Fresnel principle, in the first Fresnel area, the radiation field strength
produced at the signal receiving point is two times of the field strength in the free space
propagation. To make the field strength at the receiving point equal to the field strength
in free space propagation, only 1/3 of the first Fresnel area needs to be used. This area
is called minimum Fresnel area, the radius of which is 0.577 times of the radius of the
first Fresnel area. In engineering, usually the first Fresnel area and the minimum
Fresnel area are considered as the space that plays the major role for radio wave
propagation and are referred to as major propagation area.
In engineering, it is required that the donor antenna of the repeater is on a LOS relation
with antenna of donor base station. Generally both of them can meet the requirement of
major propagation area. Therefore, the path loss of the donor link is generally
calculated through the free propagation formula:
PL 32.4 20 lg D 20 lg f
In the formula, D indicates the space distance and the unit is km, while f indicates the
working frequency and the unit is MHz.
Suppose that the base station feeder loss IL bts_cable=3dB, the repeater feeder loss
ILrep_cable=3dB, the base station antenna gain G bts_antenna=14dBi and the repeater donor
antenna gain Grep_donor
_antenna
be obtained, which can be used for general evaluation of the donor link.
70
1km
5km
10km
15km
20km
25km
30km
91.0
105.0
111.0
114.6
117.1
119.0
120.6
65.0
79.0
85.0
88.6
91.1
93.0
94.6
Next, the signal strength from the donor base station to the repeater should be greater
than -80dBm, so that the stability of the signals relayed by the repeater and the high
signal-noise ratio can be ensured.
Besides, it should also be ensured that the repeater donor antenna only receives the
signals from one cell and the repeater should not be located between at the border of
two sectors. The donor antenna can be used to select more directional parabolic
antenna, so that the spatial selectivity of the radio signals can be enhanced.
Last, when the above measures still cannot meet the requirements, horizontal (or
vertical) polarization antenna can be adopted for the donor base station. For stations
that may cause pilot pollution, orthogonal polarization antennas can be adopted, while
antennas with the same polarization as than of the donor base station can be adopted as
donor antennas. Thus, the polarization of the antenna is used to improve the selectivity
of the signals.
(1)
When the pilot strength is high and the interference is weak, Yagi antenna,
corner-reflector antenna or plate antenna can be adopted;
(2)
When the pilot strength is high and the interference is strong, Yagi antenna or
parabolic antenna can be adopted;
(3)
When the pilot strength is low and the interference is strong, parabolic antenna
can be adopted;
(4)
Generally 1.2m grid parabolic antenna or Yagi antenna can be adopted as donor
antenna. Depending on the specific condition, sometimes plate antenna can also
be adopted.
71
824-894MHz
Gain:
>18dBi
Front-to-back ratio:
>25dB
<200
<1.5
>50
Lightning protection:
direct grounding
Connector:
N type
The antenna has a 10o adjustable range in the direction plane and pitch plane.
Technical indices of Yagi antenna:
Working frequency band:
824-894MHz
Gain:
>11dBi
<400
<1.5
>50
Lightning protection:
direct grounding
Connector:
N type
The antenna has a 10 adjustable range in the direction plane and pitch plane.
2.
are the same as the CDMA base station antenna are adopted.
3.
Feeder
Feeder cables 7/8"+1/2" that are similar to CDMA base station feeders can be
adopted as the feeders of the repeater. The feeder can also consist only of 1/2" or
other feeder cables for the installation convenience when the planning allows.
Example:
72
Impedance
Outer Diameter
1/2"
50 ohm
6.3dB
13.2mm
SYWV-50-12
50 ohm
8.2dB
15.6mm
According to the above formula, the relation between the distance and path loss can be
worked out, as shown in Table 5 -20:
Table 5-20 Relation between distance and path loss
d_1
Metropolitan Area
Urban Area
Suburb
Open Land
123.4
123.3
113.7
95.3
1.5
129.4
129.4
119.8
101.4
133.7
133.7
124.1
105.7
2.5
137.1
137.0
127.4
109.0
139.8
139.8
130.1
111.7
3.5
142.1
142.1
132.4
114.0
144.1
144.1
134.4
116.0
4.5
145.8
145.8
136.2
117.8
147.4
147.4
137.8
119.4
5.5
148.8
148.8
139.2
120.8
150.1
150.1
140.5
122.1
6.5
151.3
151.3
141.7
123.3
152.4
152.4
142.8
124.4
7.5
153.5
153.5
143.8
125.4
154.4
154.4
144.8
126.4
8.5
155.3
155.3
145.7
127.3
156.2
156.2
146.6
128.1
9.5
157.0
157.0
147.4
128.9
10
157.8
157.8
148.1
129.7
10.5
158.5
158.5
148.9
130.4
11
159.2
159.2
149.6
131.1
11.5
159.9
159.8
150.2
131.8
12
160.5
160.5
150.9
132.4
12.5
161.1
161.1
151.5
133.0
13
161.7
161.7
152.0
133.6
13.5
162.3
162.2
152.6
134.2
14
162.8
162.8
153.2
134.7
14.5
163.3
163.3
153.7
135.3
15
163.8
163.8
154.2
135.8
15.5
164.3
164.3
154.7
136.3
16
164.8
164.8
155.1
136.7
16.5
165.2
165.2
155.6
137.2
17
165.7
165.7
156.1
137.6
17.5
166.1
166.1
156.5
138.1
18
166.5
166.5
156.9
138.5
74
d_1
Metropolitan Area
Urban Area
Suburb
Open Land
18.5
167.0
166.9
157.3
138.9
19
167.4
167.3
157.7
139.3
19.5
167.7
167.7
158.1
139.7
20
168.1
168.1
158.5
140.1
20.5
168.5
168.5
158.9
140.4
5.2.7 Isolation
If the donor antenna of the CDMA repeater is poorly isolated from the re-transmitting
antenna, then the spontaneous emission of the repeater system will occur. In practice, a
margin of 10~15dB is required between the repeater gain and its isolation. The latter
directly restricts the former.
1.
The factors that affecting the antenna isolation are also shown:
ISO F / Bdonor Lwall F / Bsub PL
back lobe.
(2)
The space propagation loss caused by the distance between the donor antenna
and retransmitting antenna: it is closely related to the distance between the two
antennas. The greater the distance is, the greater the attenuation. For example,
the attenuation for a distance of 30m is 20dB than that for a distance of 3m. In
addition, the increase of the distance also makes the system more complicated
and increases the loss and the cost. Table 5 -21 shows the relation between
some distances and the space propagation loss (f= 850MHz).
Table 5-21 Relation between antenna distance and space propagation loss
Distance between two Antennas (m)
41.4
44.87
10
50.89
20
56.91
30
60.43
50
64.87
(3)
Fading caused by natural or artificial barrier between the donor antenna and
retransmitting antenna: the isolation can be increased by barriers between the
donor antenna and retransmitting antenna, such as buildings, which are difficult
to be damaged and do not increase the cost. They are good choices in some
environments.
(4)
(5)
(6)
In the case that the isolation is inadequate but surrounding barriers cannot be
used, some barriers such as shielding net can be added manually to increase the
isolation.
2.
78
Signal generator
Spectrum analyzer
3.
Shielding Net
In the case that the isolation is inadequate but surrounding barriers cannot be
used, some barriers such as shielding net can be added manually to increase the
isolation. Generally zinc-coated steel net or aluminum net is adopted as the
shielding net and the grid can be set to 0.1-0.25. The aperture of the grid for
shielding 800MHz signals can be set to 4mm-10mm. The grid is made of
finished zinc-coated steel net or aluminum net plus support rolled angle. Its area
is generally 3-6m2 and is installed near the forwarding antenna. The size and
spacing of the shielding net can be controlled according to the isolation
requirement and the polarization of the antenna. Generally the spacing in the
polarization direction (linear polarization) should be less than 1/10 of the
wavelength. In the cross polarization direction, the grid can be much sparser. In
addition, the isolating net should be well grounded.
4.
80
6.1 Overview
Whether the PN planning and initial neighboringing cell setting are reasonable affect
Project
Pre-research
Requirement
Analysis
Available sites
survey
Planned Sites
Survey
Network
Topology
Design
Wireless
Environment
Test
Network
Evaluat
? ? ?ion
?
Design Result
Report
Simulation
PN Design
&Neighbor
List Configure
Design Report
Submitted
The results of PN planning and initial neighboringing cell setting act as the output of
network planning, load to BSC background on site commissioning.
81
6.2 PN Planning
The PN planning follows the completion of the network topology design and the
network simulation. The PILOT-INC is 3 or 4 typically.
The following procedures are recommended:
(1)
Decide the Pilot_Inc before determining the pilot set which can be adopted.
(2)
Group all BSs according to the number of pilot sets and site distribution. The
number of BSs should not exceed the multiplexing groups of available pilot
sets. Take the multiplexing group of the densest area as the basic multiplexing
group.
(3)
Decide the PN multiplexing of every site in the multiplexing group and in the
basic multiplexing group. Correspondence should be formed. Consider the
isolation between the same PN of different multiplexing group, that is, the
multiplexing distance should comply with the requirement.
(4)
Starting from the sparsest multiplexing group, assign PN resource for each cell.
The space between the sites in the sparse area is huge, and interference between
adjacent PNs tends to occur. This should be considered as important issue
during the planning.
(5)
Based on the PN setting of the multiplexing groups in the sparse area, and the
correspondence between multiplexing groups, get the PN planning of other
multiplexing groups. For the interference that may exist between adjacent PNs
in some multiplexing groups, adjust slightly the PN planning. Or adjust the
multiplexing relationship between different multiplexing groups. Do not to
affect the planning of other multiplexing groups.
(6)
Check the planning result through software tool, and adjust slightly the problem
area.
Recommended
value
Recommended
theoretical value
value
value
Continuous setting: the PN_Offset of the three sectors of one BTS are: the first
sector3n+1 PILOT_INC; the second sector3n+2 PILOT_INC; the third
sector3n+3 PILOT_INC;
2.
Discontinuous setting: the PN_Offset has certain difference for the three sectors
of one BTS and the difference is nPILOT_INC for the corresponding sector of
different BTS. The PN_Offset of the three sectors of one BTS is set as: the first
83
(2)
First one basic multiplexing set should be determined, and surrounding sites
can be divided into many multiplexing sets basing on this.
2.
According to relative location of the sites, we should determine that every site
of different multiplexing sets use the same PN set with which site of the basic
set, avoiding adjacent sites use the same PN set.
3.
4.
For the sites with less than 3 sectors, redundant PN resource can be not used.
For the sites with more than 3 sectors, each site uses two continuous PN sets.
to the following ways (after the system is formally activate, the neighboringing cell list
can be adjusted according to the statistics of handoff times):
Different cells of the same site must be set as mutually neighboringing cells;
The first layer of neighboringing cells and the second layer of cells should select their
respective neighboringing cells based on the coverage of the site (as shown in Fig. 74). The two layers of cells facing the current sector should be set as neighboringing
cells, while the first layer at the back of cells can also be set as neighboringing cells.
The Figure 6 -21 is an example for setting neighboringing cells:
PILOT_INC is actually set to 4 (it can be set to 2 in the system), while the pilot can be
set according to the first method introduced above;
The current cells are in red and their PNs are set to 4, 8 and 12 respectively;
The first layers of cells are in pink, while the second layers are in blue.
85
136
40
100
208
148
52
56
21
2
160
196
172
64
124
28
88
220
80
72
8
22
76
0
12
16
4
112
11
6
15
2
8
16
12
2
13
24
184
6
21
96
22
4
10
4
8
10
18
8
20
0
4
20
36
20
48
92
44
60
32
6
15
4
14
12
8
14
0
16
4
68
17
6
2
19
84
0
18
1-1
After the neighboringing cells of all sectors are set, it should be checked whether their
neighboringing cells match each other.
According to the number of neighboringing cells configured to each cell and mutual
match between them, the neighboringing cells can be adjusted to make them match
86
better. The number of neighboringing cells cannot exceed 18 and the mutual match rate
of the neighboringing cells should be greater than 90%, which can be inspected
automatically by relevant tools on OMC when the related parameters are being input
into the OMC.
For a service area where there are relatively few sites (less 6), all sectors can be set as
neighboringing cells.
implemented), BSSAP will send the latest valid diversity to the DBS. Only when DBS
confirms that all cells of the valid diversity are critical cells, can the semi-soft handoff
be implemented. In this case, the base station needs to transmit messages such as
PMRO, PPMRO and CFSRQM to the MS to learn about the wireless environment
where the MS is in, so that it can be determined whether or not to implement semi-soft
handoff.
The conditions for implementing the semi-soft handoff are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
The search window center of all legs in the valid diversity should be >T_RTD;
4.
In the valid diversity, the number of legs whose strength exceeds the threshold
T_Drop should be <2;
5.
The strength of all PNs in the PSMM should be lower than T_DropSSHO.
The initial neighboringing cells of the dual carrier system should be set according to
the following principles:
1.
The principle for setting the neighboringing cells of the first carrier is the same
as that mentioned above;
2.
for the central cell of the second carrier (a non-critical cell), the configuration
of its neighboringing cell list is the same as that of the first carrier;
3.
The critical cell of the second carrier should be configured with preferred
neighboringing cells for frequency change handoff. These preferred
neighboringing cells can be selected by finding the single carrier cells that have
most frequent handoff relation with the local cell. The number of preferred cells
that can be selected depends on the handoff mode. In the Handdown mode,
only 3 preferred neighboringing cells can be selected and the MS is switched
over to the basic carrier of the local cell and other three preferred cells. In the
Handover mode, 4 preferred neighboringing cells can be selected and the MS is
switched over to four cells other than the local cell. Generally the first mode is
selected;
4.
Three cells that are closest to the critical cell in geographical position can be
selected, as the initial preferred neighboringing cells of the critical cell. They
can be adjusted according to the handoff situation after formal activation.
88
Check up the PN reuse status in the network that has been PN- configured
Function
Load CNO1 data
Load ZRC data
Set PN planning parameters
Query PN reuse and PN offset information
Configure PN-reusing BTS
Conduct PN planning
Check up the PN reuse of original BTS
Output PN planning and PN reuse info.
Two PN planning modes for selection
PN_INC: PN increase
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PN setting for boundary cell: for instance, if this parameter is set as 12, it
means that the PN groups that are multiples of 12 will be reserved; if the value
equals 0, it means that there is no restriction on PN setting for the boundary
cell.
7.
Click the
-23.
90
PN 1
PN 2
PN 3
171
339
174
342
56
168
336
504
2.
PN 1
PN 2
PN 3
12
16
20
24
91
PN Group No.
PN 1
PN 2
PN 3
42
496
500
504
The user can also customize the PN grouping. Having finished the setting of PN_INC,
PN interval and PN group interval, it can be viewed the PN grouping and reservation
status by clicking the
After setting the above parameters related to PN grouping, the user can continue to set
other parameters including Min Reuse Distance, Reserved Num (PN groups for
reservation), and Cell Radius.
When parameter setting is finished, click <OK > to save the current parameter values,
or Cancel to abandon the modification to the current setting.
92
1.
Click the
button to set BTSs that can reuse the same PN. The setting
In the left frame, select BTSs that are to be PN-reused, and then click
to
add them into the PN-reusing BTS group. Or, select BTSs from the PN-using
BTS list in the right frame and then click
3.
Click the
4.
To delete the previously set BTS under PN reuse, switch to the View Reuse PN
tab and enter its displayed view; then select the item to be deleted, and click
to remove it, as shown in Figure 6 -26.
93
Click the
94
The interface consists of two tabbed sub-pages. The PN reuse view page can be
used for querying PN reuse distances among the cells that share the same PN
before or after PN planning. As for the cell whose minimum reuse distance has
been set by cell users, it should be highlighted in red font.
2.
3.
Select the queried PN value from the expandable list of the Select PN value
item, and the distance between any two cells that use this PN will be displayed
in the lower table. The querying result is just like Figure 6 -28.
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4.
If you want to query the PN reuse status after PN planning, it only needs to
select Planned in the expandable list of Select PN Status item and then follow
the same operations mentioned in the above step. The query result of PN reuse
information is displayed in Figure 6 -29.
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1.
2.
Under the Set PN offset item, input the related parameters for querying PN
alias. PN_INC represents PN increment set by the user, and its default value is
the PN_INC set by the user before PN planning. Level represents the level of
PN alias. The PN offset can be calculated by the following formula:
Offset PN = Current PN + PN_INC
Level
Selecting the cell to be queried in the left table, the information of cells that
have PN alias with the queried cell will all be listed accordingly in the right
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table.
6.5.4 PN Planning
This module provides two types of PN planning modes: manual planning and
automatic planning. The user can click the
button to
make a choice.
6.5.4.1 Manual PN Planning
Manual planning means that the user selects one certain BTS from the BTS
information table and then starts PN planning.
1.
2.
Click
button.
to start PN planning.
During the PN planning, the selected BTS is taken as the center, and the
distance between other BTSs and the selected BTS acts as the judging criterion
of planning. The PN planning goes based on the principle of "maximum PN
reuse distance and minimum PN reuse pairs". The planning result will output
the PN of each cell in BTSs, the PN planning result centering the selected BTS
and the PN reuse status of the whole network. The planning process can be seen
in Figure 6 -31. Clicking Cancel button can stop planning process.
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3.
4.
5.
Click
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1.
2.
Click
item.
The speed of automatic planning depends on the quantity of BTSs. And the
planning result will be listed by presenting the schemes that conduct the PN
planning respectively centering one of BTSs. The scheme whose minimum PN
reuse distance is less than the set value will be highlighted in red. The scheme
output is just like the Figure 6 -33.
2.
Click the
button in the tool bar, the check-up result on PN reuse status will
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3.
Click
In the main interface, select the BTS information tab and enter the subinterface. Through checking or non-checking BTSs listed in the left frame, the
user can select the BTSs not to be PN planned. Alternatively, the user can rightclick in the list of BTSs and then select from the pop-up menu which types of
BTSs are not to be PN planned, as shown in Figure 6 -35.
2.
After selecting the BTSs that are not to be PN planned, the user can continue to
conduct the PN planning according to the normal planning method mentioned
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above.
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