Cement & ApplicationsCPAC

Cement
and
Applications
1-1
, ,
.. 2367 Joseph Aspdin

(Portland Cement)
.. 2456
( 6)

()
1.1
(Cement) (Latin)
,

, , 1-2
(Cement Paste)
(Mortar)
(Concrete)
, , , ,
1-2 , ,

, ,

( , , , ,
), , ,
1-3

,
,

Cement
and
Applications
1.2

(Mortar)

(Clay)

9,000
1-4 Great Pyramid
Giza 9
2,000
(2,500 )
(500 )
.. 200
(300 )
.. 1800
( .. 1300)
.. 2299
(.. 1756)
.. 2367
(.. 1824)
Great Pyramid Giza

(Silica) (Alumina)
Roman Cement
Pozzolanic Cement
,
, Pantheon
800
John Smeaton (Soft Limestone)

(Clay)

Eddystone Lighthouse
3 .. 2302 (.. 1759)
John Smeaton
Joseph Aspdin

(Portland Cement)

Wakefield
.. 2371 (.. 1828)
Joseph Aspdin
1-5 7
1-6 Eddystone Lighthouse

Smeaton 10
1-7 (
)
8
.. 2388
(.. 1845)
.. 2408
(.. 1865)
1-8
6
.. 2411
(.. 1868)
.. 2414
(.. 1871)
.. 2423
I. C. Johnson
(Vitrified)

, ,

Pennsylvania
Rotary Kiln
(.. 1880)
.. 2463 - 2493
(.. 1920 - 1950)
1.3
1-9
( 6)

..
2456
4 6

..
2456
( 6)

14 .. 2456
8 .. 2458

Cement
and
Applications
1-10
.. 2507 50

1-11

50
.. 2507

(.) , (.) ,
(.), (.),
(.)
)
( () )
)
( () )
1-12

()

(, ), ( ) ,
)
( () ) (, ), (CPAC),
)
( () )
)
( () )
1-13
1-14 , , ,
Cement
and
Applications
, (Concrete Technology), ,
, 2537.
2 (), 2456 - 2526, 2526.
3 , 2544, 2544.
4 , , (-), 2546.
5 , 2547.
6 A. J. Francis, The Cement Industry 1796 - 1914 : A History, 1977.
7 Leonardo B. Dal Maso, Rome of the Caesars.
8 Portland Cement Association, Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures : Portland, Blended, and
Other Hydraulic Cements, Concrete Information, 2002.
9 community.webshots.com
10 www.cyberheritage.co.uk
Cement
and
Applications
2-1
2 ,

5
1 : , ,
,
2 :
3 : Preheater

1,450 oC
4 :

5 :
2.1
5
1 :
, ,
,
2 :
3 : Preheater

1,450 oC

2
4 :
(,
, )
5 :

,
, , ,

2.2
(Cement Manufacturing Process)
2
(Wet Process), (Dry Process)
1. (Wet Process)
(Marl), (Clay)

30 - 40%
Slurry

Slurry
2. (Dry Process)
(Limestone), (Shale),
10
Cement
and
Applications
(Laterite), (Sand)

(Raw Meal)

2-2

2.3
(Raw Materials)
4 2-1
1. Calcareous Materials
2. Argillaceous Materials
3. Corrective Materials
4. Additive Materials
(Calcium
Carbonate CaCO3) 80% (Limestone),
(Marl), (Chalk)
(Silicon Dioxide SiO2),
(Aluminium Oxide Al2O3), (Iron Oxide
Fe2O3) (Shale), (Clay)

SiO2 : (Sand)
Al2O3 : (High Alumina Clay)
Fe2O3 : (Iron Ore), (Laterite)

, ,

, GGBS, ,

2-3 Calcareous
Materials (Limestone)
2-4 Argillaceous
Materials (Shale)
2-1
11
(Limestone)
(Shale)
(Crusher)
(Raw Material Storage)
(Raw Mill)
(Raw Meal Silo)
Preheater
(Kiln)
Clinker Cooler
(Gypsum)
(Crusher)
Cooler
Clinker
(Clinker Silo)
(Gypsum Silo)
(Cement Mill)
(Cement Dispatching)
(Transporting by Cement Trucks)
(Transporting by Trains)
2-5 (Dry Process)
12
(Transporting by Ships)
Cement
and
Applications
) (Sand) SiO2
) (High Alumina Clay)

Al2O3
) (Iron Ore) Fe2O3
) (Laterite) Fe2O3
2-7 Additive Materials

(Gypsum)
2-6 Corrective Materials
2.4
(Raw Material Preparation)
(Limestone)
(Shale) (Quarry)
(Crusher) 2.5

(Raw
Material Storage)

Stacker

Reclaimer

13
2-8 (Quarry)
2-9 (Crusher)
2-10
(Raw Material Storage)
14
2-11 Stacker
2-12 Reclaimer
Cement
and
Applications
2.5
(Raw Material Grinding)
(Raw Mill)

(Raw Meal)

2-13 (Raw Mill)
2-14 (Raw Meal)
15
2.6
(Clinker Burning)

Preheater
Burning Zone (Kiln)
(Heat
Consumption)
1,450 oC
2-15 Preheater
Preheater
2-16 (Kiln)
Clinker Cooler
(Kiln)
) Clinker Cooler
) Clinker Cooler
2-17 Clinker Cooler
16
2-18
Cement
and
Applications
2
1. (Nonrenewable Fuel) , ,
Pet Coke
2. (Secondary Fuel)
2
(Biomass)
, , , ,

(Industrial Waste)
,
1 ) ()
2 ) Pet Coke ( 3 ) ()
4 ) ()
5 ) ()
6 ) ()
7 ) ()
8 ) (
)
9 ) (
)
2-19
17
(Clinker)
Cooling Zone

2.7
2-20 (Clinker)

2.5
2-22 (Grinding Ball)
2-23 (Cement)
2-21 (Cement Mill)
2-24
(Cement Silo)
(Cement Grinding) ,
( ,
) Hopper Roller
Press (Cement Mill)
2 1 (Chamber 1)

(Grinding Ball) 1 2 2
(Chamber 2)
2

(Cement)
(Cement Silo)
18
Cement
and
Applications
2.8

(Cement Dispatching) (Cement
Transporting)
2
1. :

2. :
(Cement Packer)
50
( )
, ,
, ,

2-25
2
)
2-26
19
2.9

2-27

2 1

10
Pallete
80 - 100
2-28
20
Cement
and
Applications
1
2
3
4
, (Concrete Technology), ,
, 2537.
, 2546, 2546.
, 2547.
Portland Cement Association, Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures : Portland, Blended, and
21
Cement
and
Applications
3-1

(Hydration Reaction)

4
(C3S), (C2S), (C3A), (C4AF)
, Free Lime, , ,
, , , (
, ),
, , , , , ,
23
3.1
,
,
4
3.2

1
2 (CO2)
CaO
3 (,
) (, )
4
2
CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3
90%
MgO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2, P2O5,
3-1
CaO
SiO2
AI2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
Na2O + K2O
TiO2
P2O5
SO3
60 - 67
17 - 25
3-8
0.5 - 6.0
0.1 - 5.5
0.5 - 1.3
0.1 - 0.4
0.1 - 0.2
1-3
3-1
24
Cement
and
Applications
(Clinker)
4 3-2
(Tricalcium Silicate)
(Dicalcium Silicate)
(Tricalcium Aluminate)
(Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite)
3CaOSiO2
C3S
2CaOSiO2
C2S
3CaOAl2O3
C3A
4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3
C4AF
3-2
O2
Ca
Si
AI
CaO
SiO2
AI2O3
C3S
Fe
Fe2O3
C2S
C3A
C4AF
CSH Gel
Ca(OH)2
3-2
.
15 18 ASTM C 114
Bogue
C3S
= 4.07 (CaO) - 7.60 (SiO2) - 6.72 (AI2O3) 1.43 (Fe2O3) - 2.85 (SO3)
C2S = 2.87 (SiO2) - 0.754 (C3S)
C3A = 2.65 (AI2O3) - 1.69 (Fe2O3)
C4AF = 3.04 (Fe2O3)
25

CaO CaO Free Lime
Bogue 3-3
(%)
CaO
64.73
SiO2
21.20
AI2O3
5.22
Fe2O3
3.08
MgO
SO3
Na2O
1.04
2.01
0.19
K2O
Loss on Ignition
Insoluble Residue
Free Lime
0.42
1.45
0.66
1.60
Bogue
C3S = 4.07 x (64.73 - 1.60) - 7.60 x (21.20) 6.72 x (5.22) - 1.43 x (3.08) 2.85 x (2.01)
= 50.6%
C2S = 2.87 x (21.20) - 0.754 x (50.6)
= 22.7%
C3A = 2.65 x (5.22) - 1.69 x (3.08)
= 8.6%
C4AF = 3.04 x (3.08)
= 9.4%
3-3
Bogue
XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) [ ASTM C 1365 ]
3.3
) C3S (Alite)

Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM) ( 3,000 )
)
C 3S (Alite)

C2S (Belite)
( 400 )
3-3 C3S
6 C2S
8
26
4
1. (C3S Alite)
C3S 6 C2S
3-3 C3S
2 - 3
500
3-4
C3S
C3S
C3S 50 - 70% 3-4
2. (C2S Belite)
C2S C2S C2S
C2S
250

Cement
and
Applications
7 C3S
C2S 15 - 30%
()
S
(Alite)
50 - 70
C
3
3. (C3A)
C S (Belite)
15 - 30
C3A C23A
5 - 10
Flash Set 850 C4AF (Celite)
5 - 15
Flash Set
3-4
C3A
1 - 2 8
C3A 5 - 10%
C3A
4. (C4AF Celite)
C4AF

C4AF

420 C4AF
C4AF 5 - 15%
1,000
()
Degree of Reaction ()
100
80
60
40
C3A
C3S
C4AF
C2S
Overrall
20
800
C3S
C2S
600
400
200
C3A
C4AF
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
()
7 28
90
180
360
()
Overall C3S 55%, C2S 10%, C3A 10%, C4AF 8%
) 8
) 6
3-4
27
1.
(Rate of Hydration)
2.
(Strength Development)
3.
(Ultimate Strength)
4.
(Heat of Hydration)
5.
C3S
(Alite)
()
()
C2S
(Belite)
C 3A
()
()
(500
(250
)
)
()
(850
)
C4AF
(Celite)
()
()
(420
)
3-5
3.4
1. (Gypsum Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate CaSO42H2O)

1. (Gypsum Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate CaSO42H2O)
2. Anhydrite ( Anhydrous Calcium Sulphate CaSO4)
3. Plaster Hemihydrate ( Plaster of Paris Bassanite
Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate CaSO41/2H2O)
C3A
Ettringite (Calcium Trisulphoaluminate)
C3A

1. Na2O K2O
2. C3A
3. (Fineness)

Ettringite
2. Free Lime (CaO)

Free Lime 2
1. CaO SiO2,
Al2O3, Fe2O3
2. CaO
Free Lime
28
Cement
and
Applications

Lime
(Unsoundness Due to Lime)
CaO

. 15 1 ASTM
C 150 Free Lime
3.
(Magnesium Oxide Magnesia MgO)
MgCO3
MgO CO2
Periclase (MgO) CaO
(Unsoundness)
1. MgO
2. MgO
MgO

MgO

Autoclave [ ASTM
C 151 ] CaO
MgO
4.
(Alkali Oxides Na2O, K2O)

(Alkali-Aggregate
Reaction AAR)

Total Alkalis ( Eq. Na2O)
0.6% Total Alkalis
Total Alkalis = N2O + 0.658 (K2O)
29
3.5

(Hydration Reaction)

Dormant Period (Stiff)
(Unworkable)
(Initial Set)
(Initial Setting Time)
(Rigid Solid)
(Final Set)
(Final Setting Time)
(Setting and Hardening)
3-5
(Addition of Water)
(Dormant Period)
(Plastic and Workable Paste)
(Initial Set)
(Setting)
(Stiff and Unworkable Paste)
(Final Set)
(Hardening)
(Rigid Solid Gaining Strength with Time)
3-5
3.6

2
1. Ions
Ions
30
Cement
and
Applications
2.
Solid State Reaction
2

(C S C S)
3
(Ca(OH)2)
15 - 25% (Calcium Silicate
Hydrate 3CaO2SiO23H2O C3S2H3 CSH)

C3S
2 (3CaOSiO2) + 6 H2O ---> 3CaO2SiO23H2O + 3 Ca(OH)2
2 C3S + 6 H2O ---> C3S2H3 + 3 Ca(OH)2
C2S
2 (2CaOSiO2) + 4 H2O ---> 3CaO2SiO23H2O + Ca(OH)2
2 C2S + 4 H2O ---> C3S2H3 + Ca(OH)2
Gel 2
CSH ,
,
Ca(OH)2
pH 12.5
CSH
Ca(OH)2
Ettringite
3-6
3-7
8
(C A)
3
C3A
C3A
3CaOAl2O3 + 6 H2O
---> 3CaOAl2O36H2O
C3A + 6 H2O
---> C3AH6

C3A C3A
Ettringite C3A
3CaOAl2O3 + CaSO42H2O ---> 3CaOAl2O33CaSO431H2O
C3A + Gypsum
---> Ettringite
31
1. C3A
C3 A
Ca 2+
SO 2-4
OH H 2O
2. C3 A
Ettringite C3 A (
C3 A)
CC3AA
Ca 2+
SO 2-4
OH H 2O
3. Ettringite
Ettringite
C3 A
Ca 2+
SO 2-4
OH H 2O
4. Ettringite
( C3 A )
C3 A
Ca 2+
SO 2-4
OH H 2O
5. C3 A
Ettringite Monosulphate
SO2-4
Ettringite
Ettringite
Monosulphate
Ettringite C3A
C3S C3A
Ettringite Ettringite
Ettringite
C3A Ettringite
Sulphate Ions
Ettringite C3A
Ettringite Monosulphate 3-8 3-9
(C AF)
4
C4AF C4AF
Ca(OH)2 Sulphoaluminate
Sulphoferrite
C4AF
4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3 + CaSO42H2O + Ca(OH)2 ---> 3CaO (Al2O3, Fe2O3)3CaSO4
C4AF + Gypsum
+ Ca(OH)2 ---> Sulphoaluminate
Sulphoferrite
80% 4
3-6
C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF
()
10
100
6
50
3-8 3-6 80%

C3A
3.7
Monosulphate Hydrate
Ettringite
3-9
Ettringite Monosulphate
32
4 CSH Gel
Ettringite
Dormant Period
1 - 2
Dormant Period (Initial Set) CSH
Osmotic
Gel
CSH
Cement
and
Applications
2

(Final Set)
CSH (Short Fibres)
Ca(OH)2
CSH (Long Fibres)
C4(A,F)H13
Ettringite
Monosulphate
0
30 1 2
1 2
28
90
Dormant Period
Setting
Hardening
3-10
6
3-10
Ca(OH)2
Ettringite CSH
Dormant Period
Ca(OH)2 Ettringite 1 CSH Gel
CSH Gel

24 Sulphate Ions
Ettringite Monosulphate C3S
C2S CSH

33
3.8

1. Dormant Period

2.
C3S C3A

3.

4.

5.
6. 2
, Lignosulphonic
CaCl2
450
0.25
400
()
365
90
28
350
300
250
200
1,500
2,000
2,500
()
3,000
0.20
0.65
W/C = 0.80
0.50
0.15
0.35
0.25
0.10
0.157
0.05
5 10 20
50
200
1,000
10,000
()
3-11 3-12
6 6
34
Cement
and
Applications
(Setting Time)
C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF
Free CaO
MgO
K2O, Na2O
SO3
(SO3 )
(Fineness)

(Early Strength) (Late Strength)
(Heat of Hydration)
(Soundness)
(Durability)
3-7
3.9
3.9.1
(Loss on Ignition LOI)
Loss on Ignition LOI

o
900 - 1000 C
LOI 0 - 3% LOI
Prehydration
. 15 18 ASTM C 114
3-13

. 15
18 ASTM C 114
3.9.2
(Insoluble Residue)
35
3.10
()
3-14

(Chemical Composition) (Physical Properties)

4

. 15 16
ASTM C 183
100
80
60
40
3.10.1
(Particle Size and Fineness)
20

3-14 95%
()
45 3-15
3-15

8

7

Blaine Air Permeability . 15 6 ASTM C 204
Wagner Turbidimeter Test . 15 5
ASTM C 115 3-16 45 (No.
325) . 15 4 ASTM C 430 3-17
3-17 Electronic (X-Ray or Laser) Particle Size Analyzer 3-18
45 (No. 325)
0
100 50
20 10
1 0.5
3-18
Laser
Particle Size Analyzer
) Blaine Air
Permeability
) Wagner
Turbidimeter 8
3-16
36
Cement
and
Applications
3.10.2 (Soundness)
Soundness

Periclase Free Lime

(Autoclave) . 15 11 ASTM C 151 3-19
3.10.3 (Consistency)

Vicat Plunger 10 + 1
. 15 8 ASTM C 187 3-19
3-20 W/C Flow (Soundness) Autoclave
Flow Flow Table ASTM
C 230 ASTM C 1437 3-21
3-20
Vicat Plunger
3-21
Flow Table
3.10.4 (Setting Time)

1.
Plasticity
(Initial Set)
37
2.
(Final Set)
Vicat Needle . 15
9 ASTM C 191 Gillmore Needle . 15
10 ASTM C 266 3-22 3-23

3-24
Initial Set
45
3-22
Vicat
Needle
Final Set
375
()
()
Initial Set
Final Set
()
1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
() ()
3-23 3-24
Gillmore
Needle
3.10.5
(Early Stiffening False Set and Flash Set)

, ,
False Set Plasticity

False Set
(Remixed)
False Set
(Dehydrate) Plaster (Calcium
Sulphate Hemihydrate)
Plaster
Plaster False Set Plaster
Flash Set
38
Cement
and
Applications
Flash Set Quick Set (Workability)
, ,
Plasticity
Flash Set
Early Stiffening .
15 15 ASTM C 451 ASTM C )
5.0
359
3.10.6 (Compressive Strength)

5.0 . 15 12 ASTM
C 109 3-25

, ,
)

, , ,
3-26 3-27
)
3-25
90
500
3
1
1
()
28 (%)
100
80
2
70
4
60
5
50
40
30
20
400
3
300
2
4
200
5
100
10
0
0
10
15
()
20
25
30
14
28
90 180
(Log Scale)
3-26 3-27
8
39
3.10.7
(Heat of Hydration)

C3A C3S
W/C, ,
3-28
C3S, C3A
3-28

3

. 15 7 ASTM C 186 Conduction Calorimetry
40
Cement
and
Applications
. 15 1-2547 : 1
. 15 2-2521 : 2
. 15 3-2519 : 3
150 75
. 15 4-2519 : 4
45
. 15 5-2519 : 5

. 15 6-2521 : 6

. 15 7-2521 : 7
. 15 8-2514 : 8

. 15 9-2518 : 9

. 15 10-2518 : 10

. 15 11-2521 : 11

. 15 12-2532 : 12
. 15 13-2521 : 13
. 15 14-2520 : 14
. 15 15-2519 : 15
()
. 15 16-2535 : 16
. 15 17-2516 : 17
41
. 15 18-2519 : 18
. 15 20-2521 : 20
. 15 21-2533 : 21
ASTM C 109-02 : Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement
Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube Specimens)
ASTM C 114-04 : Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
ASTM C 115-03 : Standard Test Methods for Fineness of Portland Cement by the Turbidimeter
ASTM C 150-04 : Standard Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM C 151-00 : Standard Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Portland Cement
ASTM C 183-02 : Standard Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of Hydraulic
Cement
ASTM C 186-98 : Standard Test Method for Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cement
ASTM C 187-98 : Standard Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement
ASTM C 191-04 : Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat
Needle
ASTM C 204-00 : Standard Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air Permeability
Apparatus
ASTM C 230-03 : Standard Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement
ASTM C 266-03 : Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic-Cement Paste by
Gillmore Needles
ASTM C 359-03 : Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Mortar
Method)
ASTM C 430-03 : Standard Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the 45-m
(No. 325) Sieve
ASTM C 451-04 : Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Paste
Method)
ASTM C 1365-98 : Standard Test Method for Determination of the Proportion of Phases in
Portland Cement and Portland-Cement Clinker Using X-Ray Powder Diffraction Analysis
ASTM C 1437-01 : Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
42
Cement
and
Applications
1 , (Concrete Technology), ,
, 2537.
2 , 2547.
3 , , 2545.
4 A. M. Neville, Properties of Concrete, Fourth Edition, 1999.
5 F.L.Smidth, Quality of Cement, 2000.
6 I. Soroka, Portland Cement Paste and Concrete, 1979.
7 Peter C. Hewlett, Leas Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, Fourth Edition, 1998.
8 Portland Cement Association, Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures : Portland, Blended, and
43
Cement
and
Applications
4-1
3
1. , ,
, ,
2. , ,
3. , ,
, ,

45
4.1

, , , ,

, ,
. 15, ASTM C 150, EN 197-1

4-2

. 15 1
4.2
(Hydraulic Cement)

(Hydration)
(Portland Cement)
(Clinker)
(Hydraulic Calcium Silicate) (Gypsum)
4-3
(Portland-Pozzolan Cement)
(Blended Hydraulic Cement)

(Pozzolan)

4-4 (Silica) (Alumina)
(Pozzolan) (Fly Ash)

(Calcium Hydroxide)
(Fly Ash)
Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) Granulated
Blast-furnace Slag (By-product)

4-5 Ground Granulated
Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS)
46
Cement
and
Applications
(Hydraulic Lime) (Silica),
(Alumina), / (Iron Oxide)

4.3
3

1.
, , , ,

2. , ,

3. ,
,
4-6
4.4
4.4.1
(Portland Cement)

. 15 1
5
1. 1 :
2. 2 :
3. 3 :
4. 4 :
5. 5 :
ASTM C 150
8 5
3 1A,
2A, 3A
47
(Portland Cement)
[ . 15 1 : 5 ]
[ ASTM C 150 : 8
1A, 2A, 3A ]
(Blended Hydraulic Cements)

[ ASTM C 595 : 5 ]
(Portland-Limestone Cement)
[ BS EN 197-1 ]

1 (Type I)
2 (Type II)
3 (Type III)
4 (Type IV)
5 (Type V)
1A (Type IA)
2A (Type IIA)
3A (Type IIIA)
IS (Type IS)
IP (Type IP) P (Type P)
[ . 849 ]

I(PM) (Type I(PM))
[ . 849 ]
I(SM) (Type I(SM))
S (Type S)
( )
(Mixed Cement)
[ . 80 ] ,
Masonry ()
(Masonry Cement)
[ ASTM C 91 ]
M (Type M)
S (Type S)
N (Type N)
Stucco ()
(Stucco Cement Plastic Cement)
[ ASTM C 1328 ]
(Oil-Well Cement)
[ API-10A ]
(White Cement)

(Expansive Hydraulic Cement

Shrinkage Compensating Cement)
[ ASTM C 845 ]
A (Type A)
B (Type B)
C (Type C)
D (Type D)
E (Type E)
F (Type F)
G (Type G)
H (Type H)
[ . 133,
ASTM C 150 ]

Ettringite
(Ettringite Cement)
(Rapid Hardening Cement)

(Fine-Ground
Cement Ultrafine Cement)
(Calcium Aluminate Cement

High Alumina Cement
HAC Ciment Fondu) [ BS 915-2 ]
(Water-Repellent
Cement Waterproof Cement)
(Magnesium Phosphate Cement)

Sulfur
(Sulfur Cement)
4-6
48
Cement
and
Applications

EN 197-1 5
1. CEM I : (Portland Cement)
2. CEM II : Portland-Composite Cement
3. CEM III : Blastfurnace Cement
4. CEM IV : Pozzolanic Cement
5. CEM V : Composite Cement
. 15 1
3 ASTM C 150
1. 1
(Type I)
(Ordinary Portland Cement)

, , , ,
, , ,

,
,
4-7

4-8
49
2. 2
(Type II)
4-9

(Modified Portland Cement)

(Moderate Sulfate Resistance
or Moderate Heat of
Hydration)
3. 3
(Type III)
(High Early Strength
Portland Cement)

4-10

50

(C3A) 8%

(C3A)
(Scaling)

(CSH)

5 (C3A)

()

,
,

1
(Thermal Cracking)

1

, , ,
, ,

Cement
and
Applications
4-11
4. 4
(Type IV)
(Low Heat Portland Cement)
(Mass Concrete)

(Thermal Cracking)

1
(Fly Ash)
4-12

51
4-13

5. 5
(Type V)
(Sulphate Resistance
Portland Cement)

(C3A) 5%

1

,
,

6. 1A
(Type IA)
7. 2A
(Type IIA)
8. 3A
(Type IIIA)

1A, 2A, 3A

1, 2, 3

(Freezing and Thawing)

4-14
)
7
4-15

52
(Air-Entraining
Portland Cement)
Cement
and
Applications
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(SiO2), , %
(Al2O3), , %
(III) (Fe2O3), , %
(MgO), , %
(SO3), , %
5.1 3CaOAl2O3, < 8%
5.2 3CaOAl2O3, > 8%
6.
(Loss on Ignition), , %
7.
(Insoluble Residue), , %
8. (3CaOSiO2), , %
9. (2CaOSiO2), , %
10. (3CaOAl2O3), , %
11.
[4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3 + 2(3CaOAl2O3)]
[4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3 + 2CaOFe2O3]
, , %
1
------6.0
2
20.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
3
------6.0
4
----6.5
6.0
5
------6.0
3.0
3.5
3.0
3.0
--3.0
3.5
4.5
3.0
2.3
--2.5
2.3
--3.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
---------
----8
---
----15
---
35
40
7
---
----5
25
4-16

8
4-1 .
15 1
()
1. (3CaOAl2O3), , %
()
2. (3CaOAl2O3), , %
()
3.
(3CaOSiO2 + 3CaOAl2O3), , %
(
)
4. (Na2O + 0.658 K2O), , %
()
1
---
2
3
--8
4
---
5
---
---
---
---
---
---
58
---
---
---
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
4-2
. 15 1
53
3
12
4
12
5
12
1,600 1,600
---
1,600
1,600
2,800 2,800
---
2,800
2,800
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
--120
190
---
--100
170
---
120
240
-----
----70
170
--80
150
210
60
10
60
10
60
10
60
10
60
10
45
375
45
375
45
375
45
375
45
375
2
3
50
50
4
50
5
50
70
---
-----
60
70
-----
280
---
---
---
---
---
---
0.040
4-3

. 15 1
1. (Air Content of Mortar),

,
2. (Fineness),
(Specific Surface) (),
,
2.1
(Wagner Turbidimeter)
2.2
(Blaine Air Permeability)
3. (Soundness),
(Autoclave Expansion), , %
4. (Compressive Strength)
(Mortar Cube)
1
(Graded Standard Sand) 2.75
. 15 12,
,
1
3
7
28
5. (Time of Setting)
( )
5.1 (Gillmore Test)
(Initial Set), ,
(Final Set), ,
5.2 (Vicat Test)
(Initial Set), ,
(Final Set), ,
()
4-4

.
15 1
54
1
12
1
1. (False Set),
50
(Final Penetration), , %
2.
(Heat of Hydration), ,
7
-- 28
--3. (Compressive Strength),
,
28
280
4. (Sulphate Expansion),
, %
14
---
2
12
Cement
and
Applications
4.4.2
(Blended Hydraulic Cements)

(Pozzolan) Slag ( GGBS)
Slag

(Portland
Cement), Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag GGBS, (Fly Ash),
(Silica Fume), Calcined Clay, Hydrated Lime,
14-17
.
849 2
( IP P ASTM C 595)
( I(PM) ASTM C 595)

ASTM C 595 5
IS, IP P, I(PM), I(SM), S
Calcined Clay
Slag
4-17
Slag ( GGBS)
55
1. IS
(Type IS)
Portland
Blast-furnace
Slag Cement
GGBS 25 - 70%

,

, , ,
(Alkali-Aggregate
Reaction AAR)
(Alkali-Silica Reaction ASR)
,
, ,
,
2. IP
(Type IP)
P
(Type P)
(PortlandPozzolan Cement)

(Pozzolan) 15 - 40%

, ,
, ,
, ,

, ,
,
P
4-18

4-19

56
)
4-20
, , ,
Cement
and
Applications
3. I(PM)
(Type I(PM))
(Pozzolan-Modified
Portland Cement)

(Pozzolan) 15%

IP

4. I(SM) Slag-Modified
(Type I(SM)) Portland Cement
GGBS
25%

IS
5. S
(Type S)
GGBS 70%

(Hydrated Lime)
Slag Cement
1.
2.
3.
4.
(MgO), , %
SO3 , %
(S), , %
(Insoluble Residue), , %
5.
(Loss on Ignition), , %
6. Water-Soluble Alkali, , %
IS, I(SM)
--3.0
2.0
1.0
S
--4.0
2.0
1.0
IP, P, I(PM)
6.0
4.0
-----
3.0
4.0
5.0
---
0.03
---
4-21 Slag Cement
4-5 ASTM
C 595
57
1. (Fineness)
2. (Soundness)
(Autoclave),
, %

3.
(Initial Set),
,
(Final Set),
,
4.
(Air Content of Mortar),
,
5. (Compressive Strength),
, ()
3
7
28
6.
,
, / ()
7
28
7.
(Water Requirement),
,
8. (Drying Shrinkage),
, %
9.
(Mortar Expansion), , %
14
8
10.
(Sulphate Resistance), , %
180
IS, IP, I(PM), I(SM)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0.80
0.20
0.80
0.20
0.80
0.20
45
45
45
12
12
12
13.0
(1,890)
20.0
(2,900)
25.0
(3,620)
---
---
5.0
(720)
11.0
(1,600)
11.0
(1,600)
21.0
(3,140)
---
290
(70)
330
(80)
---
---
250
(60)
290
(70)
64
---
---
0.15
0.020
0.060
0.020
0.060
0.020
0.060
0.10 ( 2 )
---
---
0.10 ( 2 )
4-6
ASTM C 595
( 1 )
( 2 )
58
Cement
and
Applications
4.4.3
(Portland-Limestone Cement)

BS EN 197-1

1
,
, , , ,
4-22

) (
)
4-23

59
4.5
4.5.1
(Mixed Cement)

.
80 ,
25 - 30% 1

, , (
, )
, ,
4-24
,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(Fineness), (Specific Surface),

(Air Permeability Test, Blaine),
,
(Soundness),
(Time of Setting), (Vicat Test)
(Initial Set), ,
(Air Content of Mortar), ,
(Compressive Strength) (Mortar Cube),
,
3
7
(False set), (Final Penetration), , %
0.6
45
12
65
115
50
4-7 . 80
4-25 , , ,
60
2,800
Cement
and
Applications
4.5.2 Masonry
(Masonry Cement)
Masonry 1
(Plasticizing Materials)
(Limestone), (Hydrated Lime) (Hydraulic Lime)
ASTM C 91 3
M, S, N M
S, N
Masonry S
Masonry

1. :

2. : Micro Air Bubble

3. :

4-26 Masonry
S
) :

4.5.3 Stucco
(Stucco Cement Plastic Cement)
) :

Micro Air
Bubble
Stucco ASTM C 1328
1 (Plasticizing Materials) (Limestone), (Hydrated Lime)
(Hydraulic Lime)
, , ,
) :

4-27
Masonry
61
1. (Fineness),
45 ( 325), , %
2. (Soundness),
3. (Time of Setting),
(Gillmore Test)
(Initial Set), ,
(Final Set), ,
4. (Compressive Strength),
(Mortar Cube)
1
(Graded Standard Sand Standard
20 - 30 Sand ) 3
, ,
()
7
28
5. (Air Content of Mortar)
,
,
6. (Water Retention Value),
,
4-28
N
24
S
24
M
24
1.0
1.0
1.0
120
1,440
90
1,440
90
1,440
3.4
(500)
6.2
(900)
9.0
(1,300)
14.5
(2,100)
12.4
(1,800)
20.0
(2,900)
8
21
70
8
19
70
8
19
70
4-8 Masonry ASTM

C 91
4.6

4.6.1
(Oil-Well Cement)

()

()
62
Cement
and
Applications

6,000
170 oC
3
(
G)
API-10 4-29
G
9
1. A
(
1)
2. B
(
2)
3. C
(
3)
4. D
5. E
6. F
7. G
8. H
9. J
6,000 (1,830 )
6,000 (1,830 )
6,000 (1,830 )

6,000 10,000 (1,830

3,050 )

10,000 14,000 (3,050
4,270 )

10,000 16,000 (3,050
4,880 )

8,000 (2,440 )
( C3S
48 - 58 %) ( C3S 48 - 65 %)

G
G
12,000 16,000 (3,600
4,880 )
C2S
4-30
63
4.6.2
(White Cement)

C4AF

1 C3A C3S
3.05 - 3.10 3.15
(White Portland Cement)
(White Mixed Cement)

. 133 ASTM C 150
(
1)
,
, ,
4-31

, //,

, ,
, ,
,

1. (Terrazzo)

,
, , Counter Top
64
Cement
and
Applications
2. (Finazzo)

3. // (Natural Look)
, , ,

4-32
4. (Casting and Sculpture)
, , ,
, , , ,
5. (White Concrete)

4-33
65

4-34 , , , , ,

1. (Plastering)
1.1 (White Plaster)

Texture
1.2 (Color Plaster)
)

1.3 (Polished Color Plaster)

1.4 (Sand Plaster)

2. (Tile Grouting)
)

, , ,

)
4-35
66
Cement
and
Applications
1. (MgO), , %
2. (SO3), , %
2.1 3CaOAl2O3, < 8%
2.2 3CaOAl2O3, > 8%
3. (Loss on Ignition), , %
4. (Insoluble Residue), , %
5.0
3.5
4.5
3.0
0.75
4-9 . 133
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(Fineness), (Specific Surface)

( )
1.1 (Turbidimeter Test, Wagner),
,
1.2 (Air Permeability Test, Blaine),
,
(Soundness),
(Time of Setting) ()
3.1 (Gillmore Test)
(Initial Set), ,
(Final Set), ,
3.2 (Vicat Test)
(Initial Set), ,
(Final Set), ,
(Air Content of Mortar), ,
(Compressive Strength)
(Mortar Cube), ,
3
7
(False Set), (Final Penetration),
, %
1,600
2,800
0.80
60
10
45
8
12.0
85
150
50
4-10 . 133
67
4.6.3
(Expansive Hydraulic Cement Shrinkage
Compensating Cement)
ASTM C 845

(Drying Shrinkage Cracking)

,
4-36
4.6.4
(Rapid Hardening Cement)

4

(Calcium Sulfoaluminate)
4-37
4.6.5
(Finely-Ground Cement Ultrafine Cement)

(Portland Cement), Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS),

10 5 50%
8,000
(Grouting)
4.6.6
(Water-Repellent Cement Waterproof Cement)
Stearate ,
,

(Tile Grouting) (Stucco Finish Coating)
4-38
68
Cement
and
Applications
4.6.7 Ettringite
(Ettringite Cement)
Ettringite (Calcium
Sulfoaluminate)
(Waste Materials) (Stabilization)
(Metallic Ions) Ettringite
4.6.8
(Calcium Aluminate Cement High Alumina
Cement HAC Ciment Fondu)
HAC BS 915-2

HAC
Bauxite (Aluminum Ore) 1,600
Al2O3 32% Al2O3
CaO 0.85 - 1.30 HAC
HAC
HAC Ciment Fondu

1
(Final Set) 28
(Initial Set)
2 - 4
30
, , ,
HAC
1. ,
2. 1,370 oC
,
3. -40 oC

4-39
69
4.

CAH10 C3AH6, AH3,

(W/C) 0.40
(Flash Set)
4.6.9
(Magnesium Phosphate Cement)
Set 45
45
, ,
4.6.10 Sulfur
(Sulfur Cement)
Sulfur (Conventional
Aggregate)
113 - 121 oC
130 oC

70
Cement
and
Applications
. 213-2520 :
. 15 1-2547 : 1
. 15 12-2532 : 12
. 80-2517 :
. 133-2518 :
. 849-2532 :
. 850-2532 :
API-10A : Specification for Cements and Materials for Well Cementing
ASTM C 91-03 : Specification for Masonry Cement
ASTM C 595-02 : Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
ASTM C 845-96 : Specification for Expansive Hydraulic Cement
ASTM C 1328-00 : Specification for Plastic (Stucco) Cement
BS 915-2 : 1972 : Specification for High Alumina Cement
BS EN 197-1 : 2000 : Cement---Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for
common cements
, 2537.
2 , , , 2544.
3 .. , , (-), 2546.
4 , 2547.
5 , , 2545.
6 , 2547.
7 Concrete Information, Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures : Portland, Blended, and Other
Hydraulic Cements, Portland Cement Association, 2002.
8 ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca
71
Cement
and
Applications
5-1

,
,
, , ,
73
5.1

, , ,
5.2

(Sun-Burned Bricks)
-

5-2
74
Cement
and
Applications
.. 1300

. 77

5.3

, , , 5-3
75
5-4
5-5
5-6
, ,
,
1. :
, , , ,

1 - 1.5

60%, 20%,
( , ) 20%

2. :

3. :

100
1,000
)
5-7
76

,
, ,
24
Cement
and
Applications

, , ,

)
5-1
1
2
(, )
()
(, , )
(, , , )
(, , )
(, , , )
(, , )
()
()
9
19
9
9
19
4
7
16
3
6
13
3
7
17
4
7.5
17.5
3.5
10
20
5
7.5
20
5
7.5
17.5
3.5
8
18.5
4.5
)
5-8
5-1
8

2 - 4

5-9

2 - 4
5-10
77
5-11
5-12
) (
)
5-13
2
,

15 - 20

15 - 20%

:

24 3

:

:

1. 1 :

78
Cement
and
Applications
2. 2 :
3. 3 :
1

4. 4 : 5-14

1 2 3
4

5.4
5-15

(Concrete Block) 20 x 40
7 - 10

, , 5-16
,

7 - 14
5-17
(Concrete Block)

Screen Block

5-18 (Screen
Block)
79
5.5
5-19
Autoclaved
Aerated Concrete ( )
.. 2466
.. 2473

..
2538 20 x 60
7.5 - 10.0

, , , ,
()
5-20

(Close Cell) ( 75%
)

(High Pressure Steam Autoclave) 180 oC
12
. 1505

2 - 3

(Metal Strap)
2
5 - 10
80
Cement
and
Applications
()
SCT Ratings
Block
38
1 ..
43
1 ..
48
1 ..
10 ..
15 ..
20 ..
43
46
50
5-2 (Acoustic Performance)

()
()

7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
20.0
4 .
-
4 .
2 .
4 .
2 .
6 .
4 .
8 .
4 .
5-3 (Fire Rating)
x x (.)
7 x 15 x 6
20 x 40 x 7
(./..)
130
115
(1)
(/..)
200
180

120
12.5
(./..)
20 - 40
10.15
(%)
40%
1.8
(Drying Shrinkage) (./..)
(P)
0.073
(.. /)
(K) (W/mK)
1.15
58 - 70
(OTTV) (/)
(.) ( 2 )
1-2
(.)
1.5 - 2.0
1.0 - 1.5
(.)
1.5 - 3.0
1.5 - 3.0
Masonry
(../)
6-8
12
20 x 60 x 7.5
20 x 60 x 10.0
50
125
8.33
35 - 80
30.23%
0.2
0.843
0.089 - 0.132
32 - 42
4
0.23
0.3 - 1.0
15 - 25
5-4
(1)
(2)
2 10
o
1,100 C 10
81
5.6
.., , ,
,

(Bearing Wall)
5-21
2
5-22 2

: 1
:
:

:

1 3 2 2
1

7
5-23 2

1.20
82
Cement
and
Applications
. 59-2516 :
. 77-2531 :
. 102-2529 :
. 103-2529 :
. 153-2533 :
. 154-2518 :
. 167-2529 :
. 168-2531 :
. 169-2519 :
. 243-2520 :
. 1505-2541 : -
1
2
3
4
5
6
, , 3 1, 2.
, , 2545.
(), , 2547.
, , 2539.
, , 2542.
, , ,
2541.
7 Del E. Webb School of Construction, Autoclaved Aerated Concrete, 2001.
83
Cement
and
Applications
6
...

1 - 2
3 - 5
...
...
1/2
6-1
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
85
6.1
( 1 )

( , )

. 598 5 6-1
05, 25, 50, 125, 170
05
25
50
125
170
28 ()
5
25
50
125
170
6-1

1.

2.
3.

4.

, , ( 2 ), , ,
( 1 ) (Hydrated Lime)
(Ca(OH)2)
(Quick Lime)
(Water Retention)

75% 100 - 115%
75% ASTM
C 91
(2)
86
Cement
and
Applications

6-2

( 1 )
50
125 170
25 ( 2 ) 50 125
50
125
125 ( 3 )
170 50 ( 3 )
50
25
125 170
05 50
6-2
, ,
( 2 ) 25

50 125
( 3 )

(1)
,
,
2

6.2

6-2
87

(Bricklaying)

5 6-3
1. 1/2
2. 3/4
3. 1
4. 1 1/2
5. 2
1/2
3/4
) 1/2
) 3/4
1
1 1/2
) 1
) 1 1/2
) 2
6-3
88
Cement
and
Applications

6.3
1.

,

. 80
(Setting Time)

50 6-4
3 - 4 ( 1.5 )
2.

.
598 4.75
89
6-5
6-6
,
6-7

90
3.

,

50
1 - 3 ()
4.

. 77

Cement
and
Applications
6.4
6-1

6-3

05
25
50
125
170
1
1
1
1
1
1/4
1/4 1/2
1/2 1 1/4
1 1/4 2 1/2
2 1/2 4
2 1/4
3
6-3

: 1 : 2.5 1 : 3

6.5
1.

2.

91
3.

, ,

4.
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
)
6.6

,
,

)

6-8

6-9
92
Cement
and
Applications
6.7
1.

2.

3.
3 - 5

4.
1.5 - 2.0

5.

1 3 - 5
1 1

30

6-10

)
6-11
6-12

6-13
1.5 - 2.0
93
6 . @ 40 .
30 - 40 .
...
6-14

2.50 .
1.50 .
6-15
6-16

94
6.

6 50
30 - 40
40 - 50 60

1.2

7.
1/2 1 2.5

1.5
15

5

-

- 20
Cement
and
Applications
8.
10
1 - 2

30 - 45

9.

10.

24
7

3
11.

2
1
...
1/2
6-17
6-18

6-19
6-20
7
95
. 77-2531 :
. 80-2517 :
. 598-2528 :
ASTM C 91-03 : Specification for Masonry Cement
1 , 2547.
2 , -, 2535.
3 , , (-), 2546.
96
Cement
and
Applications
3 4
3 4
7-1
, ,
, , , , , ,
97
7.1

. 1776 2

1.
2 MA-I

MA-II
2. CO
(
)
25
50
7-1

1.
2.
3.

4.

5.0 28 3
7-1
7.2
7-2
98
Cement
and
Applications

7.3
1.

. 80

Masonry
ASTM C 91

()

(Setting Time)

Masonry
50
Masonry () 40
6 - 7 (
1.5 )

7-3
Masonry
7-4 Masonry

30

7-5

99
7-6
2.

(
0.5 - 1.5 )
( 0.6 )

. 1776
1.18
70% 75 10% 7-2

6.30
4.75
2.36
1.18
600
300
150
75
(%)
100
100
95 - 100
95 - 100
60 - 100
80 - 100
30 - 100
70 - 100
15 - 80
55 - 100
5 - 50
5 - 75
0 - 15
0 - 20
10
10
7-2
3.

100
Cement
and
Applications
4.
5.
6.
7.

, ,
,
50
1.8 - 2.3 ( 1.5 )

24 (
) (Hydrated Lime)

7-7
,
, ,
101
7.4
7-8

24 10
7
: 1 : 1

3
1.

2.

3.

7.5

: 1 : 2.5
102
Cement
and
Applications
1 : 3

: 1 : 3
1 : 4

: 1 : 3

7.6
1.

7-9

2.

3.
, ,
, , Pigment
4.
, , , , ,
103
1.
2.
3.
2
1
7-10
7-11
104
5.

1 : 1

6 30
Cement
and
Applications

15
6. 1
1

7.7

, ,

7-15
(
)
7-12

7-13
7-14

)
)
7-16
105
7.8
7-17

7-18
7-19
7-20

106
1.

1

2.
2
1.5

3.

4.

1.5
2.5

5.

Cement
and
Applications
6.

7

7.9
1.

2.

3.
( 75%
)

, Masonry
,

0.5 - 1.0
2

7-21
107
7-22

2.0
4.

3 - 5 2 - 3 1
(Muriatic Acid) 1 : 6

7.10
7-23
108
Cement
and
Applications

1 7-24

7.11
7.11.1
1.
109
2.
(
)

3.
7-25

( )
7.11.2
1.

, , ,
9

110
Cement
and
Applications
2.

()

7-26
3.
1.5
2
2.5
111
4. -
7-27

Non-shrink Cement

2
5.
7-28
112

15
Cement
and
Applications
6.
7-29
3
7.

,

(
),
7-30
3
113
. 80-2517 :
. 1776-2542 :
ASTM C 91-03 : Standard Specification for Masonry Cement
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
114
, 2547.
, : , 25 286, 2539.
, , , 2546.
, -, 2535.
, , , 2521.
, , ( - ), 2542.
, , ( - ), 2546.
, , ,
4 1, 2532.
, : , 22 258, 2536.
Cement
and
Applications
8-1
2
1. , ,
2. ,

, ,
, ,
,
115
8.1
(Concrete)

, , ,
, ,
2
8-2
1. (Cement Paste) , ,
2. (Aggregates) ,

(Fresh Concrete)

8-3 (Hardened Concrete)
8.2

7,600

8-4 Lime
4,600
9
5,100
(5,600 )
(Lime)

500

.. 1000
(1,000
(Dome of the Pantheon)
2,000
(2,500 )
.. 500)
8-5
7
116
.. 1000
( .. 500)
Cement
and
Applications
8-7 Dome of the Pantheon

8
8-6 8
.. 2299
(.. 1756)
.. 2367
(.. 1824)
.. 2378
(.. 1835)
.. 2397
(.. 1854)
.. 2398
(.. 1855)
.. 2410
John Smeaton
Eddystone Lighthouse
.. 2302 (.. 1759)
Smeaton
Joseph Aspdin
(Portland Cement)
Joseph Aspdin Wakefield

.. 2371
(.. 1828)
Aspdin
Kent
2
William Wilkinson Newcastle
Jean Loius Lambot (Ferro Cement)
Joseph Monier
8-8 Eddystone Lighthouse

Smeaton 10
(.. 1867)
.. 2423
Rotary Kiln
(.. 1880)
.. 2456
(.. 1913)
.. 2460
(.. 1917)
D. Abrahms
W/C Ratio Law
8-9
6 7
117
8-10 6
.. 2463-2493
(.. 1920 - 1950)
.. 2468
(.. 1925)
.. 2471

, , ,
(Vibrator)
(Lightweight Concrete)
(.. 1928)
8-11
.. 2473
(.. 1930)
.. 2481
(.. 1938)
.. 2488
Eugene Freysinnet (Prestressed

Concrete)
Air Entraining Admixture

(.. 1945)
.. 2496
(.. 1953)
.. 2503
(.. 1960)
.. 2525
(.. 1982)
8.3
8-12
118
Cement
and
Applications

, , , ,
, , ,
8-1
(E) ...
(./..) (./..) (./..)
(10-6/ oC)
(W/m.k)
5
2,300 - 2,400
30
2.5x10
10
3

-
7,800
3,000
2.1x106
12
50
6
-
7,800
10,000
2.1x10
11
45
8-1
8.4
1.
2.
2 (),
()
119
3.
(
)
4.

, , ,
8.5

8-2
8-13

1)
2)
3)
4) ,
5)
6)
1)
2)
3)
4)
8-2
8.6

120
Cement
and
Applications
(,
, , )

( )
8-14

, , ,
, , ,

8.7
8-15

, ,
,
, ,
8-3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
8-3 10
121
8-16
8.8

3

(Standard
Performance Specification) (
, ,
)
(Standard Prescriptive) ( )
(Performance Based Design for Concrete Mixture)

1. :

8-17

122
Cement
and
Applications
2. :

, , , -, 8-18
, ,
, 2537.
2 , 10 1, 2546.
3 , 10 2, 2546.
4 , , (-), 2546.
5 , , 1,
2546.
6 A. J. Francis, The Cement Industry 1796 - 1914 : A History, 1977.
7 Carlo Goria, Cemento Storia Technologia Applicazioni.
8 Leonardo B. Dal Maso, Rome of the Caesars.
9 Nigel Hawkes, Structures : Man-Made Wonders of the World, The Readers Digest Association
Limited, 1991.
10 www.cyberheritage.co.uk
123
Cement
and
Applications
9-1
, ,
3 4
(Unit
Weight), (Modulus of Elasticity), (Volume Stability)

, ,
, ,

125
9.1
(Aggregates) ,
,
70 - 80%

9-2
90%
3 4
(Industrial Byproducts) (Fly Ash), Blast-furnace Slag, (Municipal

Waste), Recycled Concrete
(Parent Rock)
, , ,

1. :

2. :
(Unit Weight), (Modulus of
Elasticity), (Volume Stability)

(Porosity),
(Grading or Size Distribution), (Moisture
Absorption), (Shape and Surface Texture),
(Crushing Strength), (Type of Deleterious
Substances)
(Consistency),
(Cohesion)
(Strength),
(Abrasion Resistance), (Durability)

,
,
,
126
Cement
and
Applications
(Parent Rock)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9-3

9.2
(Microstructure)
(Composites)
(Phases)
(Matrix Phase)
(Hydrated Cement Paste), (Filler Phase)
(Aggregates), (Interface
Transition Zone)
9-4

(Lightweight Aggregate)
(Lightweight Aggregate Concrete)
(Normal-weight Concrete)
(Very High Strength Concrete)
127
9.3

9-5
1. (Coarse Aggregate)
4.75 (
4)
. 566
2. (Fine Aggregate)
4.75 4
0.075 ( 200)
. 566

Silt 0.07
Clay 0.02 - 0.06
(All-In-Aggregate)
9-6
1.
(Lightweight Aggregate)
9-7
9-8
(Bulk Density) 1,120

( 0.3 - 1.1)
2. (Normal-weight Aggregate)
, , (Bulk
Density) 1,300 - 1,700
( 2.4 - 3.0)
(Normal-weight Concrete) (Unit Weight)
2,400
3. (Heavyweight Aggregate)
(Bulk Density) 2,080
( 4.0)
1.
(Natural Mineral Aggregate)
, ,
2. (Artificial Aggregate Synthetic Aggregate)
Expanded Clay
(Lightweight Aggregate),
128
Cement
and
Applications
(Industrial By-products) ( Blast-furnace Slag,
(Fly Ash) ), ,
(Recycled
Concrete)
9.4
(Rock)

(Mineral)

3
, ,
, , , ,

(Sedimentary Rock)
75%
(Shale) (Sandstone)
(Limestone)

(Lithification)

(Bed)
(Stratum) (Strata)

, ,
(Limestone)

,
, , , , ,
129
(Igneous Rock)
9-9
(Crystallization)
(Interlocking), ,
(Massive), (Columnar Jointing),
,

(Granite) , , ,
, , , (Andesite)
, , , (Basalt) , ,
(Gravel)
9-10 7
(Gravel)

2 3 ,
, , ,
9-11
9.5
9-12 7

1

2

3
2 ,

9-13
130
Cement
and
Applications
HOPPER
GRIZZLY BAR
JAW CRUSHER
SCREEN 1
(WASTE)
9-15 (Side
Hill Quarry)
FEED BIN
SCREEN 2
CONE
CRUSHER
SCREEN 3
4.75 .
3/16" - 1/2" 1/2" - 3/4" 3/4" - 1"
9-16 (Top
Down Quarry)
MIX PRODUCT
9-14
1. (Side Hill Quarry)

2. (Top Down Quarry)

(Bench)

3. (Open Pit Quarry)

4. (Semi Open Pit Quarry)

9-17 (Open Pit

Quarry)
9-18
(Semi Open Pit Quarry)
131
:
1.5 - 12
, ,
, ,

1.
(Grizzly Bar)

9-19 (Grizzly Bar)
4 - 6
2. 1 (Primary Stage)
60 - 90
1 (Primary Crusher) Jaw
Crusher Impact Crusher Impact Crusher
3. 2 (Secondary Stage)
1
) Jaw Crusher

5 2
(Secondary Crusher) Jaw Crusher, Impact
Crusher, Cone Crusher Cone Crusher

4. 3 (Tertiary Stage) 2

) Jaw Crusher
3
2 20 - 30%
9-20 Jaw Crusher
132
Cement
and
Applications
3 2
3 (Tertiary Crusher)
2
Impact Crusher
5. (Screening)

(Vibrating Screen)
3 - 4 1, 3/4, 1/2,
3/8, 3/16
6. (Blending)
Single Size

ASTM
C 33

Single Size
7.

(Liner)

(Homogeneous)
(Laminated)
) Impact Crusher
) Impact Crusher
9-21 Impact Crusher
) Cone Crusher
) Cone Crusher
9-22 Cone Crusher
133
9.6
2 - 10
9-23
, ,
(Quartz)

1/16 2

,

2 ,
1.

2.

2 - 10
9.7

3
1. (Traditional Survey)
134
Cement
and
Applications
2. (Geological Survey)
3. (Satellite Survey)

2
1.

2.

135

2

Stock
Stock

9-24

1.

9-25
9-26
9-27
Feedbox
136
2.

(
9-28)
2.1 Feedbox
2.2 Feedbox

Feedbox 9-29
Cement
and
Applications
Screen
waste
9-29 Feedbox
Classifying Tank
Screw
Washer 1
Screw
Washer 2
Stacker 1
Stacker 2
Pond
9-30
9-28 Flow Diagram
2.3 (Screen)
Classifying Tank
2.4 Classifying Tank

Tank ) Classifying Tank
Tank
Tank Classifying Tank
11 Stations Station 1
Station 11
Station
-
-
PLC (Programmable Logic Control)
) Classifying Tank

Classifying Tank
) Station
9-31 Classifying Tank
137
9-32
PLC
9-33 Screw Washer
2.5 PLC (Programmable Logic Control)

Station
- Classifying Tank

Station
2.6 Screw Washer Classifying Tank
(Dewatering)
20%
2.7 (Belt Stacker) Screw
Washer
Belt Conveyor

Stock
9-34 Belt Stacker
9-35
138
Cement
and
Applications

9.8
)

1. (Strength)

700 - 3,500
(Quartzite)
(Granite)
(Basalt)
(Limestone)
()
1,500 - 3,000
1,000 - 2,500
1,000 - 3,000
300 - 2,500
)
9-36
9-1 5
2. (Impact and Abrasion

Resistance)

, ,

3. (Chemical Stability)

(Alkali)

(Alkali-Aggregate Reaction AAR)
4. (Particle Shape and Surface Texture)

, ,
139

(Workability)
2
(Flakiness)
9-38

(Elongation)
9-39

(Flakiness Index)
(Elongation Index) 25%
BS 812 : Section 105.1 105.2
)
9-37
) (Thickness Gauge)
9-38 (Flakiness)
140
Cement
and
Applications

. 566
9-2 9-3
0.5
) (Length Gauge)
9-39 (Elongation)
2
= 24
= 8
= 42
= 8
9-40
141
(Rounded)
(Spherical)
(Irregular)
(Highly Irregular)
(Flat)
(Elangated (Needle-Like))
(Angular)
(Cubical)
(Irregular (Chunky))
(Highly Irregular)
(Flat or Flaky)
(Elongated (Prismatic))
9-41
9-2 . 566

:

:

9-3 . 566
142
Cement
and
Applications
5. (Gradation)

9-42

9.9

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
9.9.1 (Maximum Size of

Aggregate)

15%

9-4
() 15% 1/2
3/4
3/4

143
2
= 24
= 8
1
3/4
1/2
3/8
4
8

12
1,384
8,031
8,676
573
609
513
19,800

7
41
43
3
3
3
100
9-4
1. 1/5
2. 3/4

3. 1/5
9-43

40
= 48
= 8
9.9.2 (Gradation Grading)

9-45
2 (Single Size)

144
Cement
and
Applications
9-44
3/8
3/8
9-45

9-5
145
1

()
32
90
211
530
530
140
5
1,538
4
8
16
30
50
100
2.0
5.9
13.7
34.5
34.5
9.1
0.3
100.0
2.0
7.9
21.6
56.1
90.6
99.7
100.0
98.0
92.1
78.4
43.9
9.4
0.3
0.0
9-5
1
2
3
4
90
10
se L
60
Limi
50
.=3
.01
40
Combined Aggregate
Sand : Gravel = 40 : 60
F.M. = 5.59
30
60
70
20
80
10
90
No.
100
No.
50
No.
30
No.
16
o. 8
o. 4
100
"/8 /2" /4" 1" /2"
3 1 3
11
(Log Scale)
9-46
146
40
.30
, F.M
50
30
.=7
Fine
imit
l, F.M
70
20
Grave
Coar
80
(Percentage Passing)
100
Sand
(Percentage Coarser)

SemiLog Scale Log Scale
,
9-46
Cement
and
Applications
(Fineness Modulus; F.M.)

(F.M.) = ( )
100
4, 8, 16, 30, 50, 100
F.M. 9-5
F.M. = (2 + 7.9 + 21.6 + 56.1 + 90.6 + 99.7) / 100
= 2.78
2.3 - 3.2
F.M. F.M. = 3.2
F.M. = 2.3

50 100
, , (Bleeding)

ASTM C 33 50 10%

50 15% 100 5%
200 5%
2

(Gap Grading)

(Segregation)
147
100
80
60
40
20
0
No. 200 No. 100 No. 50
No. 30 No. 16
No. 8
No. 4
3/4"
3/8"
9-47
9.9.3 (Moisture and Absorption)

4
1. (Oven-Dry; OD)

105 ( 12 )
2. (Air-Dry; AD)
3. (Saturated-Surface-Dry; SSD)
4. (Wet; W)
148
Cement
and
Applications
(OD)
(AD)
(SSD)
(W)
9-48
(Bulking of Sand)
1
3 - 6

Bulking

9-49
9.9.4 (Specific Gravity)

2.7 2.65

149
9.9.5 (Unit Weight and Voids)

1,300 - 1,700

9-50
34 - 40% (
)
(%)
40
30
20
10
10
15
20
(% )
)
)
9-49
(./..)
2,200
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
20
40
60
80
100
(%)
9-50
150
Cement
and
Applications
9.10
9-6
Freezing Thawing
Soundness, , ,
, , ,
,
Wetting Drying
,
Heating Cooling
Alkali
Siliceous
, , , ,
Shinkage Creep
, , , ,
,
,
, , ,
, Poissons Ratio
, , , ,
9-6
(Soundness)
9-51
151
9.11

2
1. Riffle Sampler
2 9-52
2. 4
2 2 9-53
)
9-52
Riffle Sampler
) 4
) 2 2
9-53
152
Cement
and
Applications
2
1
, , , ,
,

2 , ,

3 9-7
(Physical Tests)

(Mechanical Tests)

- Impact Value
- Crushing Value
- 10% Fine

-
- Attrition
(Chemical Tests)

9-7
9-8
, , Silt
[ ASTM ]
C 125
C 33
C 136
D 75
C 294
C 117
C 142
(Soundness)
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
C 127
C 128
C 70
C 40
C 88
C 289
C 29
C 131
9-8
153
9.12
1.
9-9
1 - No. 4 3/4 - No. 4

3/8
100
11/2
100
100
4
95 - 100
1
95 - 100
90 - 100
8
80 - 100
3/4
16
50 - 85
1/2
25 - 60
20 - 55
30
25 - 60
3/8
0 - 10
50
5 - 30
4
0 - 10
0-5
10
0 - 10
8
0-5
9-9
2.
9-10
)
)
9-54
)
9-55

154
Cement
and
Applications
75 m
200
-
-

Chert ( 2.4)
(%)

3
5
1
1
0.5 - 1.0
0.5
9-10
3. (Abrasion Resistance)
. 566
, ,
50%
40%
4. (Soundness)

ASTM C 88
9-56
5
18% 15%
( 12%
10% )
5.
, ,
3%
24
3 9-57

155
6. (Alkali-Aggregate Reaction AAR)

(Alkali)

ASTM C 1260

9-58
Na2O + 0.658 K2O 0.6%
(Alkali-Aggregate
Reaction; AAR)
9.13

9-59

40

156
Cement
and
Applications
. 566-2528 :
E.I.T.Standard 1014-46 : ,

ASTM C 29-03 : Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate
ASTM C 33-03 : Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C 40-04 : Standard Test Method for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates for Concrete
ASTM C 70-01 : Standard Test Method for Surface Moisture in Fine Aggregate
ASTM C 88-99 : Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate
or Magnesium Sulfate
ASTM C 117-04 : Standard Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in
Mineral Aggregates by Washing
ASTM C 123-04 : Standard Test Method for Lightweight Particles in Aggregate
ASTM C 125-03 : Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C 127-04 : Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and
Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
ASTM C 128-04 : Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and
Absorption of Fine Aggregate
ASTM C 131-03 : Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
ASTM C 136-04 : Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
ASTM C 142-04 : Standard Test Method for Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Aggregates
ASTM C 289-03 : Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Aggregates
(Chemical Method)
ASTM C 294-04 : Standard Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C 1152-04 : Standard Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete
ASTM C 1260-01 : Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates
(Mortar-Bar Method)
ASTM D 75-03 : Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates
BS EN 1744-1 : 1998 : Tests for chemical properties of aggregates---Part 1: Chemical analysis
BS 812-105.1 : 1989 : Testing aggregates---Part 105.1: Methods for determination of particle
shape---Flakiness index
BS 812-105.2 : 1990 : Testing aggregates---Part 105.2: Methods for determination of particle
shape---Elongation index of coarse aggregate
157
, 2537.
2 , , 2537.
3 , , 2547.
4 : ,
, 2547.
5 I. W. Farmer, Engineering Behavior of Rocks, Second Edition, 1983.
6 P. Kumar Mehta and Paulo J.M. Monteiro, Concrete Structure, Properties, and Materials, Second
Edition, 1993.
7 www.gsw.edu
158
Cement
and
Applications
10
10-1
3 , ,

, , , ,
, ,

159
10.1
3
1. :

2. :
10-2
3. :
10.2

1.

2.

10.3

, , , ,

, ,

160
Cement
and
Applications
10.4

1.
2.

3. ( )

4.

5.

6.

10.5

1.
2.
3.
4.
)
(Efflorescence)
3 ,
,
)
)
10-3

161

10-1

(SO2-4 )
(Cl-) ( 1 )

(Na2O + 0.658 K2O)

- (pH)
(ppm )
50,000
3,000
500
1,000
4,500
600
6-8
10-1

(
,
, )
(Post-tensioned Concrete)
0.6 ./..
(Pre-tensioned
Concrete) (Post-tensioned Concrete)
0.3 ./..
0.3 ./..
0.6 ./..
(1)
10-4
162
Cement
and
Applications

10-2
(ppm )
50,000
2,000
100
1,000
400
,
,
,
10,000
40,000
20,000
40,000
50,000
(P2O5)
(Pb2+), (Zn2+)
,
, ,
()
(, )
100
100
500
500
10,000
pH 4
500
(Efflorescence)

2,000

Ettringite

pH 4
10-2
163
(ppm )
35,000
4,000
400
100
1,000
2.0%

3.5%
78%

Ettringite

(Efflorescence)

, ,

300-1,500
2,000

(Mineral Oil)
10-2 ()
164
Cement
and
Applications
10.6

1. (Initial Setting Time)

30
[ . 15 9 ]
2.
90% [ . 15
12 ]
10-5

[ E.I.T.Standard 1014 ]
1. (Initial Setting Time)
60 90
2.
90%

80%

10.7

10-6

4
165
10.8

, , , ,
, ,

10-7

. 15 9-2518 : 9
. 15 12-2532 : 12

ASTM C 94 : 2004 : Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
BS EN 1008 : 2002 : Mixing water for concrete---Specification for sampling, testing and assessing
the suitability of water, including water recovered from processes in the concrete industry,
as mixing water for concrete
, 2537.
2 , 10 1, 2546.
3 , , (-), 2546.
4 , ,
, 2545.
166
Cement
and
Applications
11
) :
) :
)
: GGBS
11-1
, ,

3
1.
, ,

2.
, , ,
3.

167
11.1
(Concrete Admixtures)

,
, ,

11.2
3
1. (Chemical Admixtures)

, ,

2. (Mineral Admixtures)
, ,
,

3.

11-2
168
Cement
and
Applications
(Water-Reducing Admixtures Plasticizers)

(Chemical Admixtures)
(Retarding Admixtures)
(Accelerating Admixtures)
(Water-Reducing and Retarding Admixtures)
(Water-Reducing and Accelerating Admixtures)
(High Range Water-Reducing Admixtures Superplasticizers)
(High Range Water-Reducing and
Retarding Admixtures Superplasticizing and Retarding Admixtures)
(Inert Materials) ( )
(Concrete
(Mineral Admixtures)
(Pozzolan) ( (Fly Ash), (Silica Fume) )
Admixtures)
(Cementitious Materials) ( GGBS )
(Air Entraining Admixtures)

(Waterproofing Admixtures)
(Dampproofing Admixtures Water Repellants Hydrophobers)
(Permeability-Reducing Admixtures)
(Pumping Aids)
(Coloring Admixtures)
(Grouting Admixtures)
(Expansion-Producing Admixtures)
(Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures)
(Fungicidal Admixtures)
(Gas-Forming Admixtures)
(Bonding Admixtures)
11-2
169
11.3

20

11-1
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11-1
170
Cement
and
Applications
11.4

1.

pH,

, , , , ,
,

, ,

2.

,
, ,
, , ,
3.

4.

11.5
(Chemical Admixtures)

, ,
11-3
171
A
(Water-Reducing Admixtures Plasticizers)
B
(Retarding Admixtures)
C
(Accelerating Admixtures)
D
(Water-Reducing and Retarding Admixtures)
E
(Water-Reducing and Accelerating Admixtures)
F
(High Range Water-Reducing Admixtures
Superplasticizers)
G
(High Range Water-Reducing and Retarding
Admixtures Superplasticizing and
Retarding Admixtures)

12%

12%

11-2
[ . 733 ], [ ASTM C 494 ]

7 11-2

11.5.1 (Water-Reducing Admixtures Plasticizers)

Plasticizer

1 :

11-4

2 :

(Mass Concrete)
172
Cement
and
Applications
3 :

()
W/C Ratio
W/C Ratio
W/C Ratio
11-5

5
1. (Lignosulphonates)
(Ca), (Na) (NH4)
(Lignosulphonic Acids)
2.
3. (Hydroxycarboxylic Acids)
(Na), (NH4)
(Triethanolamine)
(Hydroxycarboxylic Acids)
5. (Carbohydrates) (
Hydroxylated Polymers), ( Acrylate
and Methacrylate Polymers), (
(Melamine Derivatives),
(Naphthalene Derivatives))
173
11-6

(Bleeding)

7

5

3
1.
2.
3.
28 -+ 1%
(W/C) = 0.28 +- 0.01
0.35
2 3
(Excess Water)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(Flocculate)

11-7
11-7
174

1. ,
Cement
and
Applications
2.
2.1 C3A, SO3
2.2 ,
2.3

3. ,
4.
5.
8 - 12%

1.
2.5 - 7.5
2.
3. (Slump Loss)
4.
(Bleeding)
5.
1 - 3%
6.
7.
11-8

1.

2.

28
175
3. 28
(Drying Shrinkage) (Creep)
11.5.2 (Retarding Admixtures)

1. Cold
Joint
2.
3.
6 - 8
11-9
(Diaphragm Wall)

4
1. (Lignosulphonates)
3.
4.

11-10

176

1.
2.
2.1
2.2

3.
Cement
and
Applications
4.
5.
(Initial Setting Time) (Final Setting Time)

2 - 3
10
2 - 4

1.

2.
3. ,
,
4. (Plastic Shrinkage)

(Plastic
Shrinkage Crack)

1.
2 - 3
2. (Drying Shrinkage) (Creep)

11.5.3 (Accelerating Admixtures)

1. ,
2.
177
3.
(Set
Accelerating Admixtures) 2 - 3 Shotcrete

1. (Calcium Chloride)
2. (Calcium Formate)
3. (Calcium Nitrate)
4. (Calcium Nitrite),
(Triethanolamine TEA)

2

(Chloride-Free)
, , ,

(Catalyst)

1.
2.
2.1
2.2

3.
4.
5.

178
Cement
and
Applications

1.
2.
(Long Term Strength) 28
28
3. (Drying Shrinkage)
(Creep)
4.

(Alkali-Aggregate Reaction AAR)
5. (Erosion)
(Abrasion)
6.

11.5.4
1. (Water-Reducing and Retarding Admixtures)
2. (High Range Water-Reducing Admixtures

Superplasticizers)
Superplasticizer
15 - 30%

179

2 Sulphonated Melamine
Formaldehyde (SMF), Sulphonated Napthalene Formaldehyde (SNF),
Polycarboxylate, Modified Lignosulphonates
3. (High Range Water-Reducing and
Retarding Admixtures Superplasticizing and Retarding Admixtures)

,
15

( 1 )
95
95
95
88
88
1:00
3:30
1:00
3:30
1:00
3:30
1:00
3:30
1:00
1:30
1:00
3:30
1:00
1:30
3:30
1:00
-
3:30
1:00
-
1:00
1:30
3:30

1
3
7
28
110
110
110
90
90
90
125
100
100
110
110
110
125
110
110
140
125
115
110
125
125
115
110

3
7
28
100
100
100
90
90
90
110
100
90
100
100
100
110
100
100
110
100
100
110
100
100

( : )

1:00
1:30

11-3
(1)
180
Cement
and
Applications

Flowing Concrete

(Self Compacting Concrete)
11-11

11-3
11.6
(Mineral Admixtures)

3
1. (Inert Materials)
2. (Pozzolan)
3. (Cementitious Materials)
11.6.1 (Inert Materials)

11.6.2 (Pozzolan)

(Calcium
Silicate Hydrate) (Pozzolanic
Reaction)
181

(Pozzolan Concrete)
(Portland-Pozzolan Cement)

28

1
4 (Mass Concrete)

15 - 40%

, , , Metakaolin
(Coal Fly Ash Pulverized Fuel Ash PFA)

, , ,
, , ,

11-12

(Silica Fume Microsilica)

Silicon Alloy

(Superplasticizer)
, ,
, ,
(Natural Pozzolan)
11-13
Tuff, Pumicite, Opaline, Chert,
, Shale
182
Cement
and
Applications
Metakaolin Kaolin
Calcined

, ,
11.6.3
(Cementitious Materials)

GGBS
GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag)
, ,
, , 11-14
GGBS
(Alkali-Aggregate Reaction)
11.7

11.7.1 (Air-Entraining Admixtures)

(Organic
Surfactants)

(Entrained Air)
(Entrapped Air)
11-15

(De-Icing Salts)

,
, ,
, ,
183

3 - 5% (Freezing)
(Capillary Pores)
(Air Voids)

(Thawing)
20
300
15
200
10
100
(./..)

,
, , ,
,

5% 1.5 - 5.0

(Freeze-Thaw Resistance)

0 5 10 15 20 25
(% )
1% 5%
11-16
11-16

5
184
Cement
and
Applications

1.
1.1 :
11-17

1.2 :

1.3 :

(Superplasticizer)

2.
2.1 :

300 - 600 (
30 50)

2.2 :
3.
3.1 : ,
, ,

185
3.2 :
3.3 :
4.

11-18 2.5 - 15.0

5.

10 0C 32 0C 50%
11.7.2
Interconnected Voids
Interconnected Voids
11-19

(Interconnected Voids)

186
1. (Waterproofing Admixtures)
1.1 (Dampproofing Admixtures Water Repellants
Hydrophobers)
Butyl
Stearate

1.2 (Permeability-Reducing Admixtures)

, ,

2. (Pumping Aids)

3. (Coloring Admixtures)

Cement
and
Applications
4. (Grouting Admixtures)

, ,
Bonding
5. (Expansion-Producing Admixtures)
Calcium Sulpho-Aluminate

(Drying Shrinkage)

6. (Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures)

(Calcium Nitrite)

7. (Fungicidal Admixtures)

8. (Gas-Forming Admixtures)
,
, , ,
(Grouting)
(Post-tensioned), ,
, (Cellular Concrete),

9. (Bonding Admixtures)
Organic Polymer Emulsion Latex

187
. 733-2530 :
. 850-2532 :
. 874-2532 :
. 985-2533 :

ASTM C 260 : 2001 : Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
ASTM C 494 : 2004 : Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
ASTM C 618 : 2003 : Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan
for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete
ASTM C 979 : 1999 : Standard Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
ASTM C 989 : 2004 : Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in
Concrete and Mortars
ASTM C 1017 : 2003 : Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing
Concrete
ASTM C 1240 : 2004 : Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
BS EN 934-2 : 2001 : Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout---Part 2: Concrete admixtures--Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling
, 2537.
2 , , 2545.
3 ACI Committee 212, ACI 212.3R-91 : Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, 2002.
4 ACI Committee 212, ACI 212.4R-93 : Guide for the Use of High Range Water-Reducing Admixtures
(Superplasticizers) in Concrete, 2002.
Edition, 1993.
7 Peter C. Hewlett, Leas Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, Fourth Edition, 1998.
8 V. S. Ramachandran, Concrete Admixtures Handbook, Second Edition, 1995.
188
Cement
and
Applications
12
12-1

, , ,
, , ,

,
, ,
189
12.1
(
++
)
(Fresh Concrete)

(Workability)

12-1
ASTM C 125
(American Society for
Testing and Materials)
ACI 116R
(American Concrete Institute)
12-2
BSI
(British Standard Institution)
Association of Concrete
Engineers, Japan
, ,

, , ,

, ,

12-1
(Cohesion)

(Consistency)

,
(Segregation)

(Bleeding)

190
Cement
and
Applications
12.2

1.0
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
0.0

0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

12-3
12-3
5%
30%

12-2
1. (Vebe Test)
2.
(Degree of Compactability)
3.
(Slump Test)
4.
(Flow Table Test)
BS EN 12350-3
BS EN 12350-4
ASTM C 143,
BS EN 12350-2
BS EN 12350-5
12-2
191
12.3
12-3
1.

(Air Entraining Agent)

2.
(A/C)

(S/A)

12-4
12-5
12-3
192
Cement
and
Applications
3.

Slump Loss
4. ,
, ,
5. ,
,
12-6

12-3 ()
12.4

(Segregation)
(Cohesion)
12-7

193

1.
2.

12-8

,
, ,

12-4
12-9

)
,

12-4

12-5

(
)

12-10
CPAC SERT Apparatus
( : )
12-5
194
Cement
and
Applications

(Slump Test) ASTM C 143
12.5
(Bleeding)

12-11 (Superplasticizer)

1. 12-12

2.

3
1.

12-13

195
12-14
Laitance

(Dusting)

Laitance

(Peeling)

Laitance

Laitance
2.

(Capillary Pores)

,
12-15
3.
3.1
(Plastic Shrinkage Crack) :
(
30 6
196
Cement
and
Applications
)

(Tensile Stress)
(Tensile Strength)

,

3.2
(Plastic Settlement Crack) :
( 10
3 )

(Restraint)

,

12-16
(Plastic Shrinkage Crack)
12-17
(Plastic Settlement Crack)

1.
1.1 :

C3A

(Slump Loss)
197
10.0 .
1.2 :
150 (
100)

1.3 : (Silica Fume)

2.
2.1 :

2.2 :

3. :

4. :

9.9 .
12-18 12-18
ASTM C 232
12.6
(Setting) (Hardening)

3 12-19
198
Cement
and
Applications
(Stiffening
Time)
(Initial Setting
Time)
(Final Setting
Time)
12-19
1 : (Stiffening Time)
5
( 70 )
2 : (Initial Setting Time)

35
( 500 )

Cold Joint
Cold Joint
3 : (Final Setting Time)
276
( 4,000 )

(Penetration Resistance)
ASTM C 403
35 12-20 Cold
Joint
276 7
(Stiffening Time)

2 - 8 12-21

Cold Joint
199

, , ,
,

1.
1.1 : C3A, C3S,
C3A C3S
1.2 :
12-22
2. (W/C Ratio) : W/C

3.
3.1 :
3.2 :
4. :
2

1. (False Set)

2. (Flash Set)
Calcium Aluminate
Monosulfo Aluminate

ASTM C 403
200
Cement
and
Applications
12.7
(Unit Weight)

1
1

(Normal Weight Concrete)
2,400 (
2,200 - 2,600 ) 12-23
2,400
, ,
(Lightweight Concrete)
300 1,850

(Heavyweight Concrete)
3,200

1.
(Entrapped Air)
(Entrained Air)

2.
1,100
- 1,750 , (Lightweight Aggregate)
60 - 1,000
, (Heavyweight Aggregate)
2,100 - 6,100

3.

ASTM C 138
201
12.8
(Air Content)

3 - 5%

(Freezing) (Capillary Pores)

(Air Voids)

(Thawing)
(Air Voids)
12-24

202
1. (Entrapped Air Voids)

( 3 )

2. (Entrained Air Voids)

50 - 200

Cement
and
Applications

1.
2.
3.

ASTM C 231
12.9
12-6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

,
,
12-25

12-6
203
12.10
, ,

12.10.1

ASTM C 192
Standard Practice for
Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory

1.
2.
,
, (Nondestructive
Tests),
)

2
1. (Revolving Drum, Tilting Mixer)
2. (Pan Mixer)

)
12-26
204

, , , ,

Cement
and
Applications

, ,
,

1.
10%
10%

2.
3.

2 - 3

4.
3
5. 3
6. 2
12-27

12.10.2

,
12.10.3

ASTM C 143
Standard Test Method for
Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
12-28

205

1.
2.
1 1/2 (3.75 )
ASTM C 172
3. Non-plastic Noncohesive 1.5 (1/2 )

23.0 (9 )

12-29
1
25
6-7 .
2
25

1. 10
20 30
2. 1.6 60
3.
4. , ,
15 .
25
30 .
12-30
206
1.
2.
3. 3
1 6 - 7
25 2
15 1 3
Cement
and
Applications
2

4.
5.
(Slump)
0.5
12-31

3
1. (True Slump)
2. (Shear Slump)
3. (Collapse Slump)
(True Slump)
(Shear Slump)
(Collapse Slump)
12-32
+ 2.5
7.5 7.5 + 2.5 5.0 10.0

12-7
12.10.4
12-33

7.5 + 2.5
12-34

15
207
15
()
5.0 + 2.5
7.5 + 2.5
10.0 + 2.5
10.0 + 2.5
15.0
12-7
30
12-35

1.
2.
3.
4. 15
5.
12.10.5

ASTM C 232
Standard Test Methods for
Bleeding of Concrete
208
Cement
and
Applications

, ,

1. 14
25.5 +- 0.5 28.0 +- 0.5 2.67 - 3.40
2.
3. 100
4. 1.6
5. , , ,
6. ()
7. 1 ()
12-36
8. ()

1.
2. 3
25.4 +- 0.3 25
10 - 15
2.5 (1 ) ASTM C 138
3.
[ S ]
4. (
18 - 24 oC)
209
5. 10 40
30
5
2

6.
7.

8.
9. [ D ]

1.
=
2.
= WD x 100
wS
W = ,
w = (
),
S = ,
D = ,
12.10.6

ASTM C 403
Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by Penetration Resistance
(Penetration Resistance)
210
Cement
and
Applications

(Initial Setting Time) (Final Setting Time)

1.
2.
, ,

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4
1.6
15
, , ,
12-37
1. 4
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.5
1,
1/2, 1/4, 1/10, 1/20, 1/40

6
12-38
211
(/)
4,000
500
70
0
1
2
70 /
(Stiffening Time)
5
6 (.)
4,000 /
500 /
12-39

1.
2
2. 1
12.10.7
12-40

ASTM C 138
Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of
Concrete
212
Cement
and
Applications

1. 6
1
2. 1.6
3. 45
4. , ,
5. 7,000
1.9 - 3.8 12-41
60

1.
2.
[ Vc ] =
3. 7.5 ,
2.5 - 7.5 ,
2.5
4. : 3
25 10 - 15
2.5 (1 )
5. : 2
3
2.5 (1 )
6.
7. [ Wc ]

= [ Wc ]
[ Vc ]
213
12.10.8

ASTM C 231
Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method

1.
2. 1.6
3. , , , ,

12-42
1.
2. 3
25
3. 10 - 15
4.
5.

6.

7.
8.

0.2%
214
Cement
and
Applications

ASTM C 125 : 2003 : Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C 138 : 2001 : Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content
(Gravimetric) of Concrete
ASTM C 143 : 2003 : Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
ASTM C 172 : 2004 : Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
ASTM C 192 : 2002 : Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the
Laboratory
ASTM C 231 : 2004 : Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the
Pressure Method
ASTM C 232 : 2004 : Standard Test Methods for Bleeding of Concrete
ASTM C 403 : 1999 : Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by
Penetration Resistance
BS EN 12350-1 : 2000 : Testing fresh concrete Part 1: Sampling
BS EN 12350-2 : 2000 : Testing fresh concrete Part 2: Slump test
BS EN 12350-3 : 2000 : Testing fresh concrete Part 3: Vebe test
BS EN 12350-4 : 2000 : Testing fresh concrete Part 4: Degree of compactability
BS EN 12350-5 : 2000 : Testing fresh concrete Part 5: Flow table test
BS EN 12350-6 : 2000 : Testing fresh concrete Part 6: Density
BS EN 12350-7 : 2000 : Testing fresh concrete Part 7: Air content. Pressure methods
, 2537.
2 , 10 1, 2546.
3 , , , 2543.
4 , ,
, 2543.
5 , , 2545.
6 ACI Committee 116, ACI 116R : 2000 : Cement and Concrete Terminology, 2002.
8 G. H. Tattersall, Workability and Quality Control of Concrete.
9 P. Kumar Mehta and Paulo J.M. Monteiro, Concrete Structure, Properties, and Materials, 1993.
10 bsonline.techindex.co.uk
11 ciks.cbt.nist.gov
12 www.astm.org
13 www.geocities.com
215
Cement
and
Applications

13
13-1

, ,
, , , , ,

217
13.1

, , , , ,
, ,

13.2

, ,
13-2

218
2
1.

1 : 2 : 4
1 ,
2 , 4

Cement
and
Applications
( : : )
1 : 3 : 5
1 : 2 : 4
1 : 1.5 : 3
1 : 1.5 : 2 ( 1 )

, ,

13-1
13-3
1 : 2 : 4
(
)

(1)
2.

13-4

1 : 1.5 : 2

, ,

13.3

(Measuring
Batching)

13-5

35.5 .
35.5 .
2
1.
30.0 .

13-6

219

30%
1
50
2.

.
213
13-2
13-7
200 .
200 .
500 .
500 .
-

+ 2%
+ 1%
+ 3%
+ 2%
+ 3%
+ 3%
+ 3%
13-2
. 213
13.4
(Mixing)
( )

220
Cement
and
Applications

: ,
,
:

: , ,
, ,

3
1.

30
2.
3.

13-8
13-9
13-10
221
3
1. (Central Mixing)
2. 2 (Shrink Mixing) 2

3. (Truck Mixing)
13-11

2
1. Batch Mixer
0.5 1
2. Continuous Mixer

, ,
2
)
13-12 Stationary Drum Mixer
Horizontal Shaft Mixer
222
1. Drum Mixer
2. Pan Mixer
1. Drum Mixer
4
Tilting Drum Mixer : Drum

Non-Tilting Drum Mixer :

Drum Drum

Loading Skip
Stationary Drum Mixer Horizontal Shaft Mixer :
Drum
Cement
and
Applications
2 Drum
Drum

13-12

Dual Drum Mixer : Drum 2 )
Drum 1
Drum 2
2
2. Pan Mixer
Forced-Action Mixer Drum Mixer Drum
Circular
Pan
Pan Mixer Pan )
13-13 Pan Mixer
2

Pan Mixer

2
1. Stationary Mixer

2. Truck Mixer

1 5 - 6
70 100
(Mixing Speed)
223
1.
2.
3.
4.
10 - 20%

10%
60 - 80% 10 - 20%

5.

,
, , , ,

, , ,
(Slump)
7.5
7.5
2.5
4.0
(Air Content)
1.0%
(Coarse
Aggregate Content)
6.0%
(Unit Weight of Air-Free

Mortar)
1.6%
13-3
224
(Mixing Time)
60
1 3
3
(Superplasticizer)
[ ASTM C 94 ] 1
1 ( 0.75 )
15 1

13-3

Cement
and
Applications

3
1.

2.
13-14

()
3.

Retempering (Shrinkage)
13.5
(Transporting Conveying)

,

: ,
: (,
),
: , ,
:
: ,

,
, , ,

225
1.
13-15
(Wheelbarrow)
13-16
(Truck)

13-17
226

(Dump Truck)
,,
,
No-Slump
Concrete,
(Roller Compacted Concrete
RCC)
Cement
and
Applications
2.
(Chute)

1 2 1 3

3.
13-18
(Bucket Hopper) (Tower Crane) (Lift)

(Pulley)

,

,
13-19
227
80%
70%
65%
80%
13-4
4.
(Ready Mixed Concrete Truck)
1. (Truck Mixer) :
(Dry Mix)

2
2. (Truck Agitator) :
(Wet Mix)

5.
(Concrete Pump)
1. Stationary Pump :
10-15
Mobile Pump
2. Mobile Pump :
13-20
) Stationary Pump
13-21
228
) Mobile Pump
Cement
and
Applications
1/5
,
,

(Belt Conveyor)
)
13-22
13.6
(Placing Placement)

13-23

229

: ,
: ,
, ,
: ,
, , , ,

13-24
13-25
Baffle
13-26
230
13-27
Cement
and
Applications
Square or circular
13-28
13-29
: 1.5

1.5
Baffle
13-31
13-30
:
:
()

10
30 - 45
15
40
13-5
231
13-32
9
Cold Joint
13-33

(Cold Joint)
10
:
-

(Cold
Joint)
-

-
(Dropchute) :
-

-

:

(Slipforming), (Underwater Concreting)
(Shotcreting), (Roller Compacted Concrete RCC)
13-34
13-35
(Slipforming)
232

(Slipforming)
, ,
(Slipform)
(Vertical Slipform)

, , , , , ,

(Horizontal Slipform)
, , ,
, , (Parapet)

Cement
and
Applications

(Shotcreting)
15
(Lining) ,
, , ,
,
2 (Dry-Mix Process)
(Wet-Mix Process)
Shotcrete

(Roller Compacted
Concrete RCC)

2
1. (Roller Compacted Concrete Dams RCD)
2. (Roller Compacted Concrete Pavements RCCP)
2.1
2.2
2.3
13-36
(Shotcreting)
) RCC
) RCC
) RCC
13-37 (Roller Compacted Concrete RCC)

)
233
Hopper
13-38
(Underwater Concreting)
13-39
(Honeycomb)
(Tremie Method)
(Underwater

Concreting)
, ,
, , ,
Cofferdam Caisson Seal

20-30

3/4

13.7
(Compacting Consolidation)
(Entrapped Air)

(Honeycomb) (Entrapped Air)

, ,
, ,
5
1.

2.
(Internal Vibrators)

Poker
70 - 200 Hz
Poker
Vibrator Immersion Vibrator
234
Cement
and
Applications
) ) )
) ) )

13-40 9
3.
(External Vibrators)

50 - 150 Hz

235
) ) ) )

13-41 9
13-42 9
) Vibrating Screed
4. (Vibrating Table)

25 - 120 Hz
5.

,

,
(Spun Piles)
) Vibrating Screed
13-43
9
13-44
236
Cement
and
Applications
:

:

,
, ,
,

5 - 15
:

()
()
(
)
2.0 - 3.0
8.0 - 15.0
0.8 - 2
3.5 - 4.0
13.0 - 25.0
2-4
5.0 - 7.5
18.0 - 35.0
3-8
13-45

5

5
2.5
13-6 Poker
(Revibration)

2
(Revibrated)
1 - 2
15%

237
13.8
13-46
(Finishing)

:

:

:

Laitance
238
Cement
and
Applications
. 213-2520 :

, 2537.
2 , 10 1, 2546.
3 , 10 2, 2546.
4 , , (-), 2546.
5 , .
6 , , 2545.
7 , .
8 ACI Committee 304, ACI 304R-00 : Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete,
2002.
9 ACI Committee 309, ACI 309R-96 : Guide for Consolidation of Concrete, 2002.
10 ACI Committee 309, ACI 309.2R-98 : Identification and Control of Visible Effects of Consolidation on
Formed Concrete Surfaces, 2002.
11 ACI Committee 506, ACI 506R-90 : Guide to Shotcrete, 2002.
Edition, 1993.
14 R. G. Batterham, Slipform Concrete.
239
Cement
and
Applications
14
14-1

28
241
14.1
35
eloc
ity
20 25 m
mp ph
h ( (40
32
km km/hr)
/hr)
C)
4.
4.0
r)
3.0
h
p
r)
m
15 6 km/h 2.0
1
(
ph
10 m km/hr)
(8
5 mph (3 km/hr) 1.0
h
2 mp 0
k
(24
kg/m2/hr
m/h
dv
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Air temperature, deg F
0.8
To use this chart:
0.7
Enter with air temperature, move up to
0.6
relative humidity
0.5
Move right to concrete
0.4
temperature
0.3
Move down to wind
0.2
velocity
Move left; read approx. 0.1
rate of evaporation
0
(38
3.
F
100
2.
ure
1.
erat
mp
e te
Relative
humidity 100 percent 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
cret
Con
242
deg C
25
C)
(32
90F )
C
(27
80F 1C)
(2
70F (16C)
)
60F 10C C)
(
50F 0F (4
4
14-3

, ,
,

1.0

0.5
7
15
win
Rate of evaporation, lb/sq ft/hr
14-2

(Plastic Shrinkage Crack)
(Curing)

1.
2.

, , ,

Cement
and
Applications
28
(./..)
420
350
14
7
280
210
140
70
03 7
14
28
90
180
()
14-4
14.2
2
1.
2.
14-4
1.
2. 28

3.

14-4
7
28
7
70%
2

243
14.3

2
1.
2.
1. :

, ,

10oC
(Thermal
Shock)

14-1
)
14-5

(Ponding Imersion)

,
, ,
,
14-1
244

10oC

(
)
Cement
and
Applications
(Sprinkling Fog Spraying)

, ,
10 oC

(Water-Absorbent Materials)

,

15

10oC

14-1 ()
2. :

(Sealing Materials)

14-2
)
)
14-6
245
(Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete)

. 841 ASTM C 309 (Membrane-Forming) 3 1 , 2 ,
3 2 , (Vehicle)
,

,

, ,
(Plastic Film)
ASTM C 171 (Polyethylene Sheets) 0.1
Water-Absorbent Fabric 0.1 Water-Absorbent
Fabric

(

)
30oC)

(Reinforced Paper)
ASTM C 171 2 (Kraft Paper)
(Bituminous Adhesive) (Non-asbestos Fibers)
14-2
246
Cement
and
Applications
(Formwork)

, , , ,

14-2 ()
14.4
(./..)
500

()
28
14-7
400
7

300

3
200

1
100

,
0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
, , ,
( C)

14-7
(Low Pressure Steam Curing)
180
40 - 100 oC
40 C
160
55 C
o
140
65 - 80 C
85 C
120

100
90 C

80
20 C
14-8
60
40

20
3
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1.
()
2.
14-8
3.

(./..)
247
(OC)
14-9
2-6
30 oC
Maturity
0 4
8 12 16 20 24 28

()
20 - 30 oC
14-9

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
(High Pressure Steam Curing)

100 oC
Autoclave
160 - 210 oC 6 - 20 atm

100 oC

24
28

Efflorescence

14.5
2

14-10

248
Cement
and
Applications

(Stress)

( 2 )
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, --
(Mass Concrete)
,
, , ,
,
( 1 )
1
3
5
14
7
14
3
7
7
14
14
14
14
14
14
7
14
3
7
7
14
14
14
14-3

( 2 )
(1)
249
14.6

, , ,
, ,
1
3

3 2
1
14-3
14.7
14-11
14-12

4
250
(Formwork) , , ,
,

(Tolerance)

2

28

Cement
and
Applications
, ,

1.

2.
, , ,
, ,
()
50
140
14-4
()
2
14
21
14-5
3.
14-4
4.

14-5

251
. 841-2532 :

Field
ASTM C 171 : 2003 : Standard Specification for Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete
Laboratory
ASTM C 309 : 2003 : Standard Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing
Concrete
ASTM C 684 : 2003 : Standard Test Method for Making, Accelerated Curing, and Testing
Concrete Compression Test Specimens
, 2537.
2 , 10 2, 2546.
3 , , 2547.
4 , ,
, 2541.
5 , , 2545.
6 , .
7 ACI Committee 305, ACI 305R-99 : Hot Weather Concreting, 2002.
8 ACI Committee 308, ACI 308R-92 : Standard Practice for Curing Concrete, 2002.
9 ACI Committee 308, ACI 308.1R-98 : Standard Specification for Curing Concrete, 2002.
252
Cement
and
Applications
15
15-1 3

3 ,
,

2

253
15.1

15.2
15-2
3
, ,
254
(Compressive Strength)
(Compressive Stress)
(Failure)
3
1.
2.
3.
1.

, ,
(Degree of Hydration)

, ,
, , , ,
2.

Cement
and
Applications

3.

15.3
(Water to Cement Ratio)

2

Compressive Strength
Vibration
Hand Compaction
Fully Compacted
Concrete
Insufficiently
Compacted Concrete
Water/Cement Ratio
28 (./..)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
(W/C)
)
)
28
15-3 (W/C)
255
Duff Abrams (.. 2461)

(
Air Voids 1%)

( 530 )

0.20 - 0.40
Gel/Space Ratio (Porosity)

, ,
, ,
, ,
, (
)
(Porosity) 3
, , (Transition Zone)

(Entrapped Air Voids), (Capillary Pores),
(Gel Pores), (Entrained Air)

Gel/Space Ratio
(Porosity)

256
Cement
and
Applications
100,000
600
80,000
60,000
400
psi
Compressive Strength (MPa)
800
40,000
200
20,000
0
0
1
2.5
7.5 10
25
50
75 100
Porosity (log scale) (%)
15-4
15.4

1.
1.1 :

1.2 :

)
15-5
257
1.3 :

1.4 :

2.

3.
3.1 :

3.2 :

3.3 , , :

4.
4.1 :

28
258
Cement
and
Applications
4.2 :
4.3 :

5.
5.1 :

15-1
15-6
()
7.5
10
15
20
25
106
104
100
95
92
()
5.0
7.5
15
20
30
45
60
90
10
15
30
40
60
90
120
180
109
106
100
97
91
87
84
82
)
)
15-1

15-2
5.2 :

5.3 :
5.4 :

15-3
(L/D)
2.00
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.94
0.91
15-2
259
2
10
30
1
4
100
1
3
30
100
95
92
90
88
78
77
73
69
15-3
5.5 :

Cap
(100%)
-40
-30
-20
-10
+10
15-7
, ,
15-8
260
Cement
and
Applications
15.5
(./..)

2
1. [BS EN 123901, BS EN 12390-2, BS EN 12390-3, BS EN 12390-4] 15
2. [ASTM
C 39, ASTM C 192] 15 30
1. Confining
Stress
2.
Confining Stress
.
15-10
. 213
2 15-4
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
(./..)
15-10
C 10/8
C 12.5/10
C 15/12
C 20/15
C 25/20
C 30/25
C 35/30
C 40/35
C 45/40
Confining Stress
15-9

(Confining Stress)
28
()
15
15 x 30
100
80
125
100
150
120
200
150
250
200
300
250
350
300
400
350
450
400
15-4
. 213
261
15.6

1. 15
2. 15
30
3. 15 X 15 X 60
(
)
15.6.1
)
15-11
,
,

BS EN 12390 Part 1
Testing hardened concrete
Shape, dimensions and other requirements for specimens and
moulds

BS EN 12390 Part 2
Making and curing specimens for strength tests

,
, ,

1.
2.
3.
4.
262
15
1
Cement
and
Applications
5.
6.
7.
G
A
C
B
E
D
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
15-12

1.
2. 3
35
3.
4. ) 3
16 - 24 (
)
,

5.
7 28 (
)

) 35
15-13
263
15.6.2

ASTM C 192
)

) 3

25
1. 15
30
2. 1.6
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
15-14

)

15-15
264
1.
2. 3
25
3.
4.
16 - 24 (
Cement
and
Applications
)
,

5.
7 28 (
) ) Cap
Cap
2
Cap
Cap
Cap
1. 2
100%
60-70%
2. Cap
)

Cap Cap
15-16
15.6.3
Cap

BS EN 12390 Part 3
Compressive strength of test specimens

ASTM C 39
Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

1.
2.
1.4 - 3.5
3.
15-17
4.
265
1. (ksc)
2. (N/mm2)
15.7

, ,
, , , , ,
)

, , ,

)

2 15-5
1. (
)
2. (
)
15-18
266
-
-
- -
-
-
15-5
Cement
and
Applications

1. :
(./..)
28

28 - < 35
15-6
35 - < 42
42 - < 49
2. :
49

15-6

15-7
(./..)
3.0
3.0 - < 4.0
4.0 - < 5.0
5.0 - < 6.0
6.0
A
B
C
(./ ..)
42
33
55
(%)
7.0
5.0
3.0
) )
15-7 15-8
3
15.8

(Shear Failure)
15-19 )

450 - /2 20 oC
35 oC
(Splitting Failure)
15-19 ) 2 (Combination
Shear and Splitting Failure) 15-19 )

15-20
267
35o
) Shear or Cone Failure
Explosive failure
)
) Splitting or Columnar Failure
T
T
T
) Combination Shear and

Splitting Failure
15-19
T
T
T = Tensile Crack
)
15-20
268
Cement
and
Applications
. 213-2520 :
. 409-2525 :

ASTM C 39 : 2004 : Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimens
Laboratory
BS EN 12390-1 : 2000 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other
requirements for specimens and moulds
BS EN 12390-2 : 2000 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 2: Making and curing specimens for
strength tests
BS EN 12390-3 : 2002 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 3: Compressive strength of test
specimens
BS EN 12390-4 : 2002 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 4: Compressive strength--Specification for testing machines
, 2537.
2 , , , 2543.
3 , 1 ,
(), ,
2546.
4 , , 2545.
269
Cement
and
Applications
16
) (Flexural Strength Test)
) (Abrasion Resistance)
16-1

, , , , ,
10%

15 - 25%

271
16.1 (Tensile Strength)

10%

3
1. Direct Tensile Strength Test
2. Flexural Strength Test
3. Splitting Tensile Strength Test
16.1.1 Direct Tensile Strength Test

1.
2.

16.1.2 Flexural Strength Test

(Modulus of
Rupture)

16-2 Strain Gradient

(Flexural Strength Test)
272
Cement
and
Applications
16.1.3 Splitting Tensile Strength Test

2
(Compression Zone)
5 - 12%
16-3

Splitting Tensile Strength Test

(psi)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
10,000
8,000
600
4
3
400
(psi)
(Splitting Tensile Strength) (MPa)
800
2
200
1
0
0
20
40
60
80
(Compressive Strength) (MPa)
16-4 (Splitting Tensile Strength) 4
3 Flexural Strength Test

Direct Tensile Strength Test Flexural Strength
Test Splitting Tensile Strength Test

1.
- Flexural Strength Test
- Direct Tensile Strength Test
273
2.
- Direct Tensile Strength Test Splitting Tensile Strength
Test

3.
- Direct Tensile Strength Test Splitting Tensile Strength
Test

Strength of concrete (psi)
Compressive
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Modulus
of
rupture
230
375
485
580
675
765
855
930
1,010
Ratio (%)
Tensile
110
200
275
340
400
460
520
580
630
Modulus of
rupture to
compressive
strength
23.0
18.8
16.2
14.5
13.5
12.8
12.2
11.6
11.2
Tensile
strength to
compressive
strength
11.0
10.0
9.2
8.5
8.0
7.7
7.4
7.2
7.0
Tensile
strength to
modulus of
rupture
48
53
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
16-1 , , 5
16.2 (Shear Strength)

15 - 25%

274
Cement
and
Applications

16.3 (Bond Strength)

19 15

(Yield Strength)
2.5
16.4 (Impact Strength)

1. : Poisson
Ratio
2. :

3. :

4. :
400
275
16.5 (Abrasion Resistance)

1.

2.
16-5
3.
(Abrasion Resistance)
ASTM C 944
4.
5.
6.
16.6
16.6.1

ASTM C 192

) , ,

1. 15 x 15 x 60
2. 16
3.
)
16-6
276

1.
2. 2
60
Cement
and
Applications
3.
24

,
4.
7 28

16.6.2 (Flexural Strength Test)

ASTM C 78
Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point
Loading)

Simple
Beam with Third-Point Loading

1.
2. 7.5
3 15
3.

P
b
a
L/3
L/3
L
L/3
16-7 (Flexural Strength Test)
277
4. 0.14 - 0.20
5.
R = PL
bd2
R = 3Pa
bd2
R = ()
P = ()
L = ()
a =
()
b = ()
d = ()
16.6.3 Splitting
Tensile Strength Test

ASTM C 496
Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

Splitting Tensile Strength

1.
2. 0.3 x 2.5 x 30 2
3.
278
Cement
and
Applications

1.
P
2
18 x 1
2.
15 x 30 .
18 x 1
3. 0.12 - 0.23
16-8
Splitting Tensile
Strength Test
fs = 2P
dL
fs = Splitting Tensile Strength ()
P = ()
L = ()
d = ()
279
ASTM C 78 : 2002 : Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple
Beam with Third-Point Loading)
Laboratory
ASTM C 496 : 2004 : Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens
ASTM C 944 : 1999 : Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete or
Mortar Surfaces by the Rotating-Cutter Method
BS EN 12390-1 : 2000 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other
requirements for specimens and moulds
BS EN 12390-2 : 2000 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 2: Making and curing specimens for
strength tests
BS EN 12390-4 : 2000 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 4: Compressive strength--Specification for testing machines
BS EN 12390-5 : 2000 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 5: Flexural strength of test
specimens
BS EN 12390-6 : 2000 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test
specimens
BS EN 12390-7 : 2000 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 7: Density of hardened concrete
BS EN 12390-8 : 2000 : Testing hardened concrete---Part 8: Depth of penetration of water
under pressure
, 2537.
2 , , , 2543.
3 , , 2545.
Edition, 1993.
280
Cement
and
Applications
17
17-1

, ,
. 213
.. 2520 , , , ,
,
281
17.1

1.
2.
3.
,
, , ,
, , , ,
,
17.2
(Ready-Mixed Concrete)

17-1
1.
2. ,
,
1.
2.
3.
4.
17-1
282
Cement
and
Applications
17.3
..
2415 Deacon

17-2

10 .. 2446 D. JH. Magens

(.. 1903)
.. 2446 - 2455

(.. 1903 - 1912)
.. 2456 (.. 1913)

.. 2467

(.. 1924)
.. 2469

(.. 1926)
(Mobile Mixer)
.. 2469
.. 2473

(.. 1930)
30
Bedfont
.. 2446-2493

(.. 1903-1950)

.. 2503

(.. 1960)

.. 2506

(.. 1963)
()
50

17-4
17-3
17-5
283
17.4

, ,

3
3 , ,
1 (Introduction) 5 - 10
10%
2 (Growth)

3 (Consolidation)
50 - 60%
15 - 20
30 - 45
40 - 60
70
60
50
40
30

20
10
10
20
30
40
50
17-6
284
Cement
and
Applications
17.5
4 ,
, , 17-2
1.

2.

3.

4.

17-2
17.6

(SSD)

17-7
285
)
17-8
17-9
17.7
2
1. (Vertical Production Plant)

2. (Horizontal Production Plant)

) Star-Pattern
) Pocket
17-11
) Inline
Loading
Hopper
17-10
286
Cement
and
Applications
2
1. (Truck Agitator)

2. (Truck Mixer)
3 - 5 17-12
5
17.8
3
1.
:
- : , , , ,
: , ,
: )
2.

()
5.0 + 2.5
7.5 + 2.5
10.0 + 2.5
10.0 + 2.5
15.0
17-3
)
17-13 -
287
3.

)
17-14

7 28
, ,
Moving Average Cusum

28 ()
15
15 x 30
180
140
210
180
240
210
280
240
320
280
350
300
380
320
400
350
17-4
17.9
17-15

288
1.

2.

3.
30 - 150

4.

5.

Cement
and
Applications
6.
7.

8.
,

17.10
1.
3 ()
10
4
15
2.
40
0.5 - 1.0
3. 17-5
17-5
4. 1
5.

17.11
1.
2.
(
17-6
289
3.
4.
5.
1.0 - 2.0
, ,

0.15 - 0.25

17-6 ()
17.12

. 213
.. 2520

. 213 , , , ,
,

17-16

. 213
290
Cement
and
Applications

(Truck Mixer)
(Truck Agitator)

. 213 17-7
C 10/8
C 12.5/10
C 15/12
C 20/15
C 25/20
C 30/25
C 35/30
C 40/35
C 45/40
28
()
15
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
15 x 30
80
100
120
150
200
250
300
350
400
17-7

1.
:
291
2.
17-8
200 .
200 .
500 .
500 .
-

+ 2%
+ 1%
+ 3%
+ 2%
+ 3%
+ 3%
+ 3%
17-8

17-9

(Slump)
10
7.5
2.5
1. 17-7
7.5
4.0
1.0%
2. 1 17-7 85%
(Air Content)
6.0%
1.1
(Coarse

Aggregate Content)
3. 1 17-7 85%
1.6%
1 17-7 85%
(Unit Weight of Air-Free
1.1
Mortar)
17-7
17-9
2

(Specification)
. 213

. 213
17-17
. 213
292
Cement
and
Applications
. 213-2520 :

, 2537.
2 , , 2545.
293

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Cement

.. 2367 Joseph Aspdin

Great Pyramid Giza

John Smeaton (Soft Limestone)

1-6 Eddystone Lighthouse

(.. 1920 - 1950)

(Raw Material Storage)

(Raw Meal Silo)

(Transporting by Cement Trucks)

2-5 (Dry Process)

) (High Alumina Clay)

) (Iron Ore) Fe2O3

2-7 Additive Materials

2-6 Corrective Materials

2-13 (Raw Mill)

2-14 (Raw Meal)

2-22 (Grinding Ball)

2-21 (Cement Mill)

Overall C3S 55%, C2S 10%, C3A 10%, C4AF 8%

2. Free Lime (CaO)

(Plastic and Workable Paste)

(Initial Setting Time)

(Final Setting Time)

(Stiff and Unworkable Paste)

(Rigid Solid Gaining Strength with Time)

3-8 3-6 80%

CSH (Short Fibres)

3.10.4 (Setting Time)

False Set Plasticity

3.10.6 (Compressive Strength)

(Blended Hydraulic Cements)

(Expansive Hydraulic Cement

(Rapid Hardening Cement)

(Calcium Aluminate Cement

(Magnesium Phosphate Cement)

(Ordinary Portland Cement)

(Modified Portland Cement)

1. (Air Content of Mortar),

4-21 Slag Cement

IS, IP, I(PM), I(SM)

(Fineness), (Specific Surface),

4-8 Masonry ASTM

6,000 10,000 (1,830

(Fineness), (Specific Surface)

5-2 (Acoustic Performance)

5-3 (Fire Rating)

8-7 Dome of the Pantheon

Joseph Aspdin Wakefield

Jean Loius Lambot (Ferro Cement)

8-8 Eddystone Lighthouse

Eugene Freysinnet (Prestressed

(Performance Based Design for Concrete Mixture)

(Industrial Byproducts) (Fly Ash), Blast-furnace Slag, (Municipal

(Bulk Density) 1,120

1. (Side Hill Quarry)

2. (Top Down Quarry)

9-17 (Open Pit

9-33 Screw Washer

2.5 PLC (Programmable Logic Control)

9-34 Belt Stacker

2. (Impact and Abrasion

9.9.1 (Maximum Size of

9.9.2 (Gradation Grading)

9.9.3 (Moisture and Absorption)

Cement & ApplicationsCPAC

Cement & ApplicationsCPAC