Design of Cargo Vessel

1. Owners Requirement
A ship is required with the following particulars:
Type

: General Cargo

Deadweight

: 2000 tons

Service Speed

: 16 knots

Route

: Dhaka ~ Barisal

2. Basis Ship Data

Type

: General Cargo Ship

Builders

: MV Nabik

Deadweight, DWT

: 15265 tonnes

Service Speed, V

: 15 knots

Draught, d

: 8.84 m

Breadth, B

: 20.42 m

Length, LBP

: 137.50 m

Depth, D

: 11.73 m

Block Coefficient, C

: 0.7007

Propulsion type

: Single Screw

Engine power

: 7600 bhp

Displacement in tones = LBTCB1.025 tonnes

= 137.520.428.840.70071.025 tonnes
= 17826 tonnes
Deadweight Coefficient
Admiralty co-efficient =

C d=
Ac=

DWT
=0.856

2/ 3 V 3
=565
Pb

NAME-238: Dept. of NAME, BUET

Type
DWT
L
bp
BMld
D
Mld
T
max
V
k
CB
P
b
density

Basis Ship Data

General Cargo
15265 tonne
137.5 m
20.42 m
11.73 m
8.84 m
15 knots
0.7007
7600 hp
5669.6 kw
1.025 tonne/m3

Basis Ship Calculated Data

Displacement
17826 tonnes
Cd
0.856
L/B
137.5 m
B/T
20.42 m
T/D
11.73 m
Ac
565

2. New Ship Basic Dimensions Calculations

Type
DWT
Speed
Route

Region

New Ship
General
Cargo
20240
16
Worldwide

units
tonne
knots

Important dimensional restraints

L max (m)
B max (m)
H max (m)

Panama
canal
Suez

289.56

32.31

None

St. Laurence

225.5

74 & 11 or
48 & 17.7
23.8

NAME-238: Dept. of NAME, BUET

12.04 TFW

Air draught
(m)
57.91
None

35.5

Cb
Cd

New Ship Initial Basic Assumptions

0.7
0.85

L/B
B/T
H/D
Cb/Cd
Cb * Cd
SW Density

6.734
2.310
0.754
0.818
0.600
1.025

Length calculation for new ship: The LBP for new ship can be estimated by

DWT L
LNew =
C B C D B

( ) ( BT )

= 151.48

Calculation of Admiralty coefficient (Ac) for basis ship

2 / 3 V 3
Ac
BHP in which
= Displacement of ship in tonnes
V = Speed of the ship in knots
Emmerson formula to calculate the admiralty co-efficient is
A C =26

L+

A C =26

150
VK

=564.88
( 137.5+ 150
15 )

Calculation Ac for New ship

A C =26

=563.75
( 151.48+ 150
16 )

This indicates that the new ship would be very similar to the basic ship in terms of A C
coefficient; however, it is far too early to make that judgement as the power required for the ship
is yet to be determined and its final dimensions should be optimised further.

NAME-238: Dept. of NAME, BUET

Initial Calculated Dimensions for New ship

Lbp
151.48
m
BMld
22.50
m
DMld
12.92
m
Hmax
9.74
m
Vk
16.00
knots
Cb
0.696
Low
SW Density
1.025
tonne/m.cub
Displacement
23668.92 Tonne
Cd
0.855
OK
Cb/Cd
0.8137
Cb * Cd
0.5950
Ac
563.751
99.80%
To estimate the more realistic Ac for the new ship, length for the new ship could be altered to
match. Manipulating the LNew in order to reduce difference between the Ac values for the two
ship designs, would result to the length for the new ship to be reduced to 152.55 m.

=564.88
( L+ 150
16 )
564.88 150

L=(
26
16 )
A C =26

L = 152.55
Thus the LNew is now accepted to be 152.55 m, which would give Ac New of 564.88. Now using
the LNew and the established dimensional ratios, other parameters such as B, D, H, C b and can
be determined. For Cb use the following formula:

C B=10.23

V
=10.23
L BP

( )

16
( 152.55
)=0.702

But using Cb formula for general cargo

C B=10.234

V
=0.696
LBP

( )

would give Cb = 0.696. This is too low. The length is manipulated to improve particulars. By
iterations, the length for new design is set at 156 m.

NAME-238: Dept. of NAME, BUET

Iterated Results from Initial Calculations for New Ship Dimensions

Lbp
156.00
m
Dimensional Ratios
BMld
DMld

22.40
12.80

m
m

L/B
B/H

6.964
2.370

Higher
Higher

Hmax
Vk

9.45

H/D

0.738

Lower

16.00

knots

Cb/Cd

0.820

Higher

Cb

0.700

OK

Cb*Cd

0.598

Lower

SW Density

Displacement
Cd
Cb/Cd
Cb * Cd
Ac

568.490

1.025
23701.47
0.854

tonne/m.cub
Tonnes
OK

0.8200

OK

0.5980

OK

100.64%

Excellent

Comparison Table
Basic Ship
New Ship
Deadweight
15265
20240
137.5
156.00
Lbp
20.42
22.40
BMld
11.73
12.80
DMld
8.84
9.45
Hmax
15
16.00
Vk
0.701
0.700
Cb
SW Density
1.025
1.025
Displacement
17825.665
23701.469
0.856
0.854
Cd
0.818
0.820
Cb/Cd
0.600
0.598
Cb * Cd
Pb
5669.600
5945.030
564.877
568.490
Ac
Table: Cb and Cd coefficients for merchant ship types

Ship Type

Cb

Cd

General Cargo

0.65 0.735

0.62 0.72

Ore Carrier

0.65 0.735

0.72 0.77

Bulk Carrier

0.65 0.735

0.78 0.84

Oil Tanker

0.75 0.82

0.80 0.86

NAME-238: Dept. of NAME, BUET

Passenger

0.6

0.50 - 0.90

Container

0.575

0.50 - 0.90

Salvage

0.425

0.50 - 0.85

Hydrostatic Calculation and Curves

For various purposes during the completion of a ship and for future design purposes it is
essential to plot the results of the displacement and other calculation in relation to the
draught. Such curves are called the hydrostatic curves and the most important are
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)

Displacement
Vertical centre of buoyancy
Longitudinal centre of buoyancy
Tons Per Inch Immersion (TPI) or TP 1 cm
Transverse metacentre
Longitudinal metacentre
Centre of floatation
Moment to change trim 1 inch
Coefficients

(i)

Calculation of Displacement
Half of the waterplane area =

A = y dx

Using Simpsons first rule the equation of the water plane area can be expressed
1
A =2 y dx= h y Simpso n ' s multiplier
3
Displacement of the ship V = y dx dz
1
1
k h y Simpso n' s multiplier
=
3
3
Simpson ' s multiplier

Sectional area =

A SA = y dz

Displacement of the ship V = y dz dx

1
1
h k y Simpso n' s multiplier
=
3
3
Simpson ' s multiplier

(ii)

Vertical Centre of Buoyancy (VCB)

NAME-238: Dept. of NAME, BUET

KB=
(iii)

Moment of the volume about the keel V n z n

=
T otal displacement of the ship
Vn

Longitudinal centre of buoyancy

LCB=

(iv)

Moment of the volume about the after perpendicular amidship V n x n

=
Total displacement of the ship
Vn

Tons Per Inch Immersion (TPI) or TP 1 cm

TPI=

AWP
420

(v)

Transverse metacentre

(vii)

Longitudinal centre of floatation

1
3
y dx

I 3
Transverse metacentre BM T = =

1 1
h y 3 Simpson ' s multiplier
3 3

(vi)
Longitudinal metacentre
I CF I M A h2
Longitudinal metacentre BM L=
=

1
2
2
y x dx A h
3

1 1
2
2
h y x Simpson ' s multiplier A h
3 3

Center of gravity of the waterplane area is called the centre of floatation

LCF =

(viii)

Moment of the waterplane area about amidship y x dx

=
Waterplane area
y dx

Moment to change trim 1 inch

GM L
12 L

Moment to change trim 1 inch =

NAME-238: Dept. of NAME, BUET

BM L
12 L

Fig. 1 Lines plan

NAME-238: Dept. of NAME, BUET

Fig. 2 Displacement sheet

Fig 3. Hydrostatic curves

Stability at Small Angle

The Upright and inclined waterlines intersect on the middle

line

The metacentre M remains in a constant position

Righting lever GZ=GM sin
Righting moment M =W GZ =W GM sin
Typical GM Values for Several Ship-types
Ship-types
General cargo ships
Oil tankers to VLCCs
Container ships
Ro-Ro vessels
Bulk-ore carries
All ship types

GM when fully loaded

0.30 m to 0.50 m
0.30 m to 1.00 m
1.50 m approximately
1.50 m approximately
2 m to 3 m

Minimum GM = 0.15 m

Stability at Large Angle

For large angles of inclination the position of the metacentre changes and vertical lines
through successive centres of buoyancy intersect at a series of points such as M 1, M2, etc.,
known as pro-metacentres. The curve drawn through these is called the metacentric evolute.
Similarly, a curve may be drawn through the successive centres of buoyancy B l, B2 etc., and
this is called the metacentric involute or isovol.

The righting lever at any angle is still GZ

Fig. 1 Pro-metacentre

Stability at Large Angle

The Upright and inclined waterlines do not intersect on the

middle line

The metacentre M does not remain in a constant position

The righting lever: GZ = B0R BG sin

But
Now

B 0 R=

v he h i

GZ=B0 RBG sin

And the righting moment

M =W GZ

Definition
Immersed volume SL0L1 = Emerged volume SW0W1= v

Figure 4.24

Immersed volume OL0L2 = vi

Emerged volume OW0W2 = ve
From Figure

Barnes Method
The Righting lever GZ can be found as

GZ=B0 RBG sin

v he hi
BG sin
v

v e h e 0+ v i hi 0(v iv e )
BG sin
v

1
1
1
y 3i cos d dx+ y 3e cos d dx
( y 2 y 2e ) d dx

3
3
2 i
GZ=
BG sin
v
y
1
( i3 + y 3e )cos d dx 2 ( yi2 y 2e ) d dx
1
BG sin
3
v
GZ =
Area bounded by radial plane
1
A y i y i d
2
Volume of the immersed wedge
1
v i y i2 d dx
2
Volume of the layer
1
v v i v e y i2 y e2 d dx
2
Water plane area
A WP y i y e dx
Transverse distance of the centre of floatation
1
2
2
yi ye dx
Moment
2

Area A WP
yi y e dx

Layer correction
(a) If v i > v e and centre of gravity of the layer is on the immersed side, the correction
for the layer is to be subtracted

(b) If v e >v i and centre of gravity of the layer is on the emerged side, the correction for
the layer is to be subtracted

GZ Calculation at 300 Angle of heel

(a) First time integration with respect to dx
Water Section inclined at 300
Immersed wedge:
No. of
ordinate
0
1/2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10

yi

sm

yi sm

y i2

sm

550.3

Emerged wedge
No. of
ye
ordinate
0
1/2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10

sm

ye sm

477.3

y i2 sm

y 3i

sm

17878

y e2

sm

y e2 sm

14250

y 3i sm

597810

y 3e

sm

y 3e sm

454620

(b) Second times integration with respect to d

Immersed wedge:

y i sm y sm
2
i

0
15
30

550.3

477.3

( y 3i y 3e ) cos

( y 3i y 3e )

sm

sm sm

sm sm
cos

sm

y sm sm

sm

y e2 sm sm

2
i

17878

Emerged wedge
ye sm y e2 sm
0
15
30

( y 3i y3e )

14250

Calculate GZ and then draw the following curves:

(i)

Curve of statical stability (GZ ~ curve)

(ii)

Cross curve of stability ( GZ ~ displacement for various angle of )

Fig. 1 Cross curves of stability

Fig. 2 Curves of Statical stability

Trim Calculation
1) Moderate weight method
The method most used in practice is to carry out the following steps:
Determine the mean bodily sinkage
Weight loaded
Sinkage =
TPC
Determine the change of trim
Trimingmoment
Change of trim x=
MCT
Determinate the change of trim at fore and aft perpendicular
a
d A = change of trim
L
b
d F = change of trim
L
Final draught at aft perpendicular = sinkage d A
Final draught at fore perpendicular = sinkage d F

2) Considerable weight
The method most used in practice is to carry out the following steps:

Determine the position of the longitudinal centre of gravity (LCG) in the initial
condition.

Determine the position of the longitudinal centre of gravity (LCG) in the final
condition.

Using hydrostatic data find the position of the longitudinal centre of buoyancy (LCB),
longitudinal centre of flotation (LCF), MCT and mean draft at the load displacement.

Find the trimming moment and hence change of trim by taking the moment composed
of the horizontal distance between LCG and LCB and the displacement.
Trimingmoment=Change of trim x MCT
Triminglever Displacement=Change of trim x MCT
( LCGLCB) Displacement=Change of trimT MCT
( LCGLCB ) Displacement
Change of trim x=
MCT

Wheel
House

Accomodation

Fore Castle Deck

Chain Locker/Store

APT

FWT

FOT

Cargo Hold 2

Cargo Hold 1
FPT

Engine Room
Double Bottom Tank

Double Bottom Tank

Fig.1 Capacity Plan of a Cargo Ship

Trim calculation by Considerable Weight Principle

Wheel
House

Accomodation

Fore Castle Deck

Chain Locker/Store
APT

FWT

FOT

Cargo Hold 2

FPT

Cargo Hold 1
Engine Room
Double Bottom Tank

Double Bottom Tank

Laden condition:
Light weight of the vessel

Displacement of the vessel

Length of the vessel

LCG of the vessel

Draught at aft perpendicular

Draught at fore perpendicular

Loaded condition:
Items of deadweight

Weight in tones
w

Light of the vessel

LCG from the middle

h

Deadweight moment
wh

12.5 A

Cargo hold 1
Cargo hold 2
Fuel oil
Fresh water
Water ballast in
double bottom
Water ballast in
double bottom
APT
FPT
Displacement at
loaded condition

Moment

w h

LCG of the vessel at loaded condition =

w h
w

Find the following parameters from hydrostatic curves of your vessel at loaded condition,
Mean draught, dm =
LCB

LCF

MCT 1 cm

Calculate the change of trim using the following formula

x
Change of trim

( LCG LCB)
MCT 1 cm

WW

Change in draught at aft perpendicular

Change in draught at fore perpendicular

LL

WF
change of trim
L

FL
change of trim
L

Calculate the final draught of the vessel

Mean draught
Change in draught
Final draught

Draft at aft perpendicular

dA
dm

WW
d m WW

Draft at fore perpendicular

dF
dm

LL
d m LL

Trim calculation by Moderate Weight Principle

Laden condition
Length of the vessel
TPI
LCF
MCT 1 cm

=
=
=
=

Trim Table
Items of dead weight

Weight added
Change of
trim

Cargo hold 1
Cargo hold 2
Fuel oil
Fresh water
Water ballast in double
bottom
Water ballast in double
bottom
APT
FPT

Mean draft
Change of draft
A
F