Q.3. Discuss the visible range of colors?

How can you say that red color can

has maximum wavelength and minimum energy?
Our eyes are sensitive to light which lies in a very small region of the
electromagnetic spectrum labeled "visible light". This "visible light" corresponds
to a wavelength range of 400 - 700 nanometers (nm) and a color range of violet
through red. The human eye is not capable of "seeing" radiation with
wavelengths outside the visible spectrum. The visible colors from shortest to
longest wavelength are: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. Ultraviolet
radiation has a shorter wavelength than the visible violet light. Infrared radiation
has a longer wavelength than visible red light. The white light is a mixture of the
colors of the visible spectrum. Black is a total absence of light.

KASHIF ALI
JALIL
13-ENV-19

Q.4. Why calibration curve is important to find out concentration of

unknown sample?
Objective:
Determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
Approach:
Measure the intensity of transmitted light for various standard solutions.
For each standard solution, calculate the absorbance of the solution.
Construct a calibration curve.
Plot the line-of-best-fit through the experimental points.
Measure the intensity of transmitted light for the unknown solution.
Calculate the absorbance of the unknown solution.
Use the calibration curve to determine the concentration of the unknown solution.

Q.5. Why we have to prepare dilutions of standard solutions first, in order to

find out concentration of unknown sample?
In practice, a series of standard solutions are prepared. A standard solution is
a solution in which the analyte concentration is accurately known. The
absorbances of the standard solutions are measured and used to prepare
a calibration curve

KASHIF ALI
JALIL
13-ENV-19

Q.1.What is the basic principle of spectrophotometer?

A spectrophotometer is employed to measure the amount of light that a sample absorbs.
The instrument operates by passing a beam of light through a sample and measuring the
intensity of light reaching a detector.
The beam of light consists of a stream of photons, represented by the purple balls in the
simulation shown below. When a photon encounters an analyte molecule (the analyte is
the molecule being studied), there is a chance the analyte will absorb the photon. This
absorption reduces the number of photons in the beam of light, thereby reducing the
intensity of the light beam.

Q.2. Why colors are visible to us? Why the green color of plants seems
green?
Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. We see these waves as
the colors of the rainbow. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest
wavelength and violet has the shortest wavelength. When all the waves are seen together,
they make white light.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment that gives most plants their color.The reason that it is green
is because it absorbs other colors of light such as red and blue, so in a way
the green light is reflected out since the pigment does not absorb it.

KASHIF ALI
JALIL
13-ENV-19