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Chapter 3: Acids, Bases and Salts

List ALL
Basic Questions
Basic Question 1
3.1.3

Calculate the [H+] and [OH-] in a given concentration of an HCl solution

a) Calculate the [H+] and the [OH] in a 0.010 M solution of HCl.

Given

R.T.F

[HCl] = 0.010M

[OH-] =??

[H+] = 0.010M
Kw = [H+] [OH-]
1 x 10 -14 = [H+] [OH-]
[OH-] = 1.0 10-12 M

3.1.3

Calculate the [H+] and [OH-] in a given concentration of an NaOH solution

b) Calculate the [H+] and the [OH] in a solution of 0.40 g of NaOH dissolved in 10 cm3 of solution.
Given

R.T.F

mNaOH = 0.40g
Vsoln= 10 cm3

[H+] = ??
[OH-] = ??

Number of moles of NaOH =

m 0.40
=
= 0.010 moles
M
40

n
0.010
=
= 1.0 M
V 10/1000
Kw = [H+] [OH-]

[OH-] =

1 x 10 -14 = [H+] [OH-]


[H+] = 1.0 10-14 M

Basic Question 2
3.2.3

Know type of oxides

This question is about the oxides.


aluminium oxide

Al2O3

calcium oxide

CaO

carbon dioxide

CO2

carbon monoxide

CO

magnesium oxide

MgO

sulphur dioxide

SO2

Which of the oxides listed above


(i)

can react with hydrochloric acid but not with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
To react with acid and not with base, the oxide must be basic. CaO and MgO are the
answers as they are basic oxides.

(ii)

can react with aqueous sodium hydroxide but not with hydrochloric acid.
To react with base and not with acid, the oxide must be acidic. SO2 and CO2 are the
answers as they are acidic oxides.

(iii)

can react with both hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide.
To react with both, acid and base, the oxide must be amphoteric. Al2O3 is the answer as
it is an amphoteric oxide.

(iv)

cannot react with hydrochloric acid or aqueous sodium hydroxide.


To react with neither acid nor base the oxide must be neutral. CO is the answer as it is a
neutral oxide.

Basic Question 3
3.3.1

Know the different methods used to prepare soluble/insoluble salts

TG

Three methods are used for salt preparation


Method A: using a burette and an indicator.
Method B: mixing two solutions to obtain a salt by precipitation
Method C: addition of an excess base or metal to a dilute acid then removing the excess by filtration.
For the following salt preparations, choose method A, B or C and name any reagent needed and
complete or write the reactions.
(i)

The soluble salt, zinc sulphate from the insoluble base zinc oxide.
Method: C
Reagent: Sulphuric acid
Word equation: Zinc oxide + sulphuric acid zinc sulphate and water

(ii)

The soluble salt, potassium chloride, from the soluble base, potassium hydroxide.
Method: A
Reagent : Hydrochloric acid
Equation KOH (aq)+HCl (aq) KCl (aq) + H2O(l)

(iii)

The insoluble salt, Lead (II) iodide from the soluble salt Lead (II) nitrate.
Method: B
Reagent : Potassium iodide or any soluble iodide
Equation: Pb2+ (aq) +2I-(aq)PbI2 (s)

Basic Question 4
3.3.1

Application on salt preparation

Copper sulphate solution was prepared by reacting excess copper oxide with dilute sulphuric acid.
The diagram below shows the method used.
25 cm3 of dilute sulphuric
acid was poured into a
beaker

copper oxide was

spatula

Graduated cylinder

tripod

a) Fill in the empty boxes.


b) Explain what is meant by excess.
What is left over unreacted at the end of a reaction
c) Draw a diagram to show how the mixture is filtered.

Stand
Filter paper
Filter funnel

beaker

Basic Question 5
3.5.1

Calculate the [H+] and [OH-] after mixing HCl with NaOH given nNaOH , CHCl
and VHCl

a) Suppose that 0.098 mole of solid NaOH is added to 0.100 liter of 1.00 M HCl. Calculate the final
concentration of H+ (aq) and OH(aq) at equilibrium
Steps:
1) Calculate number of moles of HCl in excess that are present in the solution.
Given

R.T.F

nNaOH = 0.098
VHCl = 0.100L
[HCl] = 1.00M

nHCl in excess = ??

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O


Number of moles of HCl = C x V = 1.00 x 0.100 = 0.100 moles
Since HCl and NaOH react in a 1:1 ratio, the number of moles of HCl that reacts with the
NaOH is 0.098 moles.
Number of moles of HCl left after reaction = 0.100 0.098 = 2.0 10-3 moles
2) Calculate the concentration of excess H+(aq).
Given

R.T.F

nNaOH = 0.098
VHCl = 0.100L
[HCl] = 1.00M

[H+] = ??

Number of moles of H+ in excess = number of moles of HCl in excess = 2.0 10-3 mole
n 2.010-3
=
= 0.0200 M
C=
V
0.100

3) Calculate the concentration of OH(aq) at equilibrium.


Given

R.T.F

nNaOH = 0.098
VHCl = 0.100L
[HCl] = 1.00M

[OH-] = ??

Kw = [H+] [OH-]
1 x 10 -14 = [H+] [OH-]= 2.0 10-3 [OH-]
[OH-] =5.0 x 10-13 M
3.5.1

Calculate the [H+] & [OH] if equal number of moles of acid and base are mixed

b) 200 ml of 1.00 M NaOH is added to 200 ml of 1.00 M HCl. Calculate the final [H+] and [OH].
Given

R.T.F

[NaOH] = 1.00 M
VNaOH = 200ml
[HCl] = 1.00 M
Vacid = 200 ml

[H+] and [OH] = ???

Step 1: Calculate n of each


n of H+ = n of HCl = [HCl]VHCl = (1.00)(200) = 200 mmoles
n of OH- = n of NaOH = [NaOH]VNaOH = (1.00)(200) = 200 mmoles
Step 2: Calculate n in excess
Equal n are mixed no excess
Step 3: Calculate concentration of H+ and OHSince neither is in excess, the resulting solution is neutral and [H+] = [OH] =

Kw

Basic Question 6
3.5.3

Calculate [H+] and [OH-] in a solution after adding one drop of NaOH to pure
water

1 drop of 0.10 M NaOH solution is added to 1000 cm3 of pure water. (Consider 1.0 ml to be 20 drops).
Find the [H+] and [OH] in the resulting solution.
Given

R.T.F

[NaOH] = 0.10M
VNaOH = 1 drop
Vwater = 1000cm3

[H+] and [OH] = ????

Volume of 1 drop of NaOH = 0.05 ml


Cold Vold = Cnew Vnew
[NaOH]new = (Cold Vold ) / Vnew = ( 0.1 0.05 ) / (1000 + 0.05) = 5.0 10-6M
[OH-] = [NaOH] = 5.0 10-6 M
Kw = [H+] [OH-]
-14
= [H+] [OH-] = [H+] 5.0 10-6
1 x 10
+
[H ] = 2.0 10-9 M

Basic Question 7
3.6.2

Calculate [H+] of a solution of a weak acid and its salt

Determine the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution containing 0.10 M benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, and
0.10 M sodium benzoate, C6H5COONa. (Ka = 6.4 105)
Given

R.T.F

[C6H5COOH] = 0.10M
[C6H5COONa] = 0.10M

[H+] = ????

Sodium benzoate is a strong electrolyte and it completely dissociates in water:

C6H5COONa(s)
0.10 M

Na+(aq)
0.10 M

+ C6H5COO(aq)
0.10 M

Benzoic acid is a weak electrolyte and it partially dissociates in water:

Initial
Change
Equilibrium

C6H5COOH(aq)
0.10 M
-x
0.10 x

H+(aq)
0
+x
x

+ C6H5COO(aq)
0.10
+x
x + 0.10

Since Ka is small, assume that x is small (negligible).


[C6H5COOH(aq)] = 0.10 x = 0.10 M
[H+(aq)] = x
[C6H5COO(aq)] = x + 0.10 = 0.10 M
[H + ][C6 H 5COO- ]
x (0.10)
Ka = 6.4 105 =
=
[C6 H 5COOH]
0.10
5
= 6.4 10
Check validity of the assumption:

.
=
= . %

.
Since the result is < 10% of the original concentration (0.10 M) , so the assumption is valid.
[H+(aq)] = 6.4 105 M

Basic Question 8
3.7.1

Know how to write dissociation equations of HCl/ HNO3/ H2SO4 / CH3COOH


and H3PO4 in water showing all steps.

Write the reaction between:


a) HCl(g) and water
HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
b) HNO3 and water
HNO3 (aq) H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
c) H2SO4 and water. Show both steps of the dissociation.
H2SO4 H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq)
HSO4-(aq)
H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
d) CH3COOH(aq) and water.
CH3COOH(aq)
CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)
e) H3PO4 and water. Show the three steps of the dissociation
H3PO4
H+(aq) + H2PO4-(aq)
H2PO4-(aq)
H+(aq) + HPO4-2(aq)
HPO4-2(aq)
H+(aq) + PO4-3(aq)
f) Where more than one proton may be released, in which step is the acid strongest? Weakest?
In the first step the acid is the strongest and in the last step the acid is the weakest.
Basic Question 9
3.9.3

Know how to write equations of metallic/ nonmetallic oxides in water

Complete the equations:


a) CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
b) SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
c) CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
d) SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq) 2H+(aq) + SO32-(aq)
e) K2O(s) + H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) 2K+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
f) Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

Basic Question 10
3.9.4

Know how to write different acid-base reactions including the reactions of


cations/anions with water.

Write down the net ionic reaction of the following:


a) Neutralization of an acid and a base
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
b) Carbonate ion in water
CO32-(aq) + H2O(l)
HCO3-(aq) + OH-(aq)
c) Sodium carbonate with a strong acid (net ionic reaction)
CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l)
d) Ammonium ion in water
NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
e) Strong base and ammonium salt

NH3(g) + H2O(l)
NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
f) CaO(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l)
g) SO3(g) + NaOH(aq) (net ionic reaction)
SO3(g) + 2OH-(aq) SO42-(aq) + H2O(l)
Basic Question 11
3.9.4

Calculate Ka of a weak acid given [H+] in solution given mass of acid and
volume of solution

If 23 grams of formic acid, HCOOH, are dissolved in 10.0 litres of water at 20C, the [H +] is found to be
3.0 103 M. Calculate Ka.
Given

R.T.F

mHCOOH = 23g
Vsoln= 10.0L
[H+] = 3.0 10-3 M

Ka = ??

23
= 0.50 mole
46
n 0.50
[HCOOH] =
= 0.050 M
=
V
10

n acid =

HCOOH(aq)
10

HCOO-(aq)

H+(aq)

[initial]
Part that dissolves
[Equilibrium]

0.050 M
-x
0.050 -x

0M
+x
+x

0M
+x
+x

The concentration of H+ at equilibrium = x = 3.0 10-3M


The concentration of HCOO- at equilibrium = x = 3.0 10-3M
The concentration of HCOOH at equilibrium = 0.050 x = 0.050-3.0x10-3 = 0.047M
Ka =

[H + ][HCOO- ]
= 1.9 10-4
[HCOOH]

OR for a quick answer like in a multiple choice question or cce:


[H+] =

[+ ]

Ka =

(. )
.

= 1.8 10-4

Basic Question 12
3.9.4

Calculate [H+] in a solution of CH3COOH given mass of acid and volume of


solution

A chemist dissolved 25 grams of CH3COOH in enough water to make one liter of solution. What is the
concentration of this acetic acid solution? What is the concentration of H+(aq)? Assume a negligible
change in [CH3COOH] because of dissociation to H+(aq).
Given

R.T.F

mCH3COOH = 25g

[H+] = ??

Vsolution = 1L

25
= 0.42 mole
60
n 0.42
[CH3COOH] =
=
= 0.42 M
V
1

n of acid =

[initial]
Part that dissolves
[Equilibrium]

CH3COOH(aq)
0.42 M
-
0.42 -

11

CH3COO-(aq)
0
+

H+(aq)
0
+

Ka =

[H + ][CH 3COO- ]
= 1.8 10-5
[CH 3COOH]

x2
= 1.8 10-5
0.42 - x
[H+] = =

assume <<0.42

K a [CH 3COOH] = 2.8 10-3 M

Check validity of the assumption:

.
=
= . %

.
Since the result is < 10% of the original concentration (0.42 M) , so the assumption is valid.
[H+(aq)] = 2.7 10-3 M

This confirms our assumption that x is small.

OR for a quick answer like in a multiple choice question or cce:


[H+] = = (. )(. ) = 2.8 10-3 M
Basic Question 13
3.9.4

Find [H+] and [OH-] given pH of solution

GT

a) If the pH of a solution is 5, what is [H+]? Is the solution acidic or basic?


Given
R.T.F
[H+] = ??

pH = 5
pH = - log [H+]
[H+] = 1.0 10-5 M

acidic

b) What is [H+] in a solution of pH = 8? Is the solution acidic or basic? What is [OH] in the same
solution?
Given

R.T.F

pH = 8

[OH-] = ??

pH = - log [H+]
[H+] = 1.0 10-8 M
[OH-] = 1.0 10-6 M

basic

12

Basic Question 14
3.9.4

Know what happens to pH and temp of solution when a salt dissolves

Potassium nitrate is a salt that dissolves in water in an endothermic process. What happens to the
temperature and pH of the water in which it is dissolved?
Process is endothermic temperature drops
KNO3 is the product of the strong acid, HNO3, and strong base, KOH. Therefore, it is neutral
pH remains 7
Notes:
There are different types of salts
Acidic salt

Basic salt

Neutral salt

Made up of
what

strong acid
weak base

strong base
weak acid

strong acid
strong base

pH

less than 7

greater than 7

equal to 7

Examples

NH4Cl
Cu(NO3)2

CH3COONa
Na2CO3

NaCl
KNO3

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Sample Questions
In all multiple choice, more than one answer could be correct.
3.1 Electrolytesstrong or weak
Sample Question 1
An electrolyte is a substance that dissolves in water giving ions
An electrolyte is a substance
a) that contains metal.
b) that produces electricity.
c) whose aqueous solution conducts an electric current.
d) which dissolves in water to give positive and negative ions.
e) that is made up of ions in the pure state.
Sample Question 2
A strong electrolyte dissolves in water giving ions exclusively (nothing else)
A strong electrolyte is a substance
a) that contains metal.
b) which dissolves in water and exclusively gives positive and negative ions.
c) which dissolves in water to give positive and negative ions.
d) that is made up of ions in the pure state.
e) whose particles in water dissociate only partially into ions.
Sample Question 3
A weak electrolyte dissolves in water giving ions to a limited extent
A weak electrolyte is a substance
a) that contains metal.
b) which dissolves in water and exclusively gives positive and negative ions.
c) which dissolves in water to give positive and negative ions.
d) what is made up of ions in the pure state.
e) whose particles in water dissociate only partially into ions.

14

Sample Question 4
Examples and electric conductivity of strong and weak electrolytes
Which of the following statements about electrolyte is true?
a) an electrolyte conducts electricity strongly if it is a strong electrolyte, weakly if it is a weak
electrolyte.
b) an example of a strong electrolyte is HCl.
c) an example of a weak electrolyte is acetic acid, CH3COOH.
d) an example of a strong electrolyte is NaOH.
e) an example of a strong electrolyte is HNO3.
3.1.1 Water: A weak electrolyte
Sample Question 5
For water, Kw = 1014 and in pure water [OH] = [H+] = 1.00 107 M
Which of the following is true about water at 25C?
a) Water is a weak electrolyte.
b) All of the particles in pure liquid water are H2O(l)
c) [OH] = [H+] = 1.00 107 M.
d) [OH] = [H+] = 1.00 1014 M.
e) Water is a good example of a strong electrolyte.
3.1.2 How Kw changes with temperature
Sample Question 6
Dissociation of H2O absorbs energy, causing Kw to increase with temperature
The dissociation of water is endothermic. Which of the following statements is true if the temperature of
the system was increased?
H2O(l) + 57.2 kJ H+(aq) + OH(aq)
Kw = [H+][OH] = 1014
a) equilibrium will be reached more rapidly but Kw remains constant
b) Kw would decrease with increasing temperature.
c) With increasing temperature the equilibrium will shift to the right, increasing the
concentrations of [H+] and [OH], so increasing the value of Kw.
d) With increasing temperature the equilibrium will shift to the left, decreasing the concentrations of
[H+] and [OH], so decreasing the value of Kw.

15

3.1.3 The special roles of H+(aq) and OH(aq) in water


Sample Question 7
Know that H+ and OH- are present in all aqueous solutions
Which ions are present in all aqueous solutions?
a) H+
b) OH
c) NO3
d) Na+
e) Fe+2
Sample Question 8
If H+(aq) or OH(aq) are added to water, [OH] [H+].
Which of the following is true about water at 25C if either H+(aq) or OH(aq) are added to it?
a) [OH] = [H+] = 1.00 107 M
b) [OH] [H+] 1.00 107 M
c) If only [OH] is added, [H+] still = 1.00 107 M
d) If only [H+] is added [OH] still = 1.00 107 M
e) [OH] [H+] = 1.00 1014 M
Sample Question 9
Know that in aqueous solutions Kw = [H+(aq)][OH(aq)] at all times
Which of the following is true about an aqueous solution where [H+] = 1.00 1010 M?
a) [OH] = [H+] = 1.00 107 M.
b) [OH] = [H+] = 1.00 1010 M
c) [OH] = [H+] = 1.00 1014 M
d) [H+] = 1.00 104 M
e) [OH] = 1.00 104 M

K w = [H + ][OH - ]
[OH - ] =

K w 1.010-14
=
= 1.010-4 M
+
-10
[H ] 1.010

16

Sample Question 10
Why yellow CrO42 changes orange Cr2O72, when H+ is added
Look at the equation: 2CrO42(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72(aq) + H2O
When a few drops of acid are added to CrO42(aq), the color changes to orange, this is because:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

according to Le Chateliers principle, adding H+ shifts the equilibrium to the left.


according to Le Chateliers principle, adding H+ shifts the equilibrium to the right.
H+(aq) is orange in color.
H+(aq) is red in color (red and yellow make orange).
Cr2O72(aq) is orange in color.

3.2 Experimental Introduction to Acids and Bases


3.2.1 Acids
Operational definition of an acid
Sample Question 11
What an operational definition is
An operational definition is
a) a definition of an operation.
b) a definition that satisfies a number of mathematical conditions.
c) a definition based on set of actions that can be performed in the lab.
d) a definition based on a theoretical concept.
e) a definition based on a single property.
Sample Question 12
Examples of acids
Which of the following is an example of (or contains) an acid?
a) Vinegar.
b) Ammonia solution.
c) Yoghurt.
d) Na2CO3.
e) NaOH.
f) H2SO4.

17

Sample Question 13
Operational definition of an acid
Which of the following is (or is a part of) the operational definition of an acid?
a) It contains hydrogen.
b) It contains oxygen.
c) Its aqueous solution conducts an electric current.
d) If its aqueous solution is added to zinc metal, hydrogen gas is liberated.
e) If blue litmus paper is dipped in its aqueous solution, it turns to red.
f) If red litmus paper is dipped in its aqueous solution, it turns to blue.
g) It tastes sour and bitter at the same time.
h) If feels slippery, like soap.
Which of the following is a property of HCl(aq) solutions?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

It gives a pale blue precipitate with aqueous copper (II) sulphate.


It gives a white precipitate with aqueous barium nitrate.
It releases ammonia gas when heated with ammonium sulphate solid.
If its aqueous solution is added to zinc metal, hydrogen gas is liberated.
It tastes bitter.

Acids react with bases, carbonates and metals. Which of the following reactions produces gases?

[-A-]
[-B-]
[-C-]
[-D-]
[-E-]

base carbonate

metal

Conceptual definition of an acid


Sample Question 14
What a conceptual definition is
A conceptual definition is
a) a definition of a concept.
b) a definition that satisfies a number of mathematical conditions.
c) a definition based on set of actions that can be performed in the lab.
d) a definition based on a theoretical concept.
e) a definition based on a single property.

18

Sample Question 15
Conceptual definition of an acid
Which of the following is (or is a part of) the conceptual definition of an acid?
a) It contains hydrogen.
b) It contains oxygen.
c) It can increase the [OH(aq)] in aqueous solution.
d) Its aqueous solution conducts an electric current.
e) If its aqueous solution is added to zinc metal, hydrogen gas is liberated.
f) It can increase the [H+(aq)] in aqueous solution.
g) If blue litmus paper is dipped in its aqueous solution, it turns to red.
h) If red litmus paper is dipped in its aqueous solution, it turns to blue.
i) It tastes sour and bitter at the same time.
j) If feels slippery, like soap.
Sample Question 16
Recognize an acid in an equation by using its conceptual definition
Which of the following equations shows that the underlined substance is an acid?

a) HCl(g)

H+(aq) + Cl(aq)

b) NaOH(s)
Na+(aq) + OH(aq)
c) CH3COOH(l) H+(aq) + CH3COO(aq)
3.2.2 Bases
Operational definition of a base
Sample Question 17
Examples of bases
Which of the following is an example of (or contains) a base?
a) Vinegar.
b) Ammonia solution.
c) Yoghurt.
d) NaOH.
e) H2SO4

19

Sample Question 18
Operational definition of a base
Which of the following is (or is a part of) the operational definition of a base?
a) It contains hydrogen.
b) It contains oxygen.
c) Its aqueous solution conducts an electric current.
d) If its aqueous solution is added to zinc metal, hydrogen gas is liberated.
e) If blue litmus paper is dipped in its aqueous solution, it turns to red.
f) If red litmus paper is dipped in its aqueous solution, it turns to blue.
g) It tastes sour and bitter at the same time.
h) It feels slippery, like soap.
An excess of acid in the stomach causes indigestion and can be cured by anti-acid tablets. These tablets
are:
a) acidic in nature.
b) basic in nature.
c) neutral substances.
d) indicators.
e) litmus solutions.
Sample Question 19
Conceptual definition of a base
Which of the following is (or is a part of) the conceptual definition of a base?
a) It contains hydrogen.
b) It contains oxygen.
c) It can increase the [OH(aq)] in aqueous solution.
d) Its aqueous solution conducts an electric current.
e) It can decrease the [H+(aq)] in aqueous solution.
f) If its aqueous solution is added to zinc metal, hydrogen gas is liberated.
g) It can increase the [H+(aq)] in aqueous solution.
h) If blue litmus paper is dipped in its aqueous solution, it turns to red.
i) If red litmus paper is dipped in its aqueous solution, it turns to blue.
j) It tastes sour and bitter at the same time.
k) It feels slippery, like soap.

Sample Question 20
Recognize a base in an equation by using the conceptual definition
Which of the following equations shows that the underlined substance is a base?

a) HCl(g)

H+(aq) + Cl(aq)

b) NaOH(s)
Na+(aq) + OH(aq)
c) CH3COOH(l) H+(aq) + CH3COO(aq)

20

3.2.3

Oxides

Sample Question 21
Identify basic oxides
Which of the following oxides is/are basic?
(Basic oxides are metal oxides except Al2O3, ZnO, PbO that are amphoteric)
a) CaO
b) CO2
c) Na2O
d) P4O10
e) K2O
f) CuO
g) H2O
h) MgO
i) ZnO
Sample Question 22
Identify acidic oxides
Which of the following oxides is/are acidic?
(Acidic oxides are non-metal oxides except NO, H2O, CO and N2O that are neutral )
a) CaO
b) CO2
c) N2O
d) P4O10
e) K2O
f) CuO
g) H2O
h) MgO
i) ZnO

21

Sample Question 23
Identify amphoteric oxides
Which of the following oxides is/are amphoteric?
a) Al2O3
b) CO2
c) Na2O
d) P4O10
e) K2O
f) CuO
g) H2O
h) MgO
i) ZnO
j) PbO
Sample Question 24
Identify neutral oxides
Which of the following oxides is/are neutral?
a) CaO
b) CO2
c) CO
d) P4O10
e) K2O
f) CuO
g) H2O
h) NaO
i) Al2O3
j) NO
Sample Question 25
Identify an element whose oxide reacts with bases
Which of the following elements has an oxide that forms a salt with an alkali?
a) N
b) Na
c) Ne
d) Ni
e) Mn

22

Sample Question 26
Identify the nature of an oxide, XO, given the position of X in the Periodic Table
Element X is on the left-hand side of the Periodic Table. Which of the following is true about its oxide?

[-A-]
[-B-]
[-C-]
[-D-]
[-E-]

Type of oxide
metallic
metallic
non- metallic
non- metallic
metallic

Nature of oxide
acidic
basic
acidic
basic
neutral

3.3 Salts
3.3.1 Methods of preparing salts
Preparation of soluble salts by the action of an acid upon a metal
Preparation of soluble salts by the action of an acid upon a basic metal oxide
(Neutralization)
Sample Question 27
Identify the best method to produce a given salt
Which of the following is the best method to prepare ZnSO4 from H2SO4 and ZnO?
a) titrate ZnO(s) against H2SO4.
b) Mix equal amounts of the two reagents and crystallize.
c) Add ZnO to excess acid solution.
d) Add excess ZnO to acid solution.
e) All of the above work.
Preparation of soluble salts by the action of an acid upon a metal hydroxide
(Neutralization)
Preparation of soluble salts by the action of an acid upon an acid upon a carbonate (hydrogen carbonate)
Preparation of soluble salts by the action of an acid upon sulfites
Preparation of soluble salts by the action of an acid upon sulfides

23

Preparation of soluble salts by the action of a base upon ammonium salts


Sample Question 28
Know that NH3 is produced when NH4+ is heated with a base and that it turns wet red litmus blue
A mixture of NH4Cl and Ca(OH)2 solution are heated, a gas is given off. The gas has a pungent smell. It
was tested using wet red litmus paper. Identify the gas and the final color of the litmus.
The gas is Ammonia NH3 and it turns red litmus into blue.
3.4 The Nature of H+(aq)
Sample Question 29
When a compound is said to be stable in chemistry.
When is a compound said to be stable in chemistry?
a) If it has a relatively low potential energy.
b) If it has a relatively high potential energy.
c) If it melts easily.
d) If in water it forms aqueous ions.
3.5 Acid-base titrations
3.5.1 HCl and NaOH in the same solution: excess HCl
3.5.2 HCl and NaOH in the same solution: excess NaOH
3.5.3 HCl and NaOH in the same solution: no excess of either
Sample Question 30
What we mean when we say that a solution is neutral
In our discussion of acids and bases, when we say that a solution is neutral we mean that
a) it has no net electric charge.
b) it has as many electrons as protons.
c) it does not conduct an electric current.
d) [OH] = [H+]
e) [OH] = 1.0 107

24

3.5.4 Progressive addition of NaOH to HCl: A titration


Sample Question 31
The progressive addition of a base to an acid is called a titration
Which of the following is a titration?
a) A state of equilibrium for acid-base systems.
b) Mixing acid and base solutions containing the same number of moles.
c) The progressive addition of a base to an acid.
d) The addition of a fixed volume of base to an acid with an indicator.
e) The addition of a fixed volume of acid to a base with an indicator.
Sample Question 32
Know what is an acid-base indicator
An acid-base indicator is
a) an instrument to determine the state of equilibrium for acid-base systems.
b) an instrument to mix exactly equal amounts of acid and base solutions containing the same number
of moles.
c) a dye whose color is sensitive to the change of [H+].
d) a meter to measure the amount of acid and base added.
e) a colorimeter used for the addition of a fixed volume of acid to a base.
Sample Question 33
The color of litmus in an acidic and a basic medium
Litmus, a dye, is
a) blue in an acidic solution and red in a basic solution.
b) red in an acidic solution and blue in a basic solution.
c) orange in an acidic solution and blue in a basic solution.
d) orange in an acidic solution and red in a basic solution.
e) pink in an acidic solution and colorless in a basic solution.
f) colorless in an acidic solution and pink in a basic solution.
Sample Question 34
Know the color of Universal indicator in solutions of different pH
When a drop of universal indicator is added to acetic acid solution, the clourless liquid turns:
a) pink
b) blue
c) orange
d) green
e) purple

25

When a drop of universal indicator is added to sodium hydroxide solution, the clourless liquid turns:
a) red
b) yellow
c) orange
d) green
e) purple
When a drop of universal indicator is added to water, the clourless liquid turns:
a) red
b) yellow
c) orange
d) green
e) purple
Sample Question 35
Know that the [H+] changes most drastically when the amount of base added to the acid is just
about equal
A base is added a drop at a time to an acid solution. The [H+] changes most drastically from one drop to
the next when the total moles of OH added to the acid is
a) a tiny fraction of the moles of H+ originally present.
b) about ten times the moles of acid originally present.
c) just about equal to the moles of acid originally present.
d) about a half of the number of moles of acid originally present.
e) about 1.0 107 times the number of moles of acid originally present.
Sample Question 36
Know that at the equivalence point [H+] = [OH-]
What is exactly equal at the equivalence point?
The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction when a titrant is added and is
stoichiometrically equal to the amount of moles of substance (known as analyte) present in the
sample: the smallest amount of titrant that is sufficient to fully neutralize or react with the analyte.
In an acid base titration, it is when [H+] = [OH-]
Know what a pH meter is.
What is a pH meter?
It is an instrument used to measure the pH of the solution.

26

3.5.5

Titration to determine concentration

Sample Question 37
Know the color of phenolphthalein in acidic and basic solutions
Phenolphthalein is colored
a) blue in acid and red in base.
b) red in acid and blue in base.
c) colorless in acid and pink in base.
d) pink in acid and colorless in base.
e) red in acid and yellow in base.
Sample Question 38
In titrations with phenolphthalein, the basic solution is placed in the burette
In titrations using phenolphthalein, what is the solution placed in the burette?
a) The acid.
b) The base.
c) Either the base or the acid may be used.
d) Phenolphthalein.
e) A mixture of the two solutions.
Sample Question 39
Recognize the end-point of an acid-base titration
You realize that the end-point of an acid-base titration with phenolphthalein has been reached when
a) all the base finishes.
b) all the acid finishes.
c) you see the solution become neutral.
d) the addition of a single drop turns the liquid in the burette pink.
e) the addition of a single drop turns the liquid in the burette colorless.
f) the addition of a single drop turns the liquid in the flask pink.
g) the addition of a single drop turns the liquid in the flask colorless.
Sample Question 40
In titrations, how the volume of base used is determined
In titrations, the volume of base used is determined by
a) taking the last reading of the burette.
b) taking the last reading of the pipette.
c) taking the first reading of the burette.
d) taking the first reading of the pipette.
e) taking the difference between the last and first reading of the burette.
f) taking the difference between the last and first reading of the pipette.

27

Sample Question 41
Calculate the concentration of an acid
In an acid-base titration, the end point was reached when the final reading of the burette was 42.50 ml. If
the initial reading was 2.50 ml, the concentration of the base was 0.400 M, and the volume of base used
was 40.00 ml, then the concentration of the monobasic acid is
a) 0.400 M
b) 4.00 M
c) 0.200 M
d) 2.00 M
e) 8.00 M
f) 0.800 M
Volume of base = 42.50 2.50 = 40.0 ml
number of moles of acid = number of moles of base
CV = CV
C x 40.00 = 0.400 x 40.00
C of acid 0.400 M
3.5.6 Other indicators
Sample Question 42
Know the color of methyl orange in acidic and basic solutions
Methyl orange is colored
a) blue in acid and red in base.
b) red in acid and blue in base.
c) colorless in acid and pink in base.
d) pink in acid and colorless in base.
e) red in acid and yellow in base.
3.5.7

pH

Sample Question 43
Know that pH = log10 [H+]
pH is defined as
a) log10 [H+]
b) log10 [OH]
c) log10 [H+]
d) log10 [H+]
e) 10 log [H+]
f) 10 log [OH]

28

Sample Question 44
Find the pH, given the [H+]
Given that in a solution [H+] = 1.0 105, the pH is
a) 5
b) +5
c) +log10 [5]
d) 105
e) 105
f) 105
g) 105
pH = - log [H+] = - log (1.0 x 10-5) = + 5

Sample Question 45
Find the pH, given the [OH]
Given that in a solution [OH] = 1.0 106, the pH is
a) 6
b) +6
c) +log10 [6]
d) 8
e) 8

K w = [H + ][OH - ]
[H + ] =

Kw
1.010-14
=
= 1.010-8 M
[OH - ] 1.010-6

pH = -log[H + ] = -log(1.010-8 ) = +8
Sample Question 46
Know the pH of neutral water
The pH of neutral water is
a) 0
b) +1
c) 1
d) 6
e) 7
f) 14

29

Sample Question 47
Know the pH change that occurs when an acidic/basic oxide is dissolved in water
A solution is made by adding sodium oxide to water. What pH change occurs?
a) 1 7
b) 7 1
c) 7 12
d) 12 7
e) pH does not change
pH paper
Sample Question 48
Know the use of pH paper
pH paper is paper which is used to
a) measure the acid constant.
b) measure the base constant.
c) measure exactly the pH of a solution.
d) determine approximately the pH of a solution.
e) find out if an indicator is present in a solution.
pH meter
3.6 Strengths of Acids
3.6.1

Weak acids

Sample Question 49
Know what a strong acid is and recognize an example of it
A strong acid and an example of it, is an acid
a) with a sour taste like CH3COOH (vinegar).
b) which holds strongly to its hydrogen ion in water, CH3COOH.
c) which is completely dissociated by water into H+(aq) and a negative ion, like
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl(aq)
d) which is partially dissociated by water into H+(aq) and a negative ion, like
CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COOH(aq)
e) which has a small dissociation constant, like
CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COOH(aq)
Ka= 1.8 105
f) which has a large dissociation constant, like HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl(aq) Ka= large

30

Sample Question 50
Know what a weak acid is and recognize an example of it
A weak acid and an example of it, is an acid
a) with a strong sour taste like CH3COOH (vinegar).
b) which holds strongly to its hydrogen ion in water, CH3COOH.
c) which is completely dissociated by water into H+(aq) and a negative ion, like
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl(aq)
d) which is partially dissociated by water into H+(aq) and a negative ion, like
CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO(aq)
e) which has a small dissociation constant, like
CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO(aq)
Ka= 1.8 105
f) which has a large dissociation constant, like HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl(aq) Ka= large
Sample Question 51
Recognize the weakest acid in a given list
Which of these acids is weakest?
Hint: The weakest acid is the one that has the lowest or smallest Ka value)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO(aq)


H2S(aq) H+(aq) + HS(aq)
HNO3(g) H+(aq) + NO3 (aq)
NH4+(aq) H+(aq) + NH3(aq)
H2O(aq) H+(aq) + OH(aq)
H2SO4(l) H+(aq) + HSO4(aq)

Ka =1.8 105
Ka =1.0 107
Ka = Very large
Ka = 5.7 1010
Ka = 1.8 1016
Ka = Large

Sample Question 52
Identify as ammonia the gas that increases the pH of water if it is bubbled in it
Gas X is passed into water. The pH of water changes from 7 to 10. Identify X.
It may be Ammonia gas
3.6.2

Equilibrium calculations of acidity

31

Sample Question 53
Experimental determination of Ka
To determine Ka =

[ + ][ ]
[]

experimentally, an indicator showed that the [H+] in a 0.020 M solution of

acid HB was 2 104 M. Therefore Ka =


a) 2 104 M
b) 4 104 M
c) 2 104 M
d) 8 106 M
e) 2 106 M
f) 2 108 M
g) 4 108 M
Given: [H+] = 2.0 x 10-4 M, [HB] = 0.020 M

RTF: K = ??

HB H+ (aq) + B- (aq)
If [H+] = 2.0 x 10-4 M, then [B-] = 2.0 x 10-4 M
Ka =

Ka =

[+ ][ ]
[]

(2.010-4 )(2.010-4 )
= 2.010-6
0.020

Calculation of [H+]
3.6.3 Acid-base reactions
Other conceptual definitions of acids and bases
A general representation of acid-base reactions
Sample Question 54
An acid is a proton donor and a base a proton acceptor
We may define an acid and a base, respectively, as
a) a compound with hydrogen and a compound without hydrogen
b) a proton acceptor and a proton donor
c) a proton donor and a proton acceptor
d) substances that neutralize each other.
e) substances that change the color of an acid-base indicator

32

Sample Question 55
Recognize equation of an acid donating a proton to a base
In which of the following equations is the underlined reagent an acid?
a) H2CO3(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2CO3(aq) + 2H2O(l)
b) H2SO4(aq) + NH3(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
c) H2SO3(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq) (NH4)2SO3(aq) + 2H2O(l)
d) H3O+(aq) + SO32-(aq) HSO3-(aq) + H2O(l)
e) H3O+(aq) + SO32-(aq) HSO3-(aq) + H2O(l)
f) CH3COOH(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4+(aq) + CH3COO(aq)
g) CH3COOH(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4+(aq) + CH3COO(aq)
Hydronium ion in the proton transfer theory of acids
Contrast of Acid-Base Definitions
3.7 Some Common Acids and Bases
3.7.1 Common acids
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Sulfurous acid
Phosphoric acid
Acetic acid
Carbonic acid
Sample Question 56
Recognize some common strong or weak acids
Which of the following is/are strong acid(s)?
a) HCl(g)
b) H2O
c) H2SO4
d) HNO3
e) CH3COOH(aq)
f) CO2(g)

33

Sample Question 57
Recognize a diprotic acid
Which of the following acids is/are diprotic?
a) HCl(g)
b) H2O(l)
c) H2SO4
d) HNO3
e) CH3COOH(aq)
f) H2SO3
g) H3PO4
Sample Question 58
Know which oxides dissolve to give diprotic acids in water
Which of the following oxides dissolves in water producing a diprotic acid solution?
a) MgO
b) SO3(l)
c) H2SO4
d) HNO3
e) NO2(aq)
3.7.2 Common bases
Sodium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
Ammonia
Sample Question 59
Recognize some common strong or weak bases
Which of the following is/are weak base(s)?
a) NaOH(s)
b) KOH
c) NH3(g)
d) CH3COOH(aq)
e) CO2(g)

34

3.8 Acid-Base Reactions


3.8.1 Reaction of a strong acid with a strong base
Neutralization
Sample Question 60
Recognize a neutralization reaction
Which of the following is/are neutralization reaction(s)?
a) NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH(aq)
b) H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l)
c)
d)
e)
f)

NaOH(s)
Na+(aq) + OH(aq)
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) CaCO3 (s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)

Mixing a strong acid with a strong base


Sample Question 61
Reaction between strong and strong base
When 1 mole of NaOH(aq) (strong base) is mixed with 1 mole of HCl(aq) (strong acid)
a) salt and water are formed.
b) the resulting solution will be neutral.
c) a precipitate forms.
d) a gas forms.
e) the resulting solution is both acidic and basic simultaneously.
f) in general, the resulting solution conducts electricity.
g) the only reaction that takes place is between the H+ and OH.
When 1 mole CH3COOH reacts with 1 mole of NaOH
a) a salt and water are formed.
b) the resulting solution will be neutral.
c) a precipitate forms.
d) a gas forms.
e) the resulting solution is acidic.
f) the resulting solution is basic.
g) the resulting solution contains more H+(aq) than OH(aq).

35

One way of preparing salts


Sample Question 62
Salt may be prepared by mixing strong acid and strong base
Which of the following is a way in which pure salts may be prepared?
a) Heating an impure salt.
b) Mixing an acid and a base.
c) Mixing two soluble salts of sodium.
d) Mixing two insoluble salts of sodium.
e) Heating an acid until it melts.
f) Heating a base until it melts.
3.8.2 Reaction of a strong base with a weak acid
Mixing a strong base with a weak acid
Sample Question 63
Reaction between weak acid and strong base
When a weak acid and strong base react in quantities that contain equal number of moles of H+ and OH,
a) salt and water are formed.
b) the resulting solution will be neutral.
c) a precipitate forms.
d) a gas forms.
e) the resulting solution is acidic.
f) the resulting solution is basic.
g) the resulting solution contains more H+(aq) than OH(aq).

Sample Question 64
A salt of a strong base and a weak acid in water is basic
The soluble salt of a weak acid and strong base is dissolved in water. The resulting solution
a) is neutral.
b) conducts electric current.
c) turns litmus to red.
d) turns litmus to blue.
e) is acidic.
f) is basic.
g) contains more H+(aq) than OH(aq).

36

Sample Question 65
Classify a given salt as acidic, basic or neutral
Classify the following salts: Ba(NO3)2, RbBr, AlCl3, CH3COOK.
Ba(NO3)2 is neutral, RbBr is neutral, AlCl3 is acidic, CH3COOK is basic.
Sample Question 66
Recognize salts which have basic aqueous solutions
Which of the following salts gives a basic aqueous solution?
a) NaCl
b) CaCl2
c) C17H35COONa(s) [soap]
d) CH3COONa
e) Na2CO3
f) NH4Cl
g) AlCl3
Sample Question 67
Anions (negatively charged ions) of weak acids are bases
Which of the following ions give basic properties to an aqueous solution?
a) Cl
b) Al3+
c) Ca2+
d) C17H35COO [soap]
e) CH3COO
f) CO32
g) NH4+
3.8.3 Reaction of a strong acid with a weak base
Mixing a strong acid with a weak base
Sample Question 68
Reaction between strong acid and weak base
When a strong acid and weak base react in quantities that contain equal number of moles of H+ and OH,
a) salt and water are formed.
b) the resulting solution will be neutral.
c) a precipitate forms.
d) a gas forms.
e) the resulting solution is acidic.
f) the resulting solution is basic.
g) the resulting solution contains more H+(aq) than OH(aq).

37

Sample Question 69
A salt of a strong acid and a weak base in water is acidic
The soluble salt of a strong acid and weak base is dissolved in water. The resulting solution
a) is neutral.
b) conducts electric current.
c) turns litmus to red.
d) turns litmus to blue.
e) is acidic.
f) is basic.
g) contains more H+(aq) than OH(aq).
Sample Question 70
Recognize salts which have acidic aqueous solutions
Which of the following salts gives an acidic aqueous solution?
a) NaCl
b) CaCl2
c) C17H35COONa(s) [soap]
d) CH3COONa
e) Na2CO3
f) NH4Cl
g) AlCl3
Sample Question 71
Cations (positively charged ions) of weak bases are acids
Which of the following ions give(s) an aqueous solution with acidic properties?
a) Cl
b) Al3+
c) Ca2+
d) C17H35COO [soap]
e) CH3COO
f) CO32
g) NH4+

38

3.9 Adding strong acids and bases to salts


3.9.1 Adding a strong acid to salts of weaker acids
Adding HCl to a carbonate
Sample Question 72
Adding a strong acid to a carbonate
When nitric acid solution is added to calcium carbonate, which of the following is correct?
a) Nitrogen gas will be evolved
b) CO32(aq) + 2H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) takes place.
c) CaCO3 precipitates.
d) Soap will form.
e) CH3COO ions form
f) CO2 gas will be evolved.
g) SO2 gas will be evolved.
h) No reaction takes place.
i) the solid will dissolve to produce a colorless solution
j) an odorless gas is produced
k) rapid effervescence of a colorless gas
Adding HCl to a sulfite
Sample Question 73
Adding a strong acid to a sulfite
When sulfuric acid solution is added to sodium sulfite and the mixture is heated, which of the following
is correct?
a) Nitrogen gas will be evolved.
b) CaSO3 precipitates.
c) Soap will form.
d) SO3 ions form.
e) CO2 gas will be evolved.
f) SO2 gas will be evolved.
g) SO32(aq) + 2H+(aq) SO2(g) + H2O(l) takes place.
h) effervescence of a colorless gas
i) solid dissolves to form a colorless solution
j) a gas is produced with a sharp chocking smell.

39

3.9.2 Adding a strong base to a salt of a weaker base


Adding NaOH to an ammonium salt
Sample Question 74
Adding a strong base to an ammonium salt
When KOH solution is added to NH4Cl and the mixture is heated, which of the following is correct?
a) Nitrogen gas will be evolved.
b) NH4+(aq) + OH(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l) takes place.
c) KCO3 precipitates.
d) Soap will form.
e) CH3COO ions form.
f) NH3 gas will be evolved.
g) NH4+ gas will be evolved.
Adding NaOH to an ammonium salt
Sample Question 75
Adding a strong base to an aluminum salt
When KOH solution is added to AlCl3, which of the following is correct?
a) chlorine gas will be evolved.
b) Al+3(aq) + 3OH(aq) Al(OH)3(s) takes place.
c) KOH precipitates.
d) Soap will form.
e) Al+3(aq) ions form.
f) NH3 gas will be evolved.
g) Al+3 gas will be evolved.
h) No reaction takes place.

3.9.3

Adding an oxide to water

Sample Question 76
Non-metal oxides are acids
Which of the following compounds react with water to give an acidic solution?
a) SO3(g)
b) CO2(g)
c) KOH
d) CaO(s)
e) SO2(g)
f) NH3(g)
g) K2O(s)

40

Sample Question 77
Metal oxides are bases
Which of the following compounds react with water to give a basic solution?
a) SO3(g)
b) CO2(g)
c) KOH
d) CaO(s)
e) SO2(g)
f) NH3(g)
g) K2O(s)
Sample Question 78
Know that Cl2 and NO2 dissolve in water forming two acids
Which of the following forms two acids once dissolved in water?
a) NO2(g)
b) Cl2(g)
c) SO3
d) NO(s)
e) SO2(g)
3.9.4 Summary of acid-base reactions
3.9.5 Demonstration: acid-base-reaction in the absence of water

41

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