Solution of Midterm Exam, spring 2009

ELK 322E Power Transmission Systems

Dr. Ramazan alar
Problem 1 (30 points).
A 50-Hz 230- kV three-phase transmission line is 300 miles long has the series impedance
of z = 0.27 + j0.68 ohm/mile and a shunt of y = j7x10-6 Siemens/mile. In steady state, the
transmission line delivers 210 MW at 225 kV and a lagging power factor 93.5%.
a) Find A, B, C, D parameters of transmission matrix in the two-port representation.
b) Find the steady state sending-end voltage.
c) Find the current value at the point of 241.401 km measured from the receiving-end.
(1 mile = 1.60934 kilometer in the land)
Solution 1
= 0.27 + 0.68 = 0.7316 63.34 /mi
= + = 0 + 7 106 = 7 106 90 mho/mi
We then calculate the characteristic impedance and the propagation constant as
follows.

0.27 + 0.68
=
7 106

0.7316 63.34
= 97143 38571
7 106 90

= 317.54 j60.735
= 323.296 10.823
=

0.27 + 0.68 (7 106 ) = 0.0004 + 0.0022 = 0.02379.172

= 300 0.0004 + 0.0022 = 0.1275 + 0.6668 = 0.678979.172

a)

Two-Port Representation of a long transmission line.

IR

IS
+

VS
-

ABCD

VR
-

= +
= +

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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For a long transmission line we have the equations, which give the relations between the
receiving-end voltage and current and sending-end end voltage and current as follows.
= cosh
() + sinh
()
1
=
sinh
() + cosh
()

Thus, the sending-end voltage and current equations in terms of ABCD constants, we have
A = cosh
1

C = sinh
()

B = sinh
()
D = cosh
().

We need to compute
cosh =

+

and sinh =
2
2

2cosh = + = 0.1275 + 0.6668 + 0.1275 0.6668 6

= 0.1275 0.6668 + 0.1275 0.66686 = 1.5844 + 0.1582
cosh = 0.7922 + 0.0791 = 0.7961 5.7
2sinh = = 0.1275 + 0.6668 0.1275 0.6668 6 = 0.201 + 1.2471
sinh = 0.1005 + 0.6235 = 0.631680.8446
Thus
A = D = cosh = 0.7922 + 0.0791 = 0.7961 5.7
B = sinh = 317.54 j60.735 (0.1005 + 0.6235)
B = 69.781 + 191.89 = 204.188870.016
C=

1
0.1005 + 0.6235
sinh =
= 0.0001 + 0.0020

317.54 j60.735

or
C=

1
(0.631680.8446)
sinh =
= 0.002091.6726

(323.296 10.823)

b) The quantities in the statement of the problems refer to three phase and line to line
quantities. It is convenient to pick the receiving end phase angle = 0. Thus the
receiving-end voltage per phase is
=

225
3

103 = 129.9040

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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The receiving-end rated load is 210 MW, we are also given the power factor (cos = 0.935
lagging), and the receiving end apparent power is

cos

(3) = (3) /cos

(3) = 210
(3) =

210
= 224.5989
0.935

= acos 0.935 = 1 0.935 = 0.3625 = 20.7719

and the receiving-end complex power is

(3) = (3) = 224.598920.7719 = 210 + 79.653 .

The receiving-end current per phase is given by

(3)

224.5989 20.7719 106

=
= 538.86 204.39
3 129.9040 103

= 576.3211 20.7719
Per phase real power supplied to the load can also be used to find the sending-end current.

(3) = 3 (1) = 210

(1) =

210
= 70
3

(1) = 0.935 = 70
=

70
106 = 576.3211
0.935 129.904 103

The power factor is (cos = 0.935 lagging),

= 576.3211 20.7719
Finally putting all the values into following equations gives us
= cosh
() + sinh
()
1
=
sinh
() + cosh
()

= 0.7961 5.7 129.904 103 0 +

(323.296 10.823)(0.6316 80.8446)(576.321 20.772)
= 103416.575.7 + 117681.14 49.25
= 179730 + 99417 = 20540028.95 = 205.428.95

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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Or using complex values we have

= 0.7922 + 0.0791 129.904 0 103 + 69.781 + 191.89 (538.86 204.39)
= 179.73 + 99.417 = 205.428.95
1
sinh
() + cosh
()

= +
0.1005 + 0.6235
(129.904 103 ) + 0.7922 + 0.0791 (538.86 204.39)
317.54 j60.735

= (0.0001 + 0.0020)(129.904 103 ) + 0.7922 + 0.0791 (538.86 204.39)

= 435.64 + 134.38 = 455.8908 17.143

c)

Let x shows the line length measured from receiving-end.

241.401
= 150
1.60934
= 0.0004 + 0.0022 150 = 0.06375 + 0.3334 = 0.011579.172
= 241.401 =

1
sinh
() + cosh
()

0.0603 + 0.327976.2
3
129,904. 10 + 0.9469 + 0.0209 . (538.86 204.39)
317.54 60.735

= 7.362 + 1031.34 106 129,904 103 + (0.9469 + 0.0209)(538.86 204.39)

= 513.53 48.299 = 515.7993 5.37
Or
=

0.3334 79.58
(129,904. 103 0 + 0.94711.2636 . (576.3211 20.7719)
(323.296 10.823)

= 515.7993 5.37

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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Problem 2 (30 points).

The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in Figure 1. Select a
common base of 100 MVA and 132 kV on the transmission side. Draw an impedance
diagram with all impedances including the load impedances and motor reactance marked
per-unit. The necessary three-phase data for this problem are given in the same Figure.
Bus 1

Bus 2
20 + j 80

G1

G2

50 MVA,
12.2 kV
x = 0.15 pu

T1: 80 MVA,
12.2 /161 kV
xtr1 = 0.10 pu

10 + j 40

10 + j 40

Bus 3

T2: 40 MVA,
161 /13.8 kV
xtr2 = 0.10 pu

20 MVA,
13.8 kV
x = 0.15 pu

T3: 40 MVA,
161 /13.2 kV
xtr3 = 0.10 pu

Bus 4
Motor:
20 MVA,
M
14.4 kV
x= 015 pu,
0.8 power factor
(laggin)

Load:
20+j15 MVA
at 12.63 kV

Figure 1
Solution 2
Section
2

Section
1

Section

20 + j 80
G1
50 MVA,
12.2 kV
x = 0.15 pu

G2
T1: 80 MVA,
12.2 /161 kV
xtr1 = 0.10 pu

10 + j 40

10 + j 40

T2: 40 MVA,
161 /13.8 kV
xtr2 = 0.10 pu

20 MVA,
13.8 kV
x = 0.15 pu

T3: 40 MVA,
161 /13.2 kV
xtr3 = 0.10 pu

Motor:
20 MVA,
M
14.4 kV
x= 015 pu,
0.8 power factor
(laggin)

Load:
20+j15 MVA
at 12.63 kV
Section

Figure 1

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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We wish to derive an impedance diagram. In Figure 1, four sections (1, 2, 3 and 4) are identified.
We will need to pick appropriate bases for these four sections. Lets convert all quantities to a
common system base that has been specified in the transmission circuit. First, the voltage bases
must be determined for all sections of the network.
Step 1: Pick a common three-phase power, for entire system (or you can use the symbol of 3
to emphasize three phases). This is 100 MVA for this question.
= 100
Step 2: Pick one voltage base: for example = 132 (line to line voltage) for this problem.
= 132
Relate the other voltage bases by ratios of transformer (line to line) voltage ratings:
Base kV in the transmission line (section 2):

2
= 132

Here the subscripts refer to labeled sections, 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Base kV in the generator circuit G1 (section 1):

1
= 132

12.2
161

= 10.002

Base kV in the generator circuit G2 (section 3):

3
= 132

13.8

= 11.314
161
Base kV in the primary (Low Voltage, LV) side of transformer T1 (same region G1, section 1)
12.2

1
= 132
= 10.002
161
Base kV in the secondary (High Voltage, HV) side of transformer T1 (same region of transmission
lines, section 2)
161

2
= 132
= 132
161
Base kV in the primary side of transformer T2 (same region of transmission lines, section 2)
161

2
= 132
= 132
161
Base kV in the secondary side of transformer T2 (same region G2, section 3)
13.8

3
= 132
= 11.314
161
Base kV in the primary side of transformer T3 (same region of transmission lines, section 2)
161

2
= 132
= 132
161
Base kV in the secondary side of transformer T3 (same region of load, section 4)
13.2

4
= 132
= 10.822
161
Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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Base impedance
=

132 2
= 174.24
100

We now proceed to convert all the parameter values to p.u. on the common base specified.

, = ,

G1:
1,

( )2 3

3

2
( )

(12.2)2 100
= 0.15

= 0.4463 p. u.
(10.002)2 50

G2:
2, = 0.15

T1:
1, = 0.1

T2:
2,

(13.8)2 100

= 1.1158 p. u.
(11.314)2 20

(12.2)2 100

= 0.18597 p. u.
(10.002)2 80

(13.8)2 100
= 0.1

= 0.37193 p. u.
(11.314)2 40

T3:
3, = 0.1

(13.2)2 100

= 0.36785p. u.
(10.822)2 40

The Transmission lines:

The p.u. impedance of the transmission lines connecting the generation buses is given by
20 + 80
= 0.11478 + 0.4591 p. u.
174.24
The p.u. impedance of the transmission lines connecting the load transformer bus to the high
voltage buses is given by
12 =

13 = 23 =

10 + 40
= 0.05739 + 0.22956 p. u.
174.24

The motor:
The motor reactance is expressed on its nameplate rating 20 MVA and 14.4 kV. However, the
base voltage at Bus 4 for the motor is 10.822 kV. From the following equation

( )2 3

= ( , )
3
2
( )

, = 0.15

(14.4)2 100

= 1.3279 p. u.
(10.822)2 20

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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The load is specified as

3

= + = 20 + 15

20 + 15
= 0.2 + 0.15 p. u.
100

a) Series combination of Resistance and Inductance

12.632
12.632 (20 15)
=
= 127.61 95.71
20 + 15
25

= 127.61 + 95.71

= 0.5493 + 1.6333 p. u.

b) Parallel combination of Resistance and Inductance

2 12.632

=
=
= 7.9758

20
2 12.632

=
=
= 10.6344

15

_ = 0.0457 p. u.

= 0.061 p. u.

0.1147

j 0.459

j 0.186

j 0.3719
j 0.4591

j 0.446

0.05739

0.05739 j 0.4591

j 0.3678

G1
Motor
j1.3279

j 1.1158
G2

Load
0.0457

j 0.061

Impedance diagram with per unit represantation.

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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Problem 3 (15 points).

What are the advantages gained by bundling conductors on a transmission line design?
Answer 3:
The advantages of bundling are primarily the following three reasons.
1. It increases the effective radius of available conductor. This decreases the inductive
reactance of the bundle (compared to an unbundled line of similar cross-section) and
allows a greater power-handling capacity to the line.
2. It reduces the undesirable effect known as corona.
3. It gives a greater surface area, which helps in cooling the line. This also increases power
handling capacity.

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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Problem 4 (25 points)

Consider a simple power system as shown in figure below. Assume that the
impedance of components in per unit are: 1 = j0.1, 2 = j0.5, 1 = j0.15,
2 = j0.5, 121 = j0.5, 122 = j0.5, 13 = j2, 23 = j1. Find the bus
admittance matrix (it has to be 3 by 3 matrix).

T1

G1

T2

L12-1

G2

L12-2
L13

L23
3

Solution 4

= = . = ,

=
=

= . = . ,

= . = ,

= . =

= . = ,

= . = , =

= = . ,

=
=

= + = =
= + = . + . = . ,
= + = . + . = ,

=
=

= . =

= =

The bus admittance matrix of the transmission system (including generator and transformers
admittances) is

= + + = . = .
= = = =
= = = . = .
= + + = =
= = = =
Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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 = + = . = .

The bus admittance matrix of the transmission system (only transmission lines included) is
= + = . = .
= = = =
= = = . = .
= + = =
= = = =

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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Extra problem for bonus (20 points):

A three-phase, regularly transposed line has conductors horizontally spaced 15 meters
apart. Its two bundled conductors per phase are horizontally spaced 40 cm apart and have
an actual radius (not an effective radius or GMR) of 403 mm 2. The line is 150km long. The
operation frequency is 50 Hertz.
a) Find inductive reactance per meter. (ohm /meter)
b) Find the capacitive reactance in (ohm*meters)
c) We want to consider increasing the horizontal distance between phases of the line, but
keep the bundling distance the same.
- What is the effect on inductive reactance and on capacitive?
- Which effect is desirable?
- Why?
Solution extra problem:
Lets state given,
The distance between conductors is D, D=15 m
Its 2 bundle conductors per phase, the bundle spacing is d, d= 40 cm = 400 mm
Area, A=403 mm2,
Line length is L, L=150 km, and the operating frequency is f, f=50 Hz.
The effective cable radius r can be found using the following relation.

403
= 11.33
3.14

The self geometric mean radius distance (r) of a circle with radius r is defined as
1

= 4 and it is abbreviated by GMD. GMD commonly referred to as geometric mean

radius and it is designated by Ds and it can be computed as follows.
1

= = 4 = 11.33 0.25 = 8.82

Let show the bundles geometric mean distance (GMD) by Rb. Find Rb as
=

= 400 8.82 = 59.4 = 0.0594

Let show the systems geometric mean distance (GMD) by Dm. Find Dm as
=

(2) =

15 15 (2 15) = 18.9

Lets find the inductance per meter, 0 = 4107 / .

0

4107
18.9

= 1.15
2

2
0.0594

Find inductive reactance per meter

= = 2 = 2 50 1.15 106 = 361.28 104

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

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b) Find the capacitive reactance in (ohm*meters)

The procedure for finding the capacitance per phase for a three-phase transposed line with
bundle conductors follows same steps as finding the inductance. The capacitance per
phase is found to be
20
=
/

0 = 8.854 1012

The effect of bundling is to introduce an equivalent radius . is similar to the GMR

calculated earlier for the inductance with the exception that radius r of each subconductor
is used instead of Ds . If d is the bundle spacing, we obtain the GMR ( ) for twosubconductor bundle
=
=

400 11.33 = 67.32

2 8.854 1012
18.9

67.3 103

= 9.86 1012 = 9.86

1 = 1 1012 ,

1 = 1 1012

We can calculate capacitive reactance as

=

1
1
1

=
=
= 3.2258 108
.
12
2 2 50 9.86 10

d) We want to consider increasing the horizontal distance between phases of the line, but
keep the bundling distance the same.
- What is the effect on inductive reactance and on capacitive?
Increasing the horizontal spacing of phases increases both inductive reactance and
capacitive reactance because both are proportional with Dm as follows.
= =

=
-

1
=
20

Which effect is desirable? Why?

Increasing the inductive reactance is normally NOT desirable because it reduces
power handling capacity of the line and capacitive reactance.
Increasing the shunt capacitive reactance is normally quite desirable because doing
so reduces the capacitive effects on the lines ability to transmit power.

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2009, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan alar

Page 13