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SOAP?
Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty
acids. Soaps are made from fats and oils, or their fatty
acids, by treating them chemically with a strong alkali.
Sodium
stearate(Che
mical formula:
C17H35COONa+)
soap
s
Sodium
oleate(Chemic
al formula:
C17H33COONa+)
Sodium
palmitate(Che
mical formula:
C15H31COONa+)
i)ashes
1.Boiling ashes
were boiled with water
huge container
in
iv)remaining
semi solid
soap
is called
Saponification
WHAT IS
DETERGENT
?
Is a salt that is produced from the reaction between an alkali and a sulphonic acid.
Detergent is also the sodium salt of sulphonic acid.
Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphuric acids.
Detergents are primarily surfactants, which could be produced easily from
petrochemicals. Surfactants lower the surface tension of water, essentially
making it 'wetter' so that it is less likely to stick to itself and more likely to
interact with oil and grease.
The ionic group is in a
detergent is
DETERGENT
S
sodium alkyl
sodium dodecyl
sulphate
( sodium lauryl
sulphate)
Preparation
1.
CHEMICAL
EQUATION
1.
Detergent
Sodium
Alkylbenzene Sulphonate
H+H- O
Step 1:Alkylation
+ H2O
RCH = CH2 +
alkene
benzene
O
O
ROH+HO
alkylbenzene
O
O
Step 2:Sulphonation
R + HO SO3HR
alkylbenzene
(H2SO4)
SO3H + H2O
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
1. Detergents are cleansing agents that are
effective in soft water as well as hard
water. This is because detergents do not
form scum with Mg+ and Ca2+ ions found
in hard water.
2. The detergents ions (R O SO 3- and R
SO3- )react with Mg+ and Ca2+ ions in hard
water. However, the magnesium salts and
calcium salts which are formed are soluble
in water. Hence, the scum is not formed
and the detergents are still active in hard
water and lathers easily.
3. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents.
This means that the structure of the
hydrocarbon chain can be modified to
produce
detergents
with
specific
properties. Nowadays, different types of
detergents have been synthesised for
specific uses such as shampoos and dish
cleaner.
4. Furthermore, detergents are also effective
in acidic water because H+ ion is acidic
water do not combined with detergents
ions.
Disadvantages
1. Most detergents have branched hydrocarbon
chains and are non-biodegradable, that is,
they cannot decomposed by bacteria. As a
result, non-biodegradable detergents cause
water pollution.
2. Phosphates in detergents act as fertilizers and
promote the growth of water plants and
algae. When the plants die and decay, they
will used up the oxygen dissolves in water.
This will decrease the oxygen content in
water and kill fishes and other aquatic lives.
3. Detergents produce a lot of foam in water.
The layer of foam that covers the water
surface will prevents oxygen from dissolving
in water. This condition will cause fish and
other aquatic life ti die from oxygen
starvation.
4. Additives such as sodium hydrochlorite
(bleaching agents) releases chlorine gas in
water that is acidic. Chlorine gas is highly
toxic and kills aquatic life.
Builders : Sodium
tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10)
Sodium tripolyphospathe is usd to
soften hard water. In the presence
of sodium tripolyphosphate, Ca2+
ions and Mg2+ ions are removed.
Sodium tripolyphosphate increases
the pH value of water. In this way,
muddy dirt can be removed.
Whitening /
bleaching agents :
sodium perborate
Bleaches (bleaching
agents) remove
coloured stains by
oxidation process.
When coloured stanis
are oxidized, the
colour will disappear.
Additiv
es in
deterge
nt
Brighteners
Figure below shows the action of
brighteners. The brighteners absorb
the invisible ultra-violet and reradiate it as blue light.Brighteners
make fabrics appear whiter and
brighter because the blue light can
hide any yellowing on the fabrics.
Blue light added to the yellow light
reflected on old fabrics make them
look white.