G.R. No.

L-65295 March 10, 1987

proximate cause of Dionisio's injuries was his

own recklessness in driving fast at the time of
the accident, while under the influence of liquor,
without his headlights on and without a curfew
pass. Phoenix also sought to establish that it had
exercised due rare in the selection and
supervision of the dump truck driver.

PHOENIX
CONSTRUCTION,
INC.
and
ARMANDO U. CARBONEL, petitioners,
vs.
THE INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURT and
LEONARDO DIONISIO, respondents.

The trial court rendered judgment in favor of

Dionisio and against Phoenix and Carbonel and
ordered the latter:

FELICIANO, J:
In the early morning of 15 November 1975 at
about 1:30 a.m. private respondent Leonardo
Dionisio was on his way home he lived in
1214-B Zamora Street, Bangkal, Makati from a
cocktails-and-dinner meeting with his boss, the
general manager of a marketing corporation.
During the cocktails phase of the evening,
Dionisio had taken "a shot or two" of liquor.
Dionisio was driving his Volkswagen car and had
just crossed the intersection of General Lacuna
and General Santos Streets at Bangkal, Makati,
not far from his home, and was proceeding down
General Lacuna Street, when his car headlights
(in his allegation) suddenly failed. He switched
his headlights on "bright" and thereupon he saw
a Ford dump truck looming some 2-1/2 meters
away from his car. The dump truck, owned by
and registered in the name of petitioner Phoenix
Construction Inc. ("Phoenix"), was parked on the
right hand side of General Lacuna Street (i.e., on
the right hand side of a person facing in the
same direction toward which Dionisio's car was
proceeding), facing the oncoming traffic. The
dump truck was parked askew (not parallel to
the street curb) in such a manner as to stick out
onto the street, partly blocking the way of
oncoming traffic. There were no lights nor any
so-called "early warning" reflector devices set
anywhere near the dump truck, front or rear. The
dump truck had earlier that evening been driven
home by petitioner Armando U. Carbonel, its
regular driver, with the permission of his
employer Phoenix, in view of work scheduled to
be carried out early the following morning,
Dionisio claimed that he tried to avoid a collision
by swerving his car to the left but it was too late
and his car smashed into the dump truck. As a
result of the collision, Dionisio suffered some
physical injuries including some permanent
facial scars, a "nervous breakdown" and loss of
two gold bridge dentures.

(1) To pay plaintiff jointly and severally the sum

of P 15,000.00 for hospital bills and the
replacement of the lost dentures of plaintiff;
(2) To pay plaintiff jointly and severally the sum
of P 1,50,000.-00 as loss of expected income for
plaintiff brought about the accident in
controversy and which is the result of the
negligence of the defendants;
(3) To pay the plaintiff jointly and severally the
sum of P 10,000. as moral damages for the
unexpected and sudden withdrawal of plaintiff
from his lifetime career as a marketing man;
mental anguish, wounded feeling, serious
anxiety,
social
humiliation,
besmirched
reputation, feeling of economic insecurity, and
the untold sorrows and frustration in life
experienced by plaintiff and his family since the
accident in controversy up to the present time;
(4) To pay plaintiff jointly and severally the sum
of P 10,000.00 as damages for the wanton
disregard of defendants to settle amicably this
case with the plaintiff before the filing of this
case in court for a smaller amount.
(5) To pay the plaintiff jointly and severally the
sum of P 4,500.00 due as and for attorney's
fees; and
(6) The cost of suit. (Emphasis supplied)
Phoenix and Carbonel appealed to the
Intermediate Appellate Court. That court in CAG.R. No. 65476 affirmed the decision of the trial
court but modified the award of damages to the
following extent:
1. The award of P15,000.00 as compensatory
damages was reduced to P6,460.71, the latter
being the only amount that the appellate court
found the plaintiff to have proved as actually
sustained by him;

Dionisio commenced an action for damages in

the Court of First Instance of Pampanga basically
claiming that the legal and proximate cause of
his injuries was the negligent manner in which
Carbonel had parked the dump truck entrusted
to him by his employer Phoenix. Phoenix and
Carbonel, on the other hand, countered that the

2. The award of P150,000.00 as loss of expected

income was reduced to P100,000.00, basically
because Dionisio had voluntarily resigned his job
such that, in the opinion of the appellate court,
his loss of income "was not solely attributable to
the accident in question;" and

3. The award of P100,000.00 as moral damages

was held by the appellate court as excessive and
unconscionable
and
hence
reduced
to
P50,000.00.

respondent Dionisio had a curfew pass valid and

effective for that eventful night; (b) whether
Dionisio was driving fast or speeding just before
the collision with the dump truck; (c) whether
Dionisio had purposely turned off his car's
headlights before contact with the dump truck or
whether
those
headlights
accidentally
malfunctioned moments before the collision; and
(d) whether Dionisio was intoxicated at the time
of the accident.

The award of P10,000.00 as exemplary damages

and P4,500.00 as attorney's fees and costs
remained untouched.
This decision of the Intermediate Appellate Court
is now before us on a petition for review.
Both the trial court and the appellate court had
made fairly explicit findings of fact relating to
the manner in which the dump truck was parked
along General Lacuna Street on the basis of
which both courts drew the inference that there
was negligence on the part of Carbonel, the
dump truck driver, and that this negligence was
the proximate cause of the accident and
Dionisio's injuries. We note, however, that both
courts failed to pass upon the defense raised by
Carbonel and Phoenix that the true legal and
proximate cause of the accident was not the way
in which the dump truck had been parked but
rather the reckless way in which Dionisio had
driven his car that night when he smashed into
the dump truck. The Intermediate Appellate
Court in its questioned decision casually
conceded that Dionisio was "in some way,
negligent" but apparently failed to see the
relevance of Dionisio's negligence and made no
further mention of it. We have examined the
record both before the trial court and the
Intermediate Appellate Court and we find that
both parties had placed into the record sufficient
evidence on the basis of which the trial court
and the appellate court could have and should
have made findings of fact relating to the
alleged reckless manner in which Dionisio drove
his car that night. The petitioners Phoenix and
Carbonel contend that if there was negligence in
the manner in which the dump truck was
parked, that negligence was merely a "passive
and
static
condition"
and
that
private
respondent Dionisio's recklessness constituted
an intervening, efficient cause determinative of
the accident and the injuries he sustained. The
need to administer substantial justice as
between the parties in this case, without having
to remand it back to the trial court after eleven
years, compels us to address directly the
contention put forward by the petitioners and to
examine for ourselves the record pertaining to
Dionisio's alleged negligence which must bear
upon the liability, or extent of liability, of
Phoenix and Carbonel.

As to the first issue relating to the curfew pass,

it is clear that no curfew pass was found on the
person of Dionisio immediately after the
accident nor was any found in his car. Phoenix's
evidence here consisted of the testimony of
Patrolman Cuyno who had taken Dionisio,
unconscious, to the Makati Medical Center for
emergency treatment immediately after the
accident. At the Makati Medical Center, a nurse
took off Dionisio's clothes and examined them
along with the contents of pockets together with
Patrolman Cuyno. 1 Private respondent Dionisio
was not able to produce any curfew pass during
the trial. Instead, he offered the explanation that
his family may have misplaced his curfew pass.
He also offered a certification (dated two years
after the accident) issued by one Major Benjamin
N. Libarnes of the Zone Integrated Police
Intelligence Unit of Camp Olivas, San Fernando,
Pampanga, which was said to have authority to
issue curfew passes for Pampanga and Metro
Manila. This certification was to the effect that
private respondent Dionisio had a valid curfew
pass. This certification did not, however, specify
any pass serial number or date or period of
effectivity of the supposed curfew pass. We find
that private respondent Dionisio was unable to
prove possession of a valid curfew pass during
the night of the accident and that the
preponderance of evidence shows that he did
not have such a pass during that night. The
relevance of possession or non-possession of a
curfew pass that night lies in the light it tends to
shed on the other related issues: whether
Dionisio was speeding home and whether he
had indeed purposely put out his headlights
before the accident, in order to avoid detection
and possibly arrest by the police in the nearby
police station for travelling after the onset of
curfew without a valid curfew pass.
On the second issue whether or not Dionisio
was speeding home that night both the trial
court and the appellate court were completely
silent.
The defendants in the trial court introduced the
testimony of Patrolman Cuyno who was at the
scene of the accident almost immediately after

There are four factual issues that need to be

looked into: (a) whether or not private

it occurred, the police station where he was

based being barely 200 meters away. Patrolman
Cuyno testified that people who had gathered at
the scene of the accident told him that Dionisio's
car was "moving fast" and did not have its
headlights on. 2 Dionisio, on the other hand,

contention that Dionisio purposely shut off his

headlights even before he reached the
intersection so as not to be detected by the
police in the police precinct which he (being a
resident in the area) knew was not far away
from the intersection. We believe that the
petitioners'
theory
is
a
more
credible
explanation than that offered by private
respondent Dionisio i.e., that he had his
headlights on but that, at the crucial moment,
these had in some mysterious if convenient way
malfunctioned and gone off, although he
succeeded in switching his lights on again at
"bright" split seconds before contact with the
dump truck.

claimed that he was travelling at a moderate

speed at 30 kilometers per hour and had just
crossed the intersection of General Santos and
General Lacuna Streets and had started to
accelerate when his headlights failed just before
the collision took place. 3
Private respondent Dionisio asserts that
Patrolman Cuyno's testimony was hearsay and
did not fag within any of the recognized
exceptions to the hearsay rule since the facts he
testified to were not acquired by him through
official information and had not been given by
the informants pursuant to any duty to do so.
Private respondent's objection fails to take
account of the fact that the testimony of
Patrolman Cuyno is admissible not under the
official records exception to the hearsay rule 4

A fourth and final issue relates to whether

Dionisio was intoxicated at the time of the
accident. The evidence here consisted of the
testimony of Patrolman Cuyno to the effect that
private respondent Dionisio smelled of liquor at
the time he was taken from his smashed car and
brought to the Makati Medical Center in an
unconscious condition. 7 This testimony has to
be taken in conjunction with the admission of
Dionisio that he had taken "a shot or two" of
liquor before dinner with his boss that night. We
do not believe that this evidence is sufficient to
show that Dionisio was so heavily under the
influence of liquor as to constitute his driving a
motor vehicle per se an act of reckless
imprudence. 8 There simply is not enough

but rather as part of the res gestae.

Testimonial evidence under this exception to the
hearsay rule consists of excited utterances
made on the occasion of an occurrence or event
sufficiently startling in nature so as to render
inoperative the normal reflective thought
processes of the observer and hence made as a
spontaneous reaction to the occurrence or
event, and not the result of reflective thought. 6

evidence to show how much liquor he had in fact

taken and the effects of that upon his physical
faculties or upon his judgment or mental
alertness. We are also aware that "one shot or
two" of hard liquor may affect different people
differently.

We think that an automobile speeding down a

street and suddenly smashing into a stationary
object in the dead of night is a sufficiently
startling event as to evoke spontaneous, rather
than reflective, reactions from observers who
happened to be around at that time. The
testimony of Patrolman Cuyno was therefore
admissible as part of the res gestae and should
have been considered by the trial court. Clearly,
substantial weight should have been ascribed to
such testimony, even though it did not, as it
could not, have purported to describe
quantitatively the precise velocity at winch
Dionisio was travelling just before impact with
the Phoenix dump truck.

The conclusion we draw from the factual

circumstances outlined above is that private
respondent Dionisio was negligent the night of
the accident. He was hurrying home that night
and driving faster than he should have been.
Worse, he extinguished his headlights at or near
the intersection of General Lacuna and General
Santos Streets and thus did not see the dump
truck that was parked askew and sticking out
onto the road lane.
Nonetheless, we agree with the Court of First
Instance and the Intermediate Appellate Court
that the legal and proximate cause of the
accident and of Dionisio's injuries was the
wrongful or negligent manner in which the
dump truck was parked in other words, the
negligence of petitioner Carbonel. That there
was
a
reasonable
relationship
between
petitioner Carbonel's negligence on the one

A third related issue is whether Dionisio

purposely turned off his headlights, or whether
his headlights accidentally malfunctioned, just
moments before the accident. The Intermediate
Appellate Court expressly found that the
headlights of Dionisio's car went off as he
crossed the intersection but was non-committal
as to why they did so. It is the petitioners'

hand and the accident and respondent's injuries

on the other hand, is quite clear. Put in a slightly
different manner, the collision of Dionisio's car
with the dump truck was a natural and
foreseeable consequence of the truck driver's
negligence.

force intervenes. But even in such cases, it is

not the distinction between "cause" and
"condition" which is important but the nature of
the risk and the character of the intervening
cause. 9
We believe, secondly, that the truck driver's
negligence far from being a "passive and static
condition" was rather an indispensable and
efficient cause. The collision between the dump
truck and the private respondent's car would in
an probability not have occurred had the dump
truck not been parked askew without any
warning lights or reflector devices. The improper
parking of the dump truck created an
unreasonable risk of injury for anyone driving
down General Lacuna Street and for having so
created this risk, the truck driver must be held
responsible. In our view, Dionisio's negligence,
although later in point of time than the truck
driver's negligence and therefore closer to the
accident, was not an efficient intervening or
independent cause. What the Petitioners
describe as an "intervening cause" was no more
than a foreseeable consequent manner which
the truck driver had parked the dump truck. In
other words, the petitioner truck driver owed a
duty to private respondent Dionisio and others
similarly situated not to impose upon them the
very risk the truck driver had created. Dionisio's
negligence was not of an independent and
overpowering nature as to cut, as it were, the
chain of causation in fact between the improper
parking of the dump truck and the accident, nor
to sever the juris vinculum of liability. It is helpful
to quote once more from Professor and Keeton:

The petitioners, however, urge that the truck

driver's negligence was merely a "passive and
static condition" and that private respondent
Dionisio's
negligence
was
an
"efficient
intervening cause and that consequently
Dionisio's negligence must be regarded as the
legal and proximate cause of the accident rather
than the earlier negligence of Carbonel. We note
that the petitioners' arguments are drawn from a
reading of some of the older cases in various
jurisdictions in the United States but we are
unable to persuade ourselves that these
arguments have any validity for our jurisdiction.
We note, firstly, that even in the United States,
the distinctions between "cause" and "condition"
which the 'petitioners would have us adopt have
already been "almost entirely discredited."
Professors and Keeton make this quite clear:
Cause and condition. Many courts have sought
to distinguish between the active "cause" of the
harm and the existing "conditions" upon which
that cause operated. If the defendant has
created only a passive static condition which
made the damage possible, the defendant is
said not to be liable. But so far as the fact of
causation is concerned, in the sense of
necessary antecedents which have played an
important part in producing the result it is quite
impossible to distinguish between active forces
and passive situations, particularly since, as is
invariably the case, the latter are the result of
other active forces which have gone before. The
defendant who spills gasoline about the
premises creates a "condition," but the act may
be culpable because of the danger of fire. When
a spark ignites the gasoline, the condition has
done quite as much to bring about the fire as
the spark; and since that is the very risk which
the defendant has created, the defendant will
not escape responsibility. Even the lapse of a
considerable time during which the "condition"
remains static will not necessarily affect liability;
one who digs a trench in the highway may still
be liable to another who fans into it a month
afterward. "Cause" and "condition" still find
occasional mention in the decisions; but the
distinction is now almost entirely discredited. So
far as it has any validity at all, it must refer to
the type of case where the forces set in
operation by the defendant have come to rest in
a position of apparent safety, and some new

Foreseeable
Intervening
Causes.
If
the
intervening cause is one which in ordinary
human experience is reasonably to be
anticipated or one which the defendant has
reason to anticipate under the particular
circumstances,
the
defendant
may
be
negligence among other reasons, because of
failure to guard against it; or the defendant may
be negligent only for that reason. Thus one who
sets a fire may be required to foresee that an
ordinary, usual and customary wind arising later
wig spread it beyond the defendant's own
property, and therefore to take precautions to
prevent that event. The person who leaves the
combustible or explosive material exposed in a
public place may foresee the risk of fire from
some independent source. ... In all of these
cases there is an intervening cause combining
with the defendant's conduct to produce the
result and in each case the defendant's
negligence consists in failure to protect the
plaintiff against that very risk.

Obviously the defendant cannot be relieved

from liability by the fact that the risk or a
substantial and important part of the risk, to
which the defendant has subjected the plaintiff
has indeed come to pass. Foreseeable
intervening forces are within the scope original
risk, and hence of the defendant's negligence.
The courts are quite generally agreed that
intervening causes which fall fairly in this
category will not supersede the defendant's
responsibility.

function of that doctrine in the common law was

to mitigate the harshness of another common
law doctrine or rule that of contributory
negligence. 12 The common law rule of
contributory negligence prevented any recovery
at all by a plaintiff who was also negligent, even
if the plaintiff's negligence was relatively minor
as compared with the wrongful act or omission
of the defendant. 13 The common law notion of
last clear chance permitted courts to grant
recovery to a plaintiff who had also been
negligent provided that the defendant had the
last clear chance to avoid the casualty and failed
to do so. 14 Accordingly, it is difficult to see
what role, if any, the common law last clear
chance doctrine has to play in a jurisdiction
where the common law concept of contributory
negligence as an absolute bar to recovery by the
plaintiff, has itself been rejected, as it has been
in Article 2179 of the Civil Code of the
Philippines. 15

Thus it has been held that a defendant will be

required to anticipate the usual weather of the
vicinity, including all ordinary forces of nature
such as usual wind or rain, or snow or frost or
fog or even lightning; that one who leaves an
obstruction on the road or a railroad track
should foresee that a vehicle or a train will run
into it; ...
The risk created by the defendant may include
the intervention of the foreseeable negligence of
others. ... [The standard of reasonable conduct
may require the defendant to protect the
plaintiff against 'that occasional negligence
which is one of the ordinary incidents of human
life, and therefore to be anticipated.' Thus, a
defendant who blocks the sidewalk and forces
the plaintiff to walk in a street where the plaintiff
will be exposed to the risks of heavy traffic
becomes liable when the plaintiff is run down by
a car, even though the car is negligently driven;
and one who parks an automobile on the
highway without lights at night is not relieved of
responsibility when another negligently drives
into it. --- 10

Is there perhaps a general concept of "last clear

chance" that may be extracted from its common
law matrix and utilized as a general rule in
negligence cases in a civil law jurisdiction like
ours? We do not believe so. Under Article 2179,
the task of a court, in technical terms, is to
determine whose negligence the plaintiff's or
the defendant's was the legal or proximate
cause of the injury. That task is not simply or
even primarily an exercise in chronology or
physics, as the petitioners seem to imply by the
use of terms like "last" or "intervening" or
"immediate." The relative location in the
continuum of time of the plaintiff's and the
defendant's negligent acts or omissions, is only
one of the relevant factors that may be taken
into account. Of more fundamental importance
are the nature of the negligent act or omission
of each party and the character and gravity of
the risks created by such act or omission for the
rest of the community. The petitioners urge that
the truck driver (and therefore his employer)
should be absolved from responsibility for his
own prior negligence because the unfortunate
plaintiff failed to act with that increased
diligence which had become necessary to avoid
the peril precisely created by the truck driver's
own wrongful act or omission. To accept this
proposition is to come too close to wiping out
the fundamental principle of law that a man
must respond for the forseeable consequences
of his own negligent act or omission. Our law on
quasi-delicts seeks to reduce the risks and
burdens of living in society and to allocate them
among the members of society. To accept the
petitioners' pro-position must tend to weaken

We hold that private respondent Dionisio's

negligence was "only contributory," that the
"immediate and proximate cause" of the injury
remained the truck driver's "lack of due care"
and that consequently respondent Dionisio may
recover damages though such damages are
subject to mitigation by the courts (Article 2179,
Civil Code of the Philippines).
Petitioners also ask us to apply what they refer
to as the "last clear chance" doctrine. The theory
here of petitioners is that while the petitioner
truck driver was negligent, private respondent
Dionisio had the "last clear chance" of avoiding
the accident and hence his injuries, and that
Dionisio having failed to take that "last clear
chance" must bear his own injuries alone. The
last clear chance doctrine of the common law
was imported into our jurisdiction by Picart vs.
Smith 11 but it is a matter for debate whether,
or to what extent, it has found its way into the
Civil Code of the Philippines. The historical

the very bonds of society.

assailing the Decision[1] dated July 16, 2004 and

the Resolution[2] dated October 20, 2004 issued
by the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No.
77462.

Petitioner Carbonel's proven negligence creates

a presumption of negligence on the part of his
employer Phoenix 16 in supervising its
employees properly and adequately. The
respondent appellate court in effect found,
correctly in our opinion, that Phoenix was not
able to overcome this presumption of
negligence. The circumstance that Phoenix had
allowed its truck driver to bring the dump truck
to his home whenever there was work to be
done early the following morning, when coupled
with the failure to show any effort on the part of
Phoenix to supervise the manner in which the
dump truck is parked when away from company
premises, is an affirmative showing of culpa in
vigilando on the part of Phoenix.

On November 3, 1997, at about 2:50 p.m.,

Evangeline Tangco (Evangeline) went to Ecology
Bank, Katipunan Branch, Quezon City, to renew
her time deposit per advise of the banks cashier
as she would sign a specimen card. Evangeline,
a
duly
licensed
firearm
holder
with
corresponding permit to carry the same outside
her residence, approached security guard
Pajarillo, who was stationed outside the bank,
and pulled out her firearm from her bag to
deposit the same for safekeeping. Suddenly,
Pajarillo shot Evangeline with his service
shotgun hitting her in the abdomen instantly
causing her death.

Turning to the award of damages and taking into

account the comparative negligence of private
respondent Dionisio on one hand and petitioners
Carbonel and Phoenix upon the other hand, 17
we believe that the demands of substantial
justice are satisfied by allocating most of the
damages on a 20-80 ratio. Thus, 20% of the
damages awarded by the respondent appellate
court, except the award of P10,000.00 as
exemplary damages and P4,500.00 as attorney's
fees and costs, shall be borne by private
respondent Dionisio; only the balance of 80%
needs to be paid by petitioners Carbonel and
Phoenix who shall be solidarity liable therefor to
the former. The award of exemplary damages
and attorney's fees and costs shall be borne
exclusively by the petitioners. Phoenix is of
course entitled to reimbursement from Carbonel.
18 We see no sufficient reason for disturbing the
reduced award of damages made by the
respondent appellate court.

Lauro Tangco, Evangelines husband, together

with his six minor children (respondents) filed
with the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Quezon
City, a criminal case of Homicide against
Pajarillo, docketed as Criminal Case No. 0-9773806 and assigned to Branch 78. Respondents
reserved their right to file a separate civil action
in the said criminal case. The RTC of Quezon City
subsequently convicted Pajarillo of Homicide in
its Decision dated January 19, 2000.[3] On
appeal to the CA, the RTC decision was affirmed
with modification as to the penalty in a
Decision[4] dated July 31, 2000. Entry of
Judgment was made on August 25, 2001.

Meanwhile, on January 14, 1998, respondents

filed with RTC, Branch 273, Marikina City, a
complaint[5] for damages against Pajarillo for
negligently shooting Evangeline and against
Safeguard for failing to observe the diligence of
a good father of a family to prevent the damage
committed by its security guard. Respondents
prayed for actual, moral and exemplary
damages and attorneys fees.

WHEREFORE, the decision of the respondent

appellate court is modified by reducing the
aggregate amount of compensatory damages,
loss of expected income and moral damages
private respondent Dionisio is entitled to by 20%
of such amount. Costs against the petitioners.
SO ORDERED.

In their Answer,[6] petitioners denied the

material allegations in the complaint and alleged
that Safeguard exercised the diligence of a good
father of a family in the selection and
supervision of Pajarillo; that Evangelines death
was not due to Pajarillos negligence as the latter
acted only in self-defense. Petitioners set up a
compulsory counterclaim for moral damages and
attorneys fees.

-------------------------------------------------------------Safeguard Security Agency vs Tangco, G.R. NO.

165732
DECISION

Before us is a petition for review on certiorari

filed by Safeguard Security Agency, Inc.
(Safeguard) and Admer Pajarillo (Pajarillo)

Trial thereafter ensued. On January 10, 2003, the

RTC rendered its Decision,[7] the dispositive
portion of which reads:

Pajarillo, there was no sufficient evidence to

show that Safeguard exercised the diligence of a
good father of a family in the supervision of its
employee; that Safeguards evidence simply
showed that it required its guards to attend
trainings and seminars which is not the
supervision contemplated under the law; that
supervision includes not only the issuance of
regulations and instructions designed for the
protection of persons and property, for the
guidance of their servants and employees, but
also the duty to see to it that such regulations
and instructions are faithfully complied with.

WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered in

favor of the plaintiffs, the heirs of Evangeline
Tangco, and against defendants Admer Pajarillo
and Safeguard Security Agency, Inc. ordering
said defendants to pay the plaintiffs, jointly and
severally, the following:

1.
ONE HUNDRED FIFTY
THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED THIRTY
(P157,430.00), as actual damages

SEVEN
PESOS

2.
FIFTY
THOUSAND
(P50,000.00) as death indemnity;

PESOS

3.
ONE
MILLION
(P1,000,000.00), as moral damages;

PESOS

Petitioners appealed the RTC decision to the CA.

On July 16, 2004, the CA issued its assailed
Decision, the dispositive portion of which reads:

IN VIEW OF ALL THE FOREGOING, the appealed

decision is hereby AFFIRMED, with the
modification that Safeguard Security Agency,
Inc.s civil liability in this case is only subsidiary
under Art. 103 of the Revised Penal Code. No
pronouncement as to costs.[9]

4.
THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND
PESOS (P300,000.00), as exemplary damages;
5.
THIRTY
THOUSAND
(P30,000.00), as attorneys fees; and
6.

PESOS

costs of suit.
In finding that Safeguard is only subsidiarily
liable, the CA held that the applicable provisions
are not Article 2180 in relation to Article 2176 of
the Civil Code, on quasi-delicts, but the
provisions on civil liability arising from felonies
under the Revised Penal Code; that since
Pajarillo had been found guilty of Homicide in a
final and executory judgment and is said to be
serving sentence in Muntinlupa, he must be
adjudged civilly liable under the provisions of
Article 100 of the Revised Penal Code since the
civil liability recoverable in the criminal action is
one solely dependent upon conviction, because
said liability arises from the offense charged and
no other; that this is also the civil liability that is
deemed extinguished with the extinction of the
penal liability with a pronouncement that the
fact from which the civil action might proceed
does not exist; that unlike in civil liability arising
from quasi-delict, the defense of diligence of a
good father of a family in the employment and
supervision of employees is inapplicable and
irrelevant in civil liabilities based on crimes or
ex-delicto; that Article 103 of the Revised Penal
Code provides that the liability of an employer
for the civil liability of their employees is only
subsidiary, not joint or solidary.

For lack of merit, defendants counterclaim is

hereby DISMISSED.

SO ORDERED. [8]

The RTC found respondents to be entitled to

damages. It rejected Pajarillos claim that he
merely acted in self-defense. It gave no
credence to Pajarillos bare claim that Evangeline
was seen roaming around the area prior to the
shooting incident since Pajarillo had not made
such report to the head office and the police
authorities. The RTC further ruled that being the
guard on duty, the situation demanded that he
should have exercised proper prudence and
necessary care by asking Evangeline for him to
ascertain the matter instead of shooting her
instantly; that Pajarillo had already been
convicted of Homicide in Criminal Case No. 0-9773806; and that he also failed to proffer proof
negating liability in the instant case.

The RTC also found Safeguard as employer of

Pajarillo to be jointly and severally liable with
Pajarillo. It ruled that while it may be conceded
that Safeguard had perhaps exercised care in
the selection of its employees, particularly of

Petitioners filed their Motion for Reconsideration

which the CA denied in a Resolution dated

October 20, 2004.

The law at the time the complaint for damages

was filed is Rule 111 of the 1985 Rules on
Criminal Procedure, as amended, to wit:

Hence, the instant Petition for Review on

Certiorari with the following assignment of
errors, to wit:

SECTION 1. Institution of criminal and civil

actions. - When a criminal action is instituted,
the civil action for the recovery of civil liability is
impliedly instituted with the criminal action,
unless the offended party waives the civil action,
reserves his right to institute it separately, or
institutes the civil action prior to the criminal
action.

The Honorable Court of Appeals gravely erred in

finding petitioner Pajarillo liable to respondents
for the payment of damages and other money
claims.

Such civil action includes recovery of indemnity

under the Revised Penal Code, and damages
under Articles 32, 33, 34, and 2176 of the Civil
Code of the Philippines arising from the same
act or omission of the accused.

The Honorable Court of Appeals gravely erred

when it applied Article 103 of the Revised Penal
Code in holding petitioner Safeguard solidarily
[sic] liable with petitioner Pajarillo for the
payment of damages and other money claims.

Respondents reserved the right to file a separate

civil action and in fact filed the same on January
14, 1998.

The Honorable Court of Appeals gravely erred in

failing to find that petitioner Safeguard Security
Agency, Inc. exercised due diligence in the
selection and supervision of its employees,
hence, should be excused from any liability.[10]

The CA found that the source of damages in the

instant case must be the crime of homicide, for
which he had already been found guilty of and
serving sentence thereof, thus must be
governed by the Revised Penal Code.

The issues for resolution are whether (1) Pajarillo

is guilty of negligence in shooting Evangeline;
and (2) Safeguard should be held solidarily liable
for the damages awarded to respondents.

We do not agree.
An act or omission causing damage to another
may give rise to two separate civil liabilities on
the part of the offender, i.e., (1) civil liability ex
delicto, under Article 100 of the Revised Penal
Code; and (2) independent civil liabilities, such
as those (a) not arising from an act or omission
complained of as a felony, e.g., culpa
contractual or obligations arising from law under
Article 31 of the Civil Code, intentional torts
under Articles 32 and 34, and culpa aquiliana
under Article 2176 of the Civil Code; or (b)
where the injured party is granted a right to file
an action independent and distinct from the
criminal action under Article 33 of the Civil Code.
Either of these liabilities may be enforced
against the offender subject to the caveat under
Article 2177 of the Civil Code that the offended
party cannot recover damages twice for the
same act or omission or under both causes.[13]

Safeguard insists that the claim for damages by

respondents is based on culpa aquiliana under
Article 2176[11] of the Civil Code, in which case,
its liability is jointly and severally with Pajarillo.
However, since it has established that it had
exercised due diligence in the selection and
supervision of Pajarillo, it should be exonerated
from civil liability.

We will first resolve whether the CA correctly

held that respondents, in filing a separate civil
action against petitioners are limited to the
recovery of damages arising from a crime or
delict, in which case the liability of Safeguard as
employer under Articles 102 and 103 of the
Revised Penal Code[12] is subsidiary and the
defense of due diligence in the selection and
supervision of employee is not available to it.

It is important to determine the nature of

respondents cause of action. The nature of a
cause of action is determined by the facts
alleged in the complaint as constituting the
cause of action.[14] The purpose of an action or
suit and the law to govern it is to be determined
not by the claim of the party filing the action,

The CA erred in ruling that the liability of

Safeguard is only subsidiary.

made in his argument or brief, but rather by the

complaint itself, its allegations and prayer for
relief.[15]

negligence, but also acts which are voluntary

and intentional. As far back as the definitive
case of Elcano v. Hill (77 SCRA 98 [1977]), this
Court already held that:
"x x x Article 2176, where it refers to "fault
or negligence," covers not only acts "not
punishable by law" but also acts criminal in
character,
whether
intentional
and
voluntary or negligent. Consequently, a
separate civil action lies against the offender in
a criminal act, whether or not he is criminally
prosecuted and found guilty or acquitted,
provided that the offended party is not allowed,
if he is actually charged also criminally, to
recover damages on both scores, and would be
entitled in such eventuality only to the bigger
award of the two, assuming the awards made in
the two cases vary. In other words, the
extinction of civil liability referred to in Par. (e) of
Section 3, Rule 111, refers exclusively to civil
liability founded on Article 100 of the Revised
Penal Code, whereas the civil liability for the
same act considered as quasi-delict only and not
as a crime is not extinguished even by a
declaration in the criminal case that the criminal
act charged has not happened or has not been
committed by the accused. Briefly stated, We
here hold, in reiteration of Garcia, that culpa
aquiliana includes voluntary and negligent acts
which may be punishable by law." (Emphasis
supplied)

The pertinent portions of the complaint read:

7. That Defendant Admer A. Pajarillo was the

guard assigned and posted in the Ecology Bank
Katipunan Branch, Quezon City, who was
employed and under employment of Safeguard
Security Agency, Inc. hence there is employeremployee relationship between co-defendants.

The Safeguard Security Agency, Inc. failed to

observe the diligence of a good father of a
family to prevent damage to herein plaintiffs.

8. That defendant Admer Pajarillo upon seeing

Evangeline Tangco, who brought her firearm out
of her bag, suddenly without exercising
necessary caution/care, and in idiotic manner,
with the use of his shotgun, fired and burst
bullets upon Evangeline M. Tangco, killing her
instantly. x x x

xxxx

The civil action filed by respondents was not

derived from the criminal liability of Pajarillo in
the criminal case but one based on culpa
aquiliana or quasi-delict which is separate and
distinct from the civil liability arising from crime.
[18] The source of the obligation sought to be
enforced in the civil case is a quasi-delict not an
act or omission punishable by law.

16. That defendants, being employer and the

employee are jointly and severally liable for the
death of Evangeline M. Tangco.[16]

Thus, a reading of respondents complaint shows

that the latter are invoking their right to recover
damages against Safeguard for their vicarious
responsibility for the injury caused by Pajarillos
act of shooting and killing Evangeline under
Article 2176, Civil Code which provides:

In Bermudez v. Melencio-Herrera,[19] where the

issue involved was whether the civil action filed
by plaintiff-appellants is founded on crime or on
quasi-delict, we held:

ARTICLE 2176. Whoever by act or omission

causes damage to another, there being fault or
negligence, is obliged to pay for the damage
done. Such fault or negligence, if there is no preexisting contractual relation between the parties
is called a quasi-delict and is governed by the
provisions of this Chapter.

x x x The trial court treated the case as an

action based on a crime in view of the
reservation made by the offended party in the
criminal case (Criminal Case No. 92944), also
pending before the court, to file a separate civil
action. Said the trial court:

The scope of Article 2176 is not limited to acts or

omissions resulting from negligence. In Dulay v.
Court of Appeals,[17] we held:

It would appear that plaintiffs instituted this

action on the assumption that defendant
Pontino's negligence in the accident of May 10,
1969 constituted a quasi-delict. The Court

x x x Well-entrenched is the doctrine that Article

2176 covers not only acts committed with

cannot accept the validity of that assumption. In

Criminal Case No. 92944 of this Court, plaintiffs
had already appeared as complainants. While
that case was pending, the offended parties
reserved the right to institute a separate civil
action. If, in a criminal case, the right to file a
separate civil action for damages is reserved,
such civil action is to be based on crime and not
on tort. That was the ruling in Joaquin vs.
Aniceto, L-18719, Oct. 31, 1964.

Therefore, it is incumbent upon petitioners to

prove that they exercised the diligence of a good
father of a family in the selection and
supervision of their employee.
We must first resolve the issue of whether
Pajarillo was negligent in shooting Evangeline.

The issue of negligence is factual in nature.

Whether a person is negligent or not is a
question of fact, which, as a general rule, we
cannot pass upon in a petition for review on
certiorari, as our jurisdiction is limited to
reviewing errors of law.[23] Generally, factual
findings of the trial court, affirmed by the CA,
are final and conclusive and may not be
reviewed on appeal. The established exceptions
are: (1) when the inference made is manifestly
mistaken, absurd or impossible; (2) when there
is grave abuse of discretion; (3) when the
findings are grounded entirely on speculations,
surmises or conjectures; (4) when the judgment
of the CA is based on misapprehension of facts;
(5) when the findings of fact are conflicting; (6)
when the CA, in making its findings, went
beyond the issues of the case and the same is
contrary to the admissions of both appellant and
appellee; (7) when the findings of fact are
conclusions without citation of specific evidence
on which they are based; (8) when the CA
manifestly overlooked certain relevant facts not
disputed by the parties and which, if properly
considered, would justify a different conclusion;
and (9) when the findings of fact of the CA are
premised on the absence of evidence and are
contradicted by the evidence on record. [24]

We do not agree. The doctrine in the case cited

by the trial court is inapplicable to the instant
case x x x.
xxxx
In cases of negligence, the injured party or his
heirs has the choice between an action to
enforce the civil liability arising from crime under
Article 100 of the Revised Penal Code and an
action for quasi-delict under Article 2176-2194
of the Civil Code. If a party chooses the latter, he
may hold the employer solidarily liable for the
negligent act of his employee, subject to the
employer's defense of exercise of the diligence
of a good father of the family.
In the case at bar, the action filed by appellant
was an action for damages based on quasidelict. The fact that appellants reserved
their right in the criminal case to file an
independent civil action did not preclude
them from choosing to file a civil action for
quasi-delict.[20] (Emphasis supplied)

Although the judgment in the criminal case

finding Pajarillo guilty of Homicide is already
final and executory, such judgment has no
relevance or importance to this case.[21] It
would
have
been
entirely
different
if
respondents cause of action was for damages
arising from a delict, in which case the CA is
correct in finding Safeguard to be only
subsidiary liable pursuant to Article 103 of the
Revised Penal Code.[22]

A thorough review of the records of the case fails

to show any cogent reason for us to deviate
from the factual finding of the trial court and
affirmed by the CA that petitioner Pajarillo was
guilty of negligence in shooting Evangeline.
Respondents
evidence
established
that
Evangelines purpose in going to the bank was to
renew her time deposit.[25] On the other hand,
Pajarillo claims that Evangeline drew a gun from
her bag and aimed the same at him, thus, acting
instinctively, he shot her in self-defense.

As clearly shown by the allegations in the

complaint, respondents cause of action is based
on quasi-delict. Under Article 2180 of the Civil
Code, when the injury is caused by the
negligence of the employee, there instantly
arises a presumption of law that there was
negligence on the part of the master or the
employer either in the selection of the servant or
employee, or in the supervision over him after
selection or both. The liability of the employer
under Article 2180 is direct and immediate.

Pajarillo testified that when Evangeline aimed

the gun at him at a distance of about one meter
or one arms length[26] he stepped backward,
loaded the chamber of his gun and shot her.[27]
It is however unimaginable that petitioner
Pajarillo could still make such movements if
indeed the gun was already pointed at him. Any
movement could have prompted Evangeline to

10

pull the trigger to shoot him.

was seen pulling a gun from inside her bag and

petitioner Pajarillo who was suddenly beset by
fear and perceived the act as a dangerous
threat, shot and killed the deceased out of pure
instinct;[32] that the act of drawing a gun is a
threatening act, regardless of whether or not the
gun was intended to be used against petitioner
Pajarillo;[33] that the fear that was created in
the mind of petitioner Pajarillo as he saw
Evangeline Tangco drawing a gun from her purse
was suddenly very real and the former merely
reacted out of pure self-preservation.[34]

Petitioner Pajarillo would like to justify his action

in
shooting
Evangeline
on
his
mere
apprehension that Evangeline will stage a bank
robbery. However, such claim is befuddled by his
own testimony. Pajarillo testified that prior to the
incident, he saw Evangeline roaming under the
fly over which was about 10 meters away from
the bank[28] and saw her talking to a man
thereat;[29] that she left the man under the flyover, crossed the street and approached the
bank. However, except for the bare testimony of
Pajarillo, the records do not show that indeed
Evangeline was seen roaming near the vicinity
of the bank and acting suspiciously prior to the
shooting incident. In fact, there is no evidence
that Pajarillo called the attention of his head
guard or the banks branch manager regarding
his concerns or that he reported the same to the
police authorities whose outpost is just about 15
meters from the bank.

Considering that unlawful aggression on the part

of Evangeline is absent, Pajarillos claim of selfdefense cannot be accepted specially when such
claim was uncorroborated by any separate
competent evidence other than his testimony
which was even doubtful. Pajarillos apprehension
that Evangeline will shoot him to stage a bank
robbery has no basis at all. It is therefore clear
that the alleged threat of bank robbery was just
a figment of Pajarillos imagination which caused
such unfounded unlawful aggression on his part.

Moreover, if Evangeline was already roaming the

vicinity of the bank, she could have already
apprised herself that Pajarillo, who was posted
outside the bank, was armed with a shotgun;
that there were two guards inside the bank[30]
manning the entrance door. Thus, it is quite
incredible that if she really had a companion,
she would leave him under the fly-over which is
10 meters far from the bank and stage a bank
robbery all by herself without a back-up. In fact,
she would have known, after surveying the area,
that aiming her gun at Pajarillo would not ensure
entrance to the bank as there were guards
manning the entrance door.

Petitioners argue that Evangeline was guilty of

contributory negligence. Although she was a
licensed firearm holder, she had no business
bringing the gun in such establishment where
people would react instinctively upon seeing the
gun; that had Evangeline been prudent, she
could have warned Pajarillo before drawing the
gun and did not conduct herself with suspicion
by roaming outside the vicinity of the bank; that
she should not have held the gun with the
nozzle pointed at Pajarillo who mistook the act
as hold up or robbery.

Evidence, to be believed, must not only proceed

from the mouth of a credible witness, but it must
be credible in itself such as the common
experience and observation of mankind can
approve as probable under the circumstances.
We have no test of the truth of human
testimony, except its conformity to our
knowledge,
observation
and
experience.
Whatever is repugnant to these belongs to the
miraculous and is outside judicial cognizance.
[31]

We are not persuaded.

As we have earlier held, Pajarillo failed to
substantiate his claim that Evangeline was seen
roaming outside the vicinity of the bank and
acting suspiciously prior to the shooting
incident. Evangelines death was merely due to
Pajarillos negligence in shooting her on his
imagined threat that Evangeline will rob the
bank.

That Evangeline just wanted to deposit her gun

before entering the bank and was actually in the
act of pulling her gun from her bag when
petitioner Pajarillo recklessly shot her, finds
support from the contentions raised in
petitioners petition for review where they argued
that when Evangeline approached the bank, she

Safeguard contends that it cannot be jointly held

liable since it had adequately shown that it had
exercised the diligence required in the selection
and supervision of its employees. It claims that
it had required the guards to undergo the
necessary training and to submit the requisite

11

qualifications and credentials which even the

RTC found to have been complied with; that the
RTC erroneously found that it did not exercise
the diligence required in the supervision of its
employee. Safeguard further claims that it
conducts monitoring of the activities of its
personnel, wherein supervisors are assigned to
routinely check the activities of the security
guards which include among others, whether or
not they are in their proper post and with proper
equipment, as well as regular evaluations of the
employees performances; that the fact that
Pajarillo loaded his firearm contrary to
Safeguards operating procedure is not sufficient
basis to say that Safeguard had failed its duty of
proper supervision; that it was likewise error to
say that Safeguard was negligent in seeing to it
that the procedures and policies were not
properly implemented by reason of one
unfortunate event.

satisfactorily showing that the employer

exercised the care and the diligence of a good
father of a family in the selection and the
supervision of its employee.

In the selection of prospective employees,

employers are required to examine them as to
their qualifications, experience, and service
records.[35] On the other hand, due diligence in
the supervision of employees includes the
formulation of suitable rules and regulations for
the guidance of employees and the issuance of
proper instructions intended for the protection of
the public and persons with whom the employer
has relations through his or its employees and
the
imposition
of
necessary
disciplinary
measures upon employees in case of breach or
as may be warranted to ensure the performance
of acts indispensable to the business of and
beneficial to their employer. To this, we add that
actual implementation and monitoring of
consistent compliance with said rules should be
the constant concern of the employer, acting
through dependable supervisors who should
regularly report on their supervisory functions.
[36] To establish these factors in a trial involving
the issue of vicarious liability, employers must
submit concrete proof, including documentary
evidence.

We are not convinced.

Article 2180 of the Civil Code provides:

Art. 2180. The obligation imposed by Article

2176 is demandable not only for ones own acts
or omissions, but also for those of persons for
whom one is responsible.

We agree with the RTCs finding that Safeguard

had exercised the diligence in the selection of
Pajarillo since the record shows that Pajarillo
underwent a psychological and neuro-psychiatric
evaluation conducted by the St. Martin de Porres
Center where no psychoses ideations were
noted, submitted a certification on the Prelicensing training course for security guards, as
well as police and NBI clearances.

xxxx

Employers shall be liable for the damages

caused by their employees and household
helpers acting within the scope of their assigned
tasks, even though the former are not engaged
in any business or industry.

The RTC did not err in ruling that Safeguard fell

short of the diligence required in the supervision
of its employee, particularly Pajarillo. In this
case, while Safeguard presented Capt. James
Camero, its Director for Operations, who testified
on the issuance of company rules and
regulations, such as the Guidelines of Guards
Who Will Be Assigned To Banks,[37] Weapons
Training,[38]
Safeguard
Training
Center
Marksmanship
Training
Lesson
Plan,[39]
Disciplinary/Corrective Sanctions,[40] it had also
been established during Cameros crossexamination that Pajarillo was not aware of such
rules and regulations.[41] Notwithstanding
Cameros
clarification
on
his
re-direct

xxxx

The responsibility treated of in this article shall

cease when the persons herein mentioned prove
that they observed all the diligence of a good
father of a family to prevent damage.

As the employer of Pajarillo, Safeguard is

primarily and solidarily liable for the quasi-delict
committed by the former. Safeguard is
presumed to be negligent in the selection and
supervision of his employee by operation of law.
This presumption may be overcome only by

12

examination that these company rules and

regulations are lesson plans as a basis of
guidelines of the instructors during classroom
instructions and not necessary to give students
copy of the same,[42] the records do not show
that Pajarillo had attended such classroom
instructions.

As to the award of moral damages, Article 2206

of the Civil Code provides that the spouse,
legitimate children and illegitimate descendants
and ascendants of the deceased may demand
moral damages for mental anguish by reason of
the death of the deceased. Moral damages are
awarded to enable the injured party to obtain
means, diversions or amusements that will serve
to alleviate the moral suffering he/she has
undergone, by reason of the defendants
culpable action. Its award is aimed at
restoration, as much as possible, of the spiritual
status quo ante; thus it must be proportionate to
the suffering inflicted.[45] The intensity of the
pain experienced by the relatives of the victim is
proportionate to the intensity of affection for him
and bears no relation whatsoever with the
wealth or means of the offender.[46]

The records also failed to show that there was

adequate training and continuous evaluation of
the security guards performance. Pajarillo had
only attended an in-service training on March 1,
1997 conducted by Toyota Sta. Rosa, his first
assignment as security guard of Safeguard,
which was in collaboration with Safeguard. It
was established that the concept of such
training was purely on security of equipments to
be guarded and protection of the life of the
employees.[43]

In this case, respondents testified as to their

moral suffering caused by Evangelines death
was so sudden causing respondent Lauro to lose
a wife and a mother to six children who were all
minors at the time of her death. In People v.
Teehankee, Jr.,[47] we awarded one million
pesos as moral damages to the heirs of a
seventeen-year-old girl who was murdered. In
Metro Manila Transit Corporation v. Court of
Appeals,[48] we likewise awarded the amount of
one million pesos as moral damages to the
parents of a third year high school student and
who was also their youngest child who died in a
vehicular accident since the girls death left a
void in their lives. Hence, we hold that the
respondents are also entitled to the amount of
one million pesos as Evangelines death left a
void in the lives of her husband and minor
children as they were deprived of her love and
care by her untimely demise.

It had not been established that after Pajarillos

training in Toyota, Safeguard had ever
conducted further training of Pajarillo when he
was later assigned to guard a bank which has a
different nature of business with that of Toyota.
In fact, Pajarillo testified that being on duty in a
bank is different from being on duty in a factory
since a bank is a very sensitive area.[44]

Moreover,
considering
his
reactions
to
Evangelines act of just depositing her firearm for
safekeeping, i.e., of immediately shooting her,
confirms that there was no training or seminar
given on how to handle bank clients and on
human psychology.

Furthermore, while Safeguard would like to show

that there were inspectors who go around the
bank two times a day to see the daily
performance of the security guards assigned
therein, there was no record ever presented of
such daily inspections. In fact, if there was really
such inspection made, the alleged suspicious act
of Evangeline could have been taken noticed
and reported.

We likewise uphold the award of exemplary

damages in the amount of P300,000.00. Under
Article 2229 of the Civil Code, exemplary
damages are imposed by way of example or
correction for the public good, in addition to
moral, temperate, liquidated or compensatory
damages.[49] It is awarded as a deterrent to
socially deleterious actions. In quasi-delict,
exemplary damages may be granted if the
defendant acted with gross negligence.[50]

Turning now to the award of damages, we find

that the award of actual damages in the amount
P157,430.00 which were the expenses incurred
by respondents in connection with the burial of
Evangeline were supported by receipts. The
award of P50,000.00 as civil indemnity for the
death of Evangeline is likewise in order.

Pursuant to Article 2208 of the Civil Code,

attorney's fees may be recovered when, as in
the instant case, exemplary damages are
awarded. Hence, we affirm the award of

13

attorney's fees in the amount of P30,000.00.

that year; petitioner then visited the private

respondent's parents in Baaga, Bugallon,
Pangasinan to secure their approval to the
marriage; sometime in 20 August 1987, the
petitioner forced her to live with him in the
Lozano Apartments; she was a virgin before she
began living with him; a week before the filing of
the complaint, petitioner's attitude towards her
started to change; he maltreated and
threatened to kill her; as a result of such
maltreatment, she sustained injuries; during a
confrontation with a representative of the
barangay captain of Guilig a day before the filing
of the complaint, petitioner repudiated their
marriage agreement and asked her not to live
with him anymore and; the petitioner is already
married to someone living in Bacolod City.
Private respondent then prayed for judgment
ordering the petitioner to pay her damages in
the amount of not less than P45,000.00,
reimbursement for actual expenses amounting
to P600.00, attorney's fees and costs, and
granting her such other relief and remedies as
may be just and equitable. The complaint was
docketed as Civil Case No. 16503.

WHEREFORE, the petition for review is

DENIED. The Decision dated July 16, 2004 of the
Court
of
Appeals
is
AFFIRMED
with
MODIFICATION that the civil liability of
petitioner Safeguard Security Agency, Inc. is
SOLIDARY and PRIMARY under Article 2180 of
the Civil Code.
SO ORDERED.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------G.R. No. 97336 February 19, 1993
GASHEM SHOOKAT BAKSH, petitioner,
vs.
HON. COURT OF APPEALS and MARILOU T.
GONZALES, respondents.
Public Attorney's Office for petitioner.
Corleto R. Castro for private respondent.

DAVIDE, JR., J.:

This is an appeal by certiorari under Rule 45 of
the Rules of Court seeking to review and set
aside the Decision 1 of the respondent Court of

In his Answer with Counterclaim, 3 petitioner

admitted only the personal circumstances of the
parties as averred in the complaint and denied
the rest of the allegations either for lack of
knowledge or information sufficient to form a
belief as to the truth thereof or because the true
facts are those alleged as his Special and
Affirmative Defenses. He thus claimed that he
never proposed marriage to or agreed to be
married with the private respondent; he neither
sought the consent and approval of her parents
nor forced her to live in his apartment; he did
not maltreat her, but only told her to stop
coming to his place because he discovered that
she had deceived him by stealing his money and
passport; and finally, no confrontation took place
with a representative of the barangay captain.
Insisting, in his Counterclaim, that the complaint
is baseless and unfounded and that as a result
thereof, he was unnecessarily dragged into court
and compelled to incur expenses, and has
suffered mental anxiety and a besmirched
reputation, he prayed for an award of P5,000.00
for miscellaneous expenses and P25,000.00 as
moral damages.

Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 24256 which affirmed

in toto the 16 October 1939 Decision of Branch
38 (Lingayen) of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of
Pangasinan in Civil Case No. 16503. Presented is
the issue of whether or not damages may be
recovered for a breach of promise to marry on
the basis of Article 21 of the Civil Code of the
Philippines.
The antecedents
complicated:

of

this

case

are

not

On 27 October 1987, private respondent,

without the assistance of counsel, filed with the
aforesaid trial court a complaint 2 for damages
against the petitioner for the alleged violation of
their agreement to get married. She alleges in
said complaint that: she is twenty-two (22) years
old, single, Filipino and a pretty lass of good
moral character and reputation duly respected in
her community; petitioner, on the other hand, is
an Iranian citizen residing at the Lozano
Apartments, Guilig, Dagupan City, and is an
exchange student taking a medical course at the
Lyceum Northwestern Colleges in Dagupan City;
before 20 August 1987, the latter courted and
proposed to marry her; she accepted his love on
the condition that they would get married; they
therefore agreed to get married after the end of
the school semester, which was in October of

After conducting a pre-trial on 25 January 1988,

the trial court issued a Pre-Trial Order 4
embodying the stipulated facts which the parties
had agreed upon, to wit:
1. That the plaintiff is single and resident (sic) of
Baaga, Bugallon, Pangasinan, while the

14

defendant is single, Iranian citizen and resident

(sic) of Lozano Apartment, Guilig, Dagupan City
since September 1, 1987 up to the present;

offended our sense of morality, good customs,

culture and traditions. The trial court gave full
credit to the private respondent's testimony
because, inter alia, she would not have had the
temerity and courage to come to court and
expose her honor and reputation to public
scrutiny and ridicule if her claim was false. 7

2. That the defendant is presently studying at

Lyceum Northwestern, Dagupan City, College of
Medicine, second year medicine proper;
3. That the plaintiff is (sic) an employee at
Mabuhay Luncheonette , Fernandez Avenue,
Dagupan City since July, 1986 up to the present
and a (sic) high school graduate;

The above findings and conclusions were culled

from the detailed summary of the evidence for
the private respondent in the foregoing decision,
digested by the respondent Court as follows:

4. That the parties happened to know each other

when
the
manager
of
the
Mabuhay
Luncheonette, Johhny Rabino introduced the
defendant to the plaintiff on August 3, 1986.

According to plaintiff, who claimed that she was

a virgin at the time and that she never had a
boyfriend before, defendant started courting her
just a few days after they first met. He later
proposed marriage to her several times and she
accepted his love as well as his proposal of
marriage on August 20, 1987, on which same
day he went with her to her hometown of
Baaga, Bugallon, Pangasinan, as he wanted to
meet her parents and inform them of their
relationship and their intention to get married.
The photographs Exhs. "A" to "E" (and their
submarkings) of defendant with members of
plaintiff's family or with plaintiff, were taken that
day. Also on that occasion, defendant told
plaintiffs parents and brothers and sisters that
he intended to marry her during the semestral
break in October, 1987, and because plaintiff's
parents thought he was good and trusted him,
they agreed to his proposal for him to marry
their daughter, and they likewise allowed him to
stay in their house and sleep with plaintiff during
the few days that they were in Bugallon. When
plaintiff and defendant later returned to
Dagupan City, they continued to live together in
defendant's apartment. However, in the early
days of October, 1987, defendant would tie
plaintiff's hands and feet while he went to
school, and he even gave her medicine at 4
o'clock in the morning that made her sleep the
whole day and night until the following day. As a
result of this live-in relationship, plaintiff became
pregnant, but defendant gave her some
medicine to abort the fetus. Still plaintiff
continued to live with defendant and kept
reminding him of his promise to marry her until
he told her that he could not do so because he
was already married to a girl in Bacolod City.
That was the time plaintiff left defendant, went
home to her parents, and thereafter consulted a
lawyer who accompanied her to the barangay
captain in Dagupan City. Plaintiff, her lawyer, her
godmother, and a barangay tanod sent by the
barangay captain went to talk to defendant to
still convince him to marry plaintiff, but
defendant insisted that he could not do so

After trial on the merits, the lower court,

applying Article 21 of the Civil Code, rendered
on 16 October 1989 a decision 5 favoring the
private respondent. The petitioner was thus
ordered to pay the latter damages and
attorney's fees; the dispositive portion of the
decision reads:
IN THE LIGHT of the foregoing consideration,
judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the
plaintiff and against the defendant.
1. Condemning (sic) the defendant to pay the
plaintiff
the
sum
of
twenty
thousand
(P20,000.00) pesos as moral damages.
2. Condemning further the defendant to play the
plaintiff the sum of three thousand (P3,000.00)
pesos as atty's fees and two thousand
(P2,000.00) pesos at (sic) litigation expenses
and to pay the costs.
3. All other claims are denied. 6
The decision is anchored on the trial court's
findings and conclusions that (a) petitioner and
private respondent were lovers, (b) private
respondent is not a woman of loose morals or
questionable virtue who readily submits to
sexual advances, (c) petitioner, through
machinations, deceit and false pretenses,
promised to marry private respondent, d)
because of his persuasive promise to marry her,
she allowed herself to be deflowered by him, (e)
by reason of that deceitful promise, private
respondent and her parents in accordance
with Filipino customs and traditions made
some preparations for the wedding that was to
be held at the end of October 1987 by looking
for pigs and chickens, inviting friends and
relatives and contracting sponsors, (f) petitioner
did not fulfill his promise to marry her and (g)
such acts of the petitioner, who is a foreigner
and who has abused Philippine hospitality, have

15

because he was already married to a girl in

Bacolod City, although the truth, as stipulated
by the parties at the pre-trial, is that defendant
is still single.

plaintiff's mother who told him to marry her

daughter (pp. 55-56, tsn id.). Would defendant
have left Dagupan City where he was involved in
the serious study of medicine to go to plaintiff's
hometown in Baaga, Bugallon, unless there
was (sic) some kind of special relationship
between them? And this special relationship
must indeed have led to defendant's insincere
proposal of marriage to plaintiff, communicated
not only to her but also to her parents, and (sic)
Marites Rabino, the owner of the restaurant
where plaintiff was working and where
defendant first proposed marriage to her, also
knew of this love affair and defendant's proposal
of marriage to plaintiff, which she declared was
the reason why plaintiff resigned from her job at
the restaurant after she had accepted
defendant's proposal (pp. 6-7, tsn March 7,
1988).

Plaintiff's father, a tricycle driver, also claimed

that after defendant had informed them of his
desire to marry Marilou, he already looked for
sponsors for the wedding, started preparing for
the reception by looking for pigs and chickens,
and even already invited many relatives and
friends to the forthcoming wedding. 8
Petitioner appealed the trial court's decision to
the respondent Court of Appeals which docketed
the case as CA-G.R. CV No. 24256. In his Brief, 9
he contended that the trial court erred (a) in not
dismissing the case for lack of factual and legal
basis and (b) in ordering him to pay moral
damages, attorney's fees, litigation expenses
and costs.
On

18

February

1991,

Upon the other hand, appellant does not appear

to be a man of good moral character and must
think so low and have so little respect and
regard for Filipino women that he openly
admitted that when he studied in Bacolod City
for several years where he finished his B.S.
Biology before he came to Dagupan City to
study medicine, he had a common-law wife in
Bacolod City. In other words, he also lived with
another woman in Bacolod City but did not
marry that woman, just like what he did to
plaintiff. It is not surprising, then, that he felt so
little compunction or remorse in pretending to
love and promising to marry plaintiff, a young,
innocent, trustful country girl, in order to satisfy
his lust on her. 11

respondent

Court
decision 10

promulgated the challenged

affirming in toto the trial court's ruling of 16
October 1989. In sustaining the trial court's
findings of fact, respondent Court made the
following analysis:

First of all, plaintiff, then only 21 years old when

she met defendant who was already 29 years
old at the time, does not appear to be a girl of
loose morals. It is uncontradicted that she was a
virgin prior to her unfortunate experience with
defendant and never had boyfriend. She is, as
described by the lower court, a barrio lass "not
used and accustomed to trend of modern urban
life", and certainly would (sic) not have allowed
"herself to be deflowered by the defendant if
there was no persuasive promise made by the
defendant to marry her." In fact, we agree with
the lower court that plaintiff and defendant must
have been sweethearts or so the plaintiff must
have thought because of the deception of
defendant, for otherwise, she would not have
allowed herself to be photographed with
defendant in public in so (sic) loving and tender
poses as those depicted in the pictures Exhs. "D"
and "E". We cannot believe, therefore,
defendant's pretense that plaintiff was a nobody
to him except a waitress at the restaurant where
he usually ate. Defendant in fact admitted that
he went to plaintiff's hometown of Baaga,
Bugallon, Pangasinan, at least thrice; at (sic) the
town fiesta on February 27, 1987 (p. 54, tsn May
18, 1988), at (sic) a beach party together with
the manager and employees of the Mabuhay
Luncheonette on March 3, 1987 (p. 50, tsn id.),
and on April 1, 1987 when he allegedly talked to

and then concluded:

In sum, we are strongly convinced and so hold
that it was defendant-appellant's fraudulent and
deceptive protestations of love for and promise
to marry plaintiff that made her surrender her
virtue and womanhood to him and to live with
him on the honest and sincere belief that he
would keep said promise, and it was likewise
these (sic) fraud and deception on appellant's
part that made plaintiff's parents agree to their
daughter's living-in with him preparatory to their
supposed marriage. And as these acts of
appellant are palpably and undoubtedly against
morals, good customs, and public policy, and are
even gravely and deeply derogatory and
insulting to our women, coming as they do from
a foreigner who has been enjoying the
hospitality of our people and taking advantage
of the opportunity to study in one of our
institutions of learning, defendant-appellant
should indeed be made, under Art. 21 of the

16

Civil Code of the Philippines, to compensate for

the moral damages and injury that he had
caused plaintiff, as the lower court ordered him
to do in its decision in this case. 12

rule in this jurisdiction that appellate courts will

not disturb the trial court's findings as to the
credibility of witnesses, the latter court having
heard the witnesses and having had the
opportunity to observe closely their deportment
and manner of testifying, unless the trial court
had plainly overlooked facts of substance or
value which, if considered, might affect the
result of the case. 15

Unfazed by his second defeat, petitioner filed

the instant petition on 26 March 1991; he raises
therein the single issue of whether or not Article
21 of the Civil Code applies to the case at bar.
13

Petitioner has miserably failed to convince Us

that both the appellate and trial courts had
overlooked any fact of substance or values
which could alter the result of the case.

It is petitioner's thesis that said Article 21 is not

applicable because he had not committed any
moral wrong or injury or violated any good
custom or public policy; he has not professed
love or proposed marriage to the private
respondent; and he has never maltreated her.
He criticizes the trial court for liberally invoking
Filipino customs, traditions and culture, and
ignoring the fact that since he is a foreigner, he
is not conversant with such Filipino customs,
traditions and culture. As an Iranian Moslem, he
is not familiar with Catholic and Christian ways.
He stresses that even if he had made a promise
to marry, the subsequent failure to fulfill the
same is excusable or tolerable because of his
Moslem upbringing; he then alludes to the
Muslim Code which purportedly allows a Muslim
to take four (4) wives and concludes that on the
basis thereof, the trial court erred in ruling that
he does not posses good moral character.
Moreover, his controversial "common law life" is
now his legal wife as their marriage had been
solemnized in civil ceremonies in the Iranian
Embassy. As to his unlawful cohabitation with
the private respondent, petitioner claims that
even if responsibility could be pinned on him for
the live-in relationship, the private respondent
should also be faulted for consenting to an illicit
arrangement. Finally, petitioner asseverates that
even if it was to be assumed arguendo that he
had professed his love to the private respondent
and had also promised to marry her, such acts
would not be actionable in view of the special
circumstances of the case. The mere breach of
promise is not actionable. 14

Equally settled is the rule that only questions of

law may be raised in a petition for review on
certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court. It
is not the function of this Court to analyze or
weigh all over again the evidence introduced by
the parties before the lower court. There are,
however, recognized exceptions to this rule.
Thus, in Medina vs. Asistio, Jr., 16 this Court
took the time, again, to enumerate these
exceptions:
xxx xxx xxx
(1) When the conclusion is a finding grounded
entirely on speculation, surmises or conjectures
(Joaquin v. Navarro, 93 Phil. 257 [1953]); (2)
When the inference made is manifestly
mistaken, absurb or impossible (Luna v. Linatok,
74 Phil. 15 [1942]); (3) Where there is a grave
abuse of discretion (Buyco v. People, 95 Phil. 453
[1955]); (4) When the judgment is based on a
misapprehension of facts (Cruz v. Sosing,
L-4875, Nov. 27, 1953); (5) When the findings of
fact are conflicting (Casica v. Villaseca, L-9590
Ap. 30, 1957; unrep.) (6) When the Court of
Appeals, in making its findings, went beyond the
issues of the case and the same is contrary to
the admissions of both appellate and appellee
(Evangelista v. Alto Surety and Insurance Co.,
103
Phil.
401
[1958]);
(7) The findings of the Court of Appeals are
contrary to those of the trial court (Garcia v.
Court of Appeals, 33 SCRA 622 [1970]; Sacay v.
Sandiganbayan, 142 SCRA 593 [1986]); (8)
When the findings of fact are conclusions
without citation of specific evidence on which
they are based (Ibid.,); (9) When the facts set
forth in the petition as well as in the petitioners
main and reply briefs are not disputed by the
respondents (Ibid.,); and (10) The finding of fact
of the Court of Appeals is premised on the
supposed
absence
of
evidence
and
is
contradicted by the evidence on record (Salazar
v. Gutierrez, 33 SCRA 242 [1970]).

On 26 August 1991, after the private respondent

had filed her Comment to the petition and the
petitioner had filed his Reply thereto, this Court
gave due course to the petition and required the
parties to submit their respective Memoranda,
which they subsequently complied with.
As may be gleaned from the foregoing
summation of the petitioner's arguments in
support of his thesis, it is clear that questions of
fact, which boil down to the issue of the
credibility of witnesses, are also raised. It is the

17

Petitioner has not endeavored to joint out to Us

the existence of any of the above quoted
exceptions in this case. Consequently, the
factual findings of the trial and appellate courts
must be respected.

there is no crime, as the girl is above nineteen

years of age. Neither can any civil action for
breach of promise of marriage be filed.
Therefore, though the grievous moral wrong has
been committed, and though the girl and family
have suffered incalculable moral damage, she
and her parents cannot bring action for
damages. But under the proposed article, she
and her parents would have such a right of
action.

And now to the legal issue.

The existing rule is that a breach of promise to
marry per se is not an actionable wrong. 17
Congress deliberately eliminated from the draft
of the New Civil Code the provisions that would
have made it so. The reason therefor is set forth
in the report of the Senate Committees on the
Proposed Civil Code, from which We quote:

Thus at one stroke, the legislator, if the forgoing

rule is approved, would vouchsafe adequate
legal remedy for that untold number of moral
wrongs which it is impossible for human
foresight to provide for specifically in the
statutes. 21

The elimination of this chapter is proposed. That

breach of promise to marry is not actionable has
been definitely decided in the case of De Jesus
vs. Syquia. 18 The history of breach of promise

Article 2176 of the Civil Code, which defines a

quasi-delict thus:

suits in the United States and in England has

shown that no other action lends itself more
readily to abuse by designing women and
unscrupulous men. It is this experience which
has led to the abolition of rights of action in the
so-called Heart Balm suits in many of the
American states. . . . 19

Whoever by act or omission causes damage to

another, there being fault or negligence, is
obliged to pay for the damage done. Such fault
or negligence, if there is no pre-existing
contractual relation between the parties, is
called a quasi-delict and is governed by the
provisions of this Chapter.

This notwithstanding, the said Code contains a

provision, Article 21, which is designed to
expand the concept of torts or quasi-delict in
this jurisdiction by granting adequate legal
remedy for the untold number of moral wrongs
which is impossible for human foresight to
specifically enumerate and punish in the statute
books. 20

is limited to negligent acts or omissions and

excludes the notion of willfulness or intent.
Quasi-delict, known in Spanish legal treatises as
culpa aquiliana, is a civil law concept while torts
is an Anglo-American or common law concept.
Torts is much broader than culpa aquiliana
because it includes not only negligence, but
international criminal acts as well such as
assault and battery, false imprisonment and
deceit. In the general scheme of the Philippine
legal system envisioned by the Commission
responsible for drafting the New Civil Code,
intentional and malicious acts, with certain
exceptions, are to be governed by the Revised
Penal Code while negligent acts or omissions are
to be covered by Article 2176 of the Civil Code.
22 In between these opposite spectrums are

As the Code Commission itself stated in its

Report:
But the Code Commission had gone farther than
the sphere of wrongs defined or determined by
positive law. Fully sensible that there are
countless gaps in the statutes, which leave so
many victims of moral wrongs helpless, even
though they have actually suffered material and
moral injury, the Commission has deemed it
necessary, in the interest of justice, to
incorporate in the proposed Civil Code the
following rule:

injurious acts which, in the absence of Article 21,

would have been beyond redress. Thus, Article
21 fills that vacuum. It is even postulated that
together with Articles 19 and 20 of the Civil
Code, Article 21 has greatly broadened the
scope of the law on civil wrongs; it has become
much more supple and adaptable than the
Anglo-American law on torts. 23

Art. 23. Any person who wilfully causes loss or

injury to another in a manner that is contrary to
morals, good customs or public policy shall
compensate the latter for the damage.
An example will illustrate the purview of the
foregoing norm: "A" seduces the nineteen-year
old daughter of "X". A promise of marriage either
has not been made, or can not be proved. The
girl becomes pregnant. Under the present laws,

In the light of the above laudable purpose of

Article 21, We are of the opinion, and so hold,
that where a man's promise to marry is in fact
the proximate cause of the acceptance of his

18

love by a woman and his representation to fulfill

that promise thereafter becomes the proximate
cause of the giving of herself unto him in a
sexual congress, proof that he had, in reality, no
intention of marrying her and that the promise
was only a subtle scheme or deceptive device to
entice or inveigle her to accept him and to
obtain her consent to the sexual act, could
justify the award of damages pursuant to Article
21 not because of such promise to marry but
because of the fraud and deceit behind it and
the willful injury to her honor and reputation
which followed thereafter. It is essential,
however, that such injury should have been
committed in a manner contrary to morals, good
customs or public policy.

engagement even before they had the benefit of

clergy.
In Tanjanco vs. Court of Appeals, 26 while this
Court likewise hinted at possible recovery if
there had been moral seduction, recovery was
eventually denied because We were not
convinced that such seduction existed. The
following
enlightening
disquisition
and
conclusion were made in the said case:
The Court of Appeals seem to have overlooked
that the example set forth in the Code
Commission's memorandum refers to a tort
upon a minor who had been seduced. The
essential feature is seduction, that in law is more
than mere sexual intercourse, or a breach of a
promise of marriage; it connotes essentially the
idea of deceit, enticement, superior power or
abuse of confidence on the part of the seducer
to which the woman has yielded (U.S. vs.
Buenaventura, 27 Phil. 121; U.S. vs. Arlante, 9
Phil. 595).

In the instant case, respondent Court found that

it was the petitioner's "fraudulent and deceptive
protestations of love for and promise to marry
plaintiff that made her surrender her virtue and
womanhood to him and to live with him on the
honest and sincere belief that he would keep
said promise, and it was likewise these fraud
and deception on appellant's part that made
plaintiff's parents agree to their daughter's
living-in with him preparatory to their supposed
marriage." 24 In short, the private respondent

It has been ruled in the Buenaventura case

(supra) that
To constitute seduction there must in all cases
be some sufficient promise or inducement and
the woman must yield because of the promise
or other inducement. If she consents merely
from carnal lust and the intercourse is from
mutual desire, there is no seduction (43 Cent.
Dig. tit. Seduction, par. 56) She must be induced
to depart from the path of virtue by the use of
some species of arts, persuasions and wiles,
which are calculated to have and do have that
effect, and which result in her person to
ultimately submitting her person to the sexual
embraces of her seducer (27 Phil. 123).

surrendered
her
virginity,
the
cherished
possession of every single Filipina, not because
of lust but because of moral seduction the
kind illustrated by the Code Commission in its
example earlier adverted to. The petitioner could
not be held liable for criminal seduction
punished under either Article 337 or Article 338
of the Revised Penal Code because the private
respondent was above eighteen (18) years of
age at the time of the seduction.
Prior decisions of this Court clearly suggest that
Article 21 may be applied in a breach of promise
to marry where the woman is a victim of moral
seduction. Thus, in Hermosisima vs. Court of
Appeals, 25 this Court denied recovery of

And in American Jurisprudence we find:

On the other hand, in an action by the woman,
the enticement, persuasion or deception is the
essence of the injury; and a mere proof of
intercourse is insufficient to warrant a recovery.

damages to the woman because:

Accordingly it is not seduction where the

willingness arises out of sexual desire of
curiosity of the female, and the defendant
merely affords her the needed opportunity for
the commission of the act. It has been
emphasized that to allow a recovery in all such
cases would tend to the demoralization of the
female sex, and would be a reward for
unchastity by which a class of adventuresses
would be swift to profit. (47 Am. Jur. 662)

. . . we find ourselves unable to say that

petitioner is morally guilty of seduction, not only
because he is approximately ten (10) years
younger than the complainant who was
around thirty-six (36) years of age, and as highly
enlightened as a former high school teacher and
a life insurance agent are supposed to be
when she became intimate with petitioner, then
a mere apprentice pilot, but, also, because the
court of first instance found that, complainant
"surrendered herself" to petitioner because,
"overwhelmed by her love" for him, she "wanted
to bind" him by having a fruit of their

xxx xxx xxx

Over and above the partisan allegations, the fact
stand out that for one whole year, from 1958 to

19

1959, the plaintiff-appellee, a woman of adult

age, maintain intimate sexual relations with
appellant, with repeated acts of intercourse.
Such conduct is incompatible with the idea of
seduction. Plainly there is here voluntariness
and mutual passion; for had the appellant been
deceived, had she surrendered exclusively
because of the deceit, artful persuasions and
wiles of the defendant, she would not have
again yielded to his embraces, much less for one
year, without exacting early fulfillment of the
alleged promises of marriage, and would have
cut short all sexual relations upon finding that
defendant did not intend to fulfill his defendant
did not intend to fulfill his promise. Hence, we
conclude that no case is made under article 21
of the Civil Code, and no other cause of action
being alleged, no error was committed by the
Court of First Instance in dismissing the
complaint. 27

qualifying circumstance of abuse of authority or

influence, but the woman, already of age, has
knowingly given herself to a man, it cannot be
said that there is an injury which can be the
basis for indemnity.
But so long as there is fraud, which is
characterized by willfulness (sic), the action lies.
The court, however, must weigh the degree of
fraud, if it is sufficient to deceive the woman
under the circumstances, because an act which
would deceive a girl sixteen years of age may
not constitute deceit as to an experienced
woman thirty years of age. But so long as there
is a wrongful act and a resulting injury, there
should be civil liability, even if the act is not
punishable under the criminal law and there
should have been an acquittal or dismissal of
the criminal case for that reason.
We are unable to agree with the petitioner's
alternative proposition to the effect that
granting, for argument's sake, that he did
promise to marry the private respondent, the
latter is nevertheless also at fault. According to
him, both parties are in pari delicto; hence,
pursuant to Article 1412(1) of the Civil Code and
the doctrine laid down in Batarra vs. Marcos, 32

In his annotations on the Civil Code, 28

Associate Justice Edgardo L. Paras, who recently
retired from this Court, opined that in a breach
of promise to marry where there had been
carnal knowledge, moral damages may be
recovered:

the private respondent cannot recover damages

from the petitioner. The latter even goes as far
as stating that if the private respondent had
"sustained any injury or damage in their
relationship, it is primarily because of her own
doing, 33 for:

. . . if there be criminal or moral seduction, but

not if the intercourse was due to mutual lust.
(Hermosisima
vs.
Court
of
Appeals,
L-14628, Sept. 30, 1960; Estopa vs. Piansay, Jr.,
L-14733, Sept. 30, 1960; Batarra vs. Marcos, 7
Phil. 56 (sic); Beatriz Galang vs. Court of
Appeals, et al., L-17248, Jan. 29, 1962). (In other
words, if the CAUSE be the promise to marry,
and the EFFECT be the carnal knowledge, there
is a chance that there was criminal or moral
seduction, hence recovery of moral damages will
prosper. If it be the other way around, there can
be no recovery of moral damages, because here
mutual lust has intervened). . . .

. . . She is also interested in the petitioner as the

latter will become a doctor sooner or later. Take
notice that she is a plain high school graduate
and a mere employee . . . (Annex "C") or a
waitress (TSN, p. 51, January 25, 1988) in a
luncheonette and without doubt, is in need of a
man who can give her economic security. Her
family is in dire need of financial assistance.
(TSN, pp. 51-53, May 18, 1988). And this
predicament prompted her to accept a
proposition that may have been offered by the
petitioner. 34

together with "ACTUAL damages, should there

be any, such as the expenses for the wedding
presentations (See Domalagon v. Bolifer, 33 Phil.
471).
Senator Arturo M. Tolentino 29 is also of the
same persuasion:

These statements reveal the true character and

motive of the petitioner. It is clear that he
harbors a condescending, if not sarcastic, regard
for the private respondent on account of the
latter's ignoble birth, inferior educational
background, poverty and, as perceived by him,
dishonorable employment. Obviously then, from
the very beginning, he was not at all moved by
good faith and an honest motive. Marrying with
a woman so circumstances could not have even
remotely occurred to him. Thus, his profession of

It is submitted that the rule in Batarra vs.

Marcos, 30 still subsists, notwithstanding the
incorporation of the present article 31 in the
Code. The example given by the Code
Commission is correct, if there was seduction,
not necessarily in the legal sense, but in the
vulgar sense of deception. But when the sexual
act is accomplished without any deceit or

20

love and promise to marry were empty words

directly intended to fool, dupe, entice, beguile
and deceive the poor woman into believing that
indeed, he loved her and would want her to be
his life's partner. His was nothing but pure lust
which he wanted satisfied by a Filipina who
honestly believed that by accepting his proffer of
love and proposal of marriage, she would be
able to enjoy a life of ease and security.
Petitioner clearly violated the Filipino's concept
of morality and brazenly defied the traditional
respect Filipinos have for their women. It can
even be said that the petitioner committed such
deplorable acts in blatant disregard of Article 19
of the Civil Code which directs every person to
act with justice, give everyone his due and
observe honesty and good faith in the exercise
of his rights and in the performance of his
obligations.

for the private respondent, let it not be said that

this Court condones the deplorable behavior of
her parents in letting her and the petitioner stay
together in the same room in their house after
giving approval to their marriage. It is the
solemn duty of parents to protect the honor of
their daughters and infuse upon them the higher
values of morality and dignity.
WHEREFORE, finding no reversible error in the
challenged decision, the instant petition is
hereby DENIED, with costs against the
petitioner.
SO ORDERED.
-------------------------------------------------------------------

G.R. No. L-24803 May 26, 1977

PEDRO ELCANO and PATRICIA ELCANO, in
their capacity as Ascendants of Agapito
Elcano, deceased, plaintiffs-appellants,
vs.
REGINALD HILL, minor, and MARVIN HILL,
as father and Natural Guardian of said
minor, defendants-appellees.

No foreigner must be allowed to make a

mockery of our laws, customs and traditions.
The pari delicto rule does not apply in this case
for while indeed, the private respondent may not
have been impelled by the purest of intentions,
she eventually submitted to the petitioner in
sexual congress not out of lust, but because of
moral seduction. In fact, it is apparent that she
had qualms of conscience about the entire
episode for as soon as she found out that the
petitioner was not going to marry her after all,
she left him. She is not, therefore, in pari delicto
with the petitioner. Pari delicto means "in equal
fault; in a similar offense or crime; equal in guilt
or in legal fault." 35 At most, it could be

Cruz & Avecilla for appellants.

Marvin R. Hill & Associates for appellees.

BARREDO, J.:
Appeal from the order of the Court of First
Instance of Quezon City dated January 29, 1965
in Civil Case No. Q-8102, Pedro Elcano et al. vs.
Reginald Hill et al. dismissing, upon motion to
dismiss of defendants, the complaint of plaintiffs
for recovery of damages from defendant
Reginald Hill, a minor, married at the time of the
occurrence, and his father, the defendant Marvin
Hill, with whom he was living and getting
subsistence, for the killing by Reginald of the
son of the plaintiffs, named Agapito Elcano, of
which, when criminally prosecuted, the said
accused was acquitted on the ground that his
act was not criminal, because of "lack of intent
to kill, coupled with mistake."

conceded that she is merely in delicto.

Equity often interferes for the relief of the less
guilty of the parties, where his transgression has
been brought about by the imposition of undue
influence of the party on whom the burden of
the original wrong principally rests, or where his
consent to the transaction was itself procured by
fraud. 36
In Mangayao vs. Lasud, 37 We declared:

Actually, the motion to dismiss based on the

following grounds:

Appellants likewise stress that both parties being

at fault, there should be no action by one
against the other (Art. 1412, New Civil Code).
This rule, however, has been interpreted as
applicable only where the fault on both sides is,
more or less, equivalent. It does not apply where
one party is literate or intelligent and the other
one is not. (c.f. Bough vs. Cantiveros, 40 Phil.
209).

1. The present action is not only against but a

violation of section 1, Rule 107, which is now
Rule III, of the Revised Rules of Court;
2. The action is barred by a prior judgment
which is now final and or in res-adjudicata;
3. The complaint had no cause of action against
defendant Marvin Hill, because he was relieved
as guardian of the other defendant through

We should stress, however, that while We find

21

emancipation by marriage.

the parties has favored Us with a copy of the

decision of acquittal, presumably because
appellants do not dispute that such indeed was
the basis stated in the court's decision. And so,
when appellants filed their complaint against
appellees Reginald and his father, Atty. Marvin
Hill, on account of the death of their son, the
appellees filed the motion to dismiss abovereferred to.

(P. 23, Record [p. 4, Record on Appeal.])

was first denied by the trial court. It was only
upon motion for reconsideration of the
defendants of such denial, reiterating the above
grounds that the following order was issued:
Considering the motion for reconsideration filed
by the defendants on January 14, 1965 and after
thoroughly examining the arguments therein
contained, the Court finds the same to be
meritorious and well-founded.

As We view the foregoing background of this

case, the two decisive issues presented for Our
resolution are:

WHEREFORE, the Order of this Court on

December 8, 1964 is hereby reconsidered by
ordering the dismissal of the above entitled
case.

1. Is the present civil action for damages barred

by the acquittal of Reginald in the criminal case
wherein the action for civil liability, was not
reversed?

SO ORDERED.

2. May Article 2180 (2nd and last paragraphs) of

the Civil Code he applied against Atty. Hill,
notwithstanding the undisputed fact that at the
time of the occurrence complained of. Reginald,
though a minor, living with and getting
subsistenee from his father, was already legally
married?

Quezon City, Philippines, January 29, 1965. (p.

40, Record [p. 21, Record on Appeal.)
Hence, this appeal where plaintiffs-appellants,
the spouses Elcano, are presenting for Our
resolution the following assignment of errors:
THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN DISMISSING THE
CASE
BY
UPHOLDING
THE
CLAIM
OF
DEFENDANTS THAT -

The first issue presents no more problem than

the need for a reiteration and further
clarification of the dual character, criminal and
civil, of fault or negligence as a source of
obligation which was firmly established in this
jurisdiction in Barredo vs. Garcia, 73 Phil. 607. In
that case, this Court postulated, on the basis of
a scholarly dissertation by Justice Bocobo on the
nature of culpa aquiliana in relation to culpa
criminal or delito and mere culpa or fault, with
pertinent citation of decisions of the Supreme
Court of Spain, the works of recognized civilians,
and earlier jurisprudence of our own, that the
same given act can result in civil liability not
only under the Penal Code but also under the
Civil Code. Thus, the opinion holds:

I
THE PRESENT ACTION IS NOT ONLY AGAINST BUT
ALSO A VIOLATION OF SECTION 1, RULE 107,
NOW RULE 111, OF THE REVISED RULES OF
COURT, AND THAT SECTION 3(c) OF RULE 111,
RULES OF COURT IS APPLICABLE;
II
THE ACTION IS BARRED BY A PRIOR JUDGMENT
WHICH IS NOW FINAL OR RES-ADJUDICTA;
III
THE PRINCIPLES OF QUASI-DELICTS, ARTICLES
2176 TO 2194 OF THE CIVIL CODE, ARE
INAPPLICABLE IN THE INSTANT CASE; and

The, above case is pertinent because it shows

that the same act machinist. come under both
the Penal Code and the Civil Code. In that case,
the action of the agent killeth unjustified and
fraudulent and therefore could have been the
subject of a criminal action. And yet, it was held
to be also a proper subject of a civil action under
article 1902 of the Civil Code. It is also to be
noted that it was the employer and not the
employee who was being sued. (pp. 615-616, 73
Phil.). 1

IV
THAT THE COMPLAINT STATES NO CAUSE OF
ACTION AGAINST DEFENDANT MARVIN HILL
BECAUSE HE WAS RELIEVED AS GUARDIAN OF
THE
OTHER
DEFENDANT
THROUGH
EMANCIPATION BY MARRIAGE. (page 4, Record.)
It appears that for the killing of the son, Agapito,
of plaintiffs-appellants, defendant- appellee
Reginald Hill was prosecuted criminally in
Criminal Case No. 5102 of the Court of First
Instance of Quezon City. After due trial, he was
acquitted on the ground that his act was not
criminal because of "lack of intent to kill,
coupled with mistake." Parenthetically, none of

It will be noticed that the defendant in the above

case could have been prosecuted in a criminal
case because his negligence causing the death
of the child was punishable by the Penal Code.
Here is therefore a clear instance of the same

22

act of negligence being a proper subject matter

either of a criminal action with its consequent
civil liability arising from a crime or of an entirely
separate and independent civil action for fault or
negligence under article 1902 of the Civil Code.
Thus, in this jurisdiction, the separate
individuality of a cuasi-delito or culpa aquiliana,
under the Civil Code has been fully and clearly
recognized, even with regard to a negligent act
for which the wrongdoer could have been
prosecuted and convicted in a criminal case and
for which, after such a conviction, he could have
been sued for this civil liability arising from his
crime. (p. 617, 73 Phil.) 2

Secondary, to find the accused guilty in a

criminal case, proof of guilt beyond reasonable
doubt is required, while in a civil case,
preponderance of evidence is sufficient to make
the defendant pay in damages. There are
numerous cases of criminal negligence which
can not be shown beyond reasonable doubt, but
can be proved by a preponderance of evidence.
In such cases, the defendant can and should be
made responsible in a civil action under articles
1902 to 1910 of the Civil Code. Otherwise. there
would be many instances of unvindicated civil
wrongs. "Ubi jus Idemnified remedium." (p.
620,73 Phil.)
Fourthly, because of the broad sweep of the
provisions of both the Penal Code and the Civil
Code on this subject, which has given rise to the
overlapping or concurrence of spheres already
discussed, and for lack of understanding of the
character and efficacy of the action for culpa
aquiliana, there has grown up a common
practice to seek damages only by virtue of the
civil responsibility arising from a crime,
forgetting that there is another remedy, which is
by invoking articles 1902-1910 of the Civil Code.
Although this habitual method is allowed by, our
laws, it has nevertheless rendered practically
useless and nugatory the more expeditious and
effective remedy based on culpa aquiliana or
culpa extra-contractual. In the present case, we
are asked to help perpetuate this usual course.
But we believe it is high time we pointed out to
the harms done by such practice and to restore
the principle of responsibility for fault or
negligence under articles 1902 et seq. of the
Civil Code to its full rigor. It is high time we
caused the stream of quasi-delict or culpa
aquiliana to flow on its own natural channel, so
that its waters may no longer be diverted into
that of a crime under the Penal Code. This will, it
is believed, make for the better safeguarding or
private rights because it realtor, an ancient and
additional remedy, and for the further reason
that an independent civil action, not depending
on the issues, limitations and results of a
criminal prosecution, and entirely directed by
the party wronged or his counsel, is more likely
to secure adequate and efficacious redress. (p.
621, 73 Phil.)

It is most significant that in the case just cited,

this Court specifically applied article 1902 of the
Civil Code. It is thus that although J. V. House
could have been criminally prosecuted for
reckless or simple negligence and not only
punished but also made civilly liable because of
his criminal negligence, nevertheless this Court
awarded damages in an independent civil action
for fault or negligence under article 1902 of the
Civil Code. (p. 618, 73 Phil.) 3
The legal provisions, authors, and cases already
invoked should ordinarily be sufficient to dispose
of this case. But inasmuch as we are announcing
doctrines that have been little understood, in the
past, it might not he inappropriate to indicate
their foundations.
Firstly, the Revised Penal Code in articles 365
punishes not only reckless but also simple
negligence. If we were to hold that articles 1902
to 1910 of the Civil Code refer only to fault or
negligence not punished by law, accordingly to
the literal import of article 1093 of the Civil
Code, the legal institution of culpa aquiliana
would have very little scope and application in
actual life. Death or injury to persons and
damage to property- through any degree of
negligence - even the slightest - would have to
be Idemnified only through the principle of civil
liability arising from a crime. In such a state of
affairs, what sphere would remain for cuasidelito or culpa aquiliana? We are loath to impute
to the lawmaker any intention to bring about a
situation so absurd and anomalous. Nor are we,
in the interpretation of the laws, disposed to
uphold the letter that killeth rather than the
spirit that giveth life. We will not use the literal
meaning of the law to smother and render
almost lifeless a principle of such ancient origin
and such full-grown development as culpa
aquiliana or cuasi-delito, which is conserved and
made enduring in articles 1902 to 1910 of the
Spanish Civil Code.

Contrary to an immediate impression one might

get upon a reading of the foregoing excerpts
from the opinion in Garcia that the concurrence
of the Penal Code and the Civil Code therein
referred to contemplate only acts of negligence
and not intentional voluntary acts - deeper
reflection would reveal that the thrust of the
pronouncements therein is not so limited, but

23

that in fact it actually extends to fault or culpa.

This can be seen in the reference made therein
to the Sentence of the Supreme Court of Spain
of February 14, 1919, supra, which involved a
case of fraud or estafa, not a negligent act.
Indeed, Article 1093 of the Civil Code of Spain, in
force here at the time of Garcia, provided
textually that obligations "which are derived
from acts or omissions in which fault or
negligence, not punishable by law, intervene
shall be the subject of Chapter II, Title XV of this
book (which refers to quasi-delicts.)" And it is
precisely the underline qualification, "not
punishable by law", that Justice Bocobo
emphasized could lead to an ultimo construction
or interpretation of the letter of the law that
"killeth, rather than the spirit that giveth lifthence, the ruling that "(W)e will not use the
literal meaning of the law to smother and render
almost lifeless a principle of such ancient origin
and such full-grown development as culpa
aquiliana or quasi-delito, which is conserved and
made enduring in articles 1902 to 1910 of the
Spanish Civil Code." And so, because Justice
Bacobo was Chairman of the Code Commission
that drafted the original text of the new Civil
Code, it is to be noted that the said Code, which
was enacted after the Garcia doctrine, no longer
uses the term, 11 not punishable by law,"
thereby making it clear that the concept of
culpa aquiliana includes acts which are criminal
in character or in violation of the penal law,
whether voluntary or matter. Thus, the
corresponding provisions to said Article 1093 in
the new code, which is Article 1162, simply says,
"Obligations derived from quasi-delicto shall be
governed by the provisions of Chapter 2, Title
XVII of this Book, (on quasi-delicts) and by
special laws." More precisely, a new provision,
Article 2177 of the new code provides:

has been sustained by decision of the Supreme

Court of Spain and maintained as clear, sound
and perfectly tenable by Maura, an outstanding
Spanish jurist. Therefore, under the proposed
Article 2177, acquittal from an accusation of
criminal negligence, whether on reasonable
doubt or not, shall not be a bar to a subsequent
civil action, not for civil liability arising from
criminal negligence, but for damages due to a
quasi-delict or 'culpa aquiliana'. But said article
forestalls a double recovery.", (Report of the
Code) Commission, p. 162.)
Although, again, this Article 2177 does seem to
literally refer to only acts of negligence, the
same argument of Justice Bacobo about
construction that upholds "the spirit that giveth
lift- rather than that which is literal that killeth
the intent of the lawmaker should be observed
in applying the same. And considering that the
preliminary chapter on human relations of the
new Civil Code definitely establishes the
separability and independence of liability in a
civil action for acts criminal in character (under
Articles 29 to 32) from the civil responsibility
arising from crime fixed by Article 100 of the
Revised Penal Code, and, in a sense, the Rules of
Court, under Sections 2 and 3 (c), Rule 111,
contemplate also the same separability, it is
"more congruent with the spirit of law, equity
and justice, and more in harmony with modern
progress"- to borrow the felicitous relevant
language in Rakes vs. Atlantic. Gulf and Pacific
Co., 7 Phil. 359, to hold, as We do hold, that
Article 2176, where it refers to "fault or
negligencia covers not only acts "not punishable
by law" but also acts criminal in character,
whether intentional and voluntary or negligent.
Consequently, a separate civil action lies against
the offender in a criminal act, whether or not he
is criminally prosecuted and found guilty or
acquitted, provided that the offended party is
not allowed, if he is actually charged also
criminally, to recover damages on both scores,
and would be entitled in such eventuality only to
the bigger award of the two, assuming the
awards made in the two cases vary. In other
words, the extinction of civil liability referred to
in Par. (e) of Section 3, Rule 111, refers
exclusively to civil liability founded on Article
100 of the Revised Penal Code, whereas the civil
liability for the same act considered as a quasidelict only and not as a crime is not estinguished
even by a declaration in the criminal case that
the criminal act charged has not happened or
has not been committed by the accused. Briefly
stated, We here hold, in reiteration of Garcia,
that culpa aquiliana includes voluntary and

ART. 2177. Responsibility for fault or negligence

under the preceding article is entirely separate
and distinct from the civil liability arising from
negligence under the Penal Code. But the
plaintiff cannot recover damages twice for the
same act or omission of the defendant.
According to the Code Commission: "The
foregoing provision (Article 2177) through at first
sight startling, is not so novel or extraordinary
when we consider the exact nature of criminal
and civil negligence. The former is a violation of
the criminal law, while the latter is a "culpa
aquiliana" or quasi-delict, of ancient origin,
having always had its own foundation and
individuality, separate from criminal negligence.
Such distinction between criminal negligence
and "culpa extracontractual" or "cuasi-delito"

24

negligent acts which may be punishable by

law.4

emancipation does not carry with it freedom to

enter into transactions or do any act that can
give rise to judicial litigation. (See Manresa, Id.,
Vol. II, pp. 766-767, 776.) And surely, killing
someone else invites judicial action. Otherwise
stated, the marriage of a minor child does not
relieve the parents of the duty to see to it that
the child, while still a minor, does not give
answerable for the borrowings of money and
alienation or encumbering of real property which
cannot be done by their minor married child
without their consent. (Art. 399; Manresa,
supra.)

It results, therefore, that the acquittal of Reginal

Hill in the criminal case has not extinguished his
liability for quasi-delict, hence that acquittal is
not a bar to the instant action against him.
Coming now to the second issue about the effect
of Reginald's emancipation by marriage on the
possible civil liability of Atty. Hill, his father, it is
also Our considered opinion that the conclusion
of appellees that Atty. Hill is already free from
responsibility cannot be upheld.

Accordingly, in Our considered view, Article 2180

applies to Atty. Hill notwithstanding the
emancipation by marriage of Reginald. However,
inasmuch as it is evident that Reginald is now of
age, as a matter of equity, the liability of Atty.
Hill has become milling, subsidiary to that of his
son.

While it is true that parental authority is

terminated upon emancipation of the child
(Article 327, Civil Code), and under Article 397,
emancipation takes place "by the marriage of
the minor (child)", it is, however, also clear that
pursuant to Article 399, emancipation by
marriage of the minor is not really full or
absolute. Thus "(E)mancipation by marriage or
by voluntary concession shall terminate parental
authority over the child's person. It shall enable
the minor to administer his property as though
he were of age, but he cannot borrow money or
alienate or encumber real property without the
consent of his father or mother, or guardian. He
can sue and be sued in court only with the
assistance of his father, mother or guardian."

WHEREFORE, the order appealed from is

reversed and the trial court is ordered to
proceed in accordance with the foregoing
opinion. Costs against appellees.
------------------------------------------------------------------G.R. No. 88694 January 11, 1993
ALBENSON ENTERPRISES CORP., JESSE YAP,
AND BENJAMIN MENDIONA, petitioners,
vs.
THE COURT OF APPEALS AND EUGENIO S.
BALTAO, respondents.

Now under Article 2180, "(T)he obligation

imposed by article 2176 is demandable not only
for one's own acts or omissions, but also for
those of persons for whom one is responsible.
The father and, in case of his death or
incapacity, the mother, are responsible. The
father and, in case of his death or incapacity,
the mother, are responsible for the damages
caused by the minor children who live in their
company." In the instant case, it is not
controverted that Reginald, although married,
was living with his father and getting
subsistence from him at the time of the
occurrence in question. Factually, therefore,
Reginald was still subservient to and dependent
on his father, a situation which is not unusual.

Puruganan, Chato, Chato & Tan for petitioners.

Lino M. Patajo, Francisco Ma. Chanco, Ananiano
Desierto and Segundo Mangohig for private
respondent.

BIDIN, J.:
This petition assails the decision of respondent
Court
of
Appeals
in
CA-GR CV No. 14948 entitled "Eugenio S. Baltao,
plaintiff-appellee
vs.
Albenson
Enterprises
Corporation, et al, defendants-appellants", which
modified the judgment of the Regional Trial
Court of Quezon City, Branch XCVIII in Civil Case
No. Q-40920 and ordered petitioner to pay
private respondent, among others, the sum of
P500,000.00 as moral damages and attorney's
fees in the amount of P50,000.00.

It must be borne in mind that, according to

Manresa, the reason behind the joint and
solidary liability of presuncion with their
offending child under Article 2180 is that is the
obligation of the parent to supervise their minor
children in order to prevent them from causing
damage to third persons. 5 On the other hand,

The facts are not disputed.

the clear implication of Article 399, in providing

that a minor emancipated by marriage may not,
nevertheless, sue or be sued without the
assistance of the parents, is that such

In September, October, and November 1980,

petitioner Albenson Enterprises Corporation
(Albenson for short) delivered to Guaranteed
Industries, Inc. (Guaranteed for short) located at

25

3267 V. Mapa Street, Sta. Mesa, Manila, the mild

steel plates which the latter ordered. As part
payment thereof, Albenson was given Pacific
Banking Corporation Check No. 136361 in the
amount of P2,575.00 and drawn against the
account of E.L. Woodworks (Rollo, p. 148).

On September 5, 1983, Assistant Fiscal Ricardo

Sumaway filed an information against Eugenio S.
Baltao for Violation of Batas Pambansa Bilang
22. In filing said information, Fiscal Sumaway
claimed that he had given Eugenio S. Baltao
opportunity to submit controverting evidence,
but the latter failed to do so and therefore, was
deemed to have waived his right.

When presented for payment, the check was

dishonored for the reason "Account Closed."
Thereafter,
petitioner
Albenson,
through
counsel, traced the origin of the dishonored
check. From the records of the Securities and
Exchange
Commission
(SEC),
Albenson
discovered that the president of Guaranteed, the
recipient of the unpaid mild steel plates, was
one "Eugenio S. Baltao." Upon further inquiry,
Albenson was informed by the Ministry of Trade
and Industry that E.L. Woodworks, a single
proprietorship business, was registered in the
name of one "Eugenio Baltao". In addition, upon
verification with the drawee bank, Pacific
Banking Corporation, Albenson was advised that
the signature appearing on the subject check
belonged to one "Eugenio Baltao."

Respondent Baltao, claiming ignorance of the

complaint against him, immediately filed with
the Provincial Fiscal of Rizal a motion for
reinvestigation, alleging that it was not true that
he had been given an opportunity to be heard in
the preliminary investigation conducted by Fiscal
Sumaway, and that he never had any dealings
with
Albenson
or
Benjamin
Mendiona,
consequently, the check for which he has been
accused of having issued without funds was not
issued by him and the signature in said check
was not his.
On January 30, 1984, Provincial Fiscal Mauro M.
Castro of Rizal reversed the finding of Fiscal
Sumaway and exonerated respondent Baltao. He
also instructed the Trial Fiscal to move for
dismissal of the information filed against
Eugenio S. Baltao. Fiscal Castro found that the
signature in PBC Check No. 136361 is not the
signature of Eugenio S. Baltao. He also found
that there is no showing in the records of the
preliminary investigation that Eugenio S. Baltao
actually received notice of the said investigation.
Fiscal Castro then castigated Fiscal Sumaway for
failing to exercise care and prudence in the
performance of his duties, thereby causing
injustice to respondent who was not properly
notified of the complaint against him and of the
requirement to submit his counter evidence.

After obtaining the foregoing information,

Albenson,
through
counsel,
made
an
extrajudicial demand upon private respondent
Eugenio S. Baltao, president of Guaranteed, to
replace and/or make good the dishonored check.
Respondent Baltao, through counsel, denied that
he issued the check, or that the signature
appearing thereon is his. He further alleged that
Guaranteed was a defunct entity and hence,
could not have transacted business with
Albenson.
On February 14, 1983, Albenson filed with the
Office of the Provincial Fiscal of Rizal a complaint
against Eugenio S. Baltao for violation of Batas
Pambansa Bilang 22. Submitted to support said
charges was an affidavit of petitioner Benjamin
Mendiona, an employee of Albenson. In said
affidavit, the above-mentioned circumstances
were stated.

Because of the alleged unjust filing of a criminal

case against him for allegedly issuing a check
which bounced in violation of Batas Pambansa
Bilang 22 for a measly amount of P2,575.00,
respondent Baltao filed before the Regional Trial
Court of Quezon City a complaint for damages
against herein petitioners Albenson Enterprises,
Jesse Yap, its owner, and Benjamin Mendiona, its
employee.

It appears, however, that private respondent has

a namesake, his son Eugenio Baltao III, who
manages a business establishment, E.L.
Woodworks, on the ground floor of the Baltao
Building, 3267 V. Mapa Street, Sta. Mesa, Manila,
the very same business address of Guaranteed.

In its decision, the lower court observed that

"the check is drawn against the account of "E.L.
Woodworks," not of Guaranteed Industries of
which plaintiff used to be President. Guaranteed
Industries had been inactive and had ceased to
exist as a corporation since 1975. . . . . The
possibility is that it was with Gene Baltao or
Eugenio Baltao III, a son of plaintiff who had a
business on the ground floor of Baltao Building
located on V. Mapa Street, that the defendants

26

may have been dealing with . . . ." (Rollo, pp. 4142).

evidence having been adduced to support such

a sweeping statement.

The dispositive portion of the trial court 's

decision reads:

4. Holding the petitioner corporation, petitioner

Yap and petitioner Mendiona jointly and
severally liable without sufficient basis in law
and in fact.

WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered in

favor of plaintiff and against defendants ordering
the latter to pay plaintiff jointly and severally:
1. actual or
P133,350.00;

compensatory

damages

5. Awarding respondents

of

5.1. P133,350.00 as actual or compensatory

damages, even in the absence of sufficient
evidence to show that such was actually
suffered.

2. moral damages of P1,000,000.00 (1 million

pesos);

5.2. P500,000.00 as moral damages considering

that the evidence in this connection merely
involved private respondent's alleged celebrated
status as a businessman, there being no
showing that the act complained of adversely
affected private respondent's reputation or that
it resulted to material loss.

3. exemplary damages of P200,000.00;

4. attorney's fees of P100,000.00;
5 costs.
Defendants' counterclaim against plaintiff and
claim for damages against Mercantile Insurance
Co. on the bond for the issuance of the writ of
attachment at the instance of plaintiff are
hereby dismissed for lack of merit. (Rollo, pp.
38-39).

5.3. P200,000.00 as exemplary damages despite

the fact that petitioners were duly advised by
counsel of their legal recourse.
5.4. P50,000.00 as attorney's fees, no evidence
having been adduced to justify such an award
(Rollo, pp. 4-6).

On appeal, respondent court modified the trial

court's decision as follows:
WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is
MODIFIED by reducing the moral damages
awarded
therein
from
P1,000,000.00
to
P500,000.00 and the attorney's fees from
P100,000.00 to P50,000.00, said decision being
hereby affirmed in all its other aspects. With
costs against appellants. (Rollo, pp. 50-51)

Petitioners contend that the civil case filed in the

lower court was one for malicious prosecution.
Citing the case of Madera vs. Lopez (102 SCRA
700 [1981]), they assert that the absence of
malice on their part absolves them from any
liability for malicious prosecution. Private
respondent, on the other hand, anchored his
complaint for Damages on Articles 19, 20, and
21 ** of the Civil Code.

Dissatisfied with the above ruling, petitioners

Albenson Enterprises Corp., Jesse Yap, and
Benjamin Mendiona filed the instant Petition,
alleging that the appellate court erred in:

Article 19, known to contain what is commonly

referred to as the principle of abuse of rights,
sets certain standards which may be observed
not only in the exercise of one's rights but also
in the performance of one's duties. These
standards are the following: to act with justice;
to give everyone his due; and to observe
honesty and good faith. The law, therefore,
recognizes the primordial limitation on all rights:
that in their exercise, the norms of human
conduct set forth in Article 19 must be observed.
A right, though by itself legal because
recognized or granted by law as such, may
nevertheless become the source of some
illegality. When a right is exercised in a manner
which does not conform with the norms
enshrined in Article 19 and results in damage to
another, a legal wrong is thereby committed for
which the wrongdoer must be held responsible.
Although the requirements of each provision is
different, these three (3) articles are all related
to each other. As the eminent Civilist Senator

1. Concluding that private respondent's cause of

action is not one based on malicious prosecution
but one for abuse of rights under Article 21 of
the Civil Code notwithstanding the fact that the
basis of a civil action for malicious prosecution is
Article 2219 in relation to Article 21 or Article
2176 of the Civil Code . . . .
2. Concluding that "hitting at and in effect
maligning (private respondent) with an unjust
criminal case was, without more, a plain case of
abuse of rights by misdirection" and "was
therefore, actionable by itself," and which
"became inordinately blatant and grossly
aggravated when . . . (private respondent) was
deprived of his basic right to notice and a fair
hearing in the so-called preliminary investigation
...."
3. Concluding that petitioner's "actuations in this
case were coldly deliberate and calculated", no

27

Arturo Tolentino puts it: "With this article (Article

21), combined with articles 19 and 20, the scope
of our law on civil wrongs has been very greatly
broadened; it has become much more supple
and adaptable than the Anglo-American law on
torts. It is now difficult to conceive of any
malevolent exercise of a right which could not
be checked by the application of these articles"
(Tolentino, 1 Civil Code of the Philippines 72).

defendants nevertheless insisted and persisted

in filing a case a criminal case no less
against plaintiff, said defendants ran afoul of the
legal provisions (Articles 19, 20, and 21 of the
Civil Code) cited by the lower court and
heretofore quoted (supra).
Defendants, not having been paid the amount of
P2,575.00, certainly had the right to complain.
But that right is limited by certain constraints.
Beyond that limit is the area of excess, of abuse
of
rights.
(Rollo,
pp.
44-45).

There is however, no hard and fast rule which

can be applied to determine whether or not the
principle of abuse of rights may be invoked. The
question of whether or not the principle of abuse
of rights has been violated, resulting in damages
under Articles 20 and 21 or other applicable
provision of law, depends on the circumstances
of each case. (Globe Mackay Cable and Radio
Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, 176 SCRA 778
[1989]).

Assuming, arguendo, that all the three (3)

articles, together and not independently of each
one, could be validly made the bases for an
award of damages based on the principle of
"abuse of right", under the circumstances, We
see no cogent reason for such an award of
damages to be made in favor of private
respondent.

The elements of an abuse of right under Article

19 are the following: (1) There is a legal right or
duty; (2) which is exercised in bad faith; (3) for
the sole intent of prejudicing or injuring another.
Article 20 speaks of the general sanction for all
other provisions of law which do not especially
provide for their own sanction (Tolentino, supra,
p. 71). Thus, anyone who, whether willfully or
negligently, in the exercise of his legal right or
duty, causes damage to another, shall indemnify
his victim for injuries suffered thereby. Article 21
deals with acts contra bonus mores, and has the
following elements: 1) There is an act which is
legal; 2) but which is contrary to morals, good
custom, public order, or public policy; 3) and it is
done with intent to injure.

Certainly, petitioners could not be said to have

violated the aforestated principle of abuse of
right. What prompted petitioners to file the case
for violation of Batas Pambansa Bilang 22
against private respondent was their failure to
collect the amount of P2,575.00 due on a
bounced check which they honestly believed
was issued to them by private respondent.
Petitioners had conducted inquiries regarding
the origin of the check, and yielded the following
results: from the records of the Securities and
Exchange Commission, it was discovered that
the President of Guaranteed (the recipient of the
unpaid mild steel plates), was one "Eugenio S.
Baltao"; an inquiry with the Ministry of Trade and
Industry revealed that E.L. Woodworks, against
whose account the check was drawn, was
registered in the name of one "Eugenio Baltao";
verification with the drawee bank, the Pacific
Banking Corporation, revealed that the signature
appearing on the check belonged to one
"Eugenio Baltao".

Thus, under any of these three (3) provisions of

law, an act which causes injury to another may
be made the basis for an award of damages.
There is a common element under Articles 19
and 21, and that is, the act must be intentional.
However, Article 20 does not distinguish: the act
may be done either "willfully", or "negligently".
The trial court as well as the respondent
appellate court mistakenly lumped these three
(3) articles together, and cited the same as the
bases for the award of damages in the civil
complaint filed against petitioners, thus:

In a letter dated December 16, 1983, counsel for

petitioners wrote private respondent demanding
that he make good the amount of the check.
Counsel for private respondent wrote back and
denied, among others, that private respondent
ever transacted business with Albenson
Enterprises Corporation; that he ever issued the
check in question. Private respondent's counsel
even went further: he made a warning to
defendants to check the veracity of their claim.
It is pivotal to note at this juncture that in this
same letter, if indeed private respondent wanted
to clear himself from the baseless accusation
made against his person, he should have made

With the foregoing legal provisions (Articles 19,

20, and 21) in focus, there is not much difficulty
in ascertaining the means by which appellants'
first assigned error should be resolved, given the
admitted fact that when there was an attempt to
collect the amount of P2,575.00, the defendants
were explicitly warned that plaintiff Eugenio S.
Baltao is not the Eugenio Baltao defendants had
been dealing with (supra, p. 5). When the

28

mention of the fact that there are three (3)

persons with the same name, i.e.: Eugenio
Baltao, Sr., Eugenio S. Baltao, Jr. (private
respondent), and Eugenio Baltao III (private
respondent's son, who as it turned out later, was
the issuer of the check). He, however, failed to
do this. The last two Baltaos were doing
business in the same building Baltao Building
located at 3267 V. Mapa Street, Sta. Mesa,
Manila. The mild steel plates were ordered in the
name of Guaranteed of which respondent
Eugenio S. Baltao is the president and delivered
to Guaranteed at Baltao building. Thus,
petitioners had every reason to believe that the
Eugenio Baltao who issued the bouncing check
is respondent Eugenio S. Baltao when their
counsel wrote respondent to make good the
amount of the check and upon refusal, filed the
complaint for violation of BP Blg. 22.

probable cause in filing the complaint before the

provincial fiscal.
To constitute malicious prosecution, there must
be proof that the prosecution was prompted by a
sinister design to vex and humiliate a person,
and that it was initiated deliberately by the
defendant knowing that his charges were false
and groundless. Concededly, the mere act of
submitting a case to the authorities for
prosecution does not make one liable for
malicious prosecution. (Manila Gas Corporation
vs. Court of Appeals, 100 SCRA 602 [1980]).
Still, private respondent argues that liability
under Articles 19, 20, and 21 of the Civil Code is
so encompassing that it likewise includes liability
for damages for malicious prosecution under
Article 2219 (8). True, a civil action for damages
for malicious prosecution is allowed under the
New Civil Code, more specifically Articles 19, 20,
26, 29, 32, 33, 35, and 2219 (8) thereof. In order
that such a case can prosper, however, the
following three (3) elements must be present, to
wit: (1) The fact of the prosecution and the
further fact that the defendant was himself the
prosecutor, and that the action was finally
terminated with an acquittal; (2) That in bringing
the action, the prosecutor acted without
probable cause; (3) The prosecutor was actuated
or impelled by legal malice (Lao vs. Court of
Appeals, 199 SCRA 58, [1991]).

Private respondent, however, did nothing to

clarify the case of mistaken identity at first hand.
Instead, private respondent waited in ambush
and thereafter pounced on the hapless
petitioners at a time he thought was propitious
by filing an action for damages. The Court will
not countenance this devious scheme.
The criminal complaint filed against private
respondent after the latter refused to make good
the amount of the bouncing check despite
demand was a sincere attempt on the part of
petitioners to find the best possible means by
which they could collect the sum of money due
them. A person who has not been paid an
obligation owed to him will naturally seek ways
to compel the debtor to pay him. It was normal
for petitioners to find means to make the issuer
of the check pay the amount thereof. In the
absence of a wrongful act or omission or of fraud
or bad faith, moral damages cannot be awarded
and that the adverse result of an action does not
per se make the action wrongful and subject the
actor to the payment of damages, for the law
could not have meant to impose a penalty on
the right to litigate (Rubio vs. Court of Appeals,
141 SCRA 488 [1986]).

Thus, a party injured by the filing of a court case

against him, even if he is later on absolved, may
file a case for damages grounded either on the
principle of abuse of rights, or on malicious
prosecution. As earlier stated, a complaint for
damages based on malicious prosecution will
prosper only if the three (3) elements aforecited
are shown to exist. In the case at bar, the
second and third elements were not shown to
exist. It is well-settled that one cannot be held
liable for maliciously instituting a prosecution
where one has acted with probable cause.
"Probable cause is the existence of such facts
and circumstances as would excite the belief, in
a reasonable mind, acting on the facts within the
knowledge of the prosecutor, that the person
charged was guilty of the crime for which he was
prosecuted. In other words, a suit will lie only in
cases where a legal prosecution has been
carried on without probable cause. The reason
for this rule is that it would be a very great
discouragement to public justice, if prosecutors,
who had tolerable ground of suspicion, were
liable to be sued at law when their indictment
miscarried" (Que vs. Intermediate Appellate
Court, 169 SCRA 137 [1989]).

In the case at bar, private respondent does not

deny that the mild steel plates were ordered by
and delivered to Guaranteed at Baltao building
and as part payment thereof, the bouncing
check was issued by one Eugenio Baltao. Neither
had private respondent conveyed to petitioner
that there are two Eugenio Baltaos conducting
business in the same building he and his son
Eugenio Baltao III. Considering that Guaranteed,
which received the goods in payment of which
the bouncing check was issued is owned by
respondent, petitioner acted in good faith and

The presence of probable cause signifies, as a

29

legal consequence, the absence of malice. In the

instant case, it is evident that petitioners were
not motivated by malicious intent or by sinister
design to unduly harass private respondent, but
only by a well-founded anxiety to protect their
rights when they filed the criminal complaint
against private respondent.

damages. The law could not have meant to

impose a penalty on the right to litigate, such
right is so precious that moral damages may not
be charged on those who may even exercise it
erroneously. And an adverse decision does not
ipso facto justify the award of attorney's fees to
the winning party (Garcia vs. Gonzales, 183
SCRA 72 [1990]).

To constitute malicious prosecution, there must

be proof that the prosecution was prompted by a
sinister design to vex and humiliate a person,
that it was initiated deliberately by the
defendant knowing that his charges were false
and groundless. Concededly, the mere act of
submitting a case to the authorities for
prosecution does not make one liable for
malicious prosecution. Proof and motive that the
institution of the action was prompted by a
sinister design to vex and humiliate a person
must be clearly and preponderantly established
to entitle the victims to damages (Ibid.).

Thus, an award of damages and attorney's fees

is unwarranted where the action was filed in
good faith. If damage results from a person's
exercising his legal rights, it is damnum absque
injuria (Ilocos Norte Electric Company vs. Court
of Appeals, 179 SCRA 5 [1989]).
Coming now to the claim of private respondent
for actual or compensatory damages, the
records show that the same was based solely on
his allegations without proof to substantiate the
same. He did not present proof of the cost of the
medical treatment which he claimed to have
undergone as a result of the nervous breakdown
he suffered, nor did he present proof of the
actual loss to his business caused by the unjust
litigation against him. In determining actual
damages, the court cannot rely on speculation,
conjectures or guesswork as to the amount.
Without the actual proof of loss, the award of
actual damages becomes erroneous (Guilatco
vs. City of Dagupan, 171 SCRA 382 [1989]).

In the case at bar, there is no proof of a sinister

design on the part of petitioners to vex or
humiliate private respondent by instituting the
criminal case against him. While petitioners may
have been negligent to some extent in
determining the liability of private respondent
for the dishonored check, the same is not so
gross or reckless as to amount to bad faith
warranting an award of damages.
The root of the controversy in this case is
founded on a case of mistaken identity. It is
possible
that
with
a
more
assiduous
investigation, petitioners would have eventually
discovered that private respondent Eugenio S.
Baltao is not the "Eugenio Baltao" responsible
for the dishonored check. However, the record
shows that petitioners did exert considerable
effort in order to determine the liability of
private respondent. Their investigation pointed
to private respondent as the "Eugenio Baltao"
who issued and signed the dishonored check as
the
president
of
the
debtor-corporation
Guaranteed
Enterprises.
Their
error
in
proceeding against the wrong individual was
obviously in the nature of an innocent mistake,
and cannot be characterized as having been
committed in bad faith. This error could have
been discovered if respondent had submitted his
counter-affidavit before investigating fiscal
Sumaway and was immediately rectified by
Provincial Fiscal Mauro Castro upon discovery
thereof, i.e., during the reinvestigation resulting
in the dismissal of the complaint.

Actual and compensatory damages are those

recoverable because of pecuniary loss in
business, trade, property, profession, job or
occupation and the same must be proved,
otherwise, if the proof is flimsy and
unsubstantiated, no damages will be given
(Rubio vs. Court of Appeals, 141 SCRA 488
[1986]). For these reasons, it was gravely
erroneous for respondent court to have affirmed
the award of actual damages in favor of private
respondent in the absence of proof thereof.
Where there is no evidence of the other party
having acted in wanton, fraudulent or reckless,
or oppressive manner, neither may exemplary
damages be awarded (Dee Hua Liong Electrical
Equipment Corporation vs. Reyes, 145 SCRA 488
[1986]).
As to the award of attorney's fees, it is wellsettled that the same is the exception rather
than the general rule. Needless to say, the
award of attorney's fees must be disallowed
where the award of exemplary damages is
eliminated (Article 2208, Civil Code; Agustin vs.
Court of Appeals, 186 SCRA 375 [1990]).
Moreover, in view of the fact that there was no
malicious
prosecution
against
private
respondent, attorney's fees cannot be awarded

Furthermore, the adverse result of an action

does not per se make the act wrongful and
subject the actor to the payment of moral

30

him on that ground.

This is a Petition for Review on Certiorari under

Rule 45 seeking the reversal of the Decision 2

In the final analysis, there is no proof or showing

that petitioners acted maliciously or in bad faith
in the filing of the case against private
respondent. Consequently, in the absence of
proof of fraud and bad faith committed by
petitioners, they cannot be held liable for
damages (Escritor, Jr. vs. Intermediate Appellate
Court, 155 SCRA 577 [1987]). No damages can
be awarded in the instant case, whether based
on the principle of abuse of rights, or for
malicious prosecution. The questioned judgment
in the instant case attests to the propensity of
trial judges to award damages without basis.
Lower courts are hereby cautioned anew against
awarding unconscionable sums as damages
without bases therefor.

dated 11 February 1997 and Resolution dated 18

May 1999 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP
No. 38455.
The facts of the case are as follows:
SEC Case No. 02-94-4678 was instituted on 10
February 1994 by respondent Miguel V. Campos,
who filed with the Securities, Investigation and
Clearing Department (SICD) of the Securities
and Exchange Commission (SEC), a Petition
against
herein
petitioners
Makati
Stock
Exchange, Inc. (MKSE) and MKSE directors, Ma.
Vivian Yuchengco, Adolfo M. Duarte, Myron C.
Papa, Norberto C. Nazareno, George Uy-Tioco,
Antonio A, Lopa, Ramon B. Arnaiz, Luis J.L.
Virata, and Antonio Garcia, Jr. Respondent, in
said Petition, sought: (1) the nullification of the
Resolution dated 3 June 1993 of the MKSE Board
of Directors, which allegedly deprived him of his
right to participate equally in the allocation of
Initial Public Offerings (IPO) of corporations
registered with MKSE; (2) the delivery of the IPO
shares he was allegedly deprived of, for which
he would pay IPO prices; and (3) the payment of
P2 million as moral damages, P1 million as
exemplary damages, and P500,000.00 as
attorneys fees and litigation expenses.

WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED and the

decision of the Court of Appeals in C.A. G.R. C.V.
No. 14948 dated May 13, 1989, is hereby
REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Costs against
respondent Baltao.
SO ORDERED.
Gutierrez, Jr., Davide, Jr., Romero and Melo, JJ.,
concur.

# Footnotes

On 14 February 1994, the SICD issued an Order

granting respondents prayer for the issuance of
a Temporary Restraining Order to enjoin
petitioners from implementing or enforcing the 3
June 1993 Resolution of the MKSE Board of
Directors.

** "Art. 19. Every person must, in the exercise of

his rights and in the performance of his duties,
act with justice, give everyone his due, and
observe honesty and good faith.
"Art. 20. Every person who, contrary to law,
willfully or negligently causes damage to
another, shall indemnify the latter for the same.

The SICD subsequently issued another Order on

10
March
1994
granting
respondents
application for a Writ of Preliminary Injunction, to
continuously enjoin, during the pendency of SEC
Case No. 02-94-4678, the implementation or
enforcement of the MKSE Board Resolution in
question. Petitioners assailed this SICD Order
dated 10 March 1994 in a Petition for Certiorari
filed with the SEC en banc, docketed as SEC-EB
No. 393.

"Art. 21. Any person who willfully causes loss or

injury to another in a manner that is contrary to
morals, good customs or public policy shall
compensate the latter for the damage.
------------------------------------------------------------------G.R. No. 138814

April 16, 2009

MAKATI STOCK EXCHANGE, INC., MA.

VIVIAN YUCHENGCO, ADOLFO M. DUARTE,
MYRON C. PAPA, NORBERTO C. NAZARENO,
GEORGE UY-TIOCO, ANTONIO A. LOPA,
RAMON B. ARNAIZ, LUIS J.L. VIRATA, and
ANTONIO
GARCIA,
JR.
Petitioners,
vs.
MIGUEL V. CAMPOS, substituted by JULIA
ORTIGAS VDA. DE CAMPOS,1 Respondent.

On 11 March 1994, petitioners filed a Motion to

Dismiss respondents Petition in SEC Case No.
02-94-4678, based on the following grounds: (1)
the Petition became moot due to the
cancellation of the license of MKSE; (2) the SICD
had no jurisdiction over the Petition; and (3) the
Petition failed to state a cause of action.
The SICD denied petitioners Motion to Dismiss
in an Order dated 4 May 1994. Petitioners again
challenged the 4 May 1994 Order of SICD before
the SEC en banc through another Petition for

DECISION
CHICO-NAZARIO, J.:

31

Certiorari, docketed as SEC-EB No. 403.

DISCRETION AMOUNTING TO LACK OR

EXCESS OF JURISDICTION WHEN IT
MADE AN EXTENDED INQUIRY AND
PROCEEDED
TO
MAKE
A
DETERMINATION AS TO THE TRUTH
OF RESPONDENTS ALLEGATIONS IN
HIS PETITION AND USED AS BASIS
THE EVIDENCE ADDUCED DURING
THE HEARING ON THE APPLICATION
FOR THE WRIT OF PRELIMINARY
INJUNCTION TO DETERMINE THE
EXISTENCE OR VALIDITY OF A STATED
CAUSE OF ACTION.

In an Order dated 31 May 1995 in SEC-EB No.

393, the SEC en banc nullified the 10 March
1994 Order of SICD in SEC Case No. 02-94-4678
granting a Writ of Preliminary Injunction in favor
of respondent. Likewise, in an Order dated 14
August 1995 in SEC-EB No. 403, the SEC en banc
annulled the 4 May 1994 Order of SICD in SEC
Case No. 02-94-4678 denying petitioners Motion
to Dismiss, and accordingly ordered the
dismissal of respondents Petition before the
SICD.

IV.

Respondent filed a Petition for Certiorari with the

Court of Appeals assailing the Orders of the SEC
en banc dated 31 May 1995 and 14 August 1995
in SEC-EB No. 393 and SEC-EB No. 403,
respectively. Respondents Petition before the
appellate court was docketed as CA-G.R. SP No.
38455.

IPO ALLOCATIONS GRANTED TO

BROKERS ARE NOT TO BE BOUGHT BY
THE BROKERS FOR THEMSELVES BUT
ARE TO BE DISTRIBUTED TO THE
INVESTING
PUBLIC.
HENCE,
RESPONDENTS CLAIM FOR DAMAGES
IS ILLUSORY AND HIS PETITION A
NUISANCE SUIT.3

On 11 February 1997, the Court of Appeals

promulgated its Decision in CA-G.R. SP No.
38455, granting respondents Petition for
Certiorari, thus:

On 18 September 2001, counsel for respondent

manifested to this Court that his client died on 7
May 2001. In a Resolution dated 24 October
2001, the Court directed the substitution of
respondent by his surviving spouse, Julia Ortigas
vda. de Campos.

WHEREFORE, the petition in so far as it prays for

annulment of the Orders dated May 31, 1995
and August 14, 1995 in SEC-EB Case Nos. 393
and 403 is GRANTED. The said orders are hereby
rendered null and void and set aside.

Petitioners want this Court to affirm the

dismissal by the SEC en banc of respondents
Petition in SEC Case No. 02-94-4678 for failure to
state a cause of action. On the other hand,
respondent insists on the sufficiency of his
Petition and seeks the continuation of the
proceedings before the SICD.

Petitioners filed a Motion for Reconsideration of

the foregoing Decision but it was denied by the
Court of Appeals in a Resolution dated 18 May
1999.
Hence, the present Petition for Review raising
the following arguments:

A cause of action is the act or omission by which

a party violates a right of another. 4 A complaint

I.

states a cause of action where it contains three

essential elements of a cause of action, namely:
(1) the legal right of the plaintiff, (2) the
correlative obligation of the defendant, and (3)
the act or omission of the defendant in violation
of said legal right. If these elements are absent,
the complaint becomes vulnerable to dismissal
on the ground of failure to state a cause of
action.

THE SEC EN BANC DID NOT COMMIT

GRAVE
ABUSE
OF
DISCRETION
AMOUNTING TO LACK OR EXCESS OF
JURISDICTION WHEN IT DISMISSED
THE PETITION FILED BY RESPONDENT
BECAUSE ON ITS FACE, IT FAILED TO
STATE A CAUSE OF ACTION.
II.

If a defendant moves to dismiss the complaint

on the ground of lack of cause of action, he is
regarded as having hypothetically admitted all
the averments thereof. The test of sufficiency of
the facts found in a complaint as constituting a
cause of action is whether or not admitting the
facts alleged, the court can render a valid
judgment upon the same in accordance with the
prayer thereof. The hypothetical admission
extends to the relevant and material facts well
pleaded in the complaint and inferences fairly

THE GRANT OF THE IPO ALLOCATIONS

IN FAVOR OF RESPONDENT WAS A
MERE ACCOMMODATION GIVEN TO
HIM BY THE BOARD OF [DIRECTORS]
OF THE MAKATI STOCK EXCHANGE,
INC.
III.
THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN
HOLDING THAT THE SEC EN BANC
COMMITTED
GRAVE
ABUSE
OF

32

deducible therefrom. Hence, if the allegations in

the complaint furnish sufficient basis by which
the complaint can be maintained, the same
should not be dismissed regardless of the
defense that may be assessed by the
defendant.5

Exchange with the Privilege to attend all

membership meetings as well as the meetings
of the Board of Governors of the Exchange, is
hereby created."
8. Hence, to this day, petitioner is not only an
active member of the respondent corporation,
but its Chairman Emeritus as well.

Given the foregoing, the issue of whether

respondents Petition in SEC Case No. 02-944678 sufficiently states a cause of action may be
alternatively stated as whether, hypothetically
admitting to be true the allegations in
respondents Petition in SEC Case No. 02-944678, the SICD may render a valid judgment in
accordance with the prayer of said Petition.

9. Correspondingly, at all times material to this

petition, as an active member and Chairman
Emeritus of respondent corporation, petitioner
has always enjoyed the right given to all the
other members to participate equally in the
Initial Public Offerings (IPOs for brevity) of
corporations.

A reading of the exact text of respondents

Petition in SEC Case No. 02-94-4678 is,
therefore, unavoidable. Pertinent portions of the
said Petition reads:

10. IPOs are shares of corporations offered for

sale to the public, prior to the listing in the
trading floor of the countrys two stock
exchanges. Normally, Twenty Five Percent (25%)
of these shares are divided equally between the
two stock exchanges which in turn divide these
equally among their members, who pay therefor
at the offering price.

7. In recognition of petitioners invaluable

services, the general membership of respondent
corporation
[MKSE]
passed
a
resolution
sometime in 1989 amending its Articles of
Incorporation, to include the following provision
therein:

11. However, on June 3, 1993, during a meeting

of the Board of Directors of respondentcorporation, individual respondents passed a
resolution to stop giving petitioner the IPOs he is
entitled to, based on the ground that these
shares were allegedly benefiting Gerardo O.
Lanuza, Jr., who these individual respondents
wanted to get even with, for having filed cases
before the Securities and Exchange (SEC) for
their disqualification as member of the Board of
Directors of respondent corporation.

"ELEVENTH WHEREAS, Mr. Miguel Campos is

the only surviving incorporator of the Makati
Stock Exchange, Inc. who has maintained his
membership;
"WHEREAS, he has unselfishly served the
Exchange in various capacities, as governor
from 1977 to the present and as President from
1972 to 1976 and again as President from 1988
to the present;
"WHEREAS,
such
leadership which
advancement and
Exchange and its
Securities industry,
appreciated;

dedicated
service
has contributed to
well being not only of
members but also to
needs to be recognized

12. Hence, from June 3, 1993 up to the present

time, petitioner has been deprived of his right to
subscribe to the IPOs of corporations listing in
the stock market at their offering prices.

and
the
the
the
and

13. The collective act of the individual

respondents in depriving petitioner of his right to
a share in the IPOs for the aforementioned
reason, is unjust, dishonest and done in bad
faith, causing petitioner substantial financial
damage.6

"WHEREAS, as such, the Board of Governors in

its meeting held on February 09, 1989 has
correspondingly
adopted
a
resolution
recognizing his valuable service to the
Exchange, reward the same, and preserve for
posterity such recognition by proposing a
resolution to the membership body which would
make him as Chairman Emeritus for life and
install
in
the
Exchange
premises
a
commemorative bronze plaque in his honor;

There is no question that the Petition in SEC

Case No. 02-94-4678 asserts a right in favor of
respondent, particularly, respondents alleged
right to subscribe to the IPOs of corporations
listed in the stock market at their offering prices;
and stipulates the correlative obligation of
petitioners to respect respondents right,
specifically, by continuing to allow respondent to
subscribe to the IPOs of corporations listed in
the stock market at their offering prices.

"NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of

the above premises, the position of the
"Chairman Emeritus" to be occupied by Mr.
Miguel Campos during his lifetime and
irregardless of his continued membership in the

However, the terms right and obligation in

33

respondents Petition are not magic words that

would automatically lead to the conclusion that
such Petition sufficiently states a cause of
action. Right and obligation are legal terms with
specific legal meaning. A right is a claim or title
to an interest in anything whatsoever that is
enforceable by law.7 An obligation is defined in

right to subscribe to the IPOs of corporations

listed in the stock market at their offering prices,
and
petitioners
obligation
to
continue
respecting and observing such right, the Petition
utterly failed to lay down the source or basis of
respondents right and/or petitioners obligation.
Respondent merely quoted in his Petition the
MKSE Board Resolution, passed sometime in
1989, granting him the position of Chairman
Emeritus of MKSE for life. However, there is
nothing in the said Petition from which the Court
can deduce that respondent, by virtue of his
position as Chairman Emeritus of MKSE, was
granted by law, contract, or any other legal
source, the right to subscribe to the IPOs of
corporations listed in the stock market at their
offering prices.

the Civil Code as a juridical necessity to give, to

do or not to do.8 For every right enjoyed by any
person, there is a corresponding obligation on
the part of another person to respect such right.
Thus, Justice J.B.L. Reyes offers9 the definition
given by Arias Ramos as a more complete
definition:
An obligation is a juridical relation whereby a
person (called the creditor) may demand from
another (called the debtor) the observance of a
determinative conduct (the giving, doing or not
doing), and in case of breach, may demand
satisfaction from the assets of the latter.

A meticulous review of the Petition reveals that

the allocation of IPO shares was merely alleged
to have been done in accord with a practice
normally observed by the members of the stock
exchange, to wit:

The Civil Code enumerates the sources of

obligations:

IPOs are shares of corporations offered for sale

to the public, prior to their listing in the trading
floor of the countrys two stock exchanges.
Normally, Twenty-Five Percent (25%) of these
shares are divided equally between the two
stock exchanges which in turn divide these
equally among their members, who pay therefor
at the offering price.11 (Emphasis supplied)

Art. 1157. Obligations arise from:

(1) Law;
(2) Contracts;
(3) Quasi-contracts;
(4) Acts or omissions punished by law; and
(5) Quasi-delicts.

A practice or custom is, as a general rule, not a

source of a legally demandable or enforceable
right.12 Indeed, in labor cases, benefits which

Therefore, an obligation imposed on a person,

and the corresponding right granted to another,
must be rooted in at least one of these five
sources. The mere assertion of a right and claim
of an obligation in an initiatory pleading,
whether a Complaint or Petition, without
identifying the basis or source thereof, is merely
a conclusion of fact and law. A pleading should
state the ultimate facts essential to the rights of
action or defense asserted, as distinguished
from mere conclusions of fact or conclusions of
law.10 Thus, a Complaint or Petition filed by a

were voluntarily given by the employer, and

which have ripened into company practice, are
considered as rights that cannot be diminished
by the employer.13 Nevertheless, even in such
cases, the source of the employees right is not
custom, but ultimately, the law, since Article 100
of the Labor Code explicitly prohibits elimination
or diminution of benefits.
There is no such law in this case that converts
the practice of allocating IPO shares to MKSE
members, for subscription at their offering
prices, into an enforceable or demandable right.
Thus, even if it is hypothetically admitted that
normally, twenty five percent (25%) of the IPOs
are divided equally between the two stock
exchanges -- which, in turn, divide their
respective allocation equally among their
members, including the Chairman Emeritus, who
pay for IPO shares at the offering price -- the
Court cannot grant respondents prayer for
damages which allegedly resulted from the
MKSE Board Resolution dated 3 June 1993

person claiming a right to the Office of the

President of this Republic, but without stating
the source of his purported right, cannot be said
to have sufficiently stated a cause of action.
Also, a person claiming to be the owner of a
parcel of land cannot merely state that he has a
right to the ownership thereof, but must likewise
assert in the Complaint either a mode of
acquisition of ownership or at least a certificate
of title in his name.
In the case at bar, although the Petition in SEC
Case No. 02-94-4678 does allege respondents

34

deviating from said practice by no longer

allocating any shares to respondent.1avvphi1

provision merely created the position of

chairman emeritus of the Exchange but it
mentioned nothing about conferring upon the
occupant thereof the right to receive IPO
allocations.14

Accordingly, the instant Petition should be

granted. The Petition in SEC Case No. 02-944678 should be dismissed for failure to state a
cause of action. It does not matter that the SEC
en banc, in its Order dated 14 August 1995 in
SEC-EB No. 403, overstepped its bounds by not
limiting itself to the issue of whether
respondents Petition before the SICD sufficiently
stated a cause of action. The SEC en banc may
have been mistaken in considering extraneous
evidence in granting petitioners Motion to
Dismiss, but its discussion thereof are merely
superfluous and obiter dictum. In the main, the
SEC en banc did correctly dismiss the Petition in
SEC Case No. 02-94-4678 for its failure to state
the basis for respondents alleged right, to wit:

With the dismissal of respondents Petition in

SEC Case No. 02-94-4678, there is no more need
for this Court to resolve the propriety of the
issuance by SCID of a writ of preliminary
injunction in said case.
WHEREFORE, the Petition is GRANTED. The
Decision of the Court of Appeals dated 11
February 1997 and its Resolution dated 18 May
1999 in CA-G.R. SP No. 38455 are REVERSED
and SET ASIDE. The Orders dated 31 May 1995
and 14 August 1995 of the Securities and
Exchange Commission en banc in SEC-EB Case
No. 393 and No. 403, respectively, are hereby
reinstated. No pronouncement as to costs.

Private respondent Campos has failed to

establish the basis or authority for his alleged
right to participate equally in the IPO allocations
of the Exchange. He cited paragraph 11 of the
amended articles of incorporation of the
Exchange in support of his position but a careful
reading of the said provision shows nothing
therein that would bear out his claim. The

SO ORDERED.

35