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Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive design approach for reinforced concrete flexural beams and
unidirectional slabs strengthened with externally bonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) plates. The approach complies
with the Canadian Concrete Standard. The paper is divided into two parts, namely flexural strengthening and shear
strengthening. In the first part, analytical models are presented for two families of failure modes: classical modes such
as crushing of concrete in compression and tensile failure of the laminate, and premature modes such as debonding of
the plate and ripping off of the concrete cover. These models are based on the common principles of compatibility of
deformations and equilibrium of forces. They can be used to predict the ultimate strength in flexure that can be
achieved by such elements, given the FRP cross-sectional area, or conversely, the required FRP cross-sectional area to
achieve a targeted resisting moment for rehabilitated flexural elements. In the second part, design equations are derived
to enable calculation of the required cross-sectional area of shear lateral FRP plates or strips for four plating patterns:
vertical strips, inclined strips, wings, and U sheet jackets. A step by step procedure is also presented along with an
easy to use flow chart. Finally, a numerical design example is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the
approach. This study is believed to be timely and very useful for the practicing engineer.
Key words: reinforced concrete, beams, slabs, strengthening, FRP, plates, design, flexure, shear, mode of failure, adhesive.
Rsum : Cet article prsente une approche de calcul complte pour des poutres de flexion en bton arm et des dalles
unidirectionnelles renforces laide de plaques de plastique base de fibres (fiber-reinforced plastic, FRP). Cette
approche respecte les normes canadiennes pour le bton (Canadian Concrete Standard). Larticle est divis en deux
parties : le renforcement en flexion et le renforcement en cisaillement. Dans la premire partie, des modles
analytiques sont prsents pour deux familles de modes de rupture : les modes classiques, tels que la rupture en
compression du bton ou la rupture en tension du substrat (FRP), et les modes prmaturs, tels que la dsolidarisation
linterface de la plaque FRP ou larrachement du bton de recouvrement. Ces modles sont bass sur les principes
communs de compatibilit des dformations et dquilibre des forces. Ils peuvent tre utiliss afin de prdire la
rsistance ultime en flexion que peuvent atteindre de tels lments, connaissant laire de la section transversale de la
plaque FRP, ou inversement, laire de la section transversale de la plaque FRP requise pour atteindre le moment
rsistant vis par la rhabilitation de llment en flexion. Dans la deuxime partie, les quations de calcul sont
drives pour permettre le calcul de laire de la section transversale des plaques ou des bandes de FRP requise en
cisaillement latral pour quatre motifs de recouvrement : bandes verticales, bandes inclines, ailes et enveloppes en U.
Une procdure tape par tape avec un organigramme facile utiliser est galement prsente. Finalement, un exemple
de calcul numrique est fourni afin de dmontrer que cette approche est applicable. Cette tude savre opportune et
trs utile pour lingnieur en pratique.
Mots cls : bton arm, poutres, dalles, renforcement, FRP, plaques, conception, flexion, cisaillement, mode de rupture,
adhsion.
[Traduit par la Rdaction]
Chaallal et al.
704
Chaallal et al.
M n 12
. (M D + M L )
[2]
. VD + 15
. VL
Vr 125
693
. M D + 15
. ML
M r 125
[4]
. (VD + VL )
Vn 12
. (M D + M L )
M n 12
[6]
Vn 12
. (VD + VL )
tbottom fuFRP
or tbottom uFRP
c cu
where tbottom and tbottom are the tensile stress and corresponding strain at the outermost tensile fibers, respectively;
fuFRP and uFRP are the ultimate tensile strength and corresponding strain of the FRP plate, respectively; c is the compressive strain in the concrete at the outermost compressive
fiber; and cu is the ultimate compressive strain of concrete
(cu = 0.0035 according to A23.3). Note, however, that [7]
can only be true for very lightly reinforced sections. As a result, crushing of concrete will most likely occur before failure of the FRP strips.
Premature modes of failure
A close examination of a large number of observed modes
of failure showed that the plate peeling failure, originating
invariably at the end of the plate, is the mode occuring at the
earliest stage (Chaallal et al. 1997; Meier and Kaiser 1991;
Varastehpour and Hamelin 1996; Sharif et al. 1994). Again,
the plate peeling failure mode can be categorized into two
types of failure: (i) debonding of plate at the interface adja 1998 NRC Canada
694
Fig. 1. Different failure modes of a RC beam strengthened in
flexure with FRP plates: (a) debonding of FRP plate; and
(b) peeling off of concrete layer.
zero in the equations; and (ii) beams with tension and compression reinforcement.
With reference to Fig. 2, the four internal force components related to concrete, steel reinforcement in compression, steel reinforcement in tension, and FRP plates are,
respectively,
[9]
C c = 1 c fc (1c) b
[10a] C s = As (s fc 1c fc )
which can be written neglecting the term As (1c fc ) as
[10b] C s = As s fs
[11a] Ts = ss Es As
[11b] Ts = s fy As
[12]
if s < y
if s y
In this section, simplified analytical methods are developed to predict the resisting moments corresponding to classical failure modes described earlier. Figure 2 shows the
cross section of the rectangular beam that was used in the
analysis. Two cases can be encountered in practice:
(i) beams with tension reinforcement only, in which case the
value of the compression reinforcement, As, is to be set to
[13]
1 = 085
. 0.0015 fc 06
.
and 1 is the ratio of the depth of the rectangular compression block to the depth to the neutral axis c, given by
[14]
.
1 = 0.97 0.0015 fc 06
Chaallal et al.
695
Fig. 2. Stressstrain relationship in a strengthened beam with tension and compression steel reinforcement.
c
[18a] M r = C s(c d ) + C c c 1
2
fuFRP
= uFRP
EFRP
+ Ts(d c) + TFRP (h c)
or
c
[18b] M r = C s(c d ) + (Ts + TFRP C s) c 1
2
+ Ts(d c) + TFRP (h c)
noting that
[19]
c
700
=
d
700
+ fy
bal
[21]
if s y
where b and h are the width and the height of the beam cross
section, respectively; and d and d are the distances from the
extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tension
steel reinforcement and to the compression steel reinforcement, respectively.
Having obtained c from [17a] and [17b], one should verify that s y as assumed, where s is computed by [15a]. If
such is not the case, the cross-sectional area of the FRP is
too great and should therefore be reduced to allow the steel
to yield and thereby improve the ductile behaviour of the rehabilitated section. The resisting moment with respect to the
neutral axis can then be computed as
C c = Ts + TFRP C s
fy h c
Es d c
1c fc (1c)b = s fy As
+ FRP AFRP EFRP
fy h c
s fs As
Es d c
696
[23]
c
d bal
fy h c
FRP s fs s
Es d c
1c1 fc
s fy s + FRP EFRP
[26]
1/ 2
ks
bFRPt FRP
= V +
(h c)
M
EFRP bFRPt FRP
Iba
[27]
= k1
700
=
700 + fy
[28]
700 f
bal
1 c 1 c + f f
FRP
=
s s s
s y s
700 + fy
fy h c
FRP EFRP
Es d c
bal
t FRP
bal
bd FRP
=
bFRP
It may be worth noting that other types of ductility measurements, such as those based on shear overstrength capacity, have been used for members strengthened with FRP
(e.g., Maruyama 1997; Abdelrahman et al. 1997). The resisting moment corresponding to balanced failure can be calculated using [18a] and [18b] with c = [700/(700 + fy)]d. The
curvature at midspan, , can also be calculated by dividing
the concrete strain at the extreme compressive fiber by the
distance to the neutral axis c, that is, = cu/c.
k1 = t FRP
kn
4 EFRP I FRP
where ks and kn are the shear and normal stiffnesses, respectively, of the adhesive per unit length, given by
[29]
ks = G a
ba
ta
[30]
kn = Ea
ba
ta
and where V and M are the shear force and bending moment,
respectively, at plate curtailment; ba is the width of the adhesive; ta is the thickness of the adhesive; Ea is Youngs modulus of the adhesive; Ga is the shear modulus of the adhesive;
IFRP is the moment of inertia of the FRP plate; and I is the
moment of inertia of fully composite transformed section
equivalent to FRP.
Maximum allowable shear stresses corresponding to
premature failures
Case 1: debonding at interface
Debonding of the plate occurs in the direction parallel to
the adhesive line (Fig. 3), as the sustainable shear stress of
the adhesive combined to normal stress reaches its ultimate
value. This type of failure can conveniently be described by
the MohrCoulomb law:
[31]
debonding = C n tan
where debonding is the internal debonding shear stress at interface, C is the cohesion, n is the stress normal to the adhesive line, and is the angle of internal friction. Note that
C and depend on the properties of the adhesive and of the
concrete, as well as the surface preparation. They can be
determined experimentally using a single lap shear test
(i.e., n = 0) and a flexural beam test designed to fail by
debonding (i.e., = (i j) EFRPAFRP/bFRPdx, see Fig. 3, and
equating [31] and [27]). Such tests have been performed by
Varastehpour and Hamelin (1996) with different adhesive
and FRP types. The authors suggested a maximum shear
stress debonding
= 5.4 n tan 33, which can be written, takmax
ing into account [27] and [28], as
[32]
debonding
=
max
5.4
1 + k1 tan 33
Chaallal et al.
697
f L b
peeling
= t t
ult
6dc bFRP
ft = 053
.
fc
Primary cracks in reinforced concrete elements are initiated when the external load reaches the cracking load. As
loading is increased, additional cracks will form, and the
number of cracks will stabilize when the stress in the concrete no longer exceeds its tensile strength at locations farther away, regardless of the load increase. Experimental
results on beams in flexure showed that the average crack
spacing in the shear zone, Lt, avg, equals more or less the stirrups spacing in that zone (Park and Paulay 1975).
A =
MA
IA
Lt
2
where
[34]
M A = Lt bFRP dc
The objective of this part of the study is to present a rational design procedure for RC beams or unidirectional slabs
strengthened with externally bonded FRP plates. This is believed to be particularly useful to the practising engineer in
charge of structural rehabilitations and repairs. For the procedure to be complete, it must consider the different modes
of failure outlined previously.
The problem of strengthening with bonded FRP plates
generally translates into the determination of the plate section (bFRP tFRP) required to achieve a targeted resisting moment without premature failure. However, the plate should
1998 NRC Canada
698
[38]
b t
k
s
= V +
M FRP FRP (h c) all
Iba
; peeling
)
all = min (debonding
max
ult
Due to its brittle nature, shear failure can occur without warning. Therefore, RC members are designed in such
a way as to develop their full flexural strength, thereby
ensuring a ductile failure, prior to any other type of brittle
failure.
Shear strengthening schemes
This paper covers the following four plating patterns
which are commonly used by practising engineers: (i) inclined strips (Fig. 6a), (ii) vertical strips (Fig. 6b),
(iii) wings (Fig. 6c), and (iv) U sheet jackets (Fig. 6d).
Design equations
The shear capacity Vr of a RC member strengthened in
shear with externally bonded FRP plates, strips, or sheets
generally results from three component resistances: concrete
Vc, internal steel stirrup Vs, and FRP plate or strip VFRP.
Therefore, the following relation must be satisfied:
[40]
Vf Vr = Vc + Vs + VFRP
[41]
Chaallal et al.
699
700
[45]
d
sFRP
(sin + cos )
that the diagonal cracks are assumed to be inclined at an angle . With reference to Fig. 7, Vs and VFRP, which are the
vertical components of the forces in the steel transverse bars
and FRP strips, can be derived as
[42]
Vs = n s s Av fy sin = s Av fy
and
[43]
where sFRP is the spacing of FRP side strips, and ns and nFRP
are, respectively, the number of internal steel stirrups and
externally bonded FRP side strips pairs. By virtue of clauses
11.3.4 and 11.3.5 of A23.3, Vr and VFRP must satisfy
(Vs + VFRP ) 08
.
c fc bwd .
For design purposes a good approximation of distance
and angle (see Fig. 7) would be = d and = 45 (e.g.,
MacGregor 1988). Assuming these values for and yields
the following:
[44]
and
Vs = s Av fy
d
(sin + cos )
s
AvFRP =
Vf sFRP
FRP fuFRP d(sin + cos )
AvFRP =
Internal steel stirrups are solidly anchored into the concrete; as a result, steel stirrups can develop their full yielding capacity. This may not hold true for externally bonded
plates or strips where debonding may occur. Therefore, care
should be taken that the forces developed in the lateral strips
or plates do not exceed the maximum shear stress (Fig. 8).
As seen in Fig. 8, the shear stress reaches a maximum at the
cutoff of the strip in a zone of high stress concentration. For
lateral strips inclined at an angle (see Fig. 8a), it follows
that
[48]
VFRP
b h
sFRP
For vertical lateral strips, = 90 and [48] becomes (see
Fig. 8b)
1998 NRC Canada
Chaallal et al.
701
[49]
b h
1
2 FFRP d
= 2 avg FRP FRP d
sFRP
2
sFRP
VFRP
avg =
debonding
max
where debonding
can be computed using [32].
max
Lateral wings and U sheet jackets
These cases are illustrated in Fig. 9 and can be viewed as
a special case of vertical strips whose spacing is nil. Therefore, the required AvFRP can be deduced from [47] as
[51]
AvFRP = t FRP d =
Vf Vc Vs
FRP fuFRP
and
[52]
dh
VFRP = 2 FFRP = 2 avg w
2
[54]
dh j
702
Problem
A simply supported beam spanning 8 m has a section as
shown in Fig. 10. It was originally designed to carry a factored maximum shear Vf = 190 kN and moment Mf = 380
kNm (specified dead loads = 15 kN/m, specified live loads
= 19 kN/m). The structural engineer may wish to strengthen
such a beam for shear and flexure using externally bonded
carbon (CFRP) plates, on the soffit for flexure and on the
sides for shear, to be able to carry an extra factored shear
force of 60 kN and an extra factored moment of 120 kNm
(i.e., an extra specified dead load is 4.8 kN/m and an extra
specified live load is 6 kN/m).
Design parameters
The design parameters are given as follows:
50 600
1
max
= 91 798 N
VFRP
= 2 1945
.
535
2
340
max
and VFRP = 60 kN < VFRP
= 92 kN.
Chaallal et al.
703
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