Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction
Pineapple (Ananas comosus), locally known as pinya, belongs to and the
most important genus of the family Bromeliaceae because it has a number of
species that are cultivated.
Pineapples are one of the most important crops not only in the Philippines
but also in other countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Brazil. It is a crop
which plays an important role in the economy of our country since Philippines is
the 3rd largest exporter of pineapples in the world. It is estimated that 25,000
hectares of Philippines is used to raise pineapples (Lorenzo, 2010)
In 2009, there was a total of 487,700 metric tons of pineapples that were
exported amounting to 263.27 million US dollars. These were exported to United
States of America, Japan, Singapore, Korea and Netherlands (Bureau of
Agricultural Statistics, 2012)
Calauan, Laguna is one of the leading producers of a variety of pineapple
which is called Formosa. Formosa pineaaple is one of the sweetest varieties in
the Philippines. Its fruit is characterized by tapering shape, deep eyes, and
yellow fresh color. It is also known for its instinct aroma, crisp flesh and less juice.
It has a small core compared to other varieties. Formosa pineapples may be
cultivated by crown cutting of the fruit, then flowering in 20-24 months and fruiting
in the following six months. By then, it will be ready for harvesting.
1
There are also problems associated with open air sun drying. One of this
is contamination by foreign materials like dust, fecal matters, and insects. Also
exposure of the product to the environment can cause microbrial growth that
could spoil the products.
Pineapple is a high value crop and a good source of income for people
who have farms. Irregularly-shaped, discoloured and sour-tasting pineapples are
always sold at a cheap price, and this is not good for pineapple farmers. One
way to increase the marketability and also the economic benefits of producing
and selling pineapples is by drying and processing it as dried products. Using
renewable energy, pineapples can be processed at a very low cost. In turn,
farmers can use this as an advantage to increase their profit even without raising
the price of pineapples.
The problems associated with open air sun drying and other expensive
drying methods can be solved through the use of a solar-biomass dryer, which
include a collector, a furnace, a drying chamber and sometimes a chimney
(Madhlopa, et al., 2002). Using a solar biomass dryer is an effective solution to
these problems since solar and biomass energy is free and renewable.
Furthermore, the conditions in tropical countries like Philippines make the use opf
solar energy and biomass for drying pineapple practically attractive and
environmentally sound.
2.
3.
4.
8.
9.
To the pineapple vendors, the study would help them to promote new
ways of preserving pineapple by means of drying.
Conceptual Framework
This study will focus on the design and development of small scale solarbiomass dryer for pineapple. The conceptual framework of this study is
presented based on the CDIO (Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate) Model. It
will involve the conceptualization and design of the machine. The design will
consider the input and the output of the study as well as the processes and
procedures that will be involved in each operation. The principles of the operation
will also be included. Figure 1 shows the research paradigm of the study.
The conceive stage will consider the knowledge requirements necessary
for the study which are the knowledge about pineapple, procedures for the
operation and existing products and processes.
In the design stage, the system components and the material
specifications will be considered in the development of small scale solar-biomass
dryer for pineapple. The proposed designed will be modeled and simulated
through SolidWorks program.
In the implementation stage, the fabrication of small scale solar-biomass
dryer for pineapple will be accounted using the locally available materials. In
addition, the preliminary testing of the drying machine will be performed to test its
capacity and moisture content as well as to know if there will be some
modifications. The performance testing will also be conducted for each
experiment.
In the operation stage, an operation procedure and maintenance manual
will be provided for the proper use and maintenance of the small scale solarbiomass dryer for pineapple.
CONCEIVE
DESIGN
Knowledge
Design Requirements:
Requirements:
Characteristics of
pineapple
Existing dryer
Drying pineapple
Design layout
Fabrication of the
system
Material
specification
System
components
Dimension
SolidWorks
Hardware
Requirements:
OPERATE
IMPLEMENT
construction
dryer pineapple
Collection and
preparation of
material
Dried pineapple
Preliminary
Testing
Mechanical
Fabrication shop
Material and
equipment for
Fabrication of
Developed solarsolar-biomass
biomass dryer for
Performance
Mechanical
Operation and
Maintenance Manual
Efficiency
Performance
and Provision
Testing
Drying rate
Properties of dried
pineapple
Definition of Terms
This study governs terms which are beneficial in the development of
concrete knowledge with regards to solar-biomass dryer for pineapple. For better
understanding and clarification purposes, the following terms are defined
conceptually and operationally.
Biomass. Biological material derived from living or recently living
organism.
Dryer. A machine that remives moisture by means of ventilation or heat.
Drying efficiency. It is the ratio of the amount of raw materials to be dried
to the amount of the materials that the machine had dried.
Evaporation rate. It is the rate at which the liquid content of the pineapple
will vaporize.
Machine capacity. This refers to the ability to hold, receive or absorb
something of a machine. In this study, it refers to the ability of the dryer to
accommodate raw materials to perform its function and produce outputs
Moisture reduction rate. It is the ratio of the amount of moisture content
of the pineapple reduced during the drying process to the time of drying.
Operating temperature. This refers to the hotness and coldness of a
body. In this study, this refers to the maintaining temperature that the machine
will operate.
Operating time. This refers to the period which a system is working in a
manner acceptable to its operator. In this study, operating time refers to the
period of drying process that will be observed.
9
Overall heat loss. It is the total heat given off by the raw material in the
duration of the whole process.
Pineapple. The pineapple is a tropical plant with edible multiple fruit
consisting of coalesced berries, also called pineapples, and the most
economically significant plant in the Bromeliaceae family.
Solar dryers. These are devices that use solar energy to dry substances,
especially food.
Solar constant. Is a measure of flux density, is the conventional name
for the mean solar electromagnetic radiation (the solar irradiance) per unit area
that would be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays, at a distance of
one astronomical unit (AU) from the Sun (roughly the mean distance from the
Sun to the Earth).
Solar energy. It is the energy created from sunlight. It is the radiant light
and heat from the sun.
Solar radiation. It is radiant energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear
fusion reaction that creates electromagnetic energy.
Thermal efficiency. It is the ratio of the heat input to the work output of
the machine.
10
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents the conceptual literature, research literature that is
considered to be fundamental in the pursuance of the research study.
Conceptual Literature
This contains the literary section from the different sources and unfinished
works which gave necessary information related to the study.
I. Pineapple
Pineapple is an edible fruit of tropical plant belonging to the genus
Ananas. It is a herbaceous plant with long, narrow, stiff leaves which are usually
armed with sharp spines along each margin except in a few varieties. Some
known varieties in the Philippines include Smoot Cayene, Queen/Formosa, Red
Spanish and other varieties. The most common variety of pineapple is the
Formosa. The fruit of Queen/Formosa variety is small, oblong, slightly tapering,
and has color yellow with brown markings. The eyes were prominent, small and
deep. The flesh is yellowish, tender, crispy, sweet, rich in flavor and has small
core. It has small to medium crown and good for the table. (PNS, Fresh
Pineapple Specification, 2004)
A typical pineapple usually weighs from 2 to 3.5 kg. The moisture content
of pineapple is more than 80 percent of its total weight, depending on the variety
and condition of the fruit. Pineapples are good for the health because they
contain many vitamins and other nutrients as shown in the Table 1.
11
Table 1
Nutrient Contents of Pineapple
Nutrients
Energy
Water
Protein
Fat
Fiber
Ash
Calcium
Phosphorus
Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Beta Carotene
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
Niacin
Ascorbic Acid (Vit C)
Source: Crop Protection and Plant Quarantine Services Division Department of Agriculture, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, 2004
12
Some industries devote fresh fruits for drying. Dried fruits constitute at
least 34% of total export value for processed food in the Philippines alone (DTI,
2002). As for dried pineapple, the volume of export rose to 122,200 metric tons in
2001.
Pineapples are also sliced and juiced. These products are usually canned
and preserved for market purposes.
II. The Sun
The suns energy is widely used all over the world. The United States
Department of Energy stated that the sun has been used since 212 B.C. when it
was used to ignite temple fires as cited by Nicomel (2011). It was only in the late
80s that the people started to realized to harvest the energy supply from the sun.
13
The earth is showered by the sun as much energy that we can use. In less
than three days, the solar energy reaching the earth can match or even exceed
the estimated total of all the fossil fuel s on earth. Translated into terms we can
more visualize, a square meter of area exposed to direct sunlight continuously
receives radiation equivalent to nearly 1318 watts from the sun (USDE, 1978).
The sun has played a significant role in different natural activities in the
universe and also in the formation of fossil and renewable energy sources in
earth. It will continue to do so until the end of Earths remaining life, which is
predicted to be about 5 x 109 years (Sen, 2008). Fossil fuels in the form of coal
which are used through combustion are only expected to last for an
approximation of 300 years. After this, human beings will only be left with
renewable sources of energy.
The sun is only one of the 1011 stars in the Milky Way. It moves around the
center of this galaxy at a distance of about two-thirds of the maximum radial
extent of the galaxy (McDaniels, 1984). It has a diameter of 1.39 million
kilometers and has an average distance of 150 million kilometers from the Earth.
It is an internal energy generator and distributor for other planets including Earth.
Just like the other stars, it is a big gas ball made up mostly of hydrogen and
helium gas. The sun makes energy in its inner core through the process of
nuclear fission.
III. Solar Radiation
Solar radiation enters the atmosphere at the space-atmosphere interface,
where the ionization layer of the atmosphere ends (Sen, 2008). Afterwards, a
14
15
sometimes used to indicate quantities integrated over all wavelengths of the solar
spectrum.
There are several instruments used to measure and record solar
insolation. The most important of these are pyranometer and pyrheliometer. The
pyranometer is a reliable and convenient measuring device for total or global
insolation. On the other hand, pyrheliometer is the one being used to measure
the direct solar radiation. In order to measure the scattered components of
sunlight, the pyranometer is sometimes modified with a shading ring to exclude
direct sunlight.
The total solar radiation absorbed by the earth in the tropics is about 690
W/m2 (Paras, n.d.). This is an average value since it varies according to site or
latitude, season, time of the day, and climate, particularly cloudiness. It can reach
a value of 1100 W/m 2 or more at noon on a clear day and may decrease to 100
W/m2 or less during heavy overcast (Nicomel, 2011).
IV. Solar Constant
The amount of solar energy receive per unit time per unit area of the
collector at the mean distance of the earth from the sun on a surface normal to
sun is called solar constant ( Meinel and Meinel, 1976). It has a value of 1353
W/m2. Because of the uncertainties in correcting the observed flux for the effects
of the atmosphere, solar constant is difficult to measure from the surface of the
earth (Nicomel, 2011).
16
V. Sun Drying
Preservation of human and animal food by open-air drying in the sun was
presumably one of the first conscious and purposeful technological activities
undertook by humanity (Imre, 1995). Sun drying is only possible in areas where,
in an average year, the weather allows foods to be dried immediately after
harvest. The main advantages of sun drying are low capital and operating costs
and the fact that little expertise is required. Traditional open-air, sun drying
methods are based on long term experiences and continually used all over the
world to dry plants, seeds, meat, fish, and other agricultural products for
preservation. Over the last few decades, open-air sun drying has gradually
become more and more limited because of the required of an area, the
possibilities of quality degradation, pollution from the air, infestation caused by
birds and insects, and inherent difficulties in controlling the drying process (Imre,
1993).
VI. Solar Drying
Solar drying refers to methods of using the suns energy for drying, but
excludes open air sun drying. A Solar dryer is an enclosed unit, to keep the food
safe from damages caused by, birds, insects, and unexpected rainfall. The food
is dried using solar thermal energy (Vaipulu, 2009). Due to higher cost of fossil
fuels and uncertainty regarding future cost and availability, the use of solar
energy in food processing will probably open opportunities for economic
development in the near future. Solar dryers have some advantages over open
17
sun drying when correctly designed. For instance, they give faster drying rates by
heating the air to 10-30 C above ambient. This enables the air to move faster
through the product inside the dryer. Faster movement of drying air would
minimize humidity buildup inside the drying chamber and would promote faster
dehydration of the product. Furthermore, since the drying chamber is enclosed,
contamination of the products could also be prevented.
Shorter drying time reduces the risk of spoilage, improves quality of the
product and gives a higher throughput. However, care is needed when drying
fruits. Too rapid drying will prevent complete drying due to case hardening
thereby trapping moisture inside the pulp. The trapped moisture would be
conducive for mold growth.
Solar dryers should be constructed from locally available materials and at
a relatively low capital cost. Since solar energy is free, there would be no fuel
costs. Thus, such dryers can be useful in areas where fuel or electricity is
expensive or where land for open sun drying is not available, and where
sunshine is plentiful. Moreover, they may be useful as a means of heating air for
artificial dryers to reduce fuel costs. Solar food drying can be used in most areas
but the period of time in which the food dries can be affected by many variables,
especially the amount of sunlight and relative humidity. Typical drying times in
solar dryers range from 1 to 3 days depending on sun, air movement, humidity
and the type of food to be dried (Szulmayer, 1971).
18
materials from our farms, these renewable energy sources makes it very
practical to use the biomass for drying than simply incinerating them. Such
materials burn easily and can supply the necessary heat for evaporating the
moisture of crops to be dried. Table 2 shows the heating value of different
biomass fuels.
Wheat straw
Barley straw
Rice straw
Coconut shell charcoal
Corn Straw
17,510
17,310
16,280
29,600
17,700
19
Sugarcane Bagasse
Corn cobs
Fuel pellet
Sawdust
Compost
Wood (dry)
17,330
18,960
18,610
18,610
16,010
17,400
Source: www.biomassrules.com
20
Semi-artificial solar dryers are usually featured a solar collector and a fan
for maintaining a special air flow through the drying space as cited by Baker &
Christopher G.J, (1997). The use of semi-artificial solar dryers is justified by their
unsophisticated and fairly cheap construction. They can be recommended for
drying materials that are not sensitive to change when it comes to drying
conditions caused by the periodic character of the solar irradiation and by the
changing atmosphere conditions. Figure 2-4 shows an example of semi-artificial
dryer.
21
22
Thermosiphon system is the simplest and reliable method for attaining the
air movement in the solar dryer. Figure 2-6 shows the movement of air in the
solar dryer.
that most likely to be used is the glass since it has good resistance to large
temperature changes. Another important factor to consider about the cover is the
attachment to the collector housing. Glass seals must be designed accordingly.
They must be able to withstand large temperature variation and the differential
expansion and contraction of housing.
The absorber plate is another important part of the solar collector. Metals
are usually used as absorber plates. According to Kreider (1982) as cited by
Nicomel (2011), aluminum, copper and steel are the most widely used metals as
absorber plate. These metals are usually coated with flat-black oil-based paint
with thin undercoat and primer to improve the absorption of solar radiation.
The second layer next to absorber plates serves as storage materials.
Storage materials can be rocks, pebbles, sand or other metals that can retain
heat for a long period of time. It must have direct contact with the absorber plates
for better conduction and transfer of heat for storage.
Insulation is another vital part of any flat plate collector. Losses through
the insulation depend on its conductivity and thickness (Kreider, 1982). The
insulation should be designed to operate at higher temperatures. According to
Bautista (2007), a thicker insulation is recommended at the bottom since most of
the heat losses occur on the underside of the collector. Insulation must not
deteriorate, expand, contract and most importantly, they should not accumulate
moisture.
The housing is the last part of the collector. This served as the frame of
the insulation, rocks, absorber plate and glass cover. It must be made of by
24
various metals (aluminum and galvanized steel) fiber plastic and hightemperature thermal plastic.
X. Drying Performance of Solar Dryer
Madamba (1999), as cited by Factor (2004), stated that drying underlies
two distinct processes occurring simultaneously: first, heat transfer from the
outside environment to the food solids to evaporate the water and second is the
mass transfer in liquid form of water at inner section of the food and vapor from
the surface diffusing through the air. In porous solid, mass transfer occurs
through the void spaces. Before drying, food material has water in it, which called
the moisture content. After drying, moisture content was lowered to attain desired
weight for storage. The rate at which water in product is vaporized by heat is
called moisture reduction rate. It can be computed using this formula:
MCr = (MCi - MCf)/Td
(Equation 1)
where:
MCr
MCi
MCf
Td
(Equation 2)
where:
MC
mi
mf
mt
25
(Equation 3)
where:
Q
m
Cp
Te
Ti
Qv x Mr
Td
(Equation 4)
where:
Qr
Qv
Mr
Td
And the heat supplied to the dryer can be computed by the formula:
Qd =
( h2h 1 ) x Va
x 60 min /hr
Vsp
(Equation 5)
where:
Qd
h2
h1
Va
Vsp
The drying efficiency () of the dryer is the ratio of the heat required to vaporize
the moisture in fruit over the heat supplied to the dryer.
=
Qr
Qd
x 100
(Equation 6)
27
(Equation 7)
Useful energy = thermal energy carried away by flowing air to chamber + energy
stored at the flat-plate with rocks.
Qu = mCp (Tac Tdc) +Qs
(Equation 8)
where
Qu
It
Ac
S
S
UL
Tmp
Ta
m
Cp
Tac
Tdc
Qs
The value of the overall heat losses coefficient (U L) is the key to thermal
performance of the solar collector ( Kreider and Kreith, 1982). This value
determines how much of the incoming solar energy is loss to the surroundings for
a given average plate surface temperature (T mp). Reducing the overall heat loss
will improve the collector performance.
Efficiency is another important factor of solar collector performance. It is
the ratio of the useful energy delivered to the working fluid with the solar energy
striking the collector. The efficiency can be written as:
=Qu/IT
(Equation 9)
29
30
31
32
33
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURE
This chapter covers the presentations and discussions of the research
development methods and procedures that are to be used in drying pineapple.
This provides the outline of steps to be implemented in order to achieve the
objectives of the study.
Research Design
This study will employ a developmental research which includes
engineering design, planning and analysis.
Development Stages
This study will consider different development stages to attain the
objectives of the study. This will include:
1. Design Stage
This stage will include the preparation of schematic diagram of the
prototype. This will cover the identification of dimensions and materials
to be used for fabrication. Material specifications will consider the
availability and cost.
2. Fabrication Stage
This stage will cover the identification of the machine shop and the
fabrication procedures. Fabrication of the prototype will be based on
the design requirements
3. Preliminary Testing Stage
34
Qv x Mr
Td
where:
36
( h2h 1 ) x Va
x 60 min /hr
Vsp
where:
Qd is the heat supplied to the dryer, kJ/hr
h2 is the final enthalpy of drying air, kJ/ kg dry air
h1 is the initial enthalpy of ambient air, kJ/ kg dry air
Va is the airflow rate of drying air, m3/min
Vsp
Qr
Qd
x 100
37
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baker & Christopher G.J. 1997. Solar Dryer Potentials. Retrieved on January 10,
2013 from http://cms.cnr.edu.bt/cms/files.
39
Bala B. K., 2009. Solar Drying of Fruits, Vegetables, Spices, Medicinal Plants
and Fish: Developments and Potentials. Department of Farm Power and
Machinery
Bangladesh
Agricultural
Universi ty,
Mymensingh-2202,
Bangladesh.
Bolaji B.O. and Olalusi A.P., 2008. Performance Evaluation of a MixedMode Solar Dryer .Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Callahan Engineering 2005. Solar Hot Water for Grain Drying. PLCC Cambridge
NY.
Retrieved
on
March
19,
2013
from
www.callahan.eng.pro/blog/index.php/2008/10/20/solar-hot-water-forgrain-drying
Dufie, j. and w. beckman.1980. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. New
York: John Wiley and Son Inc.
Jenner, M., 2008. Biomass Rules LLC. 100 E. Harris Avenue. Greenville IL.
Retrieved on April 1, 2013 from www.biomassrules.com
40
Khalil E.J., 2007. Testing Of the Performance of a Fruit and Vegetable Solar
Drying System in Iraq. College of Engineering, Al-Nahrin University,
Baghdad,
Iraq.
Retrieved
on
February
2013
from
http://www.sciencedirect.co
Kreider J.F. and F. Kreith. 1982. Solar Heating and Cooling Active and Passive
Design. New York Hemisphere Publishing Corporation
Leisa, 2005. Drying of Coffee. Leisa Magazine, March 2005. Retrieved on April 30, 2012
from www.nepalsolar.com/products/Solar-dryer
Lorenzo, F.X. n.d.2010. Fresh Fruit Exports from the Philippines: The Lapanday
Foods Opportunities. A Power point Presentation. Retrieved on February
2, 2013. www.lapanday.com
Madhlopa A., Jones S. A. and Kalenga Saka J.D. 2002, A Solar Air Heater with
Composite Absorber Systems for Food Dehydration Renewable Energy
Mcdaniels D.K. 1984. The Sun our Future Energy Source. United States of
America: John and Wiley & Sons, Inc.
41
Meinel A.B. and M.P. Meinel. 1977. Applied Solar Energy: An Introduction.
Massachusetts: Adison Wesley Publishing Company.
Mohamed Akoy E.A.O, 2006. Design and Construction of a Solar Dryer for
Mango Slices. Full paper - Deutscher Tropentag 2006, University of Bonn,
October 2006.
Othman A.B., 2004. For Market Access of Pineapple (Ananas comosus ) Crop
Protection and Plant Quarantine Services Division Department Of
Agriculture Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
Paras
Raslres, 2011. Using Biomass for Process Drying: Technical Report Under the
RASLRES Project . Western Development Commission Dillon House,
Ballaghaderreen, Co. Roscommon
42
Tiwari G.N., 1992. Design Parameters of a Shallow Bed Solar Crop Dryer with
Reflector. Center of Energy Studies. Indian Institute of Technology. Delhi,
Hauz Kaz. New Delhi, India.
Vaipulu, S.E.U., 2009. Design A Prototype Solar Dryer For Drying Sea
Cucumber. Faculty of Engineering and Surveying. University of Southern
Queensland. Australia.
43
APPENDIX A
SCHEMATIC LAYOUT OF THE PROTOTYPE
44
45
46
47
48
APPENDIX B
COST ESTIMATES
49
Cost Estimate
This table shows the cost estimates for the materials used for the
prototype.
Unit
(piece)
Unit Price
(Php)
Total Price
(Php)
Galvanized Iron
Sheet
1400
5600
Good Lumber
180
720
Angle Bar
10
380
3800
Marine Plywood
350
700
Iron Glass
1800
1800
30
13
390
Aluminum Insulation
400
800
Flat Bar
290
290
Thin Rocks
100
300
Screen Wire
900
900
Polyglass Fiber
Plastic
300
300
85
510
Miscellaneous
2500
Fabrication
8000
Total
26610
Material
50
APPENDIX C
CURRICULUM VITAE
51
De Castro, Noel C.
Jaybanga, Lobo, Batangas
09059750038
decastronoel1994@yahoo.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Lobo, Batangas
Age
21
Civil Status
Single
Citizenship
Filipino
Gender
Male
Fathers Name
Fidel A. De Castro
Mothers Name
Emelita C. De Castro
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
SECONDARY
52
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Calaca, Batangas
Age
19
Civil Status
Single
Citizenship
Filipino
Gender
Male
Fathers Name
Nestor F. Pasquil
Mothers Name
Evelyn A. Pasquil
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
SECONDARY
53