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1) Safety
2) Hazard
3) Risk
:
:
:
:
:
: The likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm.
Eg: Tripping over cables.
Coming into contact with machinery.
4) Risk
Assessment : Overall process of Risk Analysis, Risk Evaluation, Controls and
actions to resolve risks.
5) ALARP : As Low As Reasonably Practicable is when it can be demonstrated that there
Would be a gross disproportion between the cost of preventative or
Protective control measures and the reduction in risk they would achieve.
6)Risk
Evaluation : The process to support management decisions as to acceptability or risk
Reduction requirement by company the estimated risk against relevant
Criteria.
Qn: How can you carryout Risk Assessment?
Ans: Follow 5 basic steps.
Step1: Identify the hazards:
Workplace inspections
by competent persons.
Talking to the workforce operators, skilled workers.
Non-Inspection Techniques undertaking JSA (breaking into steps).
Examination of documents MSDS, Codes of practice, HSE publications, etc.
Combined Techniques
Looking at the results of Safety Audits of HAZOPs.
Accidents
Accidents Statistic, Investigations, Ill-Health
complaints.
Near Miss Reports
To indicate problem areas.
Significant hazards should be recorded and trial hazards and risks can
be ignored.
Record such things as
* The number of people affected.
* The adequacy of existing controls.
* Any further precautions necessary.
PTW
PTW: Formal written system used to control certain types of work which are
potentially hazardous.
Qn: what is the objective of PTW?
Ans: Objective of PTW is to implement Safe System of Work by getting sign
From experienced, trained, authorized person for approval of permit to
Work which includes.
*
*
*
*
Hazards involved.
All precautions required together with emergency procedures.
Who may carryout the work?
The limits of the permit to work area or equipment.
Both
(Yellow & Pink) To be returned to the authorize person to be destroyed
When work is complete.
Second (Blue) - Copy to be retained in pad for record purposes, with the
Work completed signatures.
Cold
Work Permit
Electrical
Work Permit
Confined Space
Entry Permit
EXCAVATION
Excavation: A man made cut or cavity below the earth surface by removing
earth by using earth removers.
Trench
: A narrow excavation below the surface of the ground, less than
15 feet, with a depth no greater than the width.
Cave-In
Note:
In carrying out an excavation the soil conditions can vary widely, often in short
distances.
1 Cubic meter Earth = 1.3 Tonnes.
Inspect Excavations:
* At start of every shift before work starts.
* After any event likely to affect the strength or stability.
* After any accidental fall of rock, earth or other materials.
* The inspection report, who made the inspection
Date & Time
Anything identified that could lead to a risk and any further actions that may
be required.
EXCAVATION CHECK LIST:
Stable Rock
*Natural Solid
Material that
can be excavated
with vertical sides
and remain intact
while exposed.
Eg: Granite
Sand stone.
Type A Soil
Cohesive Soils
with unconfined
comprehensive
strength of 1.5 T
per square foot
or greater.
Eg: Clay
Silty Clay
Type B Soil
Cohesive Soils
with unconfined
comprehensive
strength of 0.5 T
per square foot
But less than 1.5T
Per square foot.
Eg: Angular gravel
Silt
Type C Soil
Cohesive Soils
with unconfined
comprehensive
strength of 0.5T
per square foot
or less.
Eg: Gravel
Loamy sand.
Sandy clay
Silt loam
Sand,
Submerged soil
Thumb penetration
Test
: Attempt to press the thumb firmly into the soil in question.
If makes identification in the soil only with great difficulty Type A
If penetrates no further than the length of the thumb nail - Type B
If penetrates full length of the thumb
- Type C
Dry Strength Test : Try to crumble the sample in your hands with your fingers. If it
Crumbles into grains, it is granular clay will not crumble into grains,
Only into smaller chunks.
Wet Manual Test
: Wet your fingers and work the soil between them. Clay is a slick
Paste when wet, meaning it is cohesive. If the clump falls a part in
It is granular.
Qn:Write about Sloping & Benching Systems (OSHA)?
Qn:
Max. allowable slopes for excavations < 20 feet based on soil type and angle to
the Horizontal are as follows:
Soil Type
Stable Rock
Type A
Type B
Type C
Height/Depth Ratio
Vertical
:1
1:1
1:1
Slope Angle
90 degrees
53degrees
45 degrees
34 degrees
*As a general rule, the bottom vertical height of the trench must not exceed 4 feet (1.2m)
For the first bench.
Subsequent benches may be up to max 5 feet (1.5 m).
Vertical in Type A soil and 4 feet (1.2m).
In Type B soil to a total trench depth of 20 feet (6m).
Fig
Fig
Hydraulic Shoring:
Pneumatic Shoring:
*Same as Hydraulic Shoring. The difference is the usage of air pressure in place of
hydraulic pressure.
Fig.
Qn: Write about Shielding System?
Ans:
Trench Box: The space between the trench boxes the excavation side are backfilled to
Prevent lateral movement of box.
Fig.
Spoil: Temporary spoil must be placed not closer than 2 feet (nearly 1m) from the
CONFINED SPACE
Confined Space: One that has limited or restricted means of entry or exit, is large
enough for employees to enter and perform their work, and is not designed for
continuous occupancy.
Permit-Required Confined Space (PRCS): A Space that has one or more of the
following characteristics.
* Contains or could contain hazardous atmosphere.
* Contains materials that have the potential for engulfing (surround or cover
Completely) the entrant.
* Has an internal configuration such as that an entrant could be trapped or
Asphyxiated.
* Any other recognized safety hazards.
Eg: Manholes Sewer lines or tunnels Storage tanks Silos (storage tower)
Boilers
Pipelines
Pits
Wells
Underground utility vaults and storage.
1)Oxygen Deficiency:
Symptoms
None
Increased Pulse Rate
Rapid Pulse Rate, Nausea,
Headache
Rapid Pulse Rate, Nausea,
Headache
0-6%
Physical Effects
None
Lack of fine co-ordination
In fingers & hands.
Breathing difficulties, lack
of co-ordination.
Complete lack of coordination, inability to react
to danger, loss of
consciousness.
Death
2) Flammable/Combustible materials:
* Eg: H2S, CO, Acetylene, Methane.
* The proper mixture of fuel and oxygen varies from gas to gas. But
Explosion range defined as the area between LEL & UEL.
* When the mixture is above the UEL, it can readily move into flammable
Range with the addition of dilution air.
* In Confined Spaces potential source of ignition, open flames, arcs from
Electrical equipment, hot surfaces, static electricity and frictional sparks.
Irritation
Asphyxiation
* Many gases, existing in Low
Concentration in the air, are
irritating to the bodys respiratory and nervous system.
* Any gases which when present in high concentration, causes displacement of oxygen
in the body.
Eg:
1) CO, which is produced by incomplete
Combustion of carbon fuels. CO kills by
Chemically combining with the hemogloBin in red cells. This greatly reduces the
Ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the
35 ppm
500ppm
1000ppm
2000ppm
2500ppm
4000ppm
OXYGEN: According to the stand 19.5% is the minimum and 23.5% is the
maximum Range for Oxygen in Permit Required Confined Spaces (PRCS).
WORKING AT HEIGHT.
In U.S each year an average between 150 & 200 workers are killed and more than
100,000 are injured.
Top edge height of top rails must be 42(1.1m) + 3 (8cm) above the
Walking / working level.
Screens mid rails mesh, intermediate vertical members must be installed between
The top rail & working level at least 21 (53 cm) high.
Distance between vertical posts should not be more than 2.8 ft.
If no mid rail the distance between posts should not be more than 19.
Harness is to be setup that a worker can free fall no farther than 2 ft.
(Positioning Device).
Secured to an anchorage capable of supporting 3000 pounds.
Fig
Safety net boarder rope for webbing with minimum breaking strength of 5000
pounds.
Safety net must extend outward from the outermost projection as below.
fig
Safety net shall be inspected at least once a weak for wear, damage and other
deterioration
Safety net shall be capable of absorbing an impact force of drop test consisting
of a
* 400 pounds (180kg) bag of sand 30 (76cm) in diameter dropped from the
Highest walking / working surface at which workers are exposed, but not less
Than 42 (1.1m) above the level.
PRECAUTIONS
(for pitched roof inclined more than 10%)
Carryout roof survey prior to work
starting.
Safe means of access to roof.
Roof edge barriers.
Roof ladders or crawling boards.
Identifying & Covering roof lights.
Facilities to raise & lower materials
safely.
Protection for persons below.
Provision of safety harness (if
necessary).
Avoid working in severe adverse
weather conditions.
Competent workers & Supervisors
(for flat roof).
Above & Safe use of bitumen
boilers, Safe use of burning gases,
Training in manual handling.
A stairways or ladder must be provided at all worker points of access where there
is a break in elevation of 19 (48cm) or more and no ramp, runway, embankment,
or personal hoist is provided.
Fig.
In case only one access it should be clear. If 2 accesses at least one should be clear
without any obstructions.
Stairways:
Temporary staircase with landing 30 (at least) deep and 22 wide at every 12 ft.
or less of vertical risk.
Fig.
Stairways must be installed at least 30 and no more than 50 from the horizontal.
Fig.
Variations in riser height or stair tread depth must not exceed in any stairway
system.
Where doors or gates open directly onto a stairway a platform must be provided
that is at least 20 (51cm) in width beyond the swing of the door.
Stairways having 4 or more risers, or rising more than 30 (76cm) height,
whichever is less, must have at least one handrail.
A double-cleated ladder (or) two or more ladders must be provided when ladders
are the only way to enter or exit a work are having 25 or more employees, or
when a ladder serves simultaneous two-way traffic
Rungs, Cleats, steps of portable and fixed ladders must not be spaced less than
10(25cm) apart, not more than 14(36cm) apart, along the ladders side rails.
A metal spreader or locking device must be provided on each step ladder to hold
the front and back sections in an open position when the ladder is being used.
Wood ladders must not be coated with any opaque covering, except for
identification or warning labels which may be placed on one face of a side wall.
Portable Ladders:
The minimum clear distance between side rails for all portable ladders must be
11.5 (29cm).
Rungs, steps of portable metal ladder must be corrugated, knurled, dimpled,
coated with skid resistant material or treated to minimize slipping.
Fixed Ladders:
Each step or rung of a fixed ladder must be capable of supporting a load of at least
250 pounds (114kg) applied in the middle of the step or rung.
Rungs, steps of fixed material must be corrugated (shaped into alternate ridges
and grooves), knurled, dimpled, coated with skid-resistant material, or treated to
minimize
Slipping.
If the total length of a climb on a fixed ladders equals on exceeds 24 feet (7.3m)
the following requirements must be met.
* Fixed ladders must be equipped with either
The bottom of the cage must be between 7ft (2.1m) and 8ft (2.4m) above the
point of Access to the bottom of the ladder.
The top of the cage must be a minimum of 42 (1.1m) above the top of the
plat form, or point of access at the top of the ladder.
: 4 feet overlap.
: 5 feet overlap.
Section ladder:
Fig.
It should be used for work that is short term, light duty, low risk where there is no
alternative.
to substantial loads.
Class 2: Lighter Trades such as decorating, where relatively low loads are involved.
Class 3: Light Eg: domestic use.
Qn: What are the main Hazards and Precautions in the usage of ladders?
Ans:
HAZARDS
PRECAUTIONS
Over reaching from ladder.
Ladders rested on firm level base.
Unsecured, unstable ladder.
Use of stabilization devices.
Ladder at wrong angle.
Secure ladder by correct angle 75o
of 1:4 ratio.
Ladder not extended above step off
Tied off at top or footed at base on
point.
level ground.
Using damaged, worn ladder.
SCAFFOLDING
Base Plate
area.
Base Jack
Standard
: A vertical or near-vertical tube which bears the weight of the
scaffold and its load.
Ledger
: A scaffold tube which is connected between two adjacent
standards. Ledger acts as a support for the putlogs and transoms.
Brace
: A tube fixed diagonally across the length and/or width of a scaffold
or through a scaffold to increase its stability.
Raker
Transom
: A tube spanning across ledgers to form the support for boards or
units Forming the working platform (or) to connect the outer standards to the
Inner standards.
Bay
Platform
Lift
: A storey.
Couplers
Puncheon
: A vertical support not founded upon the ground but starting off
from within a scaffold.
Putlog
: A tube with one end flattered. The flat end is pushed into a wall
joint, the open end is coupled to a ledger. It may support a working platform.
Through Tie
Assembly
: The components used to secure the scaffold to the inside of the
Structure.
Reveal Tie : The components used to secure the scaffold across reveals (window or door openings) of the structure.
Eye bolt
Bridle
: A horizontal tube between putlogs to span gaps in a wall and
provide support for putlogs or transoms which otherwise could not be fixed.
Foot Tie
Or
Kicker Lift
: These are the ledgers and transoms that are fixed near to the
bottom of standards, approx.150mm from the ground.
Scaffold width : Distance between standards measured at the shortest point also
known as the board width (look at transom length).
* Inspections
Duty
Use of
platform
Distributed
load on
platforms
KN/m2
0.75
Max.
Number of
platforms.
1.5
2 working
platforms
1 working
platform
Commonly
used width
using 225
mm boards.
3 boards
Max.
Bay Length
(m)
4 boards
2.4
2.7
General
purpose
Heavy
Purpose
Masonry
or
Special
Duty.
glazing,
painting
General
building
work, brick
work,
window
fixing,
rendering,
plastering.
Block work,
Brick work,
Heavy
cladding.
Masonry
work,
concrete
block work,
very heavy
cladding.
2 working
platforms +
1 at very
light duty.
5 boards
Or
4 boards + 1
inside.
2.1
2.5
2 working
platforms +
1 at very
light duty.
1 working
platform +
1 at very
light duty
5 boards
2.0
Or
5 boards + 1
inside or
4 boards + 1
inside.
6 to 8 boards 1.8
*Scaffold Tubes:
*Inspection:
The ability of a scaffold to carry its load is largely depends on the strength and
condition of the tubes.
Tubes must be
* Straight.
* Free from cracks, splits, bad dents, excessive corrosion.
* Cut square and clean at each end.
Common faults.
Fig.
*Storage:
A number of firms market stagings which are made of steel (or) Aluminum (or)
Laminated boards.
Each board should be with clear marking.
* British Standard Number (BS 2482)
* Identification mark of the supplier.
* Letter M or V denoting machine or visually graded.
* Word support followed by the max. span in meters over which the board has
* Broken
* Split.
* Wrapped/Twisted.
*Storage:
Should be stacked no more than 20 high with stacks separated by short timber
battens, and placed on level timbers, off the ground, for protection from surface
water.
Boards should be protected from weather and have a free circulation of air.
* Types of Scaffold Couplers:
Rusty threads (if not defective) should be wire brushed and lightly oiled.
Store by type, kept clean and dry in strong sacks, lightly oiled to prevented rust.
Each sack no more than 30 fittings.
*Scaffold Foundations:
In general foundations for a scaffold must be adequate to carry and spread the
load imposed both locally at each standard, and to collectively carry the whole
weight of the scaffold.
* Base Plates:
Hard Surfaces
Surfaces of
Intermediate
Hardness
*Sole Boards:
Use timber board beneath the base plate to prevent the penetration of
standards in the soil.
Sole board beneath any one standard should be at least 1000 cm2, with no
horizontal dimension less than 22 cm.
If sole board is of timber, thickness should not less than 3.5 cm.
Heavy duty scaffolds and poor ground will require stronger foundations,
On firm ground
- 500 mm long x 225 mm x 35 mm.
On soft ground
- 765 mm long x 225 mm x 35 mm.
Under two standards 1.55m long x 225 mm x 35 mm.
* Soil Compaction:
Soil or ground beneath the sole board should be well compacted and free from
irregularities which make the sole board unstable and poorly bedded.
On slopes exceeding 1:10 a check by qualified Engineer needed.
* Ties:
For scaffolds greater than 50m high, the number and position of ties should be
designed by scaffold design engineers.
TYPES OF TIES:
* Through Ties:
Should be placed as close to the window reveal and secured with right-angle
couplers.
* Box Ties:
Should be set preferably at lift level and be secured to both inside and outside
ledgers on standards unless this is likely to obstruct free access through the
scaffold, in which case they may be fixed to a single inside standard load
bearing couplers should be used.
*Lip Ties:
Where not possible to use box ties, lip ties may be used. These consist of L
shaped arrangement for adequate strength to the building.
A variety of screwed plates, sockets and nuts are available for setting into
concrete, during pouring, for subsequent use as the anchor for a tie.
Fig.
*Reveal Ties:
* Rakers:
Where it is not possible to provide normal ties, the stability of a scaffold can be
achieved by the use of rakers.
A single, un jointed raking tube, should not more than 6.3m in length and should
be with 75o (1:4).
Foot of the raking tube must be tied back to the main scaffold.
* Working Platforms:
3
4
5
6 to 8
boards wide
boards wide
boards wide
boards wide
- painting
- stacking materials
- brick layers
- heavy work.
600 mm
870 mm
1.07 m.
1.3 m to 1.7 m.
Man-Made Fibre
Polyamide (Nylon)
Polyester
Polyethylene
Polypropylene.
Manila
Sisal
Hemp
Cotton
Coir
Ropes larger than 8mm in diameter are generally supplied in 220mm lengths.
Most common size of rope used for lifting materials in scaffolding is 18mm
diameter. This is the correct size for the use with a gin wheel.
Ropes are classified by the number of strands and the manner in which the
strands are twisted and plainted together. The only type in common use is the 3
strand plain (or Hawser laid) rope.
Fig.
Man-made fibre ropes replacing natural fibre ropes, because they are stronger,
less liable to chemical attack, completely resistant to mildew and rot and have
better water resistance.
Polypropylene good for scaffolding but temperature should not exceed 50o C
where there is a loss of 13% in strength.
Dont store on floor, in boxes, in cup boards where the air circulation restricted.
They should be hung up in loose coils on large diameter wooden pegs well above
the floor.
Protect from wet weather and sunlight. They should be kept away from boilers
Radiators, steam pipes and other sources of heat and all exhaust gases.
Dry and clean wet ropes before storing them. Moisture not only hastens decay but
also causes the rope to kink very easily. Too much heat will cause the fibres to
become brittle and the rope will be unfit for further service.
* Use of Ropes:
Never drag a rope along the ground. The outside will be damaged and grit will
Become embedded and destroy the internal fibres.
Never drag over sharp edges, one part of a rope over another.
Never use fibre rope near welding or flame cutting operations to prevent damage
and fire.
* Inspection:
Inspection for external wear, cuts and abrasions, internal wear between the strands
and deterioration of the fibres.
Figure of Eight Knot: Used to lock a rope in position (or) to prevent it sliding
through a block.
Fig.
Timber Hitch : Suitable for lifting boards.
Fig.
Square Lashing: Used in scaffolding to secure ladders to the scaffold structure.
Lash both stiles.
Commonly used to raise materials, which are tied to the end of a 18mm
diameter rope passed over a single wheel pulley.
Gin wheel (pulley) is fixed to a horizontal cantilevered tube.
Two types of Gin Wheel: Ring Type & Hook Type.
Ring Type
Hook Type
preferably to two
standards, approx.
2m above the
landing place.
If the cantilevered
part of the tube is
unsupported, the
point of suspension
should not extend
more than 750mm.
Must be suspended
on a 6mm wire
lashing with at least
5 turns around the
hook & tube.
*Protective Fans:
Fans are erected to afford protection from anything which may fall from a scaffold or a
building. They comprise an inclined framework of scaffold tubes covered with scaffold
boards.
Fig
Types of Fan:
Class A: A light duty fan with a max. load equivalent to 0.75 KN/m2, suitable for
protection from paint & mortar droppings.
Class B: Medium duty 1 KN/m2, for protection from bricks, aggregates and like
weights from heights not exceeding 10m.
Class C: A fan with a loading over 1 KN/m2, which should be designed to suit the
application.
Class D: A fan for arresting the fall of persons or like weights from a height of 6m
or two storey. This is a safety net system and should be in accordance with BS
3913 and rigged in accordance with CP 93.
*Note: Fans consist of outriggers or needless extended from the scaffold, supported
by wires or spurs (rakers).
Construction requirements: (Fans attached to buildings).
Outriggers should be spaced every 1.5m for fans attached to buildings, and
every bay when attached to scaffolds.
Wires: Most purpose made slinging wire is 8mm. independent wire rope
core (IWRC), which has a breaking strain of 4 ton but a SWL of 0.5 Tonnes.
Wires should be fixed using a round turns and bulldog grips. Dont Use 6mm
diameter wire.
Qn: What are the types of Scaffoldings?
Ans:
Independent Tied Scaffolds.
Put log Scaffolds.
Birdcage Access Scaffolds.
Tower Scaffolds.
System Scaffolds.
* INDEPENDENT TIED SCAFFOLDS:
Consists of two rows of standards parallel to the building. Joined together with
ledgers fixed with right angle couplers. In turns transoms are fixed at right angle
to the ledges with putlog couplers.
Most independent scaffolds are 5 boards wide and 4 boards between the standards
and one board between the inside standard and the building.
Independent scaffolds may not be built higher than 50m without expert advice.
Longitudinal bracing every 30m along scaffold either continuous or dog-leg.
Ties should be every other lift and approx. every 6m along the scaffold. Not more
than half of the ties should be reveal ties.
* Access:
1) Main working platform can often be 30m 40m above the ground.
2) For higher working platforms (above 20m) a ladder tower is the preferred means
of access.
3) The distance between landings must not be more than 9 m.
4) Access holes should not be more than 500mm.
5) Ladders should project at least 1m above each landing with 75o angle.
* Erection of an Independent Scaffold:
1) Position first pair of standards.
2) Fix first ledger.
* PUTLOG SCAFFOLDS:
Also called brick layers scaffold is erected with tubes and fittings to support a
work platform adjacent to a wall or building.
Scaffold consists of a single row of standards parallel to the face of the wall,
supported and tied together by a ledger. The ledger also supports the outer end of
the putlog, the other end of which is inserted into the wall.
Fig.
* Construction:
Standards:
Placed on base plates, founded on sole boards. Space between two standards, should
not exceed 2.1m with a max. distributed load of 2.5 KN/m2. The lift height normally
1.35m.
Ties:
Through ties must be inserted on alternate lifts to the full height of the scaffold, and
every 6m horizontally.
Bracing:
Facade or sway braces must be fixed in normal way. Advisable to fit ledger brace
every third standard.
Bridle Tube:
Where It is necessary to by-pass a window or door opening a bridle tube is connected
to the underside of the putlogs and acts as a support for the ends of putlogs not
supported by the brickwork. It should fix with right-angled couplers.
*Bride tube also serves as the inner fixing point for braces.
* Putlog Scaffold Erection Sequence:
Fig.
1) Erect standard on sole board and base plate and fix first putlog to standard with
right angle coupler.
2) Fix second standard and putlog as before.
Fig.
3) Fix ledger to standards below putlog. The structure is temporarily supported with
rakers.
Fig.
4) Level and fix foot tie ledger approx. 150mm above base plate.
Fig.
5) Fix bridle tube approx 100mm from wall.
Fig.
6) Brace the structure. Ledger braces may be fixed from bridle to foot tie and include
faade brace to provide longitudinal stability.
*BIRDCAGE ACCESS SCAFFOLDS:
* Requirements:
Max. loading
Edge Bays
Ledgers
: Fix in a horizontal. Fix the first lift at 2.5m and subsequent lifts
at 1.8 m 2 m centres. (BS recommends 2.5 m first lift 2m
subsequent).
Transoms
Bracing
Ties
Working Platform : Working platform close boarded minimum 600mm wide. If 3.9m
Boards used, each board must span at least 4 transoms. Handrails,
Toe boards must be inside the standards.
Access
* TOWER SCAFFOLDS:
When scaffold towers are formed from steel scaffold tube and fittings they may
either be fitted with castors or wheels for mobility, or constructed as stationary
towers.
Access to the working platform by ladder may be either inside or outside the
structure.
Light duty access towers are used, will not support a load greater than 1.5 KN/m2
SWL should display on working platform.
Fig.
Heavy duty towers with special design.
Stationary towers more stable than mobile towers. These are generally built to
greater heights than mobile towers.
Foundations : * Scaffold towers must be vertical, even if erected on sloping
Ground.
* Mobile Towers should move only in firm level surfaces.
* Check for additional loads which may be imposed when guys or
ballast weights are used.
Standards
Ledgers &
Transoms
Bracing
Ladders
Stability
Castors
of casters.
* Wheel treads in good condition.
Loading
Ties
&
Guying
Fig.
Erect standards at each corner and secure to foot tie.
Measure off first lift and fix ledgers, transoms level and secure with right-angled
couplers.
Add braces on all 4 sides and fix plane place. For mobile towers fit castors, secure
and brake.
Fix intermediate transoms and deck out temporary working platform.
Measure off second lift and fit ledgers & transoms.
Add braces & intermediate transoms.
Board out working platform and add guard-rails & toe boards.
* SYTEM SCAFFOLDS:
Components:
Standards come in a variety of lengths and have performed connectors welded at
equal distances along their length.
Ledgers are in varying lengths with connectors welded to each end. The
connection is made when the wedge, cup or bolt is hammered or screwed tight.
Transoms are generally made to receive either 4 or 5 boards. The ends of the
transoms are connected to the standards in the same way as the ledgers.
Braces to fit the different bay sizes.
Boards also called stagings or battens, in variety length, width, thickness
available.
Adjustable base plates essential except on completely level surfaces. Care should
be taken to establish whether the adjustable base plate is designed for heavy or
light duty. Use and SWL where necessary.
Fig.
* Erection of System Scaffold:
1) Level ground. If necessary use adjustable base plate.
2) Position base plate/adjustable base plates/jacks in roughly the correct place.
3) Lay out transoms and ledgers for the first bay so they are ready to fix after the
standards are in place.
4) Place a pair of standards on two adjustable base plates and loosely fix bottom
transoms.
5) Fix transom at head height or above to form a frame.
6) Fix ledger and third standard.
7) Complete bay and adjust jacks to ensure that bottom legers and transoms are
level.
8) Tighten up wedges/fixing attachments.
9) Deck out as necessary before erecting subsequent bays and lifts as required.
10) Complete to working lift, deck out and fix guard rail, toe boards, braces, ties as
required.
11) Where returns are necessary, careful planning required to ensure the scaffold fits.
This should be done at first lift stage.
* Definitions:
Anchorage : Component cast or fixed into the building for the purpose of
attaching a Tie.
Anchor-guy : A pin or tube driven into the ground at approx. 45o to the
horizontal to provide an anchorage for a rope.
Board-Clip
Box Tie
: An assembly of tubes and couplers forming a tie for the scaffold
by enclosing a feature such as a column.
Brace- faade
Or
Face
: A brace parallel to the face of a building.
Brace
Reveal Tie
Brindle
Edge of the deck and utilizes the wall being built or the building to
Support the inside edge.
Scaffold
Suspended
Spigot
Tie Tube
Tie Box
Transom
Transoms
Butting
Transom
Needle
Width
Working
Platform : The deck from which building operations are carried out.
* For independent Scaffolds:
440 mm platform width
Clearway
- where materials need to be deposited.
600 mm passage
- wherever the passage of materials is
necessary.
300mm
- If men are required to sit on the edge of
the platform to do their work.
Dimensions of a structure will vary according to need, but the corner standards
should never be less than 1.2m apart.
Wheels, or castors, not less than 125mm in diameter and fitted with brakes which
cannot accidentally be released, should be locked into the base of the standard.
SWL should
Indicate.
Base clear should be 150 mm.
Lifts should not exceed 2.7m.
Diagonal bracing at about 40o in zig zag position to the full height of the structure
on all 4 sides.
*Height limitations:
Height to base ration should not greater than
Recommended Max. Height for Mobile Scaffold =9.6m. Except that this
may be increased that this may be increased to 12m if it tied to a structure
when in use.
*Working platform should be fully and closely boarded to an area of at least 1.2 x 1.2m
With boards at least 38mm thick.
Transoms should be spaced at not more than 1.5m intervals.
On smaller towers, where boards less than 1.5 m in length are used, additional
transoms required to provide at least 3 supports. Heavier duty towers may be
specially designed.
Toe boards must raise at least 150mm above platform level. Guard-rails must be
between 910mm to 1.15m above the platform with the distance between the top of
the toe board and the guard rail not exceeding 765mm.
ELECTRICITY
Flow of electrons from positive to negative terminals in a circuit is called
Electricity.
In an electrical circuit there must be Potential Difference or Pressure Difference to
cause electric current to flow. The unit of measurement of electrical pressure is
the Volt.
Eg:
DC
AC
Conductors : Materials which allow electric current to flow easily through them.
Eg: Copper, Steel, Water (Low resistance).
Insulators
: Materials which do not allow electric current to flow easily through them.
Eg: Plastic, Rubber, Wood (High resistance).
Fig.
Thrown backwards.
Falls from height.
Unintentional movement of machine.
Ans:
*Insulation
: Glass, mica rubber, plastic put on electrical conductors.
*Electrical
Protective
Devices
: Fuse, Circuit breakers, GFCI.
*Guarding
: Electrical equipment operating at 50V or more must be guarded.
*Grounding :
*PPE
: Insulating blankets, gloves, face protection.
*Good work
Practices
: LOTO, Wiring design & protection.
Qn: Describe the following:
Ans:
FUSE: (over current protection).
*A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive currents.
Advantages
*Cheap.
*Easy to replace.
*Protect the equipment from overload.
Disadvantages
*Dont protect the person.
*Slow to operate.
*Inaccurate.
Disadvantages
* May be mistaken for RCDs.
* Do not protect the individuals.
Disadvantages
* Requires specialist for installation,
testing.
* No protection if removed.
ISOLATION:
*Shutting off the electrical supply to an item of equipment
Eg: Maintenance work.
Advantages
Disadvantages
* Safest option.
* May isolate other equipment.
* Physically locked off.
* May be reconnected unless locked off.
* Prevents live fault finding.
REDUCED LOW VOLTAGE:
* Consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced.
* Reducing the main voltage by means of a transformer to a lower safe voltage typically
110V or 55V and is used on construction sites etc.
Advantages
Disadvantages
* At 55V injury unlikely.
* Specialist equipment
* Color coded cables for easy
Eg: Transformer required.
identification.
* Lead from supply to transformer needs
protection with RCCD.
RCCD (Residual Current Circuit Breakers):
*Compares the current flowing into the system with the current flowing out. When the
level differs by a present value the RCD will open rapidly and interrupt the supply.
Advantages
Disadvantages
* Rapid Response.
* May isolate other important equipment.
*Easy to use, test, reset.
* Mechanical device which could fail.
*Cannot be reset with a fault on the circuit. *No overload protection,
DOUBLE INSULATION:
*Covering live parts by two separated layers of insulation. Eg: PVC as cable insulation.
Advantages
Disadvantages
*Two layers prevent contact with live parts. * Damage to equipment casing defects
* No earth required.
double insulation.
*No earth. So no protection if used with
equipment that requires earth.
Qn: What will you check Portable Electrical Equipments?
Ans: Main areas to consider when looking for the dangers in the use of portable electrical
Equipment are
1) The plug 2) The cable/lead 3) The joints & connections. 4) The appliance.
The plug
The joints
&
Connections : * Makeshift, temporary connections.
*Leads pulled out of cord grips.
*Connected wires incorrectly so that metal work becomes live.
*Wrong Connections.
*Poor earth connections preventing fuse from working.
The Appliance : * Damaged casing.
* Worn or damaged connections.
Qn: What are the precautions to be taken when using portable electrical equipments?
Ans:
Formal visual
Inspections
Combined
Inspection &Test - PAT (portable Appliance Testing). See below table,
Type of
Premises
Type of
Equipment
Construction
Sites
Industrial
including
commercial
kitchens.
110 V
230 V
Stationary
IT
Movable
Portable
Hand Held.
Equipment used IT
by Public
Movable
Portable
Schools
IT
Portable.
Hand Held
Hotels
IT
Portable.
Offices &
IT
Shops
Portable.
Hand Held
User Checks
Formal visual
inspection
Weekly
Daily
Weekly
Weekly
Before Use
Before Use.
Before Use.
Variable ie
children rides.
Daily.
Weekly.
Weekly.
Before Use.
Weekly.
Before Use.
Monthly
Weekly
1 Month
1 Month
1 Month.
Monthly.
Weekly.
Weekly.
4 Months.
4 Months.
24 Months.
12 Months.
24 Months.
12 Months.
6 Months.
Combined
inspection &
Testing.
3 monthly
Monthly.
12 Months.
12 Months.
12 Months.
6 Months.
6 Months.
12 Months.
6 Months.
6 Months.
12 Months.
12 Months.
12 Months.
48 Months.
24 Months.
48 Months.
24 Months.
12 Months.
Dont wear metal objects (rings, watches, etc). May cause arcing.
Safe distance (over head power lines)
10 feet - for 50KV or less
Add 4 - for every 10KV over 50KV.
Safe distance (Electrical Equipment).
FIRE
Fire: The result of a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with Oxygen,
destroying its form by the heat generated in the reaction.
Qn: What are the factors to support combustion?
Being burnt.
Inhaling Toxic Fumes.
Effects of smoke.
Depletion of Oxygen supply.
Collapse of the building.
Being crushed in attempt to escape.
Flash Point : The temperature at which a vapor given off by substance will ignite
when brought to a source of ignition.
Fire Point : When the fire point is reached sufficient gas or vapor is being given
off to sustain a flame when in contact with a source of ignition.
Auto Ignition
Temperature: This is the temperature at which gases or vapour will ignite without
any external source of ignition.
Flammable : Liquids with a flash point between 32oC are classified as highly
flammable.
Highly
Flammable: Liquids with a flash point below 32oC are classified as highly
flammable,
Deliberate (Arson).
Electrical Faults.
Misuse of electrical equipment.
Smokers material.
Loss of control over the firing of rubbish.
Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters.
Unsafe storage of materials.
Welding/hot works.
Mechanical heat (sparks/friction).
EXTINGUISHER
Pre-Inspection by users.
Frequent inspection & maintenance by competent person.
Avoid misuse of equipment.
Prevent overloading.
Isolate if not in use.
Improved means of protection. Eg: RCD (Reduced Current Device).
Housekeeping.
Staff Awareness Training.
automatically in the event of fire. This holds back the fire and
smoke to safe leave of occupants.
* Fire Resistant Materials: Use bricks, concrete, steel etc. for building
Constructions.
* Fire Precautions:(To reduce the risk to the occupants, contents, building in
The event of fire).
1) Fire/Smoke Detection:
Smoke Detectors
: First sign of a fire is smoke. Use alarms.
Heat/Flame Detectors : May be used as a means of triggering
Sprinkler systems etc.
2) Fire Alarms:
* Should be audible in all areas/premises.
* In noisy area use flashing light.
* Gongs, bells, break glass points, automatic detection systems are
Useful.
* Alarm test weekly. Maintain regularly & keep records.
3) Means of Escape:
* 2 routes in opp. Directions.
* Clear marked direction arrows.
* Emergency Lighting.
* Fixed stairs to upper floors.
* Travel distance between any point in a building and the nearest
Final exit or protected area should not exceed
18m if only one exit.
35m if more than one exit.
* Min. width of a fire exit 750mm. 800mm for wheel chair users.
* Should not <1m wide of corridors or escape routes in offices.
* Stairways should be min.800mm width.
* Exit route free from obstructions.
* Final exit door opening outwards.
* Exit to assembly point.
* Escape means of door should not lick. If lock, key should be in
Key box, close to the exit.
* Fuel
Shutoff the supply.
* Oxygen - blanket, foam, dry powder, sand etc.
* Heat
- water.
*Two main types of fire fighting systems
1) Fixed installations 2) Portable extinguishers.
* Fixed Installations:
a) Hose reels : *Usually a coil of 25mm internal diameter flexible
hose attached to a metal former permanently
connected to the mains water supply.
*Whenever possible use 6m from the nozzle to the
Building when it is fully extended.
b) Automatic
Sprinkler
System : * Designed to extinguish early stages.
* In the event of fire, as heat from the fire reaches,
Sprinkler automatically open, and release water.
c) Total
Flooding
System
: * Mostly used in electrical control rooms,
Computer room to prevent damage to the equipment.
* Automatic flood of CO2 in the event of fire.
* Portable Extinguishers:
a) Water
b) Foam
c) Dry
Powder - * Has smothering effect, chemically interacts and
Excludes oxygen.
* Designed for A, B, C powders provide extinction
Faster than form, but risk of re-ignition,
* If used indoors, problem to the operator due to
Inhalation of the powder & obstruction of vision.
d) CO2
Qn: What are the general rules for using portable Fire Extinguishers?
Ans:
Lifting
: Moving people or things from place to place.
Rigging : The system of ropes supporting.
Lifting
Equipment : Cranes, winches (lifting device consisting of a cable winding round a
horizontal rotating drum), pulley blocks, etc.
* Cranes:
Run on rails at ground level and are found in docks and container terminals.
3) Tower Cranes:
4) Mobile Cranes:
Generally incorporate telescope booms and rotate through 360o on the Chasis.
Main hazard
Overturning (extend outriggers fully to prevent overturning).
As the boom moves out from the centre of gravity of the crane so the load that can
be lifted is reduced. Indicators within the cab warning of the load in relation to the
angle of the boom are required.
Over turning
(Weak support, operating outside
the capability and by striking
obstructions).
Over loading
(Exceeds operating radii, operating
capacity failure of safety devices).
Collision with other cranes,
overhead cables or structure.
Failure of support.
(Placing over cellars and drains, out
riggers not fully extended not solid
ground).
Loss of load from failure of lifting
tackle or slinging procedure.
Failure of load bearing part.
High winds, affect the stability of
outdoor lifting operations.
PRECAUTIONS
Suitability of crane
(Lift capacity, reach, etc.)
Stable ground conditions.
Use of outriggers.
Avoidance of obstructions.
Use of outriggers.
Avoidance of obstructions.
Overhead power lines.
Designated & protected area.
Suitable & tested lifting tackle.
Correct slinging techniques.
Competence of personnel.
Load near ground if traveling.
Good visibility.
Communication between the
operator & rigger.
Monitoring of wind speeds.
Qn: What Safety measures to be taken when using cranes for safe operation of cranes?
Ans:
Pre-check by operator.
Lifting equipment must be adequate strength and stability for the load, stress
induced at mounting or fixing points, strength of the lifting gears must taken into
consideration.
SWL must be marked clearly on lifting equipment, accessories. SWL depends on
the configuration of the machinery.
Load indicators
Rated capacity indicator (known as Automatic Safe Load indicators).
Rated capacity limiter which provides audible and/or visual warning.
Load limiting device to stop operation if SWL is being exceeded.
Controls
Should be clearly identified and of the Dead-Man Type.
Over travel
Switches Limit switches to prevent the hook or sheave block being wound
up to the cable drum.
Access
Safe access should be provided for the operator and for use during
inspection and maintenance/emergency.
Operating
position
Should not be carried out without authorization and never on
lifting tackle.
Lifting
attachment Chains, slings, wire ropes, eye bolts, shackles should be tested /
examined.
Qn: What factors to be considered for Employee Safety during Lifting?
Ans:
Qn: What are the Hazards & Precautions for Lifting Accessories?
Ans:
HAZARDS
Overloading
(Wrong attachment, under estimation of
the load to be lifted).
Using makeshift attachments
(To be tested after manufacture or
repair).
Incorrect slinging arrangements
(Not attaching too wide an angle on
chain sling).
Damaged attachments.
(Chains can be deformed, cracked or
stretched wire ropes can have broken
wires or kinks and textile slings can be
cut or abraded).
Un inspected attachments:
(Lifting accessories to be inspected by a
competent person every 6 months).
Damage to accessories during use.
(Not using packing at sharp corners
leading to the accessory being
damaged).
Lack of training.
PRECAUTIONS
All accessories certified tested.
Barricades around the swing area of a revolving cab in areas where pedestrians or
traffic pass close by.
Never operate cranes closer than 10 feet from power lines voltage > 50,000 V
require greater distance.
Use tag lines to control load.
Dont distract the crane operator. Only one signalman at a time.
Never excavations distance between the edge of the excavation and crane should
1.5 x depth (for average soil only). Better use 3m or 5m distance.
Keep out from under suspended loads.
Make sure the crane operator can see the
Rated Load Capacities.
Operating Speeds.
Special hazard Warning or instruction.
Blocking under outrigger shall spread the load of the crane.
Cabs glass with good vision.
A ladder or steps shall be provided to give access to a cab roof. Guard rails, hand
holds, steps shall be provided on cranes for easy access to the car and cab.
2) Wire rope
5) Synthetic fibre rope
3) Metal Mesh
6) Synthetic Web.
Chains:
Fig.
Commonly used because of their strength and ability to adapt to the shape of the
load.
Care should be taken because of damage by sudden shocks.
Misuse of chain slings could damage the slings, resulting in sling failure and
possible injury to an employee.
Chain slings best choice for lighting hot materials (up to 1000oF)
When alloy chain slings consistently exposed to service temperature. In excess of
600oF, operators must reduce the working load limits in accordance with
manufacturers recommendations.
Inspect slings for stretching, kinks, gouges.
Wire Rope:
Fig.
Rope Lay:
One complete wrap of a strand around the core.
(or)
The direction the strands are wound around the core.
(wire rope is referred to as right lay or left lay).
(or)
The direction the wires are wound in the strands in relation to the direction of the
Strands around the core.
In Regular Lay rope, the wire in the strands are laid in one direction while the
strands In the rope are laid in the opposite direction. (Right lay, Regular lay Left
lay, Regular Lay). Good resistance to kinking & twisting and easy to handle.
In Lang lay, the wires are twisted in the same direction as the strands.
* Recommended for many excavating, construction, mining applications,
including draglines, hoist lines and other similar lines.
* More Flexible.
Left Lay rope has its greatest usage in oil fields on rod and tubing lines, blast
hole rigs, and spudders.
Where rotation of right lay would loosen couplings. The rotation of a left lay rope
tightens a standard coupling.
2) Fatigue:
A wire rope must have the ability to withstand repeated bending without the
failure of the wires from fatigue.
Best means to prevent fatigue failure is to use blocking or padding to increase the
radius of the bend.
3) Abrasive Wear:
4) Abuse:
Misuse of wire rope causes birdcage (the wire rope strands are forcibly untwisted
and become spread outward) which is structural damage.
Before use.
Operator should check the twists or lay of the sling.
If 6 randomly distributed wires in one lay are broken, if 3 wires in one strand of a
rope lay are damaged, the sling must not be used.
End fittings and other components should be inspected.
*Field Lubrication:
No rule on how much or how often this should be done. Depends on the
conditions the sling is used.
Heavier loads, greater number of bends, more adverse the conditions under which
the sling operates, the more frequent lubrication required.
* Storage:
Store in well ventilated area, dry building or shed.
Never store on the ground to prevent corrosion and rust.
Better to use more frequently than idle.
* Discarding Slings:
*Factors to remove (discard) from service.
Severe corrosion.
Localized wear (shiny worn spots) on the outside.
A 1/3 reduction in outer wire diameter.
Damage or displacement of end fittings hooks, rings, links, collars by
overload or misapplication.
Distortion, kinking, birdcages, evidence of damage to the wire rope structure.
Excessive broken wires.
* Fibre Rope & Synthetic Rope:
Used primarily for temporary work such as construction, painting jobs, marine
operations.
Best choice for use on expensive loads, highly finished parts, fragile parts,
delicate equipment.
* Fibre Rope:
They should be used only on light loads, must not be used on objects that have
sharp edges and where exposed to high temp, severe abrasion or acids.
Choice of rope type and size depend on the application, the weight to be lifted and
the sling angle.
Inspect surface, dry, brittle, scorched, discolored fibres.
Check the interior of the sling. A build-up of powder-like saw dust on the inside
of the fibre rope indicates excessive internal wear, which is unsafe.
Scratch the fibres with fingernail, chemical damage must be removed from
service.
Number of advantages, most common Nylon, Dacron, Polyester. They have the
following properties in common.
Strength
Convenience
Safety
Use wherever Alkaline or greasy condition exist. Also use when neutral
conditions prevail and when resistance to chemicals and solvents is important.
* Dacron:
Use instead polyester where acids or bleaching agents are present and also ideal
for applications, where a minimum of stretching is important.
Defects:
Synthetic web slings remove if
Acid or caustic burns.
Melting/charging of any part of the surface.
Snags, punctures, tears, cuts.
Broken/worn stitches.
Wear/elongation exceeding the amount recommended by the manufacturer (or)
distortion of fittings.
*Safe Lifting Practices: Mainly 4 factors to be considered
1) The size, weight, centre of gravity of the load:
In order to make a level lift, the crane hook must be directly above this
point.
2) Number of legs & angle with the horizontal:
Angle increases, rated capacity of sling decreases.
3) Rated capacity of the sling:
Depends on the type of sling, size of the sling, type of hitch. (operators
must know the capacity of the sling, use manufacturers charts/tables).
Under no circumstances, slings rated capacity should not exceed.
4) History of Care & Usage:
Position the hook directly over the load and seat the sling squarely within
the hook bowl. This gives the operator max. lifting capacity without
bending or overstressing the sling.
* Maintenance of Slings:
Chains:
Must be cleaned as dirt or oil may hide damage.
Operator must inspect the total length of the sling, periodically looking for
stretching, binding, wear or nicks and gouges. If sling stretch more than 3%
longer, remove from service.
Binding is the term to know the condition of a slings individual links free
movements.
Heavy nicks and/or gouges must be filed smooth, measured with calipers,
minimum allowable safe dimension as per manufacturers recommendation.
Wire rope:
Wire rope slings, like chain slings, must be cleaned; they must be lubricated
according to manufacturers instructions.
Lubrication prevents/reduces corrosion and wear due to friction & abrasion.
Before applying lubricant, the sling should be dry. Otherwise sling traps moisture
against the metal and hastens corrosion.
Corrosion deteriorates wire rope.
Fibre Ropes & Synthetic Webs:
Fibre ropes & synthetic webs generally discarded rather than serviced or repaired.
Operators must follow manufacturers recommendation.
General Points:
* Lifting:
light
Medium
Heavy
Payload
< 20 Tons.
20 Tons to 40 Tons.
40 Tons to 100 Tons.
> 100 Tons.
*Critical Lifting:
1) 90% of the crane rated capacity for the crane configuration.
2)
3)
4)
5)
jib
Cranes 5 to 10 years old accepted, more than 10 years not accepted (Third
party Certificate required).
More than 30 knots wind speed stop the work.
Working under overhead power lines safe distance = Length of the crane
fitted + 6m.
Mobile lifting equipment shall not be operated when the top of the job/fly
can reach within 3m of live overhead power cables.
Color code for every 3 months.
Vertical
Choker
( 25%less)
Vertical
Basket
60o
Basket
(1.7%)
45oBasket
(1.4%)
30o
Basket
1000
3000
6000
750
2200
4500
2000
6000
12000
1700
5200
10,400
1400
4200
8500
1000
3000
6000
* Wind Speed:
S.No
1
2
Description
Calm
Moderate
Breeze
Knots
0 10
11 - 16
Miles/hr.
0 - 1.15
12.65 - 18.4
Km/hr.
0 - 1.184
20.24 - 29.44
3
4
5
6
Fresh Breeze
Strong Breeze
Near Gale
Gale
17 - 21
22 - 27
28 - 33
34 - 40
24.15
31.05
37.95
46
31.38 - 38.64
41.48 - 49.68
51.52 - 60.72
62.56 -
* Types of Slings:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chain
*Combines
Superior
Strength
Ease of
Handling
And
Durability.
Wire Rope
*Most commonly
used sling.
*Lowest cost.
Mesh
Used In
Used In
Used In
1) Heavy
Loads
1) Heavy
loads
1) Machine
shops.
2) Elevated
Working
2) Construction
industry.
2) Steel ware
Houses.
Synthetic.
(Nylon/Polyester/Poly propylene)
Temp.
3) Severe
Lift
Condition.
4) Heavy
Machinery
Operation.
*
SWL
Eg: A sample of 1 dia steel wire rope has a M.B.L. of 40 Tons. Determine SWL.
Solution: Since S.F of wire rope is 5:1
M.B.L
SWL = ------S.F
40
----5
---1
= 40 x 1/5 = 8 Ton.
* SWL is the load that can safely be lifted provided your lifting equipment is in good
condition and has 3 items makes on it
ie SWL, I.D.No, Color Code.
* Centre of Gravity = The point of balance of the load.
*Chain Blocks:
Dont overload your chain block.
Dont step in under the load.
Dont try to suspend a load with two blocks.
Dont pull up too far or pull down slamming fast.
Dont use the chain with a kink (a sharp twist in something straight).
Dont get the load dragged against floor.
Dont give the load a sudden take-off (step at 10cm above the floor and then pull).
Dont turn round the chain block as loaded.
After use remove any soil and water from the surface of the load chain and apply
a thin coat of grease.
*Shackle Information:
*Wedge Sockets:
Fig.
b) The method is most popular. A short stub of rope is clipped to the dead end.
Fig.
c) This method is in many safety regulations but due to big loop, snags on
Projection in Confined Spaces:
Fig.
* Turn Buckles:
Use of signs & tags to alert employees exposed to any type of hazard.
Barricade :
Means an obstruction to deter the passage of persons or vehicle (shall conform
to ANSI D6.1 -1971).
Signs:
Caution Sign:
* Use to warn against potential hazards or to caution against unsafe practices.
* Shall have Yellow as predominant color, black upper panel and borders,
Yellow lettering of Caution on the black panel, lower yellow panel
for additional sign wording. Black lettering shall be used for additional
wording.
* Standard background shall be Yellow, panel black with Yellow letters. Any
letters black against Yellow background.
o Fig.
Exit Signs:
* Letters Red not less than 6 high, on white field and the principle stroke of
the letters shall be at least in width.
fig.
When operations are such that signs, signals, and barricades do not provide the
necessary protection or adjacent to a highway or street, flagmen or other
appropriate traffic control shall be provided.
Signaling directions by flagmen shall conform to ANSI D6.1-1971, manual on
uniform traffic control devices for streets & highways.
Hand signaling by flagmen shall be use of Red flags at least 18 square or sign
paddles, and in periods of darkness, red lights.
Flagmen with Red/Orange warning garment while flagging.
Warning garment worn at night shall be of reflectorized materials.
MANUAL HANDLING
Manual Handling:
Moving or supporting a load by hand or bodily force.
Eg: Lifting, Lowering, Pulling, Pushing.
EXTERNAL
Cuts, bruises, crush injuries,
lacerations to finger, hand,
forearms, ankles, feet
(Not serious as internal Injuries).
INTERNAL
Muscle and ligament tears, hernias
(rupture) slipped discs knee, ankle
and shoulder injuries.
Most serious injury herniated
invertebrate disc (slipped disc).
Posture:
Poor posture in terms of back pain means, any posture that puts your spine under
unnecessary tension.
Anatomy of the Spine:
The spine or backbone is the principle supporting structure in the body. It
provides strength & stability to the body.
Three main functions are
* It is the scaffolding of the body supporting the skull and anchoring the ribs,
pelvis and shoulder bones.
* It provides points of attachment for the muscles, tendons and ligaments that
enable the body to move.
* It contains the spinal cord, which carries message to the brain from all parts of
the body.
It consists of 24 bones known as vertebrate divided into 3 areas known as the
Cervical (7bones)
Thoracic (2 bones)
Lumbar (5 bones) and below them are the sacrum and the coccyx.
Qn: What are the steps of Risk Assessment of Manual Handling?
Ans: Consider the following (LITE).
1) The Load
2) Risk Reduction
Eg:
Immediate implementation of
control measures to reduce or
eliminate risk from manual
4) Team Handling
5) Trainings
7) Selection
Adequate space
Floors kept clear of obstructions.
Avoid variation in floor levels.
Controls introduced regarding
extremes of temperature.
25kg
15kg
Knuckle height
20kg
10kg
10kg
5kg
WORK EQUIPMENT
Work Equipment :
Statutory Examination:
Equipment
Cranes, hoists, lifting
equipment.
Pressure Systems
Inspection of
All equipment used for
lifting people and lifting
accessories
Other lifting equipment
Steam plants (boilers)
Steam receive
Air receivers
Frequency
6 months
12 months
14 months
26-38 months
24-48months
Power Presses
Fixed Guards
12 months
Other Guards
Inspection of guards and
protective devices during
work.
6 months
4 hourly
Traps:
Including shearing drawing in, crushing.
Impact:
Struck by the moving part of a machine.
Contact:
Part o the body coming to contact with the
machine.
Eg:
Burns from exposed surfaces.
Laceration from sharp edges.
Puncture wounds from drills, sewing
machine, etc.
Ejection:
Struck by particles ejected from the
material being worked on a part of the
machine it self.
Eg: Abrasive wheel.
Interlock
Trip Guard
HAZARDS
Unintentional starting of machinery.
Release of stored energy.
Eg: Pressure, Electricity.
Residual High/Low pressure.
Restricted Access/Egress.
Residues
Eg: Toxic/Flammable/Corrsive.
Heat/Cold.
Mechanical Hazards.(ENTICE)
Eg:
Entanglement/Trapping/Impact /
Contact / Ejection
Biological Hazards:
Eg: Animal borne Anthrax.
Human borne - Viral hepatitis.
CONTROL MEASURES
Isolate electrical power.
PTW.
Allow hot to cool of machinery.
Release loads.
Provide barriers.
Lighting, means of access.
PPE.
Ventilation.
Supervision.
Competent Staff.
Segregation.
Inadequate design
(dimensions/treads/no hand rails).
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS ON
STAIRS
Adequate width of walkways/stairs,
hand rails fitted.
Remove obstructions/trailing
cables.
Improve lighting levels, emergency
lighting.
Non-Slip surfaces/spillage
procedures/covered walkways.
Maintain/report & repair defects.
Mechanical handling/use lifts for
loads.
Site rules.
Adequate lighting.
Good all round visibility.
Clear direction signs and marking of doors.
Sharp/blind bends & overhead obstructions should be avoided.
Floor surface in good condition.
Any gradient (degree of slope) should be kept as gentle as possible.
Sufficient & suitable parking areas.
Avoid reverse if possible.
Make people aware of the movement of vehicles.
Qn: What are the Hazards & Precautions while charging Batteries?
Ans:
HAZARDS
Release of H2 gas during charging
(Fire & Explosion).
Electrical short circuits.
Corrosive & burning effect of
battery acid.
Manual handling of batteries.
Put in neutral.
Put on handbrake.
Switch off engine.
Remove key.
Give key to appropriate persons.
Forks on floor.
Mast slightly forward.
Parked in suitable location.
No blocking of exits.
Qn: What are the types of Fork Trucks and Dumper Trucks?
Ans:
Counter balance Fork Lift Truck.
Mostly used in the work place is
counter balance fork lift truck.
It carries the load in front which is
counter balanced by a weight at the
rear.
The load can be raised / lowered the
mast tilts forwards or backwards.
Used in warehouses, workshops,
etc.
Rough Terrain Fork Lift Truck
Same as the counter balance truck
but has large pneumatic (air filled)
tyres which give a greater ground
Steering
Loading
Unloading
Parking
back slightly.
Dont back up until forks are free.
The operator must not leave the
truck, under the load (Truck less
stable under load).
Dont allow anyone to stand on the
forklift or walk under the elevated
part of the forklift, whether it is
loaded or unloaded.
Ensure that forks are level, high
enough to go into the pallet.
Forks must be proper width to
provide even weight distribution.
Avoid trying to move or adjust any
part of the load, the forklift or the
surroundings when on the forklift.
Dont use pallets elevated by
forklifts as an improvised working
platform.
Turn the forklift slowly into
position.
If unloading into a truck,
Before driving straight in, make
sure the rear wheels (back wheels)
of the truck are chocked (a wedge
or block placed against a wheel to
prevent it from moving) the brake
are locked, and the dock plate is
secure and wont move. Then drive
in, position the load, tilt if forward
and release it.
Refueling
Fig.
(A+B) x C = Inch pounds.
C = Trucks capacity in pounds.
Eg:
You operate a lift truck that is rated at 5000 lbs at 24 LC.
You must lift a load with an LC of 36.
The distance from the centre of the front wheels to the face of the forks is 18.
What is the Max.weight you can lift?
Solution:
Step one:
You must first determine the max. inch pound capacity of the truck.
(18 + 24) x 5000 = 210.000 Inch pounds.
Using the equation where A=18,B=36 and Inch Pound = 210,000 Inch pounds.
(18+36) x ? = 210,000. lbs = 210,000/54 = 3888lbs.
Process safety
Process safety is a blend of engineering and management skills focused on
preventing catastrophic accidents and near misses, particularly structural collapse,
explosions, fires and toxic releases associated with loss of containment of energy or
dangerous substances such as chemicals and petroleum products.