Geology of Yangon (Rangoon) Compilation File by Myo Aung Myanmar

See
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304784456
GEOLOGY OF YANGON (RANGOON)

COMPILATION FILE BY MYO AUNG GEOLOGIST
MYANMAR
Dataset July 2016
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3572.8886
CITATIONS
READS
157
1 author:
MYO AUNG
Yangon University
34 PUBLICATIONS 18 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
GEOLOGICAL COLLECTION OF MYANMAR RUBY BY MYO AUNG EX-EXPLORATION GEOLOGIST-0806-2016 View project
Available from: MYO AUNG

Retrieved on: 29 September 2016
Geology:
The Yangon area is underlain by alluvial deposits (Pliestocene to Recent), the non-marine fluvialtile
sediments of Irrawady formation (Pliocene), and hard, massive sandstone of Pegu series (early-late
Miocene). Alluvial deposits are composed of gravel, clay, silts, sands and laterite which lie upon the
eroded surface of the Irrawaddy formation at 3-4.6 m above mean sea level (MSL). The rock type in
Yangon is mainly soft rocks, which consist of sandstone, shale, limestones and conglomerate.
Tectonics:
Yangon is situated in the southern part of the Central Lowland which is one of the three major tectonic
provinces of Myanmar. The Taungnio Range of the Gyophyu catchments area of Taikkyi District, north of
Yangon, through the Thanlyin Ridge, south of Yangon forming a series of isolated hills probably resulted
from the progressive deformation of the Upper Miocene rocks as the eastern continuation of the
subduction or stretching and compression along the southern part of the Central Basin and regional
uplifting of the Pegu Yoma (Aung Lwin 2012).
Soil:
The underlying soil type at the Project Site and its surroundings is characterized as the Meadow and
Meadow Alluvial Soil. Meadow Soil is soil which occurs near the river plains exposed to occasional tidal
floods, is non-carbonate and usually contains a large amount of salt. Both materials mainly comprise
silty clay loam and neutral soil rich in plant nutrient. The upper layers (approximately 0 to 7 m) of the
soil at the Project Site comprise largely of cohesive layers with traces of sand and gravel, followed by
sand layers with low silt content and trace gravel from 7 to 35 m. The lower layers comprise denser silt
layer with traces of sand and gravel from approximately 57 to 70 m. Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
results obtained from testing at the Project Site indicate that the soil strength generally increases with
depth. The STP results showed that the current soil quality can accommodate the construction of the
Project.
Hydrogeology:
Yangon is rich in groundwater resources conserved by unconsolidated Tertiary-Quaternary deposits. In
Yangon, groundwater is mostly extracted from Valley filled deposits and Ayeyarwady sandstones.
Groundwater: Groundwater availability is generally based on the distribution of permeable and
relatively impermeable rocks. The nature of openings in the rocks determines permeability of rocks.
Based on local geological considerations, potential groundwater source of Yangon can be roughly
divided into two sub regions, namely the low potential area and high potential area. Low potential areas
are areas with those rock units of Hlawga Shale, Thadugan Sandstones and Basepet Alternation of upper
Pegu Group (Miocene epoch) and Danyingon Clays of Irrawaddy rocks. These rocks and formations are a
dense, massive and consolidated nature and have impervious characteristic. High potential areas are
underlain by Pliocene Series and recent Formations. High potential area covers approximately 85
percent of the Yangon city including Pabedan. Stand pipe piezometers were installed at a depth of up to
30 m from the existing ground level while a pumping well was installed upon completion of the soil
investigation works. Based on the results recorded up to the 8th of December 2012, stabilized
groundwater level was observed to range between 0.49 m MSL to -1.81 m MSL4 .
Water Supply: The Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) has an overall responsibility for the
management and distribution of water for Yangon City. Presently, YCDCs water supply is obtained from
two main sources: (1) reservoir (Hlawga, Gyobu, Pugyi and Ngameoyeik reservoirs) and, (2) groundwater
from YCDCs tube wells. Water from these sources is utilized to varying degrees. Areas not supplied with
water from the YCDC rely on shallow surface wells and private boreholes. Water supply for the Project
Site will be obtained from onsite borewells for both construction and operations due to the poor
reliability of municipal supply. Permitting is part of the Planning Consent Application currently
underway. The boreholes will be provided and operated by the Developer.
Hydrology: The Project Site lies along the catchment of the Pazundaung River which flows east of the
site in a southerly direction to converge into the Yangon River. The Yangon River (also known as the
Rangoon River or Hlaing River) is formed by the confluence of the Pegu and Myitmaka rivers and flows
into the Gulf of Martaban which is part of the larger Andaman Sea. The river flows along a 40 km stretch
flowing from southern Myanmar as an outlet of the Ayeyarwady River into the Ayeyarwady delta. A
small portion of the Bago River (the estuary) lies within the Yangon Division. The Pazundaung Creek and
Bago River joins the Yangon River and from there, flow towards the southwestern direction into
Andaman Sea.
Climate and Meteorology: Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate under the Koppen climate
classification system. The city typically experiences a distinct rainy season from the month of May
through to October when a substantial amount of precipitation occurs; and dryseason which
commences from November and ends in April. During the course of a year, average temperatures show
some variance with average highs ranging from 260C to 360C and average lows occurring between 180C
and 250C. 56. Temperature. The hottest period is between February and May, with little or no rain. At
the end of this season, generally from March to April, the average monthly temperature reaches the
upper 300C. The average temperatures in Yangon range from 240C to 360C in April during the hot
season and it ranges from 180C to 320C in January during the cooler season.
Rainfall and Relative Humidity: The climate of Myanmar follows a typical monsoon pattern. Historically,
the average annual mean rainfall for Yangon is 2,681 mm with the annual average rainy days of 129.3
days. During the course of 2013, the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (Myanmar) reported an
annual precipitation of approximately 2700 mm. The month with the most precipitation was in July. The
relative humidity was generally higher from May to October 2013. The dry season occurs from
November to April. Based on the historical weather for the last twelve months in Yangon, no
precipitation was observed in December 2012, February 2013 and March 2013. The least humid month
of the last 12 months was February 2013 with an average daily low humidity of 34%, and the most
humid month was September with an average daily high humidity of 80%.
Wind Speed and Direction. Based on 2013 data, it was reported that the month with the highest wind
speed was April 2013 with an average wind speed of 3 m/s while the least windy month was December
2012 with an average wind speed of 1m/s. The highest sustained wind speed was 54 m/s, occurring on
September 19, 2013 and the highest daily mean wind speed was 4 m/s, occurred on May 14, 2013.
Natural Hazards: Myanmar is exposed to multiple natural hazards including cyclones, earthquakes,
floods and fire. It has been periodically exposed by natural disasters. The Yangon District is in the vicinity
of the southern section of the Sagaing Fault which has not been active in the past 50 to 75 years
indicating that the faults may be under accumulating stress increasing the potential for an earthquake to
occur. The Sagaing Fault is the most prominent active fault in Myanmar trending roughly north to south.
It has been the originator of a large proportion of destructive earthquakes in Myanmar. The Project Site
is also located in an earthquake zone and therefore the building construction design needs to cater for
this hazard with adequate planning on emergency response procedures. Myanmar is exposed to
cyclones and associated storm surges from the Bay of Bengal. Annually, there are approximately 10
tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal from April to December. Severe cyclones occur during the premonsoon period of April to May and post-monsoon period of October to December. The threat of
flooding usually occurs in three waves each year: June, August and late September to October.
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253162898
Potential Seismicity of
Yangon Region (geological
Approach)
Article July 2011
READS
114
1 author:
Hla Hla Aung
Myanmar Engineering So
22 PUBLICATIONS 7
CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Available from: Hla Hla Aung

Retrieved on: 04 July 2016
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
b1146-ch12
Advances in Geosciences
Vol. 26: Solid Earth (2010)
Ed. Kenji Satake
c World Scientic Publishing Company
POTENTIAL SEISMICITY OF YANGON REGION

(GEOLOGICAL APPROACH)
HLA HLA AUNG
Member, Myanmar Earthquake Committee,
MES Building, Hlaing University Campus, Yangon, Myanmar
hhlaaung@gmail.com
Yangon sits on the southeast corner of Ayeyarwady Delta Basin, 35 km from

the west of Sagaing fault and on the southern spur of NNWSSE trending Bago
anticlinal ridge. Yangon is mostly covered with alluvial deposits. Bago anticline
is threatening Yangon with seismic disturbances. This disturbance might not
be a signicant one but the movement along Sagaing fault that was believed to
bring severe damage to buildings and loss of human lives in Bago and Yangon
in 1930 may have potential of causing a catastrophic earthquake in the future.
The prevailing geological structures, along with surface geological condition,
soil characteristics, and tectonic setting have made Yangon an earthquake
prone area. In this paper, an eort is made to examine Yangon region with
respect to geological knowledge, existing historical earthquake records, recent
investigation of seismic activity and seismotectonic of Yangon region to give
information on earthquake hazard for the region. Geological knowledge is very
important for analyzing geological site characteristics to consider for urban
development. To-date Yangon has annual increase in population and expanding
urban development. If an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 on Richter scale occurs
in Yangon, there would be higher damage to the buildings and more loss of
human lives.
1. Introduction
This paper is the rst attempt to give relevant information about potential
seismicity of Yangon region from the point of view of geological knowledge.
Owing to spare population and traditional construction of buildings, no
historical earthquake records had shown a catastrophic earthquake in
Myanmar. A basic element to mitigate the eect of potential damaging
earthquakes is the geological understanding of built environment, which
involves potential earthquake source areas related to rupture mechanism
and surface geology. Geological aspects are also important for earthquake
139
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
b1146-ch12
H. H. Aung
140
zonation mapping, which can provide reliable and practical outcomes for
natural disaster planning projects for future earthquake, land-use planning,
and building code revision.
2. Location
Yangon is located between latitudes 16 45 N17 4 N and longitudes 96
1 E96 20 E, on the southeastern corner of the Ayeyarwady Delta basin,
at the mouth of three rivers: Yangon, Ngamoyeik and Bago rivers and
34 km from the sea in the coastal area. It has a tropical monsoon climate
with annual precipitation of 2366 mm. The average temperature is 27 C. It
has population of about six million people. Owing to the annual increase
in population, the size of the city has expanded several times than its
prewar size. Yangons pride: the Shwedagon Pagoda was built on the top
of Singuttara Hill, on the southern spur of Bago Yoma (Fig. 1). Town plan
map of Yangon is shown in Fig. 2.
18-
17 -
16 Fig. 1. Location and general geological map of the Ayeyarwady Delta Basin (adapted
from Geological Map,1:1,000,000).1
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region
Fig. 2.
b1146-ch12
141
Town plan map of Yangon City.
3. Tectonic Setting
Yangon region is tectonically located on the southern spur of the NNWSSE
trending Bago anticlinal ridge, which lies immediately on the western site
of Sagaing Fault. Bago Yoma is a ridge of both geological and geomorphical
prominence ridge with 400 miles long and 40 miles wide and is composed of
Miocene rocks. Bago Yoma extends toward south into the gulf of Motamma
and might be connected to Alcock Rise.2 Yangon is 35 km in the west
of Sagaing fault. The Bago Yoma, Sagaing fault, and Central Andaman
spreading center are the most signicant structures of shear band of Sagaing
fault with 100 km width.3
May 26, 2011 16:27
142
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
b1146-ch12
H. H. Aung
4. Geology
Yangon area is underlain by alluvial deposits (Pliestocene to Recent), the
non-marine uvialtile sediments of Irrawady formation (Pliocene), and hard,
massive sandstone of Pegu series (earlylate Miocene). Alluvial deposits are
composed of gravel, clay, silts, sands and laterite, which lies upon the eroded
surface of Irrawaddy formation at 34.6 m above sea level. The central part
of Yangon area is occupied by the anticlinal ridge as a backbone, 30 m above
mean sea level and covered with sands, sand rock, soft sandstones, shale,
clays, and laterite of Irrawaddy formation. The hard compact sandstone
and shale of Pegu series can be found at the northwest corner of Hlawga
lake with NNWSSE strike dipping to the east.4 Alluvial deposits are found
in the surrounding areas of the ridge (Fig. 3), whereas lateritic soils can be
found along the ridge (Fig. 4).
5. Structure
In the geological map (Fig. 2), two anticlines can be seen trending
NNWSSE and are cut by NNESSW trending transverse fault. The
folds of Bago Anticlinorium plunge gradually to the south and nally
disappear under the deposits of Ayeyarwady delta.5 Eastern fold approaches
Bago whereas western fold extends south to Yangon and further south
into the Mottama basin. The structural trends here include Twante,
Kawhmu, Yangon, and Hlegu-Thanlyin trends. They are NNWSSE
trending and are double-plunging anticlines, cut by transverse faults
trending NNESSW. Folds are aligned with axes parallel to the direction
of maximum extension and are arranged as en-echelon and oblique to
the main Sagaing fault zone (Fig. 5). These structures are the southern
most continuation of the Bago Yoma and are located quite close to
the Gulf of Mottama. Twante anticline is a symmetrical and doubleplunging anticline with gentle dip 715 on both anks. It is made up of
Irrawaddian rocks and alluvium in places. Kawhmu anticline is an elongated,
asymmetrical and doubly plunging anticline with NNWSSE strike. NNE
SSW trending en-echelon tranverse faults cut the anticline into slices.
Sabagyisan anticline is a symmetrical anticline with dips 520 plunging
to NNW.
Miocene and Pliocene rocks are folded and quarternary pebbles and
terraces are uplifted. These deformation found in Yangon region should be
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
Fig. 3.
b1146-ch12
143
Geological map of Yangon.6
considered due to the mobility of Bago anticline. Two terraces are found
near Yangon with 10 m thick of alluvial clays. They are situated 70 km
north from Yangon and raised 20 m above the sea level due to the uplifting
connected to the development of Bago anticline.
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
b1146-ch12
H. H. Aung
144
Fig. 4.
Soil map of Yangon. (Source: Land Use Bureau of Yangon).
6. Seismicity Background
In 17 December 1927, a six-grade earthquake hit Yangon and caused certain
amount of damages. It was felt 15,000 sq.km from Kyangin to Dedaye
along the western slope of Bago Yoma. In July 1930 Bago earthquake
with M = 7.3 aected Yangon, vibration spread caused damage to the
buildings and 500 persons and 50 persons were killed in Bago and Yangon,
respectively.6 The last record of the earthquake that struck Yangon is 1978,
M = 5.7. In the recent seismicity map (Fig. 6) two signicant clusters of
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
b1146-ch12
Fig. 5.
145
Structural trends in Yangon Region (derived from Oil map).1
epicenters draw our attention: one is along NS trending Sagaing fault and
second one is along NNWSSE trending Bago anticline. These distributions
of epicenters imply the tectonic movement along these structures, which
are tectonically active. The Yangon earthquake in 1927 probably originated
from the uplifting of Bago Yoma caused movement along the lines of
weakness below the deltaic alluvium and Bago earthquake in 1930 was
originated from the displacement on Sagaing fault. As seen in this seismic
intensity map, seismicity is high in the south of Yangon area, which
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
b1146-ch12
H. H. Aung
146
Fig. 6.
Seismic intensity map of Myanmar region. (Source: NEIC).
indicates that the Andaman sea region is a zone of high seismicity zone
originated at shallow depth of less than 30 km. In seismic intensity map of
Modied Mercalli Scale (U.S.G.S. earthquake catalog 19701973) (Fig. 7)
and earthquake zonation map of BagoYangon region (Fig. 8), there are
three earthquake hazard zones according to their relevant magnitude, in
which Yangon falls in seismic zone VI whereas Bago falls in seismic zone
VIII.
Based on the lithology and the structure of the area, two areas are
divided in the micro-zonation map (Fig. 9). The area along fault and fold
covered with sand rock is a critical area and the area covered with loose
sand and alluvial deposits are the most critical area because such alluvial
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
b1146-ch12
147
Fig. 7. Seismic intensity map of BagoYangon region. (Source: USGS earthquake

catalog).
soil are the most vulnerable area for earthquake hazard. As earthquake can
trigger landslides, slope stability studies are very important for future urban
development. In Yangon area, most of the areas are at-lying lowland in the
deltaic region where slope gradient is gentle so that landslide can only be
taken account along the river bank (Fig. 10). To dene which area in Yangon
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
b1146-ch12
H. H. Aung
148
Fig. 8.
Seismic zone of BagoYangon.
has the highest risk is super-imposing the seismic hazard micro-zone map
on the slope stability map. For Yangon area, the most suitable area for
further urban development sits outside the most vulnerable seismic zone
and landslide-prone area.
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
Fig. 9.
b1146-ch12
149
Microzonation map of Yangon Area.
7. Active Structures and Seismicity

The historical seismicity background along the Sagaing fault, shown in
Geology of Burma by Chibbher (1983), and recent seismic investigation3
show that Myanmar lies within the broad, which is seismically active
Sagaing transform belt between India and Indochina plate. A series
of pull-apart basins from Central Andaman Basin in the south to
Hukawng Basin in the northernmost part of Myanmar and other related
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
b1146-ch12
H. H. Aung
150
Fig. 10.
Landslide hazard map of Yangon area.
structures such as NWSE trending thrust faults, NWSE and NNW

SSE trending en-echelon folds, the basin bounding faults of ENEWSW
trending normal faults, and NS trending strike-slip faults are formed by
the NNW-oriented extension and ENE-oriented compressive deformations.
Within through-going deformation zone, the structures formed by these
deformations as Neogene is active and these active structures are capable
of generating future earthquakes and these are the potential source areas in
Myanmar.7
May 26, 2011 16:27
AOGS-SE
9in x 6in
b1146-ch12
151
8. Conclusions
The aim of this brief paper is to give a prole of seismic hazard in Yangon
region from a geological approach. Geo-morphologically speaking, Yangon
lies in a coastal area of Ayeyarwady delta region, at the mouth of three
rivers and mostly covered with alluvial deposits. Tectonically, it is located
on the southern extension of Bago anticline and 35 km from the west of
Sagaing fault. Structurally, spur of Bago anticlinal ridge passes through the
center of Yangon city as a backbone and extends to the south. There are
many en-echelon folds in Yangon region trending NNWSSE and are cut by
NNESSW trending transverse faults. On the seismic aspect, Yangon falls
in seismic zone VI. The prevailing geological structures along with surface
geological condition, soil characteristics, and tectonic setting have made
Yangon an earthquake prone area. As the population increases in Yangon,
urban development has been taking place, at present, mostly on alluvial
deposits. Now there are many high-rise buildings in many parts of Yangon.
Damage potential to the buildings and loss of lives in a future earthquake
with magnitude of 6 or 7 on Richter scale in Yangon would be much larger
than that in 1927 and 1930.
References
1. F. Bender, Geology of Burma (Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin Stittgart,
Germany, 1983).
2. J. R. Curray, J. Asia Earth Sci. XX (2005) 142.
3. C. Rangin, GIAC Conf. Yangon, Myanmar (19961999).
4. W. Naing, M. Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Yangon (1970), unpublished.
5. G. P. Gorshkov, Byull. Sovj. Seim. 12 (in Russ.) (1959).
6. H. L. Chhibber, The Geology of Burma (Macmillan and Co. Limited,
St. Martins Street, London, 1934).
7. H. H. Aung, Advance in Geosciences 13 (2009).
YANGON SURFACE DISPLACEMENT AS DETECTED BY INSAR TIME SERIES

ANALYSIS
1
Anuphao Aobpaet1, Itthi Trisirisatayawong2, Hla Hla Aung3, Prasit Maksin1

Geo-informatics and Space Technology Development Agency, Satellite Operation Center, 88-9, Chonburi, Thailand,
Email: anuphao@eoc.gistda.or.th, p_maksin@eoc.gistda.or.th
2
Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok Thailand
Email: itthi.t@eng.chula.ac.th
3
Myanmar Earthquake Committee, MES Building, Hlaing University Campus, Yangon, Myanmar
Email: hhlaaung@gmail.com
KEY WORDS: Yangon, Persistent Scatterer InSAR, Displacement, Radarsat-2

ABSTRACT: This paper presents Yangons surface displacement during the period between April 2012 and April
2014 as detected by InSAR time series analysis. The persistent scatterer InSAR (PSI) is one of InSAR time series
analysis technique, and we apply this method to analyze a suite of 15 Radarsat-2 SAR images. The revealed pattern of
displacement in line-of-sight direction suggests that the surface motion is caused by non-seismic activities. We then
convert the line-of-sight to vertical motion. The vertical displacement rates are between +55 and -74 mm/year. Most
areas between Yangon River and Ngamoeyeik creek appear to be stable. Fast uplift of the rates +25 to +30 mm/year
are presented in West Yankin area. The true causes of these upward motions are presently unknown. Subsidence is
revealed in North Dagon Township on the east side of Ngamoeyeik creek. The area between Dagon University and
East Dagon Industrial Zone is heavily subsiding at the rate between -50 and -65 mm/year. The cause of this
subsidence is likely groundwater extraction. At present, validation of InSAR result with leveling or other
ground-based measurements cannot be made due to the unavailability of data. However, the results demonstrate the
potential of InSAR as a space-based geodetic tool for change monitoring.
1. INTRODUCTION
Yangon is the largest, most populated and urbanized city in Myanmar which has an area about 598.75 km2 in 2008
(Zin, 2006). There are thirty-three townships in Yangon city. Yangon is located in lower Myanmar at the convergence
of the Yangon and Bago Rivers about 34 km away from the Gulf of Martaban at latitude 16.80 and longitude 96.15.
The population of Yangon, as estimated in 2012 is 4.6 million (Source: Ministry of National Planning and Economic
Development). However, some article reports that Yangon has reached its population of about six million people.
Thus, the investigation by using InSAR for the potential of surface displacement monitoring in the area is crucial
because of the unavailability data based on other ground-based measurement. The review of ground water situation is
also important due to the fact that it is the main cause of surface displacement. Nonetheless, the groundwater data in
the area is still in the beginning phase of scientific study to inform the public the more information or details about
groundwater situation in Yangon.
1.1 Geology of Yangon
Yangon area is underlain by alluvial deposits, the non-marine fluviatile sediments of Irrawady Formation, and hard,
massive sandstone of Pegu Series. The alluvial deposits are composed of gravel, clay, silts, sand and laterite, which
lies upon the eroded surface of Irrawady Formation at 4.6 m above mean sea level. The central part of Yangon area is
occupied by the anticlinal ridge as a backbone, 30 m above mean sea level and covered with sands, sand rock, soft
sandstones, shale, clays, and lateritic of Irrawady Formation. The hard compact sandstone and shale of Pegu series
can be found at the northwest corner of Hlawga Lake with NNWSSE strike dipping to the east (Figure 1a). Alluvial
deposits are found in the surrounding areas of the ridge whereas lateritic soils can be found along the ridge (Figure 1b).
In the geological map, two anticlines can be seen trending NNW-SSE direction and are cut by NNE-SSW trending
transverse fault (Aung, 2011). From the geological point of view, it can be concerned for the initial review of faster
displacement possibility in some area such as in the eastern part of the city where the top soil is clays.
1.3 Yangon Groundwater Resources
Exploitation of ground water resource is one of an important issue because it can be a main cause of land
subsidence as occurred in many cities around the world. The information from Yangon City Development
Committee (YCDC) mentioned that they can supply 160 m gallons of water a day in the city, but many citizens rely
on their surface and private tube-wells which are installed to extract groundwater. In the case of controlled
operation, the water supplies come from two main sources; reservoir water from Hlawga Gyobu Pugyi and
Ngamoeyeik reservoirs and groundwater from YCDCs tube-wells as well as from rainwater, lakes and ponds.
a. Geological map
b. Soil map (Source: Land Use Bureau of Yangon)
Figure 1 Geological and soil map of Yangon (Aung, 2011).

Generally, the extraction of groundwater in the city depends on population growth, residential expansion, and
industrial development. Since the supply of piped water by YCDC was not enough, it has accelerated the demand of
water resulting in groundwater over extraction. According to this reason, there is a possible crisis in Yangon in the
future because the citys population will increase drastically. The private own tube/dug-well is increasing while the
ground water controlling policy (Burma Underground Water Act of 1930) (JICA, 2001) is not sufficient at present.
However, there has not been reported yet about land subsidence caused by groundwater over extraction. Monitoring
of both groundwater use and land subsidence, therefore, needs to be considered.
1.3 Satellite datasets
Radarsat-2 images acquired in ascending orbit in F2N beam-type have been used in this study. The orbital sense is in
ascending orbit. The antenna pointing is in the right direction with horizontal transmit and receive polarization (HH),
and the incidence angle is 39.92 degrees at image center. Azimuth angle is 315.09 clockwise degrees from true north
at image center. The master image is fixed on 04 April 2013 by maximizing the (predicted) total coherence of the
interferometric stack, and optimizing of the perpendicular baseline, the temporal baseline, the mean Doppler centroid
frequency difference, and thermal noise (Hooper, 2006). The time series data has been constructed from 09 April
2012 until 23 April 2014 which is 2 years time span totaling fifteen images. Information of the slave images of each
pair, including date of acquisition, interval time, and perpendicular baseline (B ) with the master image are shown in
Table 1 and Figure 2.
Table 1 Parameters of Radarsat-2 SAR images (Path = 1, Row = 1) used for PSI analysis.
Image
1
2
3
4
Degree
29.594
25.167
24.361
26.700
Date
09-Apr-2012
20-Jun-2012
07-Aug-2012
24-Sep-2012
B (m)
284
313
380
-109
Btemp (Days)
-360
-288
-240
-192
Image
5
6
7
8
Master Image
10
11
12
13
14
15
Degree
22.477
21.781
20.178
22.046
29.989
26.225
25.726
23.554
26.464
27.349
29.638
Date
11-Nov-2012
29-Dec-2012
15-Feb-2013
11-Mar-2013
04-Apr-2013
22-May-2013
30-Nov-2013
17-Jan-2014
11-Feb-2014
30-Mar-2014
23-Apr-2014
B (m)
57
-88
-112
-64
0
177
124
45
147
46
95
Btemp (Days)
-144
-96
-48
-24
0
49
241
289
314
361
385
Figure 2 Image pairs used for PSI analysis in this study. All images are acquired by satellite Radarsat-2 in the
descending orbit Path = 1, Row = 1. Cross axle: acquisition time; vertical axle and the number in parentheses:
perpendicular baseline (B) in meter. Considering the baseline condition and time span, the master image is fixed
on 04 April 2013. The maximum perpendicular baseline is 380 m of pair-3.
2. METHODOLOGY
The first algorithms of PSI technique were developed by Ferretti et al. (2000) and (2001). Similar processing
strategies have been developed by Crosetto et al. (2003), Lyons et al. (2003), Werner et al. (2003) and Kampes (2005).
These methods have been very successful for InSAR analysis of radar scenes containing large numbers of man-made
structures. One of the limitations of these methods is the PS selection strategy, which relies heavily on amplitude
variation to detect a stable network. These algorithms may fail to detect PS when the number of images is limited or
when the PS has low amplitude. Hooper et al., (2004, 2007) overcomes this limitation by using both amplitude and
phase analysis to determine the PS probability for individual pixels. This method does not require any a priori
assumptions about the temporal nature of the deformation for PS selection. This is achieved by using the spatially
correlated nature of deformation rather than requiring a known temporal dependence. Thus, it can provide reliable
deformation measurements even when applied to mountainous areas (Hooper, 2006).
Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS) is a software package that implements PSI method, and it is
developed by Hooper et al., (2004, 2007). Through the years this software was further developed at the University
of Iceland, Delft University of Technology and currently University of Leeds. StaMPS use the interferograms as
computed using DORIS. All the software is open source and free for non-commercial applications. The main
processes include: Raw data process, SAR image process, differential interferometry process, PS selecting,
intersection of PS and phase extracting, phase unwrapping, DEM error correcting, atmospheric filtering. The SAR
image and differential interferometry process were done by DORIS software; all PS processes were done by
StaMPS software.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study applies PSI to analyze a suite of 15 Radarsat-2 SAR images. The method can detect 78,420 pixels that can
serve as monitoring points (Figure 3).
Figure 3 The surface displacement rate of the processed PSI in Yangon area. Rate in positive with cold colors
represents land uplift and rate in negative with warm colors represents land subsidence in vertical direction.
The displacement pattern indicates that the observed motion is caused by non-seismic activities. By using the cosine
of incidence angle of each pixel, we can convert the line-of-sight to vertical motion. The vertical displacement rates
are between +55 and -74 mm/year. Most areas between Yangon River and Ngamoeyeik creek appear to be stable
including Yangon city center. In the West Yankin area, InSAR can detect fast uplift of the rates +25 to +30 mm/year,
but unfortunately the true causes of these upward motions are presently unknown. Subsidence is revealed in North
Dagon Township on the east side of Ngamoeyeik creek. We also found that the area between Dagon University and
East Dagon Industrial Zone is heavily subsiding at the rate between -50 and -65 mm/year (Figure 4). The cause of this
subsidence is likely groundwater extraction. However, the more details investigation should be considered for future
study.
Figure 4 Surface displacement rate and PS distribution at East Dagon Industrial Zone using Thaichote satellite image
as a background to visualize.
The average pixel density in the study is approximated 30 PS per km2 and added in the urbanized zone which can
serve as the observation points. We calculate the standard deviation of mean displacement using percentile bootstrap
method (Efron and Tibshirani 1986). Most of the estimated displacement rates from InSAR processing have standard
deviations around 1.5 mm/year especially in the east side of Yangon River (Figure 5).
Figure 5 Standard deviations of mean rates.
It can be confirmed that both atmospheric signal and unwrapping errors have a negligible contribution in the rate
estimation. However, there are areas in the southwest and Twantay where the standard deviations are up to 30
mm/year. This may be caused by atmospheric artifacts, unwrapping errors, or real deviations of the subsidence in
these areas from linear behavior. The rates obtained for these areas should be considered and carefully utilized with
concern.
4. CONCLUSION
At present, validation of InSAR result with leveling or other ground-based measurements cannot be made because of
the unavailability of data. However, there was great potential for land subsidence to occur in Yangon if too much
water was taken from wells, or if groundwater supplies were unable to keep up with demand from a growing
population. The geology of the soil under Yangon is alluvium, which is susceptible to land subsidence. There was
no official government body tasked with monitoring land subsidence in Yangon, and no information whether it might
have already occurred in some parts of the city. Current groundwater use in the country has not reached critical levels,
but the issue should be considered for the future plan. InSAR, a space-based geodetic tool, can be the potential
measurement for change monitoring in the area where no other techniques can be applied or in the case of initial phase
before accessing to the area for field surveying. The collection of time series data is still important for future
monitoring.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research is supported by Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA). The
Radarsat-2 SAR data used in this work are provided by GISTDA in cooperation with Canadian Space Agency
(CSA) and MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. (MDA).
REFERENCES
Aung, H., 2011. Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region (geological Approach). Advances in Geosciences: Solid
Earth (SE), 26, 139.
Crosetto, M., Arnaud, A., Duro, J., Biescas, E. and Agudo, M., 2003, Deformation monitoring using remotely
sensed radar interferometric data. In Proceedings of the 11th FIG Symposium on Deformation Measurements,
Santorini, Italy.
Efron, B. and Tibshirani, R., 1986, Bootstrap methods for standard errors, confidence intervals, and other measures of
statistical accuracy. Statistical Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 54-77.
Ferretti, A., Rocca, F., and Prati, C., 2000, Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in
differential SAR Interferometry. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38(5): 2202-2212.
Ferretti, A., Prati, C. and Rocca, F., 2001, Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry. IEEE Transactions on
Geosciences and Remote Sensing, 39(1): 8-20.
Hooper, A., Segall, P. and Zebker, H., 2007, Persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustal
deformation analysis, with application to Volcno Alcedo, Galapagos. Journal of Geophysical Research,
112(B07407), doi:10.1029/2006JB004763.
Hooper, A., 2006, Persistent Scaterrer Radar Interferometry for Crustal Deformation Studies and Modeling of
Volcanic Deformation. PhD thesis, Stanford University, 3219289, 124p.
Hooper, A., Zebker, H., Segall, P., and Kampes, B., 2004, A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes
and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterer. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(L23611).
JICA (Japan International Corporation Agency), 2001-2002, The Study on Improvement of water supply System
in Yangon City in The Union of Myanmar, Final Report.
Kampes, B.M., 2005, Displacement Parameter Estimation Using Permanent Scatterer Interferometry. PhD thesis,
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
Lyons, S., and Sandwell, D., 2003, Fault creep along the southern San Andreas from interferometric synthetic
aperture radar, permanent scatterers, and stacking. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(B1): 2047-2070.
Werner, C., Wegmuller, U., Strozzi, T. and Wiesmann, A., 2003, Interferometric point target analysis for
deformation mapping. In Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS),
21-25 July 2003, Toulouse, France.
Zin, N.M., 2006, Frauke Krass, Hartmut Gaese, Mi Mi Kyi, ed. Megacity yangon: transformation processes and
modern developments. Berlin: Lit Verlag. p. 264. ISBN 3-8258-0042-3.
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B8, 2012
XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia
YANGON RIVER GEOMORPHOLOGY IDENTIFICATION AND ITS ENVIROMENTAL

IMAPACTS ANALSYSI BY OPTICAL AND RADAR SENSING TECHNIQUES
Aung Lwina, Myint Myint Khaingb
a
Remote Sensing Department, Mandalay Technological University, Myanmar - aung.al2006@gmail.com

Remote Sensing Department, Mandalay Technological University, Myanmar - drmmkhaing@gmail.com
Working Group VIII/4: Water
KEY WORDS: Fluvial, Sedimentology, LULC, Hydrologic process, Environmental impacts

ABSTRACT:
The Yangon river, also known as the Rangoon river, is about 40 km long (25miles), and flows from southern Myanmar as an outlet
of the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) river into the Ayeyarwady delta. The Yangon river drains the Pegu Mountains; both the Yangon and
the Pathein rivers enter the Ayeyarwady at the delta. Fluvial geomorphology is based primarily on rivers of manageable dimensions.
The emphasis is on geomorphology, sedimentology of Yangon river and techniques for their identification and management. Present
techniques such as remote sensing have made it easier to investigate and interpret in details analysis of river geomorphology. In this
paper, attempt has been made the complicated issues of geomorphology, sedimentation patterns and management of river system and
evolution studied. The analysis was carried out for the impact of land use/ land cover (LULC) changes on stream flow patterns. The
hydrologic response to intense, flood producing rainfall events bears the signatures of the geomorphic structure of the channel
network and of the characteristic slope lengths defining the drainage density of the basin. The interpretation of the hydrologic
response as the travel time distribution of a water particle randomly injected in a distributed manner across the landscape inspired
many geomorphic insights. In 2008, Cyclone Nargis was seriously damaged to mangrove area and its biodiversity system in and
around of Yangon river terraces. A combination of digital image processing techniques was employed for enhancement and
classification process. It is observed from the study that middle infra red band (0.77mm - 0.86mm) is highly suitable for mapping
mangroves. Two major classes of mangroves, dense and open mangroves were delineated from the digital data.
1.
INTRODUCTION
to valley length. The water in the meander moves as a
corkscrew, the so called helicoidal flow, that means that the
flow is downstream, but besides that a movement in
perpendicular direction occurs, formed by the centrifugal force
on the water in the bend. This type of flow causes erosion in the
outer(concave) side of the meander and deposition in the
inner(convex) side. The strongest erosion takes place a short
distance after the central part of the bend. This causes "point
bars" to develop on the inner side, and the meander to migrate
downstream. A meander tries to broaden and to move
downstream. When meanders attain extreme looping, a cutting
of the meander can be formed during avulsions. In the cut-off
part an oxbow-lake is formed. In aerial photographs old cut-off
meanders, meander scrolls or point bars etc. can be easily
distinguished.
The zone where the meanders are formed is called
"meander-belt". Sometimes a relation between the width of the
channel and the width of the meander belt exists, according to
different authors the relation varies between 1:12 and 1:18. A
'braiding' river is characterised by different criss-crossing
channel ways around alluvial islands. The growth of an island
begins as the deposition of a central bar starts. The bar grows
downstream and in height and forces the water to pass through
the flowing water channels.
1.1 Landforms formed by rivers

Running water in fixed channels is the most widespread agent
of land sculpturing working on earth's surface. Therefore, the
landforms created are more important than those formed by
other agents. Flow of water takes place in rivers under the
influence of gravitation. The type of flow can be laminar or
turbulent. `Laminar' flow is a flow in which the streamlines
remain parallel to the axis of the flow. In a `turbulent' flowing
river, a mixing of water by turbulent eddies takes place.
A river can erode when it transports material. The transport can
take place in different ways:
in solution
in suspension - these are the small particles carried in
suspension.
in saltation - sand grains hop over the bottom, the
sand grain reaching the bottom gives an impulse to
another sand particle.
shoving: coarse material rolls over the river bed.
Coarse material is often deposited as riffles and bars in the
riverbed, these bars are placed alternating in the left and right
side of the river and form bank bars. In braided channels with
criss crossing waterways, channel-bars and islands develop
between the water courses. Laboratory experiments have shown
that the cross section of a channel transporting the same volume
of water is dependent on the type of bed material. Fine material
gives a deeper bed, coarse material a flatter, broader river bed.
A river can have a straight, a sinuous, meandering, or
a braiding channel. A meandering river flows in sinuous curves.
Meanders are arbitrarily confined to a ratio of channel length
1.2 Remote sensing techniques for landform Analysis

Remote sensing techniques have opened new vistas for
landform analysis (both static and dynamic aspects), coupled
with field verification surveys. Landforms can be directly and
best viewed using remotely sensed data, since relief forms are
well expressed on the surface of the earth and recorded in
175
images. The combination of systems (DIGITAL IMAGE

PROCESSING, multi-date and multi-scale data analysis)
increases information generation capability and thematic map
generation facility. These modern techniques have contributed
tremendously towards terrain analysis, understanding of site
conditions, spatial distribution of features, and resources.
Analysis of remotely sensed data using standard
interpretation techniques is particularly useful in channel
change detection, identifying palaeo-channels, regional
landform distribution, as well as detection of shallow buried
channels and buried valleys under special conditions using
thermal IR and radar imagery. In radar imagery over extremely
dry sands of desert areas of Sahara in northern Sudan, buried
valleys at 1.5 meters depth below surficial cover have been
detected (SIR-A data, 1981). Dynamical aspects of
geomorphology, landslides etc. can also be monitored. Digital
enhancement techniques are useful for improved interpretation
of terrain features. The development of landforms depends on
the climatic regime, the operative processes of denudation and
sedimentation during and after their formation as well as their
intensity in time and space, and the rocks and materials (their
composition, nature, and structure) acted upon. Man-made or
anthropogenic causes also affect landform development.
The identification of landforms and geomorpholoical
domain on remotely sensed data is based on area association
(arid, mountainous, glacial, coastal, flood plain, tropical etc.),
association of features, landform shape and size, drainage
patterns/ dissection, relief, tone, texture, land use/land cover,
erosion and other patterns etc. leading to "convergence of
evidence" upon logical inductive and deductive reasoning.
Analytical "Keys" can also be developed for an area of study
based on field criteria and a priori knowledge of typical forms
as seen on images.
Remote sensing provides a regional, synoptic view and permits
recognition of large structural patterns and landforms over
contiguous geomorphic domains. It enables the location and
delineation of extent of identified features observed over large
areas. The repetitive coverage of terrain in multispectral
mode provided by satellite mounted sensors enables
comparison of scenes of the same location in different periods/
seasons. This is extremely valuable for monitoring change, as
well as extracting more information about significant earth
features from scenes by viewing under seasonal conditions
(temporal and spectral resolutions).
2.
geological drilled data for water well at the junction of the

Inyar and the Damazete roads (Tint Lwin Swe, 1998) show that
the lithological type is especially similar to that of the
Thadugan.
The Quaternary sediments widely distributed at the
outskirt of the Yangon, consisting of thick, high plastic, stiff
clay underlain by sand and silt. Win Naing (1972) classified
generally the Quaternary sediments into valley-filled deposit
and the alluvium. The valley-filled deposit includes the
Pleistocene older alluvium of a particular type of terrace
deposit (Leicester, 1959 and Kyaw Htun, 1996) of
unconsolidated gravels, sands and silts and the alluvial is
younger age clayey deposit. The pattern and distribution of rock
basement and soil deposit are depicted in Figure (1).
Figure 1. Soil and rock distribution of the Yangon area

(Win Naing, 1972)
REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS
2.1 Study area and its existing conditions
Tectonically, the Yangon is situated in the southern

part of the Central Lowland, which is one of three major
tectonic provinces of Myanmar. The Taungnio Range of the
Gyophyu catchments area of Taikkyi District, north of Yangon,
through the Thanlyin Ridge, south of Yangon forming a series
of isolated hill is probably resulted from the progressive
deformation (Ramsay, 1967) of the Upper Miocene rocks as the
eastern continuation of the subduction or stretching and
compression along the southern part of the Central Basin and
regional uplifting of the Pegu Yoma.
The present study area covering the Yangon and its surrounding
region falls in 96 and 96 15E and 16 45and 17 N as
referred as map index of UTM Sheet No. 1969-01. The central
part of the Yangon comprises Miocene consolidated sediments
overlain by the Quaternary sands, silts and clay. Win Naing
(1972) stated the uppermost part of the Mingalardon Ridge as
the Irrawaddy Formation of Pliocene age. But, thinly laminated,
weathered shale exposed in Shwegondaing area during
excavation for motor road extension works in 2003 and
completely weathered sandstone during excavation for the
foundation of the Yanshin Centre at the Shwegondaing Junction
reveal that the lithological character is resemble to that
Miocene sediments exposed in the Taikkyi Taungnio area (Tint
Lwin Swe, 2002). Kyaw Htun (1996) explained that Thadugan
sandstone and Besapat alternations in the Thadugan area were
belonged to the Upper Pegu Group of Miocene age; namely, the
Kyaukkok and Obogone formations. In addition, some rock
exposed in the left and right abutments of Inyar Lake and
2.2 Yangon river in and around soil investigations

The different varieties of the individual soil characteristics are
Meadow and Meadow Alluvial Soil, Gley and Gley swampy
soils, Swampy soils, Lateritic soils, Yellow brown forest soils,
Dune forest & Beach sand, Mangrove forest soils and Saline
swampy meadow gley soils. The meadow soils which occur
near the river plains with occasional tidal floods are noncarbonate. They usually contain large amount of salts. Meadow
176
Alluvial soils (fluvic Gleysols) can be found in the flood plains.

They have the texture of silty clay loam and they have the
neutral soil reaction and are rich in available plant nutrients.
nMeadow Gley soils (Gleysol) and Meadow swampy (Histic
Gleysol) occur in the regions of lower depressions where the
lands are inundated for more than 6 months in a year. The
texture of these soils is clayey to clay and usually having very
strong acid reaction, and contain large amount of iron.
Figure 3. Typical Tidal Flood Pattern in Myanmar

3.
METHODOLOGY APPROACH
The methodology used in this study involved distinct steps of

digital processing of individual remote sensing data, multisensor data integration, and visual interpretation of the
geomorphological products. The processing of remote sensing
images was done using ENVI 4.7 and Sufer version 10.7.972
software, following schemes for enhancements and integration
of optical and SAR images successfully used for Yangon river
geomorphology and terrain analysis. The corresponding
information was acquired on the terrain based on a ground
positioning system (GPS) campaign and used as ground control
points (GCPs). Since the area presents low relief and no digital
elevation model (DEM) was available, an ortho-rectification
scheme, assuming a flat terrain model.
4.
RESULTS AND DISSUSION
4.1 Interpretation and terrain analysis from optical data

Long ago back from more than 10 years, AVNIR imagery
taken by Japan Advanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS)
Figure 2. Soil map of the Yangon area (copyright of Land use

division, Myanma Agriculture Service (Feb 11, 2002)
Dune forest and Beach sand can be found only at the
coastal line of Myanmar. The areas of their occurrence are
insignificant. The coastal line should be under wind and water
erosion control. Mangrove forest soils occur in very small area
along the coastal line of Myanmar, especially in the region of
Ayeyarwady Delta. These are marine flat lowlands, which are
affected by daily tides. Saline swampy meadow gley soils in
Ayeyarwady Delta and along the river bands of the Gulf of
Motama and the marine flat lowlands influenced by the tidal
sea water, which is always salty.
2.3 Typical Drainage Patterns
This area almost fluvial food plain, other is lower coastal plains
where there may be few surface drainage channels. In and
around Yangon river areas, the water table is often high;
relatively young and subjected to a minimum of dissection. A
high water table minimizes runoff and restrict system that may
from between floods.
Many major streams in level regions are constructional. They
build up their own flood plains and have little contact with the
underlying material of the area. Some major streams in level
areas, however, are engaged in eroding and are, therefore
destructional. Examples of such streams may be found in
coastal plains and in lakebeds.
Figure 4. ADEOS/AVNIR 432 FCC Color Composite Image

acquisition at December 25, 1996
177
at December 25, 1996. In this imagery, we easily interpreted by

visually for land use land cover condition of Yangon river in
and around and City area.
In May 2 of 2008, Myanmar was seriously hit by Cyclone

Nargis and there was damaged to coastal mangrove areas and
its biodiversity system in and around of Yangon river terraces
(see figure 6).
4.2 Interpretation and terrain analysis from RADAR data
Figure 5. Landsat 432 Color Composite Ortho-rectified Image

acquisition at Feb 25,2006
Figure 7. JERS 1 SAR Multi Temporal image of study area
In Figure 5, Landsat Satellite acquired with ETM+ Sensor for

the study area. After composite of FCC 432 combination was
done and carefully analyzed for landuse landcover extended
and urban, sub-urban sprawled areas.
In Figure 7, Japan Earth Observation Satellite was taken

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for 3 different
seasons of around 1996. Coastal surveillance and
environmental monitoring has motivated the development of
automatized feature extraction tools using remote sensing data.
Target detection by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been
extensively studied in recent years. In carefully interpretation
from SAR Imagery, river boundary and coast line field give
high radar backscattered energy due to their high surface for
roughness. Strong waves and tides (surfing in particular) make
seawater very rough which leads to very high radar
backscattered energy at places. Coastline is therefore masked at
places between land and water boundary.
Figure 6. Landsat 432 Color Composite Ortho-rectified Image

acquisition at March 3,2009
Figure 8. SRTM data of Yangon river rings
178
and emerged and submerged coastal geology that cannot be

accomplished from field investigations alone..
In Figure 8, Shuttle Range Topographic Mission (SRTM) data

was prepared for shaded and relief map for terrain conditions.
This study area is almost flat and fluvial flood plains. The
product generated from SRTM data to topographic analysis is
important for descriptions of soil contacts and structural
features. The perspective of the relief, through the simulations
of different angles of illuminations, gave the shadow of the
relief, giving the impression of concavity and convexity,
allowing the identification of structural features, soil contacts,
erosion zones and other geomorphological features of the study
area.
6.
REFERENCES
References from Books:

Bushnell, T.M et al., 1955. Air Photo Analysis. Newyork, USA
p.p 12-13
Garde, R.J., 2005. River Morphology. New Age International
Publisher, India, p.p 71-72.
4.3. Gemorphological Map generation

Lecture Notes, Geosciences Division, Indian Institute of
Remote Sensing, India, p.p 103-104.
References from Other Literature:
Aung Lwin, R. S Chatterjee and Myint Myint Khaing, 2010.
Analysis of Change Detection on Coastline using ERS SAR
tandem pair. Myanmar Engineering Society Annual
Conference, Yangon, Myanmar
Kyaw Htun. 1996. Sedimentology and Petrography of SouthWestern Part of Thadugan, Shwe Pyi Tha Township, M. Phil.
Paper, Geology Department, Yangon University, Myanmar
Pedro Walfir M. Souza Filho and Waldir Renato Paradella
2005. Use of RADARSAT-1 fine mode andLandsat-5 TM
selective principal component analysis for geomorphological
mapping in a macrotidal mangrove coast in the Amazon Region
Can. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 214224,
Tint Lwin Swe, 2004. Determination of Peak Ground
Acceleration for Yangon and Its Surrounding Areas. Staff
Report, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar.
Win Naing. 1972. The Hydrogeology of the Greater Rangoon,
M. Sc.Thesis, Geology Department, University of Rangoon.
Myanmar
7.
Figure 9. Geomorphological Map of Yangon river in and

around area.
The authors would like to thank the National Space

Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). In the case of JERS1 SAR data and ADEOS/AVNIR imagery were kindly provided
by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry of Japan
(MITI) and NASDA for research purposes.
Special thanks are extended to USGS, Google Earth and Global
Land Cover Facilities (GLCF) Teams for free provision of
Landsat 7 ETM+ Imagery and SRTM images. In many depth
are due to my colleagues from Remote Sensing Department,
Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay for their kind
patience and encouragement to finish this work.
The landform classification system is based on geomorphologic

principles, i.e., classification on the basis of landforms, and the
dominant processes in operation related to historical processes.
Additional factors, including land use and land cover, were also
used for classification. The final geomorphological map is
presented in Figure 9. Integration of both optical and radar data
was implied for geomorphic landform mapping, in details of
terrain conditions, manmade features and lanuse land cover
around Yangon river bed and around Coastal flood plain
terraces.
5.
ACKNOWLEDGED
CONCLUSION
The contribution of TM band 4 was related to the

discrimination of dense mangrove forest from secondary
vegetation of the coastal plateaus, whose spectral response is
mixed with exposed soil produced by human activity and
disaster affected. The JERS-1 SAR data have contributed to the
enhancement of distinct coastal vegetation height, geometry,
water content, and degraded and regenerating mangrove
regions. The Multi temporal SAR product was fundamental in
providing consistent information about the geo-botany
(vegetation and coastal sedimentary environment relationship)
179
Initial Environmental Examination
Project Number: 47913

February 2014
MYA: Yangon Urban Renewal and District Cooling

Project
Prepared by Meeyahta International Hotel Ltd.
The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed
herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff,
and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the Terms of Use section of this
website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any
designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the
Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status
of any territory or area.
The Landmark Project
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
Project Description
Description of the Environment
Physical Environment
Baseline Environmental Quality and Biological Environment
Socioeconomic Environment
Historical and Cultural Value
HR policies and employee information of the company
CSR and community development activities of the company
26
28
35
38
39
39
Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures
39
Analysis of Alternatives
56
Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation
57
Grievance Redress Mechanism
58
Environmental and Social Management Plan
58
10
Conclusion and Recommendation
83
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
National Policy and legal requirements

Applicable ADB and IFC safeguard requirements
Project Sponsor
Project Location
Site Description
Implementation schedule
16
16
16
17
21
21
22
22
26
26
Page | ii
List of Tables
Table 1: Existing Site Features and Project Components
Table 2a: Summary of Soil Laboratory Results
Table 2b: Summary of Groundwater Laboratory Results
Table 3: Air Quality Measured at Three Monitoring Sites (Oct 2008-Sep 2009)
Table 4: Ambient Air Monitoring Results
Table 5: Ambient Air Quality Levels
Table 6: Noise Level Guidelines (IFC EHS Guidelines)
Table 7: Hong Kong Noise Standards for Daytime Construction Activities
Table 8: Measured Ambient Noise Levels
Table 9: Species of Flora Identified at the Project Site
Table 10: Draft Environmental and Social Management Plan Measures
List of Figures
Figure 1: Regional Location of the Project Site
Figure 2: Aerial View of the Project Site
Figure 3: Area Location Map
Figure 4.1: Proposed Site Plan
Figure 4.2: Proposed Development Layout
Figure 4.3: Section Elevation View of the Project Site (East and South)
Figure 4.4: Section Elevation View of the Project Site (West and North)
Figure 4.5: Ambient Air Quality and Noise Measurement Locations near the Project Site
Figure 5: Location of Soil and Groundwater Sampling Stations
Figure 6: Representative Sensitive Receivers
Figure 7: Traffic volume at 'Traders Junction'
List of Appendices
Appendix A: Asbestos Exposure Control Plan
Appendix B: SMF Exposure Control Plan
Page | iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
ADB
CO
EIA
ESIA
ESMP
ET
FMI
GFA
GIIP
IEE
IEC
ISCST
MIC
MIHL
MRB
MOECAF
NIF
NO2
NSR
PM10
PE
PP
SO2
SPA
TSP
VOC
YCDC
YSH
Asian Development Bank

Carbon monoxide
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Environmental and Social Management Plan
Environmental Team
First Myanmar Investment Co. Ltd.
Gross Floor Area
Good International Industry Practice
Independent Environmental Consultant
Industrial Source Comple Short Term
Myanmar Investment Commission
Meeyahta International Hotel Ltd.
Myanmar Railway Building
Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forrestry
Noise Insulation Fabric
Nitrogen dioxide
Nearest Sensitive Receiver
Particulate Matter less than 10 micron
Project Engineer
Project Proponent
Sulphur dioxide
Serge Pun and Associates (Myanmar) Limited
Total Suspended Particulate
Volatile Organic Compounds
Yangon City Development Committee
Yoma Strategic Holdings
Page | iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
INTRODUCTION
This IEE has been prepared with information from the Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) that has been prepared for the proposed premium mixed use development
comprising residential, commercial, retail and hospitality components known as the Landmark
Project (hereafter referred as the Project). The site occupies an existing 3.9-hectare (9.64acres) plot in the city centre of Yangon, Myanmar. The regional location of the project site is
shown in Figure 1 (the Project Site).
Information and contact details pertaining to the Project Proponent/Developer, Meeyahta
International Hotel Ltd. are as follows:
SPA Project Management Ltd.
A member of YOMA Strategic Holdings Group
SPA PM Site Office
FMI Centre Compound
380, Bogyoke Aung San Road
Pabedan, Yangon
Telephone: + 95 1 240 363
Contact Person: David Whitting (Landmark Project Director)
Project Management:
SPA Project Management Ltd. (see details above).
Project Engineer:
Meinhardt (Thailand) Ltd.
6th, 15th, 16th Floor, Thanapoom Tower
1550 New Petchburi Road
Makkasan, Ratchtevee
Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Telephone: +66 2207 0568
TeleFax: +66 2207 0574
www.meinhardtgroup.com
Project Architect:
Aedas
10, Hoe Chiang Road
#11-01, Keppel Towers
Singapore 089315
All enquiries pertaining to this study shall be directed to:
Business Development Department
Yoma Strategic Holdings Ltd.
Tel: +95 1 240 363; 240 373
Fax: +95 1 246 881; 246 882
STATEMENT OF NEED
As a result of rapid urbanization, economic prospects and a positive growth outlook predicted
by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Myanmars construction sector is on the rise. This is
evident in the planning and implementation of a large number of infrastructures projects within
and around the main cities. The country needs the development of urban structures to support
the current growth and to achieve its long term development goals. New infrastructure is key
in attracting capital investments from Japan, Korea, Europe, the US and ASEAN neighbors.
There is also a keen interest by private developers and the government in preserving existing
colonial era architecture and other cultural heritage buildings as part of the urbanization
process as it is envisaged that this approach will contribute towards long-term financial gains.
In aiming to meet the development demands described above, joint ventures and strategic
business partnerships between foreign and local companies are embarking on the
development of new hotels, residential, commercial buildings, as well as to restore existing
heritage buildings which were vacated when the government relocated to Naypyidaw.
Specifically, Yangon is set to undergo a major transformation aligned with the strategic urban
development theme Yangon 2040, A City of Green and Gold". This urban development
includes efforts to conserve and restore Myanmar's unique heritage buildings.
LEGAL REQUIREMENT
The National Environmental Conservation Law, under Section 42 (n) gives the responsibility
to the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF) to issue necessary
rules to implement the law. Under this provision, the Ministry has issued the recently approved
EIA Rules and Regulations (2013).
The Rules define the EIA as the process of assessing the significant impacts of a proposed
project on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment and includes an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and a social impact assessment report. The
submission of this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) to MOECAF for
approval prior to project commencement is a legal requirement.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Project Location
The proposed Project involves the establishment of a premium mixed use development
comprising residential, commercial, retail and hospitality components on an existing 3.9hectare (9.64-acres) plot located at 372 and 380 Bogyoke Aung San Road, Pabedan
Township, Yangon, Myanmar. Upon completion of the Project, the total Gross Floor Area
(GFA) will be approximately 200,000 m2 (2.15 million ft2). The site location map is presented
in Figure 4.2.
Existing Layout
The site is a built environment comprising the following main buildings:
Page | 2
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Former Myanmar Railway Headquarters Building (MRB): a 130 years old three-storey
brick building, listed under the Yangon Heritage Trust which has been
vacant/abandoned since 1994;
The First Myanmar Investment Co. Ltd (FMI) Centre: an approximately 17 years old
11-storey building serving as an office and commercial building;
The Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence: a 18-year-old, 10-storey concrete
building which has been vacant since October 2013;
Zawgyi House: A former two-storey residential brick building which is currently being
used as a restaurant;
Two residential scale two-storey brick buildings aged approximately 50 years old which
currently serves as temporary accommodation and storage, and
A variety of smaller supporting structures associated with the existing land use.
Proposed Layout
The proposed Project will comprise several main components, namely:
Peninsula Hotel, converted from the existing MRB. The Net Lettable Area (NLA) of
14,000 m2 will be divided over three-storeys, a mezzanine and a basement level;
Peninsula Residence Tower consisting of 25 storeys with a total of 84 residences and
two basement levels;
Business Hotel, covering a total NLA of 41,500 m2. The hotel has 250 hotel rooms and
89 apartments divided over 25 storeys. It will include a restaurant, bar and pool;
Two Office Towers of 21 storeys each with a total built-up area of 68,000 m2 for 32
offices;
Retail Podium with a total built-up area of approximately 37,000 m2 will accommodate
a supermarket and other retail, and
A basement car parking with approximately 1,200 parking bays.
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
The Project will be developed in phases and the estimated development timelines of which
are as described below:
Restoration of MRB (Luxury Hotel) 41 months;

Demolition of Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence - 7 months;
Site formation at footprint other than MRB 28 months;
Demolition of FMI Centre 3 months ;
Superstructure works other than MRB site 12 months;
Roadworks and landscaping works 35 months; and
Application for occupation permit 23 months.
It is anticipated that the entire Project will take 60 months.

Pre-Construction Phase
Activities undertaken during this phase are focused primarily on obtaining physical data on the
existing conditions at the project area. Key activities include:
Hazardous Materials Assessment (carried out in February 2013);
Page | 3
Heritage Survey (started/completed);

Site Topographical Survey (carried out in September 2012);
Soil Investigation work (first one carried out in 2012 and additional one in 2013), and
Utilities Survey (completed).
As part of the Heritage Survey, a Conservation Technical Specification (CTS) has been
prepared to describe the requirements pertaining to the documentation, dismantling and
storage of heritage elements identified for eventual conservation and reuse within the MRB,
prior to the commencement of construction works. The dismantled elements shall be restored
at a later stage, or to be reinstalled and reused in the Project.
Construction Phase
The principal activities envisaged during the construction phase are as follows:
Setting up and management of temporary facilities;

Transportation of materials and machinery;
Demolition and site clearing;
Conservation work;
Infrastructure and utility development;
Construction of building structures;
Off-site improvements per the Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA), and
Landscape and revegetation.
Operational Phase
During operations of the Project, air emissions, wastewater generation and waste generation
have a potential impact on the environment. The likelihood and severity of impacts and their
proposed management and mitigation measures are described in Chapter 8.
The anticipated utilities that will be required for the development are water supply and
electricity. In additional, there will be diesel for the generators and Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(LPG) for kitchen use stored on site.
An increase in traffic near the site is envisaged. The traffic assessment and recommendations
for managing the increase in traffic are provided in Chapters 5 and 6.
EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
The summary of the existing environment at the Project Site is presented in Table ES.1.
Table ES1: Summary of the Existing Environment
Item
Description
Site Setting
The Project is located in the city of Yangon within the Yangon Region, Republic of the
Union of Myanmar. Located in the heart of Lower Myanmar, Yangon lies at the
convergence of the Yangon and Bago Rivers on the eastern margin of Ayeyarwady
Delta and approximately 30 km away from the coastline bordering the Gulf of Martaban.
Page | 4
Item
Description
The Yangon Region is bordered by the Bago Region in the north and east, the Gulf of
Martaban in the south and Ayeyarwady Region in the west.
The Project is located at 372 and 380 Bogyoke Aung San Road, Pabedan Township,
Yangon, Myanmar. The site is an irregularly-shaped land parcel (1646 50.84 N/96
0931.58 E (northeast corner) and 16 4646.58 N/960923.38 E (southwest corner))
with an area of approximately 38,000 m 2 (3.9 hectares). The site is a built-up area
comprising a number of existing buildings, namely, the MRB, FMI Centre, Grand Mee
Ya Hta Executive Residence, Zawgyi House, two residential brick buildings, parking
areas and a variety of smaller structures associated with the existing site.
Topography
Based on the data obtained from the topography survey, the site is relatively flat, with a
gentle downward slope from the northeast boundary (RL+10.97 m) to the southwest
(RL+7.75 m).
Geology
Yangon is underlain by alluvial deposits (Pliestocene to Recent), the non-marine

fluvialtile sediments of Irrawady formation (Pliocene), and hard, massive sandstone of
Pegu series (early-late Miocene). Alluvial deposits are composed of gravel, clay, silts,
sands and laterite which lie upon the eroded surface of the Irrawaddy formation at 3-4.6
m above mean sea level (MSL). The rock type in Yangon is mainly soft rocks, which it
consist of sandstone, shale, limestones and conglomerate.
Tectonically, Yangon is situated in the southern part of the Central Lowland, which is
one of the three major tectonic provinces of Myanmar. The Taungnio Range of the
Gyophyu catchments area of Taikkyi District, north of Yangon, through the Thanlyin
Ridge, south of Yangon forming a series of isolated hills probably resulted from the
progressive deformation of the Upper Miocene rocks as the eastern continuation of the
subduction or stretching and compression along the southern part of the Central Basin
and regional uplifting of the Pegu Yoma (Aung Lwin 2012).
Soil
The underlying soil type at the Project Site and its surroundings is characterized as
Meadow and Meadow Alluvial Soil. Meadow Soil is soil which occurs near the river
plains with occasional tidal floods, non-carbonate and usually contains large amounts
of salt. Meadow Alluvial Soils are being found in the flood plain. Both materials mainly
comprise silty clay loam and neutral soil where they are rich in available plant nutrient.
Site-specific soil characteristics of the Project Site were obtained from a soil
investigation study which was conducted in October-November 2012 (Geolab (M) Sdn.
Bhd). In general, the upper layers (approximately 0 to 7 m) of the soil at the Project Site
comprise largely of cohesive layers with traces of sand and gravel, followed by the sand
layers with low silt content and trace gravel from 7 to 35 m. The lower layers comprise
denser silt layer with traces of sand and gravel from approximately 57 to 70 m. Standard
Penetration Test (SPT) results indicated that the soil strength generally increases with
depth.
Hydrogeology
Yangon is rich in groundwater resources conserved by unconsolidated TertiaryQuaternary deposits. In Yangon, groundwater is mostly extracted from Valley filled
deposits and Ayeyarwady sandstones. High potential areas are underlain by Pliocene
Series and recent Formations. High potential area covers approximately 85 percent of
the Yangon city, including Pabedan where the Project Site is located.
Hydrology
The Project site lies along the catchment of the Pazundaung River which flows east of
the site in a southerly direction to converge into the Yangon River.
Climate and Meteorology
Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate under the Koppen climate classification system.
The city typically experiences a distinct rainy season from the month of May through to
October when a substantial amount of precipitation occurs; and dry season which
commences from November and ends in April. During the course of a year, average
temperatures show some variance with average highs ranging from 26C to 36C and
average lows occurring between 18C and 25C.
Page | 5
Item
Natural Hazards
Description
Myanmar is exposed to multiple natural hazards including cyclones, earthquakes and
floods:
A.
Earthquakes
Yangon District is in the vicinity of the southern section of the Sagaing Fault, which has
not been active in the past 50 to 75 years indicating that the faults may be under
accumulating stress suggesting the potential for an earthquake is increasing. Yangon
straddles the boundary between Zone II (Moderate Zone) and Zone III (Strong Zone),
with the old and new satellite towns in the eastern part in Zone III and the original city
in Zone II.
B.
Cyclones and Strom Surges
Myanmar is exposed to a thread of cyclones and associated storm surges from the Bay
of Bengal. Previous frequency of cyclones that made landfall at Myanmars coast was
once in about three years. However, since the year 2000, cyclones have crossed
Myanmars coast every year. Annually, there are approximately 10 tropical storms in
the Bay of Bengal from April to December. Severe cyclones occur during the premonsoon period of April to May and post-monsoon period of October to December.
C.
Flood
The monsoonal/rainy season in Myanmar is mostly from May to October and flooding
and landslides are common in the country. The threat of flooding usually occurs in three
waves each year: June, August and late September to October. The most vulnerability
for monsoon rains to peak occurs in August.
Land Use within the ZOI
Existing land use pattern within the Zone of Impact (ZOI) of 2 km is predominantly a
mixture of commercial and residential purposes.
Landscape Character & Visual Amenity
The existing landscape character and visual amenity are characterized by the colonialstyle MRB, although in debilitating condition, FMI Centre, Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive
Residence, the two old double-storey buildings, Zawagi House and landscaped green
areas. The proposed design will retain the heritage character of the MRB. The visual
and physical permeability of the site are keys to the design of the proposed Project.
Visual access to the site and to the MRB is also very important as it contributes to the
urban character of the local area thereby enhancing the history of Yangon city. In
ascertaining the flora existing within the Project Site, a preliminary survey was carried
out. Based on the survey data, 111 trees were identified and no protected species or
species of conservation value were identified.
Air and Noise Quality
Secondary data obtained from a monitoring station located around the Traders Hotel in
December 2008, monitored over an averaging period of 24 hours including Total
Suspended Particulate (TSP), PM10, SO2 and NO2, showed that most parameters were
well below the UESPA standards. Both air quality and noise environment were
dominated by vehicular traffic and occasionally by construction works. Noise was not
regularly monitored as it is largely location specific.
Soil and Groundwater
An intrusive soil and groundwater investigation was performed at the Project Site where
baseline analytical results were generally compared against the Dutch Standards 2009
(Rev 2012).
DTV exceedances in soil were reported for all metals and metalloids tested for except
total chromium and molybdenum, selected sum PAHs and mineral oil. Among samples
Page | 6
Item
Description
tested, TP11 has reported an exceedance of the DIV limit for copper (190 mg/kg) with
a reading of 600 mg/kg. A comparison with alternative standards for combined exposure
pathways (dermal contact and incidental ingestion) in commercial/industrial soil
indicates that the general population (including excavation workers) is not at risk at the
current copper concentrations. Total coliform was also detected in the soil samples,
where most coliforms are harmless in soil with no human health risk.
Detected constituent in groundwater is compared to DTV, DIV and Myanmar Effluent or
Water Quality Standards. Barium in all four monitoring wells was found to exceed the
DTV. The groundwater quality at the Project Site is in generally in compliance with the
prescribed limits. Total coliform was present in groundwater samples MW3 and MW4,
recording at 30,000 CFU/100 ml and 500 CFU/100 ml respectively. Based on the
Guidelines on Canadian Drinking Water Quality, the CFUs in MW3 and MW4 exceed
the limit of 10 CFU/100 ml. In the event groundwater from the site is proposed for
consumption, the supply will be subjected to treatment to ensure safe consumption of
the water.
Biological Environment
The Project Site is a built-environment and the species of flora surveyed at the site are
native species not uncommon to the Yangon area. There were no protected species or
species of conservation value identified.
Socio-Economic Environment
Population Density,
Population Growth and
Distribution in Yangon
City
Employment by Sector
Labour Supply and

Demand
The Yangon Division is the smallest but the most densely populated area in Myanmar
with population density of 635 persons per km2 in 2005. In 2005, the total population of
Yangon City was estimated to be about 4.35 million, with an average growth rate of 2.5
percent during 1983-2005 periods. The 2005 data indicates 30 percent the population
were under 15 years old, 65 percent between 15 and 64 years old and 6 percent were
over 64 years old. Pabedan township has an urban population of 29,900. The projected
population for Pabedan township for 2015 is 62,402 people and for 2020 is 67,575
people with a growth of 1.4 percent from 2010-2015 and 1.6 percent from 2015-2020
(Myanmar Information Management Unit of the United Nations Development
Programme, July 2013).
The industrial structure in Yangon Region consists of the processing and manufacturing
sector (37 percent); trade sector (25 percent) and services sector (24 percent). In 2001,
the key employment sector is the tertiary sector which a share of more than 70 percent
of total employment. About one fifth of the total population employed was in the
secondary sector and about 5 percent in the primary sector, particularly agriculture.
The number of people of working age is projected to rise from about 3.1 million in 2005
to 5.4 million in 2020 which correspond to the increase in overall population during the
period. The labour force participation rate is expected to increase by a rate of 0.5
percent per annum from 59.2 percent in 2005 to 63.8 percent in 2020. The tertiary sector
is expected to remain dominant and its share to the total employment is expected to
increase from 75.4 percent in 2005 to 78 percent in 2020 while the primary and
secondary sectors are expected to decline in their share to the total employment.
Traffic and Transportation

Existing Access
Existing Road
Characteristics
Existing access to the Project Site is from Bogyoke Aung San Road with one entry and
exit to serve FMI Center and one entry and exit to serve Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive
Residence. There are other kerb cuts and access points that are no longer in operation
and were historically used to access the MRB.
Bogyoke Aung San Road is a primary road with one-way traffic direction with 4 lanes.
There is a raised median and barrier along the centre of the road that starts
approximately 100 m from the west junction and 100 m from the east. The road runs in
a west-east direction and connects Shwedagon Pagoda Road in the west to Lower
Pasunduang Road in the east.
Alan Pya Pagoda Street / Zoological Garden Road is another major road with two
way traffic in a north-south direction.
Page | 7
Item
Description
Sule Pagoda Road is a three-lane two-way road with raised median. The road runs in
a north-south direction and connects Bogyoke Aung San road to the north and Strand
Road to the south. There are service roads alongside the northbound (north part) and
southbound (south part) of the road.
Existing Traffic Volume

Pedestrian Movements
Public Transport
Accessibility
Background Traffic in
Yangon
Shwedagon Pagoda Road is a four-lane two-way road with stripe median. The road
runs in a north-south direction and connects U Htuang Bo Road in the north and Strand
Road in the south.
A video traffic survey was conducted for the weekday peak periods 08:30-09:30 and
16:30-17:30 on Monday 3rd and Tuesday 4th June, 2013.
There are existing footways surrounding the site on Bogyoke Aung San Road and Alan
Pya Pagoda Street and to the west of the existing Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive
Residence access. This is an uncontrolled pedestrian crossing with striping. The latter
is regularly used and the Project will make improvements to this as currently people are
required to step out in front of a lot of traffic.
In Yangon 80% of trips are undertaken by bus and 3% by rail.
The estimated number of registered cars in Yangon in 2011 is 167,440. This equates to
28 cars per 1,000 people in Yangon (estimate of 5 cars per 1,000 people in whole of
Myanmar). Yangon currently prohibits motorcycles in the city centre and bus travel
accounts for over 80% of daily trips. Plans to improve the Yangon Circular Railway and
implement Bus Rapid Transit or other mass rapid transit systems are still in the early
stages and implementation is unlikely to happen within the next 5 years before the
Project opens.
Heritage Assessment
Current
Conservation
Regulatory Context
Current conservation policies mainly comprise the Protection and Preservation of

Cultural Heritage Regions Law (1998), and the Yangon City Development Committee
(YCDC) Heritage List (1996).
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION
The assessment of potential impacts anticipated from the implementation of the Project is
summarized below.
8.1 Air Quality

8.1.1 Construction Phase
Potential sources of air quality impact during the construction phase include fugitive dust
arising from the activities such as site clearance, excavation, demolition of buildings on-site,
and the operation of the batching plant. Fugitive dust is represented by Total Suspended
Particles (TSP) and a small fraction of Particulate Matter (i.e. PM10). It is noted that due to the
high groundwater table at the Project Site, excavation activities are not expected to generate
significant amount fugitive dust.
The exhaust emissions emitted from vehicles and machinery engine exhaust emissions will
contain NOx , SOx , CO, volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulates and smoke.
8.1.2 Operation Phase
During the operational phase of the Project, there will be no sources of significant air
emissions. Air pollution will be a minor issue during the operational phase of the Project.
Page | 8
8.2 Noise and Vibration

Noise
Construction noise impact is considered a key issue and hence has been addressed
quantitatively in detail while noise during the operational phase has been assessed
qualitatively.
The noisiest tasks are identified to be associated with piling and demolition works.
To establish the existing baseline noise levels, noise levels were measured at representative
noise sensitive receivers (NSR) near the northern and southern boundaries of the Project Site.
The noise assessment area is defined as the areas within a 300 m radius of the Project Site
boundary.
Based on the predicted levels, there will be noise exceedance at one NSR location (N2Church) by a maximum of 4 dB(A) for 13 construction months. By implementing the proposed
mitigation measures, it is expected that the noise exceedance at N2 can be reduced by 1
dB(A) with the months of noise exceedance shortened by 3 months.
Vibration
Construction vibration will be dominated by demolition activities associated with Grand Mee
Ya Hta Executive Residence and FMI Centre. All demolition activities will be staggered to
avoid cumulative vibration impacts.
The use of backhoe mounted hydraulic breakers was the focus of the vibration assessment.
A number of vibration sensitive receivers (VSRs) were identified based on their proximity to
the Project Site, nature of uses and the number of people that might be affected.
The vibration impacts have been calculated based on a specific methodology from both the
structural damage and annoyance perspective. The results demonstrate that there will be no
unacceptable vibration impacts predicted at the VSRs.
Noise impacts are not expected to be significant during the operational phase of the Project.
The main sources of noise generation are mobile and intermitted. In addition, the surrounding
area is highly urbanised and already exposed to traffic noise. Therefore it is predicted that the
impacts from the Project will not be significant.
8.3 Water Quality

Sources of water quality impacts predicted during the construction phase include:
Soil erosion from construction activities;

Potentially contaminated surface runoff arising from the site; and
Page | 9
Sewage from temporary on-site sanitary facilities.
a) In preventing or minimizing the impacts arising from soil erosion, the appointed Contractor
must ensure that the phased approach is maintained. The impacts arising from the earthwork
activities can be minimized with the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures and
carried out by the appointed Contractor in accordance with the construction methodology
proposed by the engineering team.
With the proposed measures in place, the site preparatory works are not expected to result in
adverse erosion rates. The impacts arising are transient in nature, occurring only during the
site preparation stage of the construction phase, and with the effective implementation of these
measures, this risk will be further reduced.
b) Water quality impacts from site drainage will become significant in the event the runoff is
uncontrolled and permitted to discharge directly into the canal without any form of pretreatment. Temporary and/or permanent drainage conveyance systems will be installed
immediately following the site preparation works. Provided the construction runoff and
drainage are effectively managed and controlled with the implementation of the recommended
mitigation measures, the potential impacts to the receiving canal is not predicted to be
significant.
c) To eliminate the source pollution, portable toilets will be provided for use at the proposed
site to prevent any release of untreated sewage into city main drain which transects the Project
Site.
During the operational phase of the Project, the main source of water quality impact will be
domestic wastewater which comprises sewage and sullage. Stormwater from the Project Site
will be conveyed via a network of permanent drains which will discharge via the northern
boundary of the site into the existing canal. To treat the sewage effluent from the sanitary
facilities on-site and the sullage, a sewage treatment plant (STP) will be constructed on-site.
The treated effluent will be reused onsite as cooling water and any excess will be pumped into
the citys stormwater drainage system.
8.4 Soil and Groundwater

The potential impacts on soil and groundwater resources during the construction phase are
likely to be attributed to improper management and handling of hazardous materials stored at
the site. Soil and groundwater impacts arising from accidental spillage and leakage of
hazardous chemicals and wastes during the construction phase are assessed to be not
significant due to the limited quantities of chemicals used at any one time on-site during
construction.
The risks of soil and groundwater contamination during the construction phase will be
appropriately managed and controlled by implementing the proposed mitigation measures.
Page | 10
Accidental release of hazardous materials/chemicals have the potential to result in adverse

impacts on soil and groundwater resources during the operational phase of the development.
Both organic and inorganic contaminants in soil and groundwater have the potential to pose
short term and long term threats to human health, safety and sensitive environmental
receptors.
Impacts to soil and groundwater resources associated with implementation of the Project can
be minimised or prevented by implementing appropriate mitigation measures. The diesel and
chemical storage facilities will be designed and operated to ensure that as far as practicable,
leakage and accidental release of chemicals into the underlying soil and groundwater do not
occur. Prevention and control measures will be further put in place.
8.5 Waste
The types of solid wastes generated during the construction phase can be broadly categorised
based on their nature and ultimate disposal method into the following:
Non-hazardous solid wastes: e.g. demolition debris, excavated soil, construction spoil
from the construction works, general waste; and
Hazardous wastes: demolition waste of old structures potentially contains hazardous
materials such as Asbestos Containing Material, lead-based paints and mold.
Overall, the impacts arising from the management of non-hazardous and hazardous wastes
at the Project Site during the construction phase are predicted to be short-term and localized,
and can be effectively mitigated with the implementation of appropriate construction
management practices.
Non-hazardous wastes arising from the occupancy of the residential tower blocks and the
hotels include domestic wastes such as kitchen, garden and office wastes. Small quantities of
hazardous wastes, such as spent oil and used fluorescent bulbs will be generated from the
operation of the hotel largely from periodic maintenance activities. The primary concern with
regards to hazardous and municipal wastes management is improper disposal at unauthorised
sites.
Waste collection areas will be provided within the Project during the occupancy/operational
stage. A waste separation system may be implemented within the Project Site and options for
waste recycling may be considered to minimise the volume of wastes to be disposed to the
landfill.
8.6 Socio-Economic Aspects

The magnitude and duration of the Project is likely to positively impact the overall socioeconomic status of the city of Yangon. The Project will provide significant employment
opportunities for the local skilled and unskilled work force and will be a driver for economic
Page | 11
growth. This socio-economic assessment did not identify any significant adverse social
impacts arising from the Project.
Only significant long-term positive socio-economic impacts are predicted as a result of the
Project. No negative socioeconomic impacts are envisaged. The key benefits accrued by the
Yangon Division and the neighbouring regions include the inflow of foreign direct investment,
transfer of technology/training, growth of supporting businesses, employment opportunities,
economic benefits and business for local suppliers.
8.7 Cultural Heritage

Impact on Myanmar Railways Building
Direct moderate to high impacts are associated with:
new usage and design brief, compliance with present-day building codes,
compatibility of additions and alteration work with the buildings heritage significance
and character;
interior remodeling of the MRB with regards to partial demolition and structural
strengthening works;
foundation underpinning and basement construction works;
Direct moderate impacts are associated with:

facade strengthening and restoration works
visual impact on the immediate setting of the MRB associated with new podium, highrise towers and courtyard atrium.
Impact on Adjacent Heritage Structures
Indirect physical impact associated with construction works in proximity, e.g. basement
excavation, demolition of FMI Centre, is moderate. The proposed mitigation will entail
conducting a structural dilapidation survey on the adjacent buildings, use of a low impact
method and sequence for basement construction and application of active protection,
instrumentation and monitoring of the adjacent buildings.
The visual impact on the immediate vicinity and adjacent buildings such as the St Gabriels
Church is considered to be moderate, whilst the visual impact on the wider setting Bogyoke
Aung San Market is low. The proposed mitigation is limited due to the intimate scale of
streets and lanes, height of market blocks etc. Little or no mitigation measures required.
8.8 Landscape and Visual Impacts

The development of the Project will result in temporary adverse landscape and visual impacts
during the demolition and construction phase. A decorative hoarding will be erected around
Page | 12
the periphery of the Project Site to screen the temporary construction works from the local low
level receivers, mainly pedestrians.
The construction of Project will inevitably impact the existing trees within the Project Site.
Wherever possible the existing trees which contribute most to the landscape of the Project
Siite will be retained. It is anticipated that the 10 trees and 41 palms identified for
transplantation can be relocated to a nursery area. In cases where transplantation is not
considered viable then compensatory planting is proposed.
A qualified landscape architect is involved in the design, construction, supervision and
monitoring and maintenance period to oversee the implementation of the recommended
landscape and visual mitigation measures including the tree preservation and landscape
works on site. Measures put in place to protect the landscape components and to create an
aesthetic/visual impact are proposed.
8.9 Ecology
Presently, the existing vegetation within and around the MRB, which has been deserted and
is in a dilapidated condition, comprises largely of sparsely distributed secondary vegetation
including common species of grass, shrubs and isolated trees. The existing vegetation around
FMI Centre and Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence comprise fruits trees, ornamental
trees and common species of shrubs used for landscaping purposes. The areas along the
northern and eastern boundaries of the site are overgrown with dense undergrowth, shrubs
and scattered stands of fruits trees such as mango, jackfruit and coconut trees.
Overall, the impacts arising from the Project on the existing terrestrial flora and fauna; and
avifauna are not significant.
8.10 Traffic and Transportation

Currently, existing access to the site is from Bogyoke Aung San Road with one entry and exit
to serve FMI Centre and one entry and exit to serve Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence.
There are other kerb cuts and access points that are no longer in operation and were
historically used to access the MRB.
The existing access to Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence on Bogyoke Aung San Road
will be used during construction. During the construction of Phase 2, FMI Centre access will
be used. During the construction of Phase 1, FMI Centre access will operate as existing.
The construction is expected to take approximately 5 years with the majority of vehicles
entering and exiting the site during the basement excavation at the start of the construction
period.
Construction traffic will avoid the peak traffic hours and adhere to Yangon City Development
Council (YCDC) limitations on vehicle size during specified hours of the day. Traffic
management during the improvements and access design connecting to the public road will
Page | 13
be prepared by the Contractor at a later date and agreed with the YCDC Roads and Bridges
Department.
Future Base Year Analysis
According to the Projects current development plan, the Project will be open in 2018 which is
5 years from 2013 (start of early works). In the absence of any formal advice on traffic growth
% for future years, the traffic volume for 2018 has been calculated by applying an estimated
annual growth factor for two scenarios: a 5% annual growth (based on controlled car
ownership/imports and improved public transport) and a 10% annual growth based on existing
trends.
The existing junction would be able to operate satisfactorily with a 5% increase per year in
traffic but will begin to experience more significant delay and queuing if traffic increases at
10% per annum. The junction can operate better in the AM peak than the PM peak.
Future Year with Development
Analysis of the Traders Junction has been undertaken for 2018 with the Project. The
development traffic distribution is based on the existing percentage distribution at the junction.
To mitigate the increase in traffic as a result of the Project, as well as altering the signal
timings, the Developer proposes to improve the pedestrian facilities and flow of traffic along
the site frontage.
The Project will include some improvements to the pedestrian and traffic in the vicinity of the
site, which are described in Chapter 6.
8.11 Health and Safety

The IFC PS 4 recognizes that project activities, equipment and infrastructure can increase
community exposure to risks and impacts. In addition, communities that are already subjected
to impacts from climate change may also experience an acceleration and/or intensification of
impacts due to project activities. While acknowledging the public authorities role in promoting
the health, safety and security of the public, this PS addresses the project proponents
responsibility to avoid or minimize the risks and impacts to community health, safety, and
security that may arise from project related-activities, with particular attention to vulnerable
groups.
The management of potential impacts and the mitigation measures have been developed to
achieve the objectives of IFC PS 4, as applicable to the environmental and social setting of
the Project.
MIHL and its enlarged group of companies (the Group) has recently issued Guidelines on
Minimum Health & Safety Standards for Major Works and its compliance during the
implementation of the Project is mandatory. An important preventive measure that the
guideline covers is that all workers and supervisors working at the Project Site must have
received health and safety training.
Page | 14
The Project Site will be organized in conformity with the civil-engineering and working designs.
The site will be fenced, with signs and marking of detour for transport vehicles and
passageways for pedestrians along the main Bogyoke Aung San Road.
Knowledge on the health and safety rules of these workers will also be checked periodically
to ascertain their understanding. Prior to starting construction works, the more dangerous
zones where hazardous factors exist within the Project Site will be identified.
It is important and critical to protect the community and workers from physical, chemical and
other hazards associated with the Project Site during construction phase.
Increased incidences of communicable diseases represent a potentially health threat to project
personnel including the Contractor, the workforce and residents of local communities.
Prevention of the transmission of disease is also a key consideration.
A significant increase in the movement of heavy vehicles for the transport of construction
materials and equipment will impact the risk of traffic-related accidents and injuries to workers
and the local community.
The above mentioned impacts can all be managed by implementing proper mitigation
measures. Reference is made to Chapter 6.
During the operational phase, health and safety impacts will be significantly reduced and
limited to maintenance activities and the handling of hazardous materials, paints, oils, etc. In
ensuring the safe handling of these materials, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for each
of the chemicals will be obtained and the corresponding storage and handling measures will
be implemented, including the provision of appropriate personal protective equipment.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) establishes the strategy for how
environmental and social impacts will be managed throughout the stages of the Project, i.e.
the construction and operational phases of the Project, and provides a framework upon which
the Developer will set environmental and social management requirements for the Project via
its contractual documents with the relevant parties, e.g. the main Contractor appointed for the
construction phase of the Project and the managing entities appointed to operate the various
development components within the Project Site.
Within the ESMP, roles and responsibilities for all relevant parties that will be involved in the
implementation of the plan are explained. Another important component of an ESMP is training
and awareness.
The final ESMP will be developed upon completion of the ESIA process, the public notification
and stakeholder engagement process, receipt of feedback from the regulatory agencies, any
ESIA approval conditions and completion of the detailed construction methodology and
design.
Page | 15
A copy of the final EMSP will be required to be maintained at the construction site with easy
access by Project staff and the public. The EMSP will be regularly reviewed in relation to
conditions encountered and updated as appropriate.
1 Introduction
1. Meeyahta International Hotel Ltd. (MIHL) intends to redevelop the groups existing 3.9hectare (9.64-acres) plot in the Yangon city centre area into a premium mixed use
development scheme comprising residential, commercial, retail and hospitality components
known as the Landmark Project (hereafter referred as the Project). MIHL is currently owned
by Serge Pun and Associates (Myanmar) Limited, a Myanmar-based company that is majority
owned and controlled by Mr. Serge Pun .
2. The Project Site which is located at the northwest corner of Bogyoke Aung San and Sule
Pagoda Road within the Pabedan Township in Yangon is a built environment accommodating
the historic Myanmar Railways Building (MRB) (former headquarters for the railway company),
FMI Centre, Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence, Zawgyi House, two residential brick
buildings (abandoned) and a variety of smaller supporting structures associated with the main
buildings on site.
3. As part of this Project, most of the buildings and related structures at the Project Site will be
demolished except for the MRB which will be refurbished and restored. The redeveloped site
will comprise the Peninsula Hotel, the Peninsula Residence (luxury condominium), a business
hotel and serviced apartments, two office towers, a retail podium, a two-level parking
basement structure and associated ancillary structures. The unique element of this Project is
the restoration and conversion of the MRB into a heritage building by maintaining the buildings
distinctive and elegant colonial architecture. This refurbished building will house the luxury
Peninsula Hotel.
4. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has requested that an Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE) be prepared for the Project which according to the ADB Safeguards Policy
Statement (June 2009) corresponds to a Category B project. Category B projects are defined
as projects where the potential adverse environmental impacts are site-specific, few if any of
them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed readily. The
Project is also subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) in accordance with the requirements of the Myanmar
environmental regulatory agencies and the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) approval
conditions.
5. This IEE has been prepared by MIHL to comply with the lending and financing consideration
processes of the ADB.
2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

2.1
National Policy and Legal Requirements
6. In promoting environmentally sustainable development, the Government of Myanmar has

put in place the necessary legal and institutional requirements to ensure that environmental
and socio-economic factors are deliberated during the early stages of project planning.
Page | 16
7. The recently promulgated Foreign Investment Rules and MIC Notification (2013) clarified
Myanmars new foreign investment framework which requires the submission of an ESIA for
most of the projects presented to the MIC for approval. The draft ESIA will be submitted as
part of the Projects MIC application package. Currently the Ministry of Environmental
Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF) is one of the members that will participate at the MIC
meetings and review ESIA reports as part of the MIC approval process. Members of MIC
including MOECAF will review the project documentation presented as part of the application
package, will present comments if any and will give their clearance. With the MIC clearance
the Developer can start project implementation.
8. The National Environmental Conservation Law which was promulgated in 2012 emphasizes
the need to reduce air pollution, water pollution and land pollution, and requires public
engagement to increase their awareness with respect to environmental pollution and social
issues and encourages public participation. The responsibility to enforce these requirements
has been given to MOECAF. Chapter IV, section 7(m) of the Law requires the conduct of an
ESIA for development projects and stipulates environmental quality standards on water
quality, underground water quality, atmospheric quality, emissions, effluents, solid wastes and
other environmental quality standards.
9. Under Section 42 (n) of the National Environmental Conservation Law, MOECAF has been
empowered to enforce requirements of the necessary rules to implement the Law. Under the
provision of this Law, MOECAF has prepared the draft Environmental Impact Assessment
Rules and Regulations (draft was submitted to the Cabinet/Parliament in 2013 and at the time
of reporting was still under review), that requires any project likely to have a significant impact
or change on the environment to undertake an EIA and obtain approval for implementation of
the project. The Rules define the EIA as the process of assessing the significant impacts of a
proposed project on the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment and includes an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and a social impact assessment report. The
submission of this report to MOECAF is a legal requirement under the Myanmar Foreign
Investment Law and the MIC and will be submitted as part of the MIC application package.
2.2
Applicable ADB and IFC Safeguard Requirements
10. IFC has given a Category B to the Project according to IFCs Policy on Environmental and
Social (E&S) Sustainability because a limited number of specific and reversible
environmental and social impacts may result, which can be avoided or mitigated by adhering
to generally recognized performance standards, guidelines or design criteria.
Identified Applicable IFC Performance Standards
PS 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts
PS 2: Labor and Working Conditions
PS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention
PS 4: Community Health, Safety and Security
PS 8: Cultural Heritage
11. MIHL has prepared an IEE report for its Landmark Project to comply with the lending and
financing consideration processes of Asian Development Bank (ADB). The IEE needs to
conform to ADB policies and guidelines.
Page | 17
Identified Applicable ADB Safeguards and Strategies:

12. ADBs policies and standards to manage social and environmental risks and impacts are
considered:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009);

Policy on Gender and Development (1998)
Social Protection Strategy (2001); and
Public Communication Policy (2011).
The ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 sets out the policy objectives scope and
trigger and principles for the following three key safeguard areas:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Environmental safeguards;
Involuntary resettlement safeguards; and
Indigenous peoples safeguards.
13. The objective and scope of above three key areas are briefly described below.
14. Environment. This policy element ensures the environmental soundness and
sustainability of projects and supports the integration of environmental considerations into the
project decision-making process. Environmental safeguards are triggered if a project is likely
to have potential environmental risks and impacts.
15. During the design, construction, and operation of a project the borrower/client will apply
pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good
practice, as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Groups
Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines.
16. Involuntary Resettlement. This policy guideline encourages avoiding involuntary
resettlement by exploring project and design alternatives; to enhance, or at least restore, the
livelihoods of all displaced person in real terms relative to pre-project levels; and to improve
the standards of living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups
17. The involuntary resettlement safeguards covers physical displacement (relocation, loss of
residential land or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss f land assets, access to
assets, income sources or means of livelihoods) as a result of (i) involuntary restrictions on
land use or (ii) access to legally designated parks and protected areas. It covers displaced
persons whether such losses and involuntary restrictions are full or partial, permanent or
temporary.
18. Indigenous Peoples. This guides the project proponent to design and implement projects
in a way that fosters full respect for indigenous peoples identity, dignity, human rights,
livelihood systems and cultural uniqueness as defined by the indigenous peoples themselves
so that they (i) receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits, (ii) do not suffer
Page | 18
adverse impacts as a result of projects, and (iii) can participate actively in projects that affect
them.
19. The indigenous peoples safeguards are triggered if a project directly or indirectly affects
the dignity, human rights, livelihood systems or culture of indigenous peoples or affects the
territories or natural or cultural resources that indigenous peoples own, use, occupy or claim
as an ancestral domain or asset. The term indigenous peoples are used in a generic sense to
refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics
in varying degrees: (i) self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group
and recognition of the identity by others; (ii) collective attachment to geographically distinct
habits or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habits
and territories; (iii) customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are
separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (iv) a distinct language, often a
different form of the official language of the country or region. In considering these
characteristics, national legislation, customary law and any international conventions to which
the country is a party will be taken into account. A group that has lost collective attachment to
geographically distinct habits or ancestral territories in the project area because of forced
severance remains eligible for coverage under this policy.
Policy on Gender and Development (1998)
20. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) first adopted a Policy on the Role of Women in
Development (WID) in 1985 and over the passage of time has progressed from a WID to a
gender and development (GAD) approach that allows gender to be seen as a crosscutting
issue influencing all social and economic processes. ADBs policy on GAD will adopt
mainstreaming as a key strategy in promoting gender equity. The key elements of ADBs
policy will include the following.
21. Gender sensitivity: to observe how ADB operations affect women and men and to take
into account womens needs and perspectives in planning its operations
22. Gender analysis: to assess systematically the impact of a project on men and women and
on the economic and social relationship between them
23. Gender planning: to formulate specific strategies that aim to bring about equal
opportunities for men and women
24. Mainstreaming: to consider gender issues in all aspects of ADB operations, accompanied
by efforts to encourage womens participation in the decision-making process in
development activities
25. Agenda setting: to assist developing member country (DMC) governments in formulating
strategies to reduce gender disparities and in developing plans and targets for womens and
girls education, health, legal rights, employment and income-earning opportunities
Page | 19
26. ADB will aim to operationalize its policy on GAD primarily by mainstreaming gender
considerations in its macroeconomic and sector work, including policy dialogue, lending and
technical assistance (TA) operations. Increased attention will be given to addressing directly
gender disparities by designing a larger number of projects with GAD either as a primary or
secondary objective in health, education, agriculture, natural resource management and
financial services, especially microcredit, while also ensuring that gender concerns are
addressed in other ADB projects, including those in the infrastructure sector.
2001 Social Protection Strategy
27. ADBs Social Protection Strategy 2001 requires a borrower/client to comply with applicable
labor laws in relation to the project and take the following measures to comply with the core
labor standards1 for the ADB financed portion of the project;
(a)
carry out its activities consistent with the intent of ensuring legally permissible
equal opportunity, fair treatment and non-discrimination in relation to
recruitment and hiring, compensation, working conditions and terms of
employment for its workers (including prohibiting any form of discrimination
against women during the hiring process and providing equal work for equal
pay for men and women engaged by the borrower/client);
(b)
not restrict its workers from developing a legally permissible means of

expressing their grievances and protecting their rights regarding working
conditions and terms of employment;
(c)
engage contractors and other providers of goods and services:

(i)
who do not employ child labor2 or forced labor;3
(ii)
who have appropriate management systems that will allow them to

operate in a manner which is consistent with the intent of (A) ensuring
legally permissible equal opportunity and fair treatment and nondiscrimination for their workers, and (B) not restricting their workers
from developing a legally permissible means of expressing their
grievances and protecting their rights regarding working conditions
and terms of employment; and
(iii)
whose subcontracts contain provisions which are consistent with

paragraphs (i) and (ii) above.
the core labor standards are the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labor; the abolition of child labor; elimination
of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation; and freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right
to collective bargaining, as per the relevant conventions of the International Labor Organization;
2
child labor means the employment of children whose age is below the statutory minimum age of employment in the relevant
country, or employment of children in contravention of International Labor Organization Convention No. 138 Minimum Age
Convention (www.ioo.org)
3
forced labor means all work or services not voluntarily performed, that is, extracted from individuals under threat of force or
penalty
1
Page | 20
28. The above measures should be incorporated in the environmental (and/or social)
management plan (EMP).
29. The monitoring and reporting requirements in the EMP should also state that the
borrower/client will provide ADB with an annual report on its compliance with the measures
identified above (which may be included in any report (e.g. Environmental and Social
Monitoring Report) required to be provided by the borrower/client to ADB).
30. For additional guidance please refer to the 2001 Social Protection Strategy (SPS) and
the Core Labor Standards Handbook:
http://www.adb.org/Documents/Policies/Social_Protection/social-protection.pdf
http://www.adb.org/documents/handbooks/Core-Labor-Standards/CLS-Handbook.pdf
31. ADB adopted a commitment to core labor standards (CLS) as part of its Social Protection
Strategy in 2001. Since then, ADB ensures that CLS are duly considered in the design and
implementation of its investment projects. In this regards, a handbook for CLS has been
developed by ADB with the cooperation of the International Labor Organization (ILO). The
objective is to convince decision makers that the introduction of CLS and labor standards in
general will not impede development. CLS are a set of four internationally recognized basic
rights and principles at work:
(i)
(ii)
Freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective

bargaining;
Elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labor;
(iii)
Effective abolition of child labor; and
(iv)
Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.
2011 Public Communications Policy

32. The Public Communications Policy of ADB guides the institutional efforts to be transparent
and accountable to the people it serves. The Policy recognizes that transparency and
accountability are essential to development effectiveness. The objective of the Policy is to
enhance stakeholders trust in and ability to engage with ADB. The Policy recognizes the right
of people to seek, receive, and impart information about ADB operations. It supports
knowledge sharing and enables participatory development or two-way communications with
affected people. The Policy is based on a presumption in favor of disclosure unless there is a
compelling reason for nondisclosure. It commits ADB to disclose institutional, financial and
project-related information proactively on its website, following strictly time limits and provides
mechanisms to handle responses and complaints.
3 Project Description
3.1
Project Sponsor
Page | 21
33. The Project involves multiple strategic business alliances including MIHLs partnership
with Hong Kong-based Hongkong & Shanghai Hotels for the redevelopment of the MRB as a
heritage building and a luxury hotel, and the expected partnership with Mitsubishi Corporation
and Mitsubishi Estate for the business hotel and serviced apartments, the luxury
condominium, the office towers and the retail podium.
3.2
Project Location
34. The Project Site is situated at the northwest corner of the Bogyoke Aung San Road and
Sule Pagoda Street and located east of the Bogyoke Aung San Market (Scotts Market). The
Yangon Central Railway station is located 400 m to the northeast of the site with the Traders
Hotel and Central Hotel located across Bogyoke Aung San Road to the south. The main
railway line runs outside the northern boundary of the site.
35. A regional location of the Project Site and an aerial view of the site and the surrounding
areas within a 300 m radius are presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
36. The two leases for the 9.64 acre Project Site were secured in two separate transactions:
(i) The Grand Mee Ya Hta Site (including the Old Lady) leased in 1993 directly from Myanmar
Railways of the Ministry of Rail Transportation and, (ii) the land lease for the FMI Center parcel
of land transferred in 1995 from an independent developer which had previously leased it from
Ministry of Rail Transportation, Myanmar Railways.
3.3
Site Description
3.3.1. The Project Site and Existing Features

37. The earmarked Project Site is a rectangular plot (1646 50.84 N/96 0931.58 E
(northeast corner) and 16 4646.58 N/960923.38 E (southwest corner)) covering an area
of approximately 39,000 m2 (9.64 acres). Upon completion of the Project, the total Gross Floor
Area (GFA) will be approximately 200,000 m2 (2.150 million ft2).
38. The Project Site in its current state is a built environment comprising the following main
buildings:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Former Myanmar Railway Headquarters Building (MRB): a 130 years old three-storey
brick building, listed under the Yangon Heritage Trust which has been
vacant/abandoned since 1994;
FMI Centre: an approximately 17 years old 11-storey building serving as an office and
commercial building;
Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence: a 18-year-old, 10-storey concrete building
which has been vacant since October 2013;
Zawgyi House: A former two-storey residential brick building which is currently being
used as a restaurant;
Two residential scale two-storey brick buildings aged approximately 50 years old (one
building was previously used as a staff house for the Myanmar Railways and the other
belonged to the Church) which currently serves as temporary accommodation and
storage; and
A variety of smaller supporting structures (such as generator sets and wastewater
storage) associated with the existing land use.
Page | 22
Legend:
Downtown Area
City Boundary
Township Boundary
Suburban Area
River
Outer Suburban and New Towns
SITE
LOCATION
Hmawbi
Township
Hlegu
Township
17
29
Htantabin
Township
21
11
20
19
10
25
9
28
33
30
13
SITE
LOCATION
32
2
12
24
31
Twantay
Township
18
1
15 2722
26
23
14
Thanlyin
Township
10 km
Approx. Scale
Legend:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Ahlone
Bahan
Botataung
Dala
Dagon
Dagon Seikkan
Dawbon
East Dagon
Hlaing
Hlaingtharyar
Insein
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Kyeemyindine
Kamayut
Kyauktada
Latha
Lanmadaw
Mingalardon
Mangalar Taung Nyunt
Mayangone
North Dagon
North Okkalapa
Pabedan
Figure 1 Regional Location of Project Site (Townships)
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Pazundaung
Sanchaung
South Dagon
Seikkyi Kanaungto
Seikkan
South Okkalapa
Schwepyithar
Thingangyun
Thaketa
Thamwe
Yankin
Source: Myanmar Survey Map
Figure 2 Aerial View of Site and the Surrounding Areas within a 300 m Radius.
39. There are no residential dwellings within the Project Site.

40. For ease of description, the layout of the current Project Site has been divided into nine
areas (Figure 3) and the corresponding detailed description for each area is presented in
Table 1.
Table 1: Existing Site Features and Project Components
Area
Features
Two (2) two-storey residentialscale structures which are
approximately 50 years old
Vacant, generally unpaved area
to the east, west and south of
the structures
Three-storey MRB building

which is approximately 130
years old.
Vacant, generally unpaved area
to the east, south with the
centre of the MRB overgrown
with shrubs and grass.
Faade of the Grand Mee Ya

Hta Executive Residence and
paved driveway
Current use
Proposed
development
Old
staff
house
and
old
church
building
Not part of the

current project.
Unoccupied/v
acant
Unoccupied/v
acant
To be restored
and converted
into
the
Peninsula
luxury hotel
To
be
demolished
Actions required prior to

initiation of construction
Consultation with Church

leaders about the potential
impacts of the Project and
the mitigation measures.
Heritage
Dilapidation
Survey
Implementation
of
Dilapidation Survey
Removal of Hazardous
Waste
General Cleaning
Protective
Construction
Fences to be installed where
necessary
Utility shut off.
Protective
Construction
necessary
Concrete block-paved parking

area for approximately 100 cars
Former residential two-storey

brick structure presently used
as a restaurant (Zawgyi House)
To
be
demolished
Temporary
container
van
offices currently used by the
Projects consultants
Utilities and parking area for

FMI Centre
Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive
Residence
utilities
area
including
the
wastewater
treatment plant, two chillers,
generator shed and oil drums
shed
Currently
use
Currently
unused
Notices to the existing

tenant/leaseholder to be
served.
Demolition to be initiated.
in
Utility shut off.

Relocation
of
Existing
Utilities
Protective
Construction
necessary
Page | 23
OTHER TREE
M-E-MANHOLE
CAR
FLOWER TREE
DRAIN MANHOLE
PARKING
PALM TREE
SEPTIC MANHOLE
COCO TREE
COCO TREE
MANGO TREE
PLATFORM LINE
SIGNBOARD
SIGNBOARD
LAMP POST
BRIDGE
AREA
M &E
M& E
RETAINING WALL
ELECTRIC POST
WATER TANK
BOREHOLE
BRICK WALL
HYDRANT
CONCRETE SLAB
1
M &E
TUBE WELL
BM/GC
WATER TAP
Legend:
FMI
CENTER
Area Number
SULE PAGODA ROAD
DRAIN
Temp Office
LAMP POST(Short)
TELEPOST
GRAND MEE
YA HTA
HOTEL
Area Boundary
ZAW GYI
HOUSE
MYANMAR
RAILWAYS
BUILDING
BOGYOKE AUNGSAN
ROAD
32 th
Street
Figure 3 Area Location Map
31 th Street
Approx. Scale
Bo Soonpat Street
40m
30 th Street
20
29 th Street
Shwe Bonthar
Street
Area
Features
Parking area for approximately

50 cars
10-storey Grand Mee Ya Hta

Executive Residence (each
floor is made up of 10
residential units)
11-storey FMI Centre which is

approximately 17 years old
(currently used as an
office/commercial block)
Current use
Currently
use
Proposed
development
Protective
Construction
necessary
in
Currently
unused
Office space
and
commercial
establishmen
ts in the
lower floors.
Actions required prior to

initiation of construction
To
be
demolished
To be
demolished for
development
Utility shut off.

Relocation
of
Existing
Electrical
Protective
Construction
necessary
Utility shut off.
Relocation
of
Existing
Utilities
Protective
Construction
necessary
3.3.2. Project Components

41. The Project will involve the demolition of all the structures on site except for the MRB which
will only be conserved, restored and converted into an approximately 90 keys luxury hotel
(Peninsula Hotel). It will be a controlled demolition and the contractors demolition work will be
supervised by a third party management team. While the MRB will be restored, improved
structurally and will be redeveloped into a luxury hotel with careful consideration to its cultural
and historical significance the project includes construction of the following main building
components:
Peninsula Residence: A luxury condominium will be constructed on the

northeastern corner of the Project Site. The tower comprises a total of 25 storeys
with a total of approximately 90 units of luxury residence (approximate area of
36,500 m2).
Business Hotel and Serviced Apartments: The business hotel will be

constructed centrally along the northern boundary of the Project Site sandwiched
between the Peninsula Residence and Office Tower 3. The hotel will be a 25-storey
building (20 storeys above the retail podium) comprising 250 hotel rooms and 89
serviced apartments. The approximate floor area is 41,500 m2. This building also
supports the roof facilities which include a fine dining restaurant with outdoor
terrace, a function room/kids club, an exclusive rooftop bar, pool deck with large
outdoor pool bar and an infinity edge pool.
Page | 24
Two Office Towers: The two 21-storey office towers (16-storey above retail
podium) will be constructed along the west boundary of the Project Site.
Constructed on top of the retail podium, each tower comprises a total built-up area
of 34,500 m2;
Retail Podium: A five storey Retail Podium will be located below the Office Towers
and Business Hotel with a net floor area of approximately 37,100 m2.
Two Parking Levels: mostly two basement parking levels that will provide for
1,187 parking spaces except for the MRB where only one basement parking level
will be built.
Support Infrastructure facilities such as the wastewater treatment and district

cooling.
o
Membrane Bioreactor System (MBR)

o MBR with a design capacity of 1,100m3/day has been proposed as the
preferred STP for the Project. This wastewater treatment plant will be
located at the northwestern corner of the project site. The treated effluent
will be used as the cooling tower makeup water (almost 100%) but if there
is any excess, the effluent will be discharged into the stormwater drainage
system.
District Cooling
o All areas except the Peninsula Residence units and the MRB (Peninsula
Hotel) will be supplied from a central chilled water system. The Peninsula
Residence will be supplied by DX type VRF system units with an air cooled
condenser unit for individual ownership, operation and control. The MRB
will be supplied by its own dedicated water cooled chiller plant.
o Water cooled electric chillers will be provided for the Project. The central
chiller plant will compromise 4 sets of 1,400 TR chillers (3 duty, 1 standby)
plus 1 nos. 1,000 TR chillers (for the Business Hotel and Serviced
Apartment), primary and secondary chilled water pumps, condenser water
pumps and a water treatment system. Chillers and pumps will be located at
the podium level 3. The MRB will be provided with 3 sets of 180 RT chillers
(2 duty, 1 standby) and will be co-located with the central plant. The chiller
configuration has been selected based on the load profiles and to maximize
system efficiencies.
o Primary chilled and condenser water pumps will be constant speed type.
Secondary chilled water pumps will be variable speed. There will be a total
of 5 tertiary chilled water zones as follows:
Business Hotel and Serviced Apartment
Office Tower 1
Office Tower 2
Retail Podium
o The MRB will be supplied by dedicated secondary chilled water pumps
without tertiary pumping.
42. The site layout plan indicating the proposed development components of the Project is
presented in Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2.
Page | 25
T3
E
9740
T3
D
T2
C
SITE BOUNDARY LINE
T3
A
BM
A
BM
B
BM
C
BM
D
DD PROGRESS ISSUE
1
0
900
PW_0301_FX
0
900
T2
A
00
180
T3
B
RL 7.54
T3
F
13420
6490
8700
0
570
8700
T2
B
8700
T2
C
8600
T3 RL 7.40
F1
9000
T2
D
4500
T2
E
T2
F
4500
9000
T2
G
T2
H
9000
T2
J
9000
9000
T2
K
4500
T2
L
T2
M
4500
T2
N
7400
7400
T1
A
RL 7.39
RL 7.21
FL 8.20
BOH
OFF.
LPG
YARD
UP
STORE
STORE
STAFF
ENTRY
T2 GARBAGE RM
BM
16
BINS
FOAM
ROOM
0
900
EE
LIFT
LOBBY
RETAIL
0
450
PW_0300_FX
4500
RETAIL
8700
T2
7A
RETAIL
KIOSKS
T2
6A
LIFT
LOBBY
RETAIL
FL 7.80
T4
5
4.09
T4
4
RETAIL
ENTRY
ENTRY
SETBACK
6500 MIN.
T4
1
TOWER(T4)
R.BM.01 - RAMP TO B1
9000
OFFICE
4500
T4
2
AHU
R.BM.02 - FROM B1
4.15
4.10
9000
T4 LOBBY
T4
3
FL 7.90
T4
F1
RL 7.59
RL 7.32
5700
9000
FL 8.80
DROP OFF
PYN
F1
PYN
G1
PYN
H1
PYN
J1
SUITE
SUITE
SUITE
SUITE
PYN PYN
P
Q
9000
RL 7.62
RL 7.42
9000
T2
3A
IN
TOILET
(M)
A&I Architecture & Interior
RL 11.41
Civil & Structural Engineer : M & E Engineer : Traffic Engineer
TOLIET
(F)
LIFT
LOBBY
RHLB (Myanmar) Ltd.

RL 10.64
PYN
13
SUITE
SUITE
SUITE
SUITE
PYN
10
SUITE
SUITE
SUITE
PANTRY & BAR

SWIMMING
POOL
TWL 8.70
FL 7.5
PYN
5
STREET
ENTRANCE
PANTRY
/
BOH
LIFT
LOBBY
POOL ATTENDANT
UP
RETAIL
AIR PANTRY
LOCK
RESTAURANT
FUNCTION
ROOM
DN
BAR
PYN
H
PYN
J
PYN PYN PYN

K
L
M
TOILET (M)
HC
TOILET (F)
PYN
3
PYN
2
FL 8.40
PYN
G
LOBBY
PYN
4
PYN PYN PYN

N
P
Q
OUT
PYN
1
PYN PYN
R
S
SPA Project Management
RL 10.17
RL 10.31
STORE
RL 9.22
5th Floor, Room (507), MGW Tower

170/176, Bo Aung Kyaw Street,
Botahtaung Township, Yangon
Tel : +95-1-256733 Fax : +95-1-256907
Contact : Lilian Fok
E-mail : Rhlbmyanmar@gmail.com
Project Management
HC
PYN
8
PYN
6
1
PW_0300_FX
PYN
9
SUITE
15th Floor, Thanapoom Tower,

1550 New Petchburi Road ,
Makkasan, Ratchtevee,
Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Contacts : John Anderson (Civil & Structural)
John Mugford (M & E)
Abigail Evans (Traffic)
Tel : (+66) 2207 0568 Fax : (+66) 2207 0574
E-mail : thai@meinhardt.net Website :www.meinhardt.net
Quantity Surveyor
PYN
14
PYN
7
PYN
F
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
104-Hnin Si Gone Road,

Ahlone, Yangon, Myanmar
Tel : +95-9-73115533
Contact : U Win Tin
E-mail : vintonwu@gmail.com
PYN STAFF
ENTRANCE
FL 9.00
RL 9.07
RL 10.10
9th Floor (901-903), FMI Centre

380 Bogyoke Aung San Road,
Pabedan Township, Yangon, Myanmar
Tel : +95-1-240363, 240348, 240367, 240283
Contact : Alicia Khine
E-mail : a2khine.spapm@gmail.com
PENINSULA HOTEL
WESTIN HOTEL(T2)
Developer / Owner
MEEYAHTA INTERNATIONAL HOTEL LIMITED

10th & 11th Floors, FMI Centre
Tel:+95-1-240363
Fax:+95-1-246882
Email: fmi-co@spa.com.mm
PENINSULA RESISDENCE(T1)
RL 9.60
RETAIL PODIUM
YOMA Strategic Investments Ltd.
OFFICE TOWER 3 & 4 (T3 & T4)
Fuji Xerox Towers #25-05

80 Anson Road
Singapore 079907
Tel: (+65) 6223 2262
Fax: (+65) 6220 7939
www.yomastrategic.com
BOH, WC
M&E
First Myanmar Investment Co., Ltd.

10th & 11th Floors, FMI Centre
Tel:+95-1-240363
Fax:+95-1-246882
Email: fmi-co@spa.com.mm
CIRCULATION & BASEMENT
REFURBISHED
PAVILLION
PARKING
FL 8.65
RL 8.76 RL 8.59
FL 9.00
FL 7.85
RL 8.65 RL 8.47
Project
VOIDS
LANDMARK PROJECT YANGON
RL 7.46
8700
RL 11.90
RL 11.11
PYN
15
UP
PYN
E
Issue Date Check
GUARD
HOUSE
.8
9
0
PYN
D
Description
Aedas Pte Ltd

10 Hoe Chiang Road,
#11-01 Keppel Towers, Singapore 089315
T +65 6734 4733
F +65 6734 6233
E singapore@aedas.com aedas.com
GAURD
PYN
7
PYN
C
17.01.2014
PYN
16
GARDEN
PYN
1
PYN PYN
A
B
PAVILION
RL 7.69
8700
T19
RL 12.1
RL 11.57
OUT
RL 7.51
9000
T1
2
PYN PYN
R
S
PYN
17
SUITE
PYN
8
FL 8.20
DD PROGRESS ISSUE - 30%
RL 12.26
RL 11.35
PYN PYN PYN PYN

K1
L1
M
N
PORTE
COCHERE
PYN
3
21.02.2014
Lead Design Consultant
T1
3
FL 9.70
PYN
11
PYN
4
DD PROGRESS ISSUE - 60%
Issue Status:
RL 11.87
IN
16.03.2014
Local Architect
FRONT
OFFICE
PYN
2
RL 7.59
7800
PYN
E1
PYN
9
BM
5
T2
2A
Rev.
DD DESIGN FREEZE
Meinhardt (Thailand) Ltd.
GARDEN
ENTRANCE
FL 8.75
T2
BASEMENT PARKING
4A
RETAIL
RETAIL
PYN
10
BM
4
EE
LOUNGE
RL 12.47
T1
RL 12.21
PYN GYM
PYN
11
8700
9000
LIFT
LOBBY
PYN
D1
PYN
12
BM S.BM.01
6
T2
5A
PYN
C1
PYN
14
8700
FL 7.80
4.01
9000
T4
6
FL 8.15
BM
7
DROP OFF
RETAIL
RL 12.58
FL 8.90
AIR
LOCK
PYN
15
BM
8
4.02
LIFT LOBBY
9000
T4
7
ENTRY
FL 7.90
STORAGE
LOADING
AREA
LANDSCAPE
8700
G1
T1
RL 12.78
7
T1
6
FL 8.70
BM
9
RETAIL
PODIUM
T4
T4
8
RETAIL
PENINSULA RESIDENCE (T1)
LANDSCAPE
PYN
16
8700
RETAIL
FL 9.00
LIFT
LOBBY
T2
1
PYN PYN
A1
B1
PYN
17
BM
10
COMMON
CIRCULATION
FL 7.90
PRE-FUNCTION
RL 12.90
UP
8700
SITE BOUNDARY LINE
LIFT
LOBBY
RECEPTION
FL 9.00
R.BM.03 - FROM B1
BM
11
RETAIL
T3
2
T3
1
DN
PEDESTRIAN
CROSSING
8700
SCOTTS
MARKET
T3
DROP OFF
VALET
STAIR
CANOPY
OUTLINE
ABOVE
6770
RO
AD
0
900
T3
3
T3
E1
SE
RV
IC
E
0
4.
.01
4
9
4.0
4.10
5
.1
4
T2
2A
RETAIL
OFFICE
T2
2
ENTRY
RETAIL
T3
4
FUNCTION
LOBBY
RL 13.21
T1
5
FL 9.30
T2
3MANAGEMENT
HOTEL (T2)
FL 7.80
BUILDING
OUTLINE
ABOVE
CHURCH
BUILDING
0
900
T2
3A
T3 LOBBY
FL 7.90
RETAIL AHU / FAN
RM
T3
5
T2
4
FL 10.00
750
6500 1
T2
4A
BALLROOM
AHU
0
900
T2
5A
T2
DROP OFF
OFFICE
0
900
T2
6A
FL 9.00
AHU RM.
TOWER(T3)
SEC. / RECEIVING
VIP ENTRY
STORE
RL 12.4
RL 13.01
STAFF ACCESS
FROM SULE
PAGODA RD
260
4000 4
FL 7.80
MAIL
T2
7A
FL 8.90
STORE
RL 13.27
6
RL 9.2
9.26
TO
E RAMP
SERVIC ODA RD
G
SULE PA
RL 13.02
BRIDGE
LOCATION
(SURVEY)
500
1750 6
0
450
VIP LOBBY
DROP OFF
GRAND
STAIR
RL 12.96
ELECTRICAL
CONTROL YARD
ACCESS STAIR
ELECTRICAL CONTROL YARD
T2
5
DOCK
OFFICE
OFFICE
FCC
T3
6
HOTEL
LOBBY
LOBBY
LOUNGE
SRVC
APT.
LOBBY
EXISTING
ELECTRICAL
CONTROL BLDG
T2
6
BANQUET
KITCHEN
DN
DIESEL FUEL
STORAGE &
PUMP RM
T3 MGMT
OFFICE
T3
8
T3
7
FRONT
BOH
OFFICE
LUG. OFF.
RECEIVING STORE
LPG BULK
STORAGE
STORE
COMPACTOR
SERVICE
CAR BAY
8150
T2
6A
LOADING BAY
1350
1800
1800
10550
RETAIL GENSET
FL 7.90
700
2900 5
0
300 260
4150 4
T2
7
9600
RMU ROOM
T1
P
T1
V
T1
T
T1
R
6900
3510
SERVICE ROAD
8160
BM
18
BM
17
2500
4250
900
5700 2
2500
1500
00 2650
2600 43
1350
T1
M
T1
K
T1
H
T1
F
T1
D
T1
B
HV SUB-STATION
T1
J
T1
G
T2
E
T1
C
T1
N
T1
L
T1
U
T1
S
T1
Q
SULE PAGODA ROAD
4400
BM
AA
R.BM.05 - R
AMP TO B1
9500
BM
AB
R.BM.06 - R
AMP FROM
B1
9400
BM
AC
LINE INDICATES ALIGNMENT OF

TRADERS BUILDING
BM
AD
9600
BM
AE
10750
BM
AF
RL 7.79
RL 7.59
RL 7.81
RL 7.68
RL 7.65
RL 7.92
RL 7.58
RL 7.94
RL 7.63
RL 8.09
RL 7.81
8700
BOGYOKE AUNG SAN ROAD
RL 8.04
RL 7.71
RL 8.00
RL 7.69
RL 8.12
RL 7.83
SITE BOUNDARY LINE
RL 8.43
RL 8.14
Drawing Title
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN LEVEL 1
T4
A
T4
B
T4
C
T4
D
T4
E
T4
F
T4
G
BM
A
BM
B
BM
C
BM
D
PW_0301_FX
Proj No: 120222
Scale: 1 : 400
Drawing No:
Drawn: Author
Rev #
AED120222_DD_ PW_0103_01
This drawing is to be read in conjunction with all related drawings. Do not scale from this
drawing. All dimensions must be checked and verified on site before commencing any work or
producing shop drawings. The originator should be notified immediately of any discrepancy.
This drawing is copyright and remains the property of Aedas.
OFFICE TOWER 3
HOTEL (T2)
PENINSULA RESISDENCE
(T3)
(T1)
RETAIL PODIUM
PENINSULA
OFFICE TOWER 4
HOTEL
(T4)
BASEMENT
PARKING
43. A sectional view of the development components is presented in Figures 4.3 and 4.4.
3.4
Implementation schedule
44. It is anticipated that the completion of the entire Project will take up to 60 months including
demolition.
4 Description of the Environment

45. The purpose of this IEE is to predict how environmental and socio-economic conditions
will be impacted as a result of the implementation of the proposed Project. This requires a
sound understanding of the baseline conditions at the Project Site which was established
through desk-based research, site surveys, primary data collection and empirical studies and
projections. Together, these describe the current and future characteristics of the Project Site
and the value and vulnerability of key environmental and socio-economic resources and
receptors. The section below provides a description of the environmental and socio-economic
aspects of the Project.
4.1
46. Site Setting: The Project is located in the city of Yangon within the Yangon Region in
Myanmar. The city lies at the convergence of the Yangon and Bago Rivers on the eastern
margin of Ayeyarwady Delta and is located approximately 30 km away from the coastline
bordering the Gulf of Martaban. The Yangon Region is bordered by the Bago Region in the
north and east, the Gulf of Martaban in the south and Ayeyarwady Region in the west.
47. Topography: Based on the data obtained from the topography survey, the site is relatively
flat, with a gentle downward slope from the northeast boundary (RL+10.97 m) to the southwest
(RL+7.75 m).
48. Geology: The Yangon area is underlain by alluvial deposits (Pliestocene to Recent), the
non-marine fluvialtile sediments of Irrawady formation (Pliocene), and hard, massive
sandstone of Pegu series (early-late Miocene). Alluvial deposits are composed of gravel, clay,
silts, sands and laterite which lie upon the eroded surface of the Irrawaddy formation at 3-4.6
m above mean sea level (MSL). The rock type in Yangon is mainly soft rocks, which consist
of sandstone, shale, limestones and conglomerate.
49. Tectonics: Yangon is situated in the southern part of the Central Lowland which is one of
the three major tectonic provinces of Myanmar. The Taungnio Range of the Gyophyu
catchments area of Taikkyi District, north of Yangon, through the Thanlyin Ridge, south of
Yangon forming a series of isolated hills probably resulted from the progressive deformation
of the Upper Miocene rocks as the eastern continuation of the subduction or stretching and
compression along the southern part of the Central Basin and regional uplifting of the Pegu
Yoma (Aung Lwin 2012).
50. Soil: The underlying soil type at the Project Site and its surroundings is characterized as
the Meadow and Meadow Alluvial Soil. Meadow Soil is soil which occurs near the river plains
exposed to occasional tidal floods, is non-carbonate and usually contains a large amount of
salt. Both materials mainly comprise silty clay loam and neutral soil rich in plant nutrient. The
upper layers (approximately 0 to 7 m) of the soil at the Project Site comprise largely of cohesive
Page | 26
Office Tower 4
(T4)
Office Tower 3
(T3)
Peninsula
Residence (T1)
East Elevation
Retail
Podium
Peninsula
Hotel (MRB)
Office Tower 4
(T4)
Office Tower 3
(T3)
Hotel (T2)
Peninsula
Residence (T1)
South Elevation
Retail
Podium
Figure 4.3 Sectional Elevation View of Proposed Project (East and South)
Peninsula
Hotel (MRB)
Hotel (T2)
Office Tower 3
(T3)
Office Tower 4
(T4)
West Elevation
Peninsula
Residence (T1)
Hotel (T2)
Office Tower 3
(T3)
Office Tower 4
(T4)
North Elevation
Figure 4.4 Sectional Elevation View of Proposed Project (West and North)
layers with traces of sand and gravel, followed by sand layers with low silt content and trace
gravel from 7 to 35 m. The lower layers comprise denser silt layer with traces of sand and
gravel from approximately 57 to 70 m. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results obtained from
testing at the Project Site indicate that the soil strength generally increases with depth. The
STP results showed that the current soil quality can accommodate the construction of the
Project.
51. Hydrogeology: Yangon is rich in groundwater resources conserved by unconsolidated
Tertiary-Quaternary deposits. In Yangon, groundwater is mostly extracted from Valley filled
deposits and Ayeyarwady sandstones.
52. Groundwater: Groundwater availability is generally based on the distribution of permeable
and relatively impermeable rocks. The nature of openings in the rocks determines permeability
of rocks. Based on local geological considerations, potential groundwater source of Yangon
can be roughly divided into two sub regions, namely the low potential area and high potential
area. Low potential areas are areas with those rock units of Hlawga Shale, Thadugan
Sandstones and Basepet Alternation of upper Pegu Group (Miocene epoch) and Danyingon
Clays of Irrawaddy rocks. These rocks and formations are a dense, massive and consolidated
nature and have impervious characteristic. High potential areas are underlain by Pliocene
Series and recent Formations. High potential area covers approximately 85 percent of the
Yangon city including Pabedan where the Project Site is located. At the Project Site, stand
pipe piezometers were installed at a depth of up to 30 m from the existing ground level while
a pumping well was installed upon completion of the soil investigation works. Based on the
results recorded up to the 8th of December 2012, stabilized groundwater level was observed
to range between 0.49 m MSL to -1.81 m MSL4.
53. Water Supply: The Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) has an overall
responsibility for the management and distribution of water for Yangon City. Presently,
YCDCs water supply is obtained from two main sources: (1) reservoir (Hlawga, Gyobu, Pugyi
and Ngameoyeik reservoirs) and, (2) groundwater from YCDCs tube wells. Water from these
sources is utilized to varying degrees. Areas not supplied with water from the YCDC rely on
shallow surface wells and private boreholes. Water supply for the Project Site will be obtained
from onsite borewells for both construction and operations due to the poor reliability of
municipal supply. Permitting is part of the Planning Consent Application currently underway.
The boreholes will be provided and operated by the Developer.
54. Hydrology: The Project Site lies along the catchment of the Pazundaung River which flows
east of the site in a southerly direction to converge into the Yangon River. The Yangon River
(also known as the Rangoon River or Hlaing River) is formed by the confluence of the Pegu
and Myitmaka rivers and flows into the Gulf of Martaban which is part of the larger Andaman
Sea. The river flows along a 40 km stretch flowing from southern Myanmar as an outlet of the
Ayeyarwady River into the Ayeyarwady delta. A small portion of the Bago River (the estuary)
lies within the Yangon Division. The Pazundaung Creek and Bago River joins the Yangon
River and from there, flow towards the southwestern direction into Andaman Sea.
55. Climate and Meteorology: Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate under the Koppen
climate classification system. The city typically experiences a distinct rainy season from the
month of May through to October when a substantial amount of precipitation occurs; and dry
Geolab (M) Sdn. Bhd. (2012). Ground Investigation, Headquarter Project at 372, Bogyoke Aung San Road,
Pabedan Township, Yangon, December 2012
4
Page | 27
season which commences from November and ends in April. During the course of a year,
average temperatures show some variance with average highs ranging from 260C to 360C and
average lows occurring between 180C and 250C.
56. Temperature. The hottest period is between February and May, with little or no rain. At the
end of this season, generally from March to April, the average monthly temperature reaches
the upper 300C. The average temperatures in Yangon range from 240C to 360C in April during
the hot season and it ranges from 180C to 320C in January during the cooler season.
57. Rainfall and Relative Humidity: The climate of Myanmar follows a typical monsoon pattern.
Historically, the average annual mean rainfall for Yangon is 2,681 mm with the annual average
rainy days of 129.3 days. During the course of 2013, the Department of Meteorology and
Hydrology (Myanmar) reported an annual precipitation of approximately 2700 mm. The month
with the most precipitation was in July. The relative humidity was generally higher from May
to October 2013. The dry season occurs from November to April. Based on the historical
weather for the last twelve months in Yangon, no precipitation was observed in December
2012, February 2013 and March 2013. The least humid month of the last 12 months was
February 2013 with an average daily low humidity of 34%, and the most humid month was
September with an average daily high humidity of 80%.
58. Wind Speed and Direction. Based on 2013 data, it was reported that the month with the
highest wind speed was April 2013 with an average wind speed of 3 m/s while the least windy
month was December 2012 with an average wind speed of 1m/s. The highest sustained wind
speed was 54 m/s, occurring on September 19, 2013 and the highest daily mean wind speed
was 4 m/s, occurred on May 14, 2013.
59. Natural Hazards: Myanmar is exposed to multiple natural hazards including cyclones,
earthquakes, floods and fire. It has been periodically exposed by natural disasters. The
Yangon District is in the vicinity of the southern section of the Sagaing Fault which has not
been active in the past 50 to 75 years indicating that the faults may be under accumulating
stress increasing the potential for an earthquake to occur. The Sagaing Fault is the most
prominent active fault in Myanmar trending roughly north to south. It has been the originator
of a large proportion of destructive earthquakes in Myanmar. The Project Site is also located
in an earthquake zone and therefore the building construction design needs to cater for this
hazard with adequate planning on emergency response procedures. Myanmar is exposed to
cyclones and associated storm surges from the Bay of Bengal. Annually, there are
approximately 10 tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal from April to December. Severe
cyclones occur during the pre-monsoon period of April to May and post-monsoon period of
October to December. The threat of flooding usually occurs in three waves each year: June,
August and late September to October.
4.2
Baseline Environmental Quality and Biological Environment
60. The baseline environmental quality at the Project Site and its immediate surroundings was
established by collecting soil, groundwater and ambient air quality samples; as well as noise
measurements at immediate surrounding areas. The data is presented below.
(a)
Page | 28
61. An intrusive soil and groundwater investigation was performed at the Project Site to
ascertain the baseline data conditions at the site regarding the environmental quality of the
on-site soil and groundwater.
62. The location of the soil and groundwater sampling stations is presented in Figure 5.
63. The investigation was performed based on the American Standard for Testing
Methodology (ASTM) Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments (ESA) E 152705 (Phase I ESA) and ASTM E 1903-11 (Phase II ESA), as applicable outside of the United
States.
64. A total of fifteen soil and seven groundwater samples were subjected to chemical analysis
which was based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and
American Public Health Association (APHA). The samples were analyzed for recommended
parameters in the Singapore Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) Environmental Baseline Study
(EBS) Guidelines and the data compared against the Dutch Standards 2009 (Rev 2012)5. The
parameters analysed include:
Metals and metalloids;

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs);
Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs);
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH);
Inorganic compounds;
Conventional Analytes;
Organic matter and moisture;
General groundwater quality;
Total Coliform; and
Asbestos Containing Materials (ACM).
65. As there are currently no compound-specific reference standards for assessing the
presence of soil and groundwater impact in Myanmar, the baseline analytical results were
compared against the Dutch Standards 2009 (Rev 2012).
66. The Dutch Standards, which are more stringent standards than the IFC EHS Guidelines,
specifies two sets of limits for heavy metals, inorganic compounds, aromatic compounds,
hydrocarbons, pesticides and other pollutants for soil and groundwater.
67. If the parameter is not listed in the Dutch Standards, alternative screening criteria were
used. Any exceedances to the DIVs were compared to alternative standards for the purposes
of evaluating risk to human health and the environment. The Myanmar water quality standards
are used where available.
68. The summary of the detected constituents in the soil and a comparison of soil analytical
results to DTV and DIV are shown in Table 2a. Exceedances of the Dutch Target Values
(DTV) in the soil were reported for all metals and metalloids tested for except total chromium
and molybdenum, selected sum PAHs and mineral oil. Among samples tested, one sample
reported an exceedance of the DIV limit for copper (190 mg/kg) with a reading of 600 mg/kg.
5
Golder Associates (2013). Landmark Project Hazardous Materials Assessment, July 2013
Page | 29
OTHER TREE
M-E-MANHOLE
CAR
FLOWER TREE
DRAIN MANHOLE
PARKING
PALM TREE
SEPTIC MANHOLE
COCO TREE
COCO TREE
AREA
MW2
MW3
M &E
MANGO TREE
PLATFORM LINE
SIGNBOARD
SIGNBOARD
LAMP POST
BRIDGE
M& E
RETAINING WALL
ELECTRIC POST
WATER TANK
BOREHOLE
BRICK WALL
HYDRANT
CONCRETE SLAB
BH8
M &E
TP11
BH6
TUBE WELL
BM/GC
WATER TAP
Legend:
FMI
CENTER
Soil & Groundwater

MW1 Sampling Locations
BH9
MYANMAR
RAILWAYS
BUILDING
Soil
Sampling Locations
BH7
MW4
ZAW GYI
HOUSE
BH9
Soil & Groundwater
TP11 Sampling Locations
MW1
BH10
BOGYOKE AUNGSAN
ROAD
32 th
Street
Figure 5 Soil and Groundwater Sampling Stations
31 th Street
Approx. Scale
Bo Soonpat Street
40m
30 th Street
20
29 th Street
Shwe Bonthar
Street
SULE PAGODA ROAD
DRAIN
BH5
Temp Office
LAMP POST(Short)
TELEPOST
GRAND MEE
YA HTA
HOTEL
Table 2a: Summary of Soil Laboratory Results

Dutch
Standard
(Rev 2012)
DTV
DIV
a
b
s
s
Metals and Metalloids
Arsenic
29
76
f
Barium
160
Cadmium
0.8
13
Chromium Total
100
Cobalt
9
190
Copper
36
190
Total Mercury
0.3
Test
Parameter
LO
Rc
MW1
204001/2
d
002
MW2
207002/2
002
201003/2
001
MW3
201003/2
003
201003/2
006
MW4
202004/2
202004/2
001
008
BH5
206005/2
001
BH6
209006/2
003
BH7
209007/2
001
BH8
201008/2
002
BH9
202009/2
001
BH10
203010/2
002
TP11
206011/2
001
1.5 m e
1.0 m
0.5 m
3.0 m
9.0 m
0.5 m
13.0 m
0.5 m
4.0 m
0.6 m
2.0 m
0.5 m
2.0 m
1.1 m
3.98
132
<0.5
26.9
9.35
39.8
5.40
129
0.77
51.4
10.4
102
3.18
26.7
<0.5
24.4
7.89
6.75
4.33
118
<0.5
26.5
12.6
40.9
0.55
20.5
<0.5
10.7
2.86
4.11
7.68
197
0.51
43.7
13.6
125
1.86
35.8
<0.5
24.6
7.69
2.99
4.61
80.4
<0.5
35.2
9.49
61.6
3.02
30.7
<0.5
32.8
5.20
9.72
4.96
49.7
<0.5
29.5
10.1
18.0
6.21
109.0
<0.5
47.9
37.3
15.8
21.6
191
<0.5
60.2
8.41
75.6
6.00
122
<0.5
41.2
12.0
50.4
65.4
484
0.96
39.6
21.9
600
0.65
0.21
0.04
0.20
76.7
<0.5
19.6
79.4
1.20
195
0.73
23.5
174
4.00
13.9
<0.5
36.9
39.2
0.65
44.2
1.03
18.2
153
1.26
0.02
0.82
<0.02
0.30
0.22
0.39
0.07
0.40
0.65
0.17
6.25
<0.5
18.5
16.7
<0.5
13.6
<0.5
22.8
17.4
3.39
7.65
<0.5
33.0
25.1
0.56
73.5
<0.5
23.1
18.0
1.86
15.1
<0.5
11.0
15.7
1.08
40.9
<0.5
21.3
53.8
1.01
38.0
<0.5
19.9
32.1
1.74
7.28
<0.5
22.3
16.6
2.33
89.1
<0.5
23.7
174
1.40
154
<0.5
12.0
648
1.57
85
3.0
35
140
3
530
190
100
720
22
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.0
2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Inorganic Compounds
Total cyanide
1
20
0.1
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
0.4
<0.10
<0.10
0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.24
<0.1
0.58
0.36
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.22
0.55
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.16
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.18
1.19
2.38
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.10
0.26
<0.1
<0.1
0.51
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.19
0.33
<0.1
0.40
<0.1
<0.1
0.12
<0.1
<0.1
1.47
<0.1
0.18
0.45
<0.1
0.1
0.2
0.22
<0.2
0.44
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
0.32
0.20
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
0.12
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
1.10
0.58
<0.1
<0.2
0.18
<0.2
0.34
0.32
<0.1
<0.2
0.2
0.29
0.24
<0.2
0.35
<0.2
<0.2
0.21
<0.2
<0.2
0.93
<0.2
0.26
0.49
<0.2
40
0.2
0.94
1.95
<0.2
2.04
<0.2
<0.2
0.61
<0.2
<0.2
7.83
<0.2
0.98
2.11
<0.2
50
500
0
50
55
83
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
0.1
0.24
0.36
<0.1
0.55
<0.1
<0.1
0.16
<0.1
<0.1
2.38
<0.1
0.26
0.51
<0.1
0.1
0.19
0.33
<0.1
0.40
<0.1
<0.1
0.12
<0.1
<0.1
1.47
<0.1
0.18
0.45
<0.1
0.1
0.2
0.22
<0.2
0.44
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
0.32
0.20
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
0.12
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
1.10
0.58
<0.1
<0.2
0.18
<0.2
0.34
0.32
<0.1
<0.2
0.2
0.29
0.24
<0.2
0.35
<0.2
<0.2
0.21
<0.2
<0.2
0.93
<0.2
0.26
0.49
<0.2
Lead
Molybdenum
Nickel
Zinc
Antimony
PAHs
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Fluoranthrene
Benzo(a)anthra
cene
Chrysene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(k)fluoran
threne
Sum PAH (soil
with OM
up to 10%)
Other Pollutants
Mineral Oil
Conventional Analytes
Fluoranthrene
Benzo(a)anthra
cene
Chrysene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(k)fluoran
threne
Page | 29a
Test
Parameter
Sum PAH (soil
with OM
up to 10%)
Dutch
Standard
(Rev 2012)
DTV
DIV
a
b
s
s
Other Analytes
TPH C15-C28
TPH C29-C36
Total Coliform
Count, MPN/g
sample
Pyrene
MW1
204001/2
d
002
MW2
207002/2
002
201003/2
001
MW3
201003/2
003
201003/2
006
MW4
202004/2
202004/2
001
008
1.5 m e
1.0 m
0.5 m
3.0 m
9.0 m
0.5 m
BH5
206005/2
001
BH6
209006/2
003
BH7
209007/2
001
BH8
201008/2
002
BH9
202009/2
001
BH10
203010/2
002
TP11
206011/2
001
13.0 m
0.5 m
4.0 m
0.6 m
2.0 m
0.5 m
2.0 m
1.1 m
40
0.2
0.94
1.95
<0.2
2.04
<0.2
<0.2
0.61
<0.2
<0.2
7.83
<0.2
0.98
2.11
<0.2
50
500
0
50
55
83
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
0.1
0.24
0.36
<0.1
0.55
<0.1
<0.1
0.16
<0.1
<0.1
2.38
<0.1
0.26
0.51
<0.1
0.1
0.19
0.33
<0.1
0.40
<0.1
<0.1
0.12
<0.1
<0.1
1.47
<0.1
0.18
0.45
<0.1
0.1
0.2
0.22
<0.2
0.44
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
0.32
0.20
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
0.12
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<0.2
1.10
0.58
<0.1
<0.2
0.18
<0.2
0.34
0.32
<0.1
<0.2
0.2
0.29
0.24
<0.2
0.35
<0.2
<0.2
0.21
<0.2
<0.2
0.93
<0.2
0.26
0.49
<0.2
40
0.2
0.94
1.95
<0.2
2.04
<0.2
<0.2
0.61
<0.2
<0.2
7.83
<0.2
0.98
2.11
<0.2
0.1
2.9
10.5
0.5
6.8
<0.1
3.1
<0.1
3.1
0.3
0.8
0.4
5.6
1.2
12.4
0.1
18.4
20.8
17.3
18.4
16.3
10.1
16.1
13.5
21.7
17.2
14.7
8.95
19.9
50.1
10
10
21
34
60
23
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
NA
NA
>1,100
>1,100
NA
>1,100
NA
>1,100
>1,100
NA
NA
>1,100
>1,100
>1,100
0.2
0.23
0.39
<0.2
0.52
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
2.08
<0.2
0.23
0.53
<0.2
Fluoranthrene
Benzo(a)anthra
cene
Chrysene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(k)fluoran
threne
Sum PAH (soil
with OM
1
up to 10%)
Other Pollutants
Organic matter,
%
Moisture, %
LO
Rc
Other Pollutants
Mineral Oil
Notes:
a NOBO 2008 for DTV as referenced in Dutch Standard 2009 (rev 2012)
b Dutch Intervention Values 2009 (Rev 2012)
c Limits of reporting
d Row refers to sample identification marks
e Row refers to depth the sample was taken
f No Dutch standard
*No laboratory limit or reporting
NA Not Analyzed
Units are in mg/kg, unless otherwise indicated
Detected concentrations are in bold font; DTV exceedances are highlighted in yellow; DIV exceedances are highlighted in red.
Barium and total chromium were detected in the equipment wash blank at 87 g/L respectively. As per EPA, if the blank concentration is greater than or equal to the limit of reporting or greater than a fifth the sample
concentration, whoever is greater, the results may not be reported. In the case of barium and total chromium, the detected concentration in the equipment wash blank are less than the limit or reporting for the soil samples,
as such, results are valid.
Page | 29b
This maximum copper concentration was then compared against alternative standards. A
comparison with three alternative standards6 for combined exposure pathways (dermal
contact and incidental ingestion) in commercial / industrial soil indicates that the general
population (including excavation workers) is not at risk at the current copper concentrations.
69. Further, total coliform was detected in the soil samples. This group includes faecal
coliform (e.g., Escherichia coli (E .coli)), as well as other forms of naturally occurring coliform
found in soil. Most coliforms are harmless in soil with no human health risk. To prevent any
potential risks, the incidental ingestion of soil at the site should be prevented by the
enforcement of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and good hygiene
practices, e.g. frequent washing of hands.
70. A summary of the detected constituents in the groundwater and a comparison of
groundwater analytical results to DTV, DIV and the Myanmar Effluent or Water Quality
Standards are shown in Table 2b.
Table 2b: Summary of Groundwater Laboratory Results
Test Parameter
Dutch
Standard
(Rev 2012)
LORc
MW1
MW2
MW3
MW4
207001/5001d
204002/5001
201003/5001
202004/5001
DTVa
DIVb
Barium
50
625
<20
87
109
166
80
Nickel
15
75
<10
<10
14
11
14
Zinc
65
800
<10
<10
12
<10
<10
<400e
NA
NA
30,000
500
pH @ 25oC (pH Unit)
6.5 to 9.2f
0.1
6.4
7.1
5.5
BOD @ 20oC (mg/L)
50e
COD (mg/L)
250e
12
16
26
Total Organic Carbon

(mg/L)
0.10
1.17
<0.10
0.63
0.67
Fluoride as F (mg/L)
20e
0.10
0.26
<0.10
0.29
<0.10
Chloride as Cl (mg/L)
600f
0.10
32.1
30
42.5
<0.10
Metals and Metalloids
Total coliform Count

(cfu/100 ml)
a Hong Kong Risk-Based Remediation Goals (RBRGs) for Contaminated Land Industrial Land use
b Florida Department of Environment Soil Clean-up target Levels (CTLs) for Direct Exposure in
Commercial/Industrial Land
c New Zealand Ministry for Environment Methodology for Deriving Standards for Contaminants in Soil to Protect
Human Health
6
Page | 30
Sulphate as SO4
(mg/L)
400f
0.10
37.2
90.4
14.6
26.8
Ammonia as N (mg/L)
10e
0.01
0.64
2.1
14.1
2.50
Conductivity (S/cm)
1.0
445
577
596
234
Notes:
a Dutch Target Values 2009 (rev 2012)
b Dutch Intervention Values 2009 (Rev 2012)
c Limits of reporting
d Row refers to sample identification marks
e Myanmar Effluent Quality Standard
f Myanmar Effluent Quality Standard
- No available standard
*No laboratory limit or reporting
NA Not Analyzed
Units in g/L, unless otherwise indicated
Detected concentrations are in bold font; DTV exceedances are highlighted in yellow;
71. Groundwater levels were measured at 10.1 m bgl (MW1), 6.73 m bgl (MW2), 7.71 m bgl
(MW3) and 11.3 mbgl (MW4) during sampling and/or purging. Barium in all four monitoring
wells was found to exceed the DTV. The groundwater quality at the Project Site is in generally
in compliance with the prescribed limits.
72. Total coliform was present in groundwater samples MW3 and MW4, recording at 30,000
CFU/100 ml and 500 CFU/100 ml respectively. There are presently no limits for this parameter
in surface water or groundwater quality. Only the Myanmar effluent standards stipulate limits
for total coliform at <400 MPN/100ml of coliform bacteria. The detected CFUs in MW3 and
MW4 are above this limit and as such groundwater pumped from the site cannot be discharged
into the public sewer system without prior treatment.
73. Based on the Guidelines on Canadian Drinking Water Quality, the CFUs in MW3 and MW4
exceed the limit of 10 CFU/100 ml. In the event groundwater from the site is proposed for
consumption, the supply will be subjected to treatment to ensure safe consumption of the
water.
(b)
Air Quality
74. The key air quality concern for the Project is Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) or dust
during the construction phase of the Project. TSP was measured to obtain the baseline data.
There are no other sources that emit PM10, SOx, NOx. The Project will not have air emission
sources during its operation (nor chimneys) and will use clean gaseous fuel.
75. There are no air quality standards established in Myanmar at present. Therefore, in
deciding on a suitable air quality standard to be used for the Project, a review of a number of
air quality standards was carried out.
76. Whilst many official publications compare air quality with the US NAAQS7 and WHO AQG8,
the suitability of the chosen air quality standard to be adopted for this IEE was based on
relevance in geographical location, pace of development, stakeholder requirements as well as
7
8
US National Ambient Air Quality Standard

World Health Organizations Air Quality Guidelines
Page | 31
availability of the standards of concern. There is no single air quality standard relevant to the
short-term TSP down to 1-h averaging periods, which is the relevant concern to the
construction activities in focus.
77. The only statutory limit for TSP (1-h) is provided in Annex 4 of Hong Kong EIAO- TM. As
such Annex 4 of Hong Kong EIAO-TM is adopted for the purposes of this IEE. It specifies a
limit of 500 g/m3.
78. As the year round hourly meteorological data are not available for a complete assessment
to predict the impacts in different average periods, only the worst-case hourly impacts are
predicted under a directly downwind situation.
79. The Ministry of Healths Occupational Health Department began measuring air pollution at
three locations in 2009 and new readings were undertaken in January at Hlaing Tharyar
Industrial Zone, the departments office in Ahlone township and a residential area in Bahan
township. The air quality compares favorably with the US NAAQS and WHO AQG and the
annual mean of PM., PM10, SO2 and NO2 for the three monitoring sites (commercial, industrial
and residential) are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3: Air Quality Measured at Three Monitoring Sites (Oct 2008-Sep 2009)
Industrial
Residential
Area Average
Annual mean (g/m3)
PM
58
65
91
71
PM10
38
43
62
48
SO2
1
3
1
2
NO2
14
13
18
15
Source: Air Quality Assessment in Yangon City, Toe Aung, Air Pollution Management 2009 Advanced International
Training Programme, Head of Office, Yangon City Development Committee, Union of Myanmar.
Pollution Parameters
Commercial
80. Desktop research was carried out to secure secondary data which is presented in Table
4. The data was obtained from a monitoring station located around the Traders Hotel in
December 2008. The Traders Hotel is located across Bogyoke Aung San Road from the
Project Site. The ambient air quality parameters were monitored over an averaging period of
24 hours included Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), PM10, SO2 and NO2.
Table 4: Ambient Air Monitoring Results
Parameters
Results (g/m3), 24 hours averaging time

Commercial Area
WHO (2005)9
USEPA10
TSP
143.21
PM10
71.75
50
150
SO2
0.88
20
75 ppbA
NO2
22.23
200A
100 ppbA
Note:
A 1 hour mean
WHO Air Quality Guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, Global Update
2005, Summary of Risk Assessment.
10
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (40CFR part 50), USEPA.
9
Page | 32
Source: Air Impact Assessment in Myanmar Development Projects: Sharing of Experiences and Needs to be
Improved During the Air-EIA, Dr. Ohnmar May Tin Hlaing, Environmental Consultant.
81. Similar to air quality, the noise environment is dominated by vehicular traffic and
occasionally by construction works. Noise is not regularly monitored, as it is largely location
specific.
82. Baseline air quality was measured on the 22nd 23rd October 2013 at potential air sensitive
receivers that may be affected by the Project which include residential buildings to the north
and south of the Project Site. The location of these monitoring stations is presented in Figure
4.5 and the measured concentrations of TSP are shown in Table 5 below.
Table 5: Ambient Air Quality Levels
Parameter
Nature of Use
Time of Measurement ending
Duration (minutes)
Likely sources of TSP
Measured TSP Levels (g/m3)
Location A
Location B
Location C
Residential building
north of Site
Residential building
south of Site
Shopping Mall
west of Site
18:38
19:02
19:32
15
15
15
Mainly residential
activities
Traffic emissions and

commercial activities
Commercial activities
59
82
65
83. Since the key air quality concern for the Project is TSP or dust during the construction of
the Project, TSP was measured to obtain the baseline data.
(c) Noise Levels
84. Construction noise impact is considered a key issue and hence has been addressed
quantitatively in detail while noise during the operational phase has been assessed
qualitatively.
85. There is no provision of noise standards in Myanmar nor reference to other established
standards adopted elsewhere. Therefore, in deciding on a suitable noise standard to be used
for the Project, a review of regulations used internationally as well as in neighbouring countries
was carried out.
86. The suitability of the chosen noise standard to be adopted for this IEE was based on
relevance in geographical location, pace of development, stakeholder requirements as well as
availability of the standards. In view of the measured, pre-construction high ambient noise
levels, the urban noisy environment dominated by vehicular traffic and the short-term impact
due to construction activities, the Hong Kong EIAO-TM, Annex 5, Table 1B - Noise
Standards for Daytime Construction Activities were adopted for the purposes of this IEE.
Hong Kong Noise Standards
87. Noise impacts arising from general construction activities other than percussive piling
during the daytime period (07:00-19:00 hours of any day not being a Sunday or general
holiday) are to be assessed against the noise standards reproduced in Table 6. This has been
Page | 33
Sensitive Receiver A
Development type: Residential
Background Noise = 59.2 dB(A)
3
Baseline TSP = 59 g/m
Time: 18:38, 22 Oct 2013
Sensitive Receiver C
Development type: Mall
Background Noise = N/A
3
Time: 19:32, 22 Oct 2013
Sensitive Receiver B
Development type: Residential
Background Noise = 68.4 dB(A)
3
Time: 19:02, 22 Oct 2013
Figure 4.5: Ambient Air Quality and Noise Measurement Locations Near The Landmark Site
successfully used in Hong Kong in many projects in the urban and rural areas and is suitable
for short-term impacts in 30 minutes interval.
Table 6: Hong Kong Noise Standards for Daytime Construction Activities
Noise Sensitive Uses
0700 to 1900 hours on any day not

being a Sunday or general holiday,
Leq (30 min), dB(A)
All domestic premises including temporary housing

accommodation
75
Hotels and hostels

Educational institutions including kindergarten, nurseries and all
Others where unaided voice communication is required
70
65 during examination
Source: EIAO-TM, Annex 5, Table 1B - Noise Standards for Daytime construction Activities
(http://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/english/legis/memorandum/annex5.html)
Notes:
1. The above noise standards apply to uses, which rely on opened windows for ventilation
2. The above standards shall be viewed as the maximum permissible noise levels assessed at 1m from the
external faade
3. IFC EHS Guidelines are largely intended for long-term impact in contrast to temporary construction noise.
IFC EHS Guidelines are therefore not recommended for use in this IEE.
88. To establish the existing baseline noise levels, noise levels were measured at
representative noise sensitive receivers near the northern and southern boundaries of the
Project Site (refer Figure 4.5). The measurements were conducted on 22 Oct 2013 during
16:30 to 17:30 to coincide with the rush hour in the area. The noise data recorded in presented
in Table 8 below.
Table 8: Measured Ambient Noise Levels
Parameter
Location A
Location B
Residential building north of Site
Residential building south of Site
18:38
19:02
Duration (minutes)
15
15
Measured Ambient Noise

Level (free field) (dBA)
59
68
Nature of Use
Time of Measurement ending
(d)
Biological Environment
89. The Project Site is a built-environment and the species of flora and fauna surveyed at the
site are native species not uncommon to the Yangon area. There were no protected species
or species of conservation value identified.
90. In ascertaining the flora existing within the Project Site, a preliminary survey was carried
out. Based on the survey data, 112 trees were identified. It is noted that these species
comprise common species which are native and largely distributed in Myanmar. The survey
indicates that the majority of the trees (75%) are small with diameters less than 2 feet. Only
11 trees were recorded to have a diameter of 8 feet and this constituted 10% of the total
Page | 34
number of trees. To comply with compensatory planting required by YCDC, the Developer has
paid a fee to YCDC, to cut the trees that wont be used in the new development landscape
and to replant two trees for each one cut.
Table 9: Species of Flora Identified at the Project Site
Tree Name
Total
Sein Pan
Coco Tree
15
Tha Phan
Vandar Tree
Mango Tree
Wild Palm
Ngu War
Jack Fruit tree
Other tree
Gant Gaw
18
Yetamar
12
Bayan Tree
11
Rain tree
Palm
16
Padauk
Khayae
Total
4.3
112
Socioeconomic Environment
91. Demographic Profile. The current population of Yangon is 5.14 million making it the largest
city in Myanmar followed by Mandalay. The population of Yangon represents 12 percent of
the national population and approximately 22 percent of the countrys gross domestic product
(GDP). Yangon was the capital of Myanmar until 2005. The region has a higher growth rate
than the rest of the country. Between 1998 and 2011, the rate was recorded at 2.58 percent
per annum versus the national growth rate of 2.0 percent per annum for the 2000-2005 period.
This population growth is not homogeneous across the city of Yangon. The suburbs have high
population growth rates of 6-7 percent as opposed to an almost zero or negative average
population growth rates in the central business district and center area. Around 10 percent of
the population of Yangon is believed to live in slums. In 2005, the total population of Yangon
was estimated to be about 4.35 million with an average growth rate of 2.5 percent during 19832005 period. During the 1990s and early 2000s the rate of population growth was due to the
increase in migration from rural areas and from other states. It increased from 2.11 percent
during the 1983-1993 period to 2.87 percent during 1993-2005 period. The projected
Page | 35
population for the Pabedan township (within which the Project site is located) for 2015 and
2020 are 62,402 and 67,575 respectively based on a growth projection of 1.4 percent from
2010-15 and 1.6 percent between 2015-20.
92. Economic Profile. The industrial structure in Yangon Region consists of the processing
and manufacturing sector (37 percent); trade sector (25 percent) and services sector (24
percent). Information obtained in 2011 shows that the ratio of the labour population to the
total population in Yangon City was 50.8 percent (2.61 million) with nearly 70 percent of the
working population (1.78 million) typically involved in tertiary industries. Data from the
Myanmar Central Statistical Organisation shows that the total average monthly expenditure
per household increased by 27% between 1989 and 2006, reaching MMK 97,700. The
discrepancy between rural and urban households did not increase over the years. Rural
expenditure grew at 26% versus urban at 27% from 1989-2006. The 2006 rural household
expenditure represents only about 80% of urban number. The repartition of monthly
expenditures did not progress between 1989 and 2006 and remained focused on meeting
basic needs. Food represents 71% (with rice more than 25%).
93. Poverty. In the UNDPs 2010 Human Development Index Report (HDI), Myanmar was
ranked 132 out of 169 countries. According to the Integrated Household Living Conditions
Survey, that was conducted by UNDP in collaboration with the Myanmar Ministry of National
Planning and Economic Development in 2010, the national poverty rate is estimated to be
25%. Poverty incidence is higher in rural than urban areas with rates of 29% and 15%
respectively.
94. Access to infrastructure. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) recently
conducted a household interview survey to collect information from 10,000 households which
comprise 1.0% of the total households in Greater Yangon. Based on the survey, only 40
percent of households were reported to have water supply and there is no central sewage
collection or treatment system. The service coverage of the existing sewerage system is less
than 10%. Electricity supply is inadequate and blackouts are common. Solid waste collection
services are only available to 72% of the households surveyed. For the Project, the existing
transformer for the Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence (to be demolished as part of
project enabling works) is being relocated and will be used to supply electricity from the grid
for construction (with back-up generators as required).
95. Profile of women According to the ADB Country Strategy for Myanmar, the female
participation in the national labor market is of 63.1%, which is significantly below that of men
at 85.1%. Except for the agriculture sector, the share of women in paid employment gradually
increased from 41.3% in 2005 to 44.7% in 2010 (with variations across states and regions). In
the industry and services sectors, data reflects womens limited access to labor markets. A
wide gap remains between men and women in the higher ranks of paid employment, with
women concentrated in lower ranks and less-skilled jobs. Despite laws requiring equal pay for
men and women, disparities in wages remain. A study conducted by UNDP in 2009, Human
Development Report 2009. Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and Development, for
similar formal sector jobs, men earned an estimated $1,043 in 2007, while women earned only
$640.48.
Current and proposed development activities around the site.
Page | 36
96. Currently, JICA is preparing the Yangon master plan which is not available to the public
yet. Once approved, JICA will issue the Final Report. In what has been presented at the
workshops conducted on the future master plan, there are a number of schemes around the
Project, specifically (i) a Central Business District Bus Rapid Transit (it is likely that a separated
bus lane will either be in the middle or on one side of Bogyoke Aung San Road and the location
of stops can potentially be influenced to benefit the Project); and (ii) upgrade of the Rail Circle
Line with developments at the Yangon Central Railway station on the south side.
97. With regard to other future developments in the area, there is the mixed use development
being constructed on the south east corner of the junction with Bogyoke Aung San Road and
Shwedagon Pagoda Road. There is also the Traders Square development next to the Traders
Hotel.
98. There are no official guidelines regarding the study of traffic in Myanmar. The scope of a
Traffic Impact Assessment for the Project has been established based on guidelines available
in other countries such as Singapore, UK and Thailand. The TIA report analyses (i) the existing
traffic, pedestrian and public transport situation of the Project, (ii) highlights the key proposals
for access, circulation and parking, (iii) calculates daily and hourly traffic demand and parking
accumulation; (iv) the capacity of the road network and proposed improvement to the traffic,
pedestrian and public transport network; and (v) the proposed routes and timings of
construction vehicles.
Existing Access
99. Existing access to the site is from Bogyoke Aung San Road with one entry and exit to
serve FMI Centre and one entry and exit to serve Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence.
There are other kerb cuts and access points that are no longer in operation and were
historically used to access the MRB.
100. Bogyoke Aung San Road is one way eastbound meaning that there is a cross-over
between traffic entering and exiting FMI Centre or Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence.
Access to the proposed Project will aim to remove this conflict by proposing left in / left out
access at Bogyoke Aung San Road.
Existing Road Characteristics
101. Bogyoke Aung San Road is a primary road with one-way traffic direction with 4 lanes.
There is a raised median and barrier along the centre of the road that starts approximately
100m from the west junction and 100m from the east. The road runs in a west-east direction
and connects Shwedagon Pagoda Road in the west to Lower Pasunduang Road in the east.
Adjacent to the site there is existing parking within lay-by's used mainly by taxis.
102. Alan Pya Pagoda Street / Zoological Garden Road is another major road with two way
traffic in a north-south direction. The carriageway is four lanes in each direction and connects
to Kan Yiek Thar Road to the north and Bogyoke Aung san road to the south. Adjacent to the
site there is no street parking.
103. Sule Pagoda Road is a three-lane two-way road with raised median. The road runs in
north-south direction connects Bogyoke Aung San Road to the north and Strand Road to the
Page | 37
south. There are service roads alongside the northbound (north part) and southbound (south
part) of the road.
104. Existing traffic volume. The Project Site is immediately adjacent to the Traders Junction
and all traffic whether entering or exiting the Project junction will need to pass through this
junction. To establish the existing traffic conditions for the TIA a video traffic survey was
conducted for the weekday peak periods 08:30-09:30 and 16:30-17:30 on Monday 3rd and
Tuesday 4th June, 2013. The traffic volume and surveyed junction is shown in Figure 7 Traffic
Volume at Traders Junction.
105. For pedestrians, there are existing footways surrounding the site on Bogyoke Aung San
Road and Alan Pya Pagoda Street. The footway along the boundary of the MRB is narrower
than other footways surrounding it. There is also an uncontrolled pedestrian crossing to the
west existing Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence access. All of the access will be
improved to ease pedestrian movement. The existing public transport network is conveniently
located within the walking distance from the Project.
Public Transport Accessibility
106. In Yangon, 80% of trips are undertaken by bus and 3% by rail. Although this is
undoubtedly reducing as a result of higher car ownership, there are still many people using
the public transport network. The Project is conveniently located within walking distance of the
public transport network. The Yok Lan bus stop and Yangon Central Railway Station are
located on Alan Pya Pagoda Street approximately 220 m and 380 m from the site respectively.
There are also Bogyoke Zay bus stop on Bogyoke Aung San Road and Sule bus stop on Sule
Pagoda Road approximately 300 m and 210 m from the site, respectively.
107. In the future there is expected to be many changes to the public transport network such
as improved bus fleet and safer services, renovated rail service, a metro system (expected by
2035) and bus priority measures, all to maintain the popularity of public transport and reduce
the impacts of rapid traffic growth.
108. Indigenous groups in the project area. There are no permanent residences and
indigenous groups located within the Project Site.
4.4
Historical and Cultural Value
109. Current conservation policies mainly comprise the Protection and Preservation of Cultural
Heritage Regions Law (1998), and the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) Heritage
List (1996). According to the Yangon Heritage Trust (YHT)11 statement on the 1998 law, as
published on the NGOs website:
110. This law provides statutory protection and preservation of designated cultural heritage
regions (or zones) administrated by the Ministry of Culture. The law covers ancient heritage
sites, which includes structures that predate 1886 or buildings that are declared as cultural
heritage, namely, shrines, stupas, temples, monasteries, palaces, residential buildings, and
11
A Yangon-based Non-Governmental Organization focused on promoting the preservation of historical buildings

in Yangon
Page | 38
Figure 7: Traffic volume at 'Traders Junction'
other man-made or natural heritage sites. In 2009, an amendment permitted the law to cover
all buildings over 100 years-old, but at the moment, it remains unclear if and how this law
applies to urban areas. In 1996, the YCDC declared an official List of Heritage Buildings
intended to safeguard Yangons built heritage. To date it totals 189 heritage buildings, and
includes only state-owned and religious structures. Other privately owned buildings are not
protected by the list. YHT observes that the list remains incomplete in its current form
[m]any impressive structures remain without any official protection.
111. Conservation policies in Yangon are rapidly evolving in response to the gathering pace
of urban transformation. An urban conservation law proposed by the YHT in July 2013 is
currently under government review. There is as yet no national regulatory framework for HIA
in Myanmar. Nonetheless, in the context of these policy developments and growing interest
and awareness in Yangons urban heritage, the Developer undertook a Heritage Impact
Assessment report12 requested by YHT as due diligence to better understand, monitor,
manage, and mitigate any adverse heritage impact of the Project.
112. An architectural research and restoration firm from Singapore (a UNESCO/ICOMOS
member) was commissioned to undertake detailed research and site survey works of the
entire site, comprising the MRB and its historic neighbourhood. The HIA documented the
historical and unique architectural features of the MRB, based on which restoration and
conservation related recommendations have been made. The HIA and the conservation
related recommendations have been developed in liaison with the YHT and in collaboration
with the cultural heritage regulatory agencies within the Government of Myanmar. The ESMP
(Chapter xx) presents the proposed mitigation measures to address the key heritage impacts
identified in the HIA.
4.5
HR policies and employee information of the company
113. The Group is working to continually improve work force protection measures. As part of
its E&S management system and SOP development process, the Group will update its HR
policy documents and employee manual, to ensure that its labor practices and that of its
contractors and sub-contractors comply with work force protection related requirements. The
Group currently employs approximately 5,000 people. All employment policies and targets are
currently being review and prepared.
4.6
CSR and community development activities of the company
114. The Group, as a Myanmar conglomerate, is committed to local development and has
supported community initiatives in past years. For instance, the Group supported disaster
relief efforts in 2008 in the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis by providing monetary support and by
sending staff to disaster struck areas. During construction and operation, this Project will
generate a large number of local jobs directly or through supply chains and procurement
activities.
5 Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures

115. Potential environmental impacts from the construction and operational phases of the
Project include impacts on ambient air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, soil and
12
Though the area of study does not currently fall under a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the ICOMOS Guidance
on Heritage Impact Assessment for Cultural World Heritage Properties (Jan 2011) is broadly used to guide the
process, methodology and content structure of the Heritage Impact Assessment report.
Page | 39
groundwater, waste, landscape and visual, traffic and health and safety. In mitigating these
impacts suitable measures are recommended.
A Design Phase
116. The MRB, a building of significant architectural heritage, is part of the project. While the
MRB is being conserved and redeveloped with careful consideration to its historic value, these
principles have been addressed in the design of the project components, so that the designs
are not obtrusive and will be an integral part of the overall ambience so as to avoid visual
impacts on the aesthetics of the site.
B. Pre-construction phase
Land acquisition and resettlement
117. There is no land acquisition or resettlement requirement for the Project. There are no
households or communities residing within the Project Site. In addition, the project area and
surroundings have no record of settlements of ethnic groups or indigenous peoples. With
respect to involuntary resettlement and indigenous peoples, it is considered that the project is
classified as Category C under the ADB Safeguards Policy Statement. Though land
acquisition is not envisaged, relocation of existing business establishments and offices shall
be required. For the currently occupied structures (FMI Centre and Zawgyi House),
appropriate notice will be provided to vacate the premises.
118. Retrenchment. GMER closed down in October 2013 in preparation for its demolition.
The Group arranged two job fairs during which each business within the Group interviewed
GMER staff for potential re-employment. Some of the 134 GMER staff have taken up offers
with various Group entities while the rest decided to pursue other opportunities. For those who
chose not to stay with the Group, a severance package equal to six months of pay (1 month
notice and 5 months of severance) was provided in line with national labor regulations.
C. Construction Phase
Air Quality
119. Potential sources of air quality impacts during the construction phase include fugitive dust
and exhaust emissions. Sources of fugitive dust include the following activities:
Site preparation works such as excavation, levelling, compaction and trenching;

Movement of heavy construction vehicles and machinery within the site and during
transportation operations;
Material handling (delivery, unloading and use of construction aggregates and
structural fill);
Demolition of existing buildings on-site;
Operation of a batching plant; and
Material/soil tracked out of the site and deposited on local roads.
120. The batching plant will be located to the east of the MRB. The specifications are the
following:
Page | 40
- Plant Concrete Output

- Model of Mixer
- Type of Mixer
- Mixer Capacity
- Mixer Concrete Output
- Number of Aggregate Bins
- Aggregate Storage Capacity
- Cement Silo
- Aggregate Weighting System
- Cement & Water Dosing
- Aggregate Loading System
- Dimension for Transport
(L x W x H, m)
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
60 m3/h
DNA 1.5
Helical Twin Shaft
2250/1500 Liter
1.5 m3/cycle
4 Nos
45 m3
1 Nos
By Skip Bucket
By Weight
Ramps
14.3 x 2.5 x 3.3 m
(l) x (w) x (h)
121. The exhaust emissions emitted from vehicle and machinery engine exhaust emissions
will contain NOx , SOx , CO, volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulates and smoke. The
main air quality parameter of concern is fugitive dust, represented by TSP and a small fraction
of PM10. Major activities that will contribute to fugitive dust impact include site clearance,
demolition of buildings, excavation and operation of the batching plant.
122. In assessing the air quality impacts, numerical modelling using the Industrial Source
Complex Short Term (ISCST3) (an USEPA accepted software developed based on
Gaussian dispersion) was carried out to quantify the impacts at the nearest sensitive
receivers (NSRs) which include residential buildings to the north and south of the site, a
Mosque and a Church, all of which are located within 50 m of the Project Site. These NSRs
are indicated in Figure 6. The predicted maximum hourly average concentrations at the
representative NSRs were derived assuming dust-generating activities are conducted in
parallel, and the value superimposed with the background TSP level obtained from the
baseline monitoring program. This value was then compared with the hourly TSP limit of
500g/m3 adopted for the Project Site to evaluate acceptability. In selecting the TSP limit
and in the absence of suitable local regulatory standards, a number of standards13 were
compared. The only statutory limit specified for TSP (I hour) was in the Hong Kong
Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance and therefore the Ordinances prescribed limit
of 500g/m3 was adopted for the Project. The findings indicate that except for a 12%
exceedance of the hourly TSP limit predicted at the Church located to the west of the Project
site, no other exceedances were observed at the remaining NSRs. Representatives of the
Developer met with the Church and discussed a range of issues of mutual interest/concern.
TSP and noise exceedances were amongst them. TSP and noise mitigation measures that
are included in the ESMP in Section 10 of this report specifically to address noise level
issues at the Church were discussed and agreed. The Developer will be ensuring that the
appointed contractor adheres to the requirements of the ESMP, and has also independently
commenced processes to undertake a dilapidation survey of the Church and other
surrounding buildings.
Air Quality Standards by Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand; WHO AQG adopted by IFC
in EHS Guidelines (Air Emission & Ambient Air Quality); US NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
HKAQO - Hong Kong Air quality Objectives (with effect from 1 Jan 2014); Hong Kong EIAO-TM, Annex 4
Criteria for Evaluating Air Quality Impact and Hazard to Life (short-term construction dust, TSP limit)
13
Page | 41
Figure 6: Representative NSRs
123. Overall, the air quality impacts predicted from the Project Site are expected to be shortterm, localized and, with the implementation of dust control measures, management of
construction activities and proper maintenance of vehicles and machinery as recommended
in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) outlined in Section 10, the impacts
can be minimized. Further, an environmental monitoring and audit (EM&A) program will be
implemented to verify the actual impacts and to modify the construction activities/program to
alleviate the impacts arising.
Noise
124. In identifying the noise generating activities, the detailed Project construction programme
which describes the various construction activities and the associated equipment/machinery
was reviewed. The highest noise generating activities are those associated with piling and
demolition works. An assessment of the noise impacts was carried out quantitatively by
preparing a construction equipment inventory with the Sound Power Level (SPL) of each
equipment using the database provided in the BS 5228-1-200914 and calculating the Predicted
Noise Level (PNL) at the NSRs (similar to the NSRs for the air quality impacts). The PNL
was adjusted for various corrections including distance attenuation and facade reflection to
obtain the Corrected Noise Level (CNL) at all the NSRs. The CNL obtained indicate that
noise exceedance by a maximum of 4 dB(A) was predicted at the Church over 13 months
during the construction period. Management of noise impacts during the construction can be
achieved by considering alternative construction methodologies, use of silencers and
enclosures, use of movable noise barrier and good international industry practice (GIIP) as
described in the ESMP included in section 10. With the implementation of these measures,
the noise impacts are predicted to be short-term, localized and reversible.
Vibration
125. Vibration impacts are most likely anticipated during the demolition activities. A review of
the list of construction machinery and equipment indicate that the backhoe-mounted hydraulic
breaker will be the dominant source of vibration during the demolition of the Grand Mee Ya
Hta Executive Residence and FMI Centre buildings. In assessing vibration impacts, a damage
assessment and annoyance assessment were carried out per the Transportation- and
Construction-Induced Vibration Guidance Manual15. Based on these assessments, it has been
demonstrated that no unacceptable vibration impacts are predicted at the sensitive receivers
which were identified as the Church and the MRB due to their close proximity to the Grand
Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence and FMI Centre buildings.
Water Quality
126. Sources of water quality impacts predicted during the construction phase include:
a) Soil erosion from the following key construction activities:
I.
Demolition and site clearing;
II.
Site preparation and site formation/earthworks;
III.
Superstructure works; and
BS 5228-1:2009 Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Open Sites Part 1:
Noise.
15 Transportation- and Construction-Induced Vibration Guidance Manual, pp 24, published by California
Department of Transportation
14
Page | 42
IV.
Infrastructure development including road works, utilities and landscaping

activities;
b) Potentially contaminated surface runoff arising from the site especially from material
stockpile areas and hazardous materials (e.g. diesel, paints, lube oils) storage area;
and
c) Sewage from the sanitary facilities provided at the on-site temporary offices and worker
cabins.
127. (a) Soil erosion. Soil erosion is predicted as a result of demolition of existing structures,
site clearing (including the removal of undergrowth and secondary vegetation which exist
mainly along the north-eastern and eastern boundaries of the site), earthworks, grading,
excavation of drainage system, electrical cables and backfilling activities. It is anticipated that
up to 400,000 m3 of soil/subsurface materials will be removed to allow for the foundation works
and the basements for the buildings to be constructed onsite.
128. (b) Construction runoff and drainage. Surface runoff and drainage from material
stockpiles areas, excavated areas and temporary drainage channels contain increased
sediments and other water quality contaminants. Potential contaminations include:
Grouting and other wet building materials;

Various types of lube oil, spent/waste oil and residues from construction equipment,
vehicles and diesel generators;
Residues and waste of industrial paints, pigments, lacquers, curing compounds, etc.;
Debris and rubbish such as packaging material, plastics, reject construction materials
and discarded containers;
Excavated materials stockpile; and
Spillages of fuel oil (diesel), liquid chemicals, paints and other liquid waste residues.
129. (c) Sewage Effluent and Domestic Wastewaters. During the construction phase,
temporary site offices and cabins for use by the workers will be established at the Project Site.
Wastewaters generated will be in the form of sewage effluent and domestic wastewater (e.g.
kitchen washwaters from temporary canteens which may be established at the Project Site).
130. Improper management of the sources described above will result in adverse impacts to
the receiving waterbody which is a canal which flows along the northern boundary of the
Project Site. A Wastewater Treatment Plant will be installed so that all discharges from the
site will pass through the WWTP before finally discharging the flow offsite into the canal via a
box culvert. The canal flows some 2.5 km in a southeasterly direction into the Pazundaung
Creek. The creek meanders in a southerly direction to converge with the Yangon River some
3 km away.
131. In preventing or minimizing the impacts above, a phased construction approach will be
adopted. The impacts arising from the earthwork activities can be minimized with the
implementation of appropriate mitigation measures (as described in the ESMP) by the
appointed contractor in accordance with the construction methodology proposed by the
engineering team. Upon the onset of physical works, it is important that the nominated
earthworks contractor be guided in the planning of site clearance and earthworks. Earthwork
plans and phasing details complete with the relevant mitigating measures will be submitted to
the YCDC for approval before the commencement of works. An Erosion and Sedimentation
Page | 43
Control Plan (ESCP) will be integrated into the earthworks plan and the contractor will be
required to comply with the details of the plan.
132. The potential impacts on soil and groundwater resources are likely to be attributed to
improper management and handling of hazardous materials stored at the site. Potential
sources of impacts anticipated during the construction activities of the Project include:
Accidental spillage and leakage arising from the handling and storage of hazardous
materials/chemicals in diesel skid tanks, chemical/fuel dispensers and storage drums,
jerry cans or carboys that contain lube oil, hydraulic oil, paints and organic solvents
and other chemicals used during the construction phase;
Leakage arising from vehicle engine oil change, equipment and machinery, as well as
refueling activities;
Spills as a result of inappropriate hazardous waste storage and disposal practices;
Improper discharge of untreated sewage; and
Groundwater dewatering activity.
133. Soil and groundwater impacts arising from accidental spillage and leakage of hazardous
chemicals and wastes during the construction phase are predicted to be not significant due to
the limited quantities of chemicals stored and used at any one time on-site during construction.
Further, the extent of soil and groundwater contamination is likely to be localized and surficial.
These impacts can be readily addressed by implementing appropriate mitigation measures
discussed in the proceeding section.
134. The risks of soil and groundwater contamination during the construction phase will be
appropriately managed and controlled by implementing the measures described in the ESMP.
Non-hazardous and Hazardous Waste
135. Waste generated during the construction phase includes both non-hazardous solid
wastes and hazardous wastes.
(a)
Non-hazardous waste
136. Sources of non-hazardous waste include:

Demolition debris: The development of the Project will involve the staged demolition of
the buildings which currently occupy the site as described above. The non-hazardous
demolition spoil is expected to comprise amongst others brick, concrete materials, iron,
electrical wiring, wood based materials;
Excavated unsuitable soil: During the site formation works, approximately 400,000
cubic metres of material will be excavated and taken off-site and disposed of at YCDCapproved dumping grounds. The soil investigations showed soil to be generally suitable
for reuse. Excavated soils will become property of the main contractor and will likely be
Page | 44
reused on other sites as fill material. If found to be unsuitable however, they will be
disposed of at approved dumping grounds (not yet identified).
Construction spoil originating from the construction works. These include
materials such as crushed stones and gravel, rejected metal based materials, bricks,
concrete slabs, steel frames, PVC pipes, cement/grouting mixes, etc;
General waste which includes non-inert and non-toxic waste such as plastics,
packaging, paper, glass, metals, planks, putrescible food and other wastes generated
from site office and temporary workers canteen at the site; and
Vehicle/equipment parts such as tyres, metal components, etc.
(b)
Hazardous waste
137. Sources of hazardous waste include:

Hazardous demolition wastes: Wastes from the demolition of old structures will
potentially contain hazardous materials which require appropriate management and
disposal. Older buildings are often painted with lead paint and paints containing
mercury-based biocides, use leaded pipes, have asbestos insulation, use mercurycontaining fluorescent lamps and PCB ballasts and contain other hazardous materials.
An assessment on the presence, condition and extent of hazardous materials was
carried out for the Project Site in July 201316 and the findings and recommendations are
indicated below:
16
17
Asbestos containing material (ACM) across all buildings onsite17, inclusive

ofSynthetic Mineral Fibre (SMF) at Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence, FMI
Centre and Zawgyi House. Confirmed SMF materials should be maintained in
good condition and removed under controlled conditions prior to any demolition
works;
Lead-based paints across all buildings onsite and the paint were observed to be
peeling and weathered. It is recommended to remove the paint through techniques
such as wire brushing or wet hand scraping with liquid paint removers or
replacement of gas pipes should the pipe not be required in the future;
Ozone depleting substances at Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence, FMI
Centre and Zawgyi House. During demolition all equipment containing refrigerants
on site should be dismantled, handled with care and returned to the supplier for
disposal or recycling where possible;
Radioactive smoke detectors at FMI Centre and Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive
Residence were of the FDS series and contain small amounts of Americium 241;
a radioisotope. These smoke detectors should be separated from pre-demolition
This component of the assessment was carried out in accordance with HSG264 Asbestos: The Survey Guide
and Golder Associates technical procedures on ACM bulk sampling methods. Bulk samples of suspected
asbestos containing material was collected during the survey and placed in plastic sealed bags. These
samples were later analysed by Analytical Environmental Services Inc. (AES) in Atlanta who are certified by
AIHA to analyse Industrial Hygiene Samples by Polarised Light Microscopy. Groundwater samples were
assessed for ACM content by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) EPA Method 100.2.
Page | 45
and either returned to the supplier or recycled. These smoke detectors should not
be thrown in general waste as far as possible;
Mercury containing materials e.g. fluorescent lights at the MRB and Grand Mee
Ya Hta Executive Residence. At various locations, LG, GE and Osram brands of
incandescent and fluorescent lighting were used. No mercury is released when
compact fluorescent lights (CFL) bulbs or fluorescent tubes are intact (not broken)
or in use. However, when fluorescent lamps are no longer usable, they should be
disposed of safely or recycled if possible;
Hazardous chemicals/wastes at FMI Centre and Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive
Residence. In genera,l it is suggested to ensure that hazard warnings and
appropriate labeling are put in place for chemicals required and stored on site;
Mold at the MRB and Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence. All sources of
moisture should be cut off prior to cleaning. Area should be dried and workers
renovating the area should wear N95 masks and clean the mold growth with
bleach if necessary. All other vents should be checked thoroughly for signs of mold
growth prior to demolition to prevent any exposure to airborne diseases through
mold spore exposure.; and
Biological hazards (pigeon dropping and rat droppings) at the MRB, FMI Centre
and Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence. This waste should be removed prior
to demolition so as to prevent disease transmission during demolition activities.
Spent filter cartridges, mineral oils/engine cleaning fluids from the construction
machinery/equipment;
Small quantities/residues of waste of industrial paints from the painting activities; and
Various types of spent/waste oil and soil/rags contaminated with oily residues from
construction equipment, vehicles and diesel generators
138. The potential impacts arising from the improper management of both non-hazardous and
hazardous waste categories described above include the following:
Improperly managed wastes may enter public drainage system potentially obstructing
the drainage flow;
Grouting materials, oil and grease, paints, etc. may potentially contaminate the surface
runoff arising from Project Site;
Improper disposal of putrescible municipal wastes onsite would attract disease

carrying rodents and insects which are possible health risks to the employees within
the Project Site as well as create an odor nuisance within the site;
Indiscriminate dumping of construction wastes (hazardous) at open areas within the

Project Site may potentially contribute to soil and groundwater contamination;
Ineffective management of waste onsite including large stockpiles of excavated

materials will also create aesthetic impacts as the Project Site is located along one of
the main streets within the city of Yangon; and
Improperly managed construction wastes are also potential fire hazards within the site.
Page | 46
139. Overall, the impacts arising from the management of non-hazardous and hazardous
wastes at the project site during the construction phase are predicted to be short-term and
localized, and can be effectively mitigated with the implementation of appropriate construction
management practices. An Exposure Control Plan has been developed for removal of ACM
and SMF, as far as necessary, to facilitate a safe work area for demolition workers. YCDC
entrusts the Pollution Control and Cleansing Department to collect and haul industrial wastes
into designated dumping sites. This form of disposal will need to be carried out for the ACM
and other hazardous waste derived from the Project. Appendix A and Appendix B present the
detailed Exposure Control Plan for ACM and SMF Removal.
140. In mitigating the impacts, good housekeeping practices are essential within the site. Open
burning of any form of construction waste material within the Project Site is strictly prohibited
as apart from polluting the atmosphere and reducing the ambient air quality at the site, the
activity poses a risk of fire spreading to the hazardous materials storage areas. General
construction spoil will be recycled on site as much as possible. Domestic waste generated
from the site offices and workers temporary cabins will be stored in suitable covered
receptacles or stored within enclosed areas and collected regularly. Unsalvageable
construction spoil will be stockpiled at a designated site and sold to salvage yard operators or
other contractors interested in recycling the material.
Landscape and Visual
141. The development of the Project will result in temporary adverse landscape and visual
impacts during the demolition and construction phases. Mitigation measures to be
implemented to reduce these impacts include the erection of a decorative hoarding around
the periphery of the site to screen the temporary construction works from the local low level
receivers, mainly the pedestrians. The proposed hoarding is expected to provide a unified
edge treatment and interface between the construction site and its landscape context. The
construction activities of the Project will inevitably impact the existing trees within the site.
Wherever possible the existing trees which contribute most to the landscape of the site will be
retained in-situ. The nominated Landscape Consultant for the project, in consultation with
YCDC, has confirmed that a total of ten trees and 41 palms from the original survey of existing
trees included in table 5.4.2 Species of Flora Identified at the Project Site will be preserved.
During the construction phase, these trees will be replanted at a nursery area and relocated
back onto the site within the new development scheme. These flora comprise common species
frequently planted in gardens, parks and urban setting within Yangon, and in the wider South
East Asia region.
142. In the event transplantation is not successful or considered not viable, compensatory
planting will be adopted. According to guidelines developed by the YCDC, every tree that is
removed from the Project Site will be compensated with two trees to that will be replanted in
Yangon area. The nominated contractor will ensure compliance to these guidelines.
Socio-economics
143. Employment Opportunities. Overall, the socio-economic impacts are predicted to be
positive. It is expected that some 2,500 new jobs for locals will be created for the Project. The
construction workforce comprising both skilled and unskilled labour will be sourced primarily
from the local population, and foreign workers would mostly be hired if a post cannot be filled
Page | 47
by a local. This is according to the Groups internal HR policy and to maximize the benefits of
the Project to the local community and the nation as a whole. It is likely that the majority of
workers will be employed from Yangon region, and the logistic services that have importance
in the realization of the Project such as fuel purchases, accommodation of the workers and
necessities, construction material necessities among others will be procured from the Yangon
region. It is estimated that the Project will directly employ the following at the start of
operations:
Estimated total direct
employment
856
Estimated direct female

employment
480
144. Compliance to labor laws and standards. The appointed main contractor for the
construction phase of the Project will ensure compliance to the national labor law and
measures to comply with relevant ILO labor standard conventions, including the following
international practices with respect to the construction workforce:
promote the fair treatment, non-discrimination and equal opportunity of workers;
establish, maintain and improve the worker-management relationship;
ensure total compliance with national labor and employment laws and the ILO labor
standard conventions;
establish guidelines to avoid involvement of child labor, by contractors, sub-contractors,
and the supply chain;
protect the workforce, including workers engaged by third parties, and workers in the
project proponents supply chain;
promote safe and healthy working conditions and workforce health and well-being; and
prohibit any use of forced labor.
Health and Safety
145. Serge Pun & Associates (Myanmar) Limited (SPA) as the parent company of MIHL has
recently issued the Guidelines on Minimum Health & Safety Standards for Major Works and
will implement these guidelines during the construction phase. The guideline is applicable to
all contractors working at the Project Site and in the event of non-compliance a penalty system
has been put in place to deter any non-compliance and to encourage the management of
workers health and safety. The penalty, in terms of monetary fines, will be strictly imposed.
Contractors working on the Project are required to prepare a Safety and Health Management
Plan that needs to be submitted to SPA for approval before any commencement of works can
start. This Safety and Health Management Plan must contain at a minimum the following:
Safety policy;
Safe work practices;
Safety training (including local subcontractors);
Group meetings;
Incident investigation and analysis;
In-house safety rules and regulations;
Safety promotion;
Evaluation, selection and control of sub-contractors;
Page | 48
Safety inspections;
Maintenance regime for machinery and equipment;
Hazard analysis;
Control of movement and use of hazardous substances;
Emergency preparedness; and
Occupational health programs.
146. It is expected that construction work will be performed by shifts; the working schedule
and rest breaks will be organized with due consideration of natural and climatic conditions and
the level of difficulty of a specific working process. As the workers will be sourced locally, there
will be no temporary accommodations/worker camps provided at the Project Site.
147. The general amenities in the construction yards will comprise potable water supply
(bottled water will be provided in the event such supply does not exist), temporary sanitary
facilities, changing/locker rooms and rest areas. To cater for minor cuts and bruises and
medical condition, adequate medical first-aid kits will be provided.
148. The appointed contractor and subcontractors will be responsible for the health and safety
of their personnel. Health and safety instructions will be developed based on the Health and
Safety Code of Singapore (2007) for issuance to workers and, for the more dangerous work,
specific hazard-related training and briefing on the use of construction machinery, tools,
appliances and personal protection equipment. Knowledge on the health and safety rules of
these workers will also be checked periodically to ascertain their understanding.
149. Prior to starting construction works, the more dangerous zones where hazardous factors
exist within the Project Site will be identified. These include the following areas:
Areas in proximity to buildings/structures during demolition activities;

Hazardous wastes storage/handling areas (removed from the buildings to be
demolished) stockpile areas;
Hazardous materials storage area (diesel, lube oil, paints, thinner, grouting chemicals);
Areas where installation (or dismantling) of structural elements or heavy equipment is
carried out;
Displacement zones, where machinery, equipment or parts thereof are used;
Areas above which loads are handled by hoisting cranes; and
Areas where concentrations of harmful substances in the ambient air in working zones
exceed the regulatory maximum permissible levels) will be identified.
150. In the process of executing work at these areas, the workers will be impacted by the
following:
Increased dust in the ambient air in working zones;

Increased temperature of equipment surfaces;
Increased vibration levels;
Moving machinery or its moving parts; and
Common injuries likely to be encountered include over-exertion, dehydration especially
during the hot season, minor cuts and bruises, ergonomic injuries and illnesses are
among the most common causes of injuries in construction and decommissioning
sites.
Page | 49
151. Management of workers health and safety will be carried out by implementing the
following:
Protective fencing or tape will be provided at the boundaries of these zones and the
appropriate warning signs, markings and safety signs;
Areas where workers will stay temporarily (example, rest areas) will be located outside
of any hazardous or dangerous zones;
A work permit will be issued for any work to be carried out within these zones. The
work permit will indicate the area where the work is to be carried out, a description of
work in a hazardous/dangerous zone, conditions for safe execution of work, the time
of beginning and completion of the work, the list of team members and person
responsible for safety in the process of the work;
The persons entitled to issue work permits will determine the need for such work and
a possibility for its safe execution; they will be responsible for the implementation of
the precaution measures mentioned in the work permit. A job description will be
developed for each type of work; and
Workers will be protected from over-exertion and ergonomic injuries and illnesses,
slips and falls, and work in heights. Measures to be put in place include:
o Training workers in lifting and materials handling techniques and setting weight
limits;
o Planning the layout of the work site to minimize the need for manual transfer of
heavy loads;
o Selecting tools that reduce force requirements and holding times;
o Sorting and placing loose construction materials or demolition debris in established
areas away from foot paths;
o Cleaning up excessive waste debris and liquid spills regularly;
o Training and use of temporary fall prevention devices as rails, and barriers;
o Training and use of personal fall arrest systems, such as full body harnesses and
energy absorbing lanyards able to support heavy loads.
152. It is important to protect the community and workers from physical, chemical and other
hazards associated with the Project Site during construction phase. Risks can arise from
trespassing including potential contact with hazardous materials, buildings that are vacant or
under construction or excavations and structures which may pose fall and entrapment
hazards. Restricting access to the Project Site with the use of appropriate hoarding and
posting 24-hour security personnel to monitor the boundaries will reduce such risks.
153. Increased incidences of communicable diseases represent a potentially health threat to
project personnel including the contractor, the workforce and residents of local communities.
Prevention of the transmission of disease is also a key consideration. Workers will be trained
to adopt basic requirements for personal hygiene, food preparation and handling, and
recognition of the symptoms of communicable diseases. It is important as well to provide
workers and the local community guidance on specific emergency actions to take in the event
of a suspected disease outbreak. It will be noted that the baseline soil and groundwater
investigation report prepared in 2013 indicates the presence E. coli and total coliform
Page | 50
exceeding international limits18. It will be important to ensure the workers use proper personal
protective equipment and practice good hygiene whilst working on site.
154. Risks may arise from handling or being exposed to hazardous materials that will be used
at the construction areas within the Project Site, and these include:
Diesel for the onsite generators, pumps, small engines; and

Grouting chemicals, paints, solvents.
155. The following measures are planned to prevent the release or the spills of hazardous
substances:
To prevent accidental spills of petroleum products in the process of the filling of

vehicles or machinery, secondary containment measures will be provide, i.e. trays will
be placed beneath the machinery and vehicle filling will be carried out at designated
areas provided with hardstanding and catch drains;
Maintenance of construction machinery will be carried out only at designated areas

where there is adequate protection to prevent the migration of spilled fuel or lubricants
to the soil and groundwater (it is noted that the site has a high water table);
Durable waste receptacles will be installed at construction sites for the collection of oil
contaminated waste materials and soil; all wastes will be disposed of separately as
hazardous waste at a local approved by the YCDC; and
Use of third party expert assisted by the trained personnel to identify and remove
hazardous materials for example asbestos, PCBs, electrical components containing
mercury per the Hazardous Materials Management Plan prepared in the Hazardous
Materials Assessment report.
156. A significant increase in the movement of heavy vehicles for the transport of construction
materials and equipment will impact the risk of traffic-related accidents and injuries to workers
and the local community. The incidence of road accidents involving project vehicles during
construction will be minimized through a combination of education and awareness-raising.
157. In managing these impacts, the following measures will be taken:
Traffic safety awareness will be promoted;

Safe transport practices will be adopted with an emphasis on safety aspects among
drivers;
The number of trips for each driver to be limited as far as practicable and rosters will
be drawn up for drivers avoid overtiredness;
Dangerous routes will be avoided and transportation during night time reduced to
minimize the risk of accidents; and
Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts to minimize
serious accidents.
Traffic Management
18
Page | 51
158. The exiting access to Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence on Bogyoke Aung San
Road will be used during construction. During the construction of Phase 2 FMI Centre access
will be used. During the construction of Phase 1 FMI Centre will operate as existing. The
construction is expected to take approximately 5 years with the majority of vehicles entering
and exiting the Project Site during the basement excavation at the start of the construction
period. Construction traffic will avoid the peak traffic hours and adhere to YCDC limitations on
vehicle size during specified hours of the day. Traffic management during the improvements
and access design connecting to the public road will be prepared by the contractor at a later
date and agreed with YCDC Roads and Bridges Department.
B. Operational Phase
Air Quality
159. Air quality impacts will be minor during the operational phase. MIHL is committed to the
use of clean gaseous fuel (LPG, LNG etc.) for heating or other purposes. Liquid fuel such as
diesel will only be used for emergency generators.
Noise
160. Noise impacts are not expected to be significant during the operational phase of the
Project. The main sources of noise generation will be traffic noise from the increased vehicular
movement by the employees of the office towers, the residents of the service
apartments/condominiums and the guests staying at the hotels onsite. As these sources are
mobile and intermittent and the surrounding area a highly urbanized environment exposed to
traffic noise, it is predicted that the impacts will not be significant.
Water Quality
161. During the operational phase of the Project, the main source of water quality impact is
domestic wastewater which comprises sewage and sullage (wastewater sinks/wash basins,
showers, and baths, but not waste liquid or excreta from toilets). Stormwater from the Project
Site will be conveyed via a network of permanent drains which will discharge via the northern
boundary of the site into the existing canal. Untreated or inadequately treated sewage effluent
and domestic wastewaters which are high in organic content has the potential to increase the
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Ammoniacal
Nitrogen (AN) concentration in the receiving waterways. These effluents will also have high
counts of faecal coliform, E. coli and other disease carrying bacteria.
162. To treat the sewage effluent from the sanitary facilities located at the various development
components of the Project and sullage from development components, a sewage treatment
plant (STP) designed to comply with appropriate international standards will be constructed
onsite. The STP will be designed based on the peak water demand of 1,100 m3/day as this
rate is assumed to represent the wastewater generation at the site. The design influent criteria
is BOD > 400 mg/l for the sanitary facilities of the residential units, BOD < 1100 mg/l for the
kitchen washwaters and BOD < 150 mg/l for grey waters entering the STP. The BOD and SS
limits for the treated effluent will be < 20 mg/l and < 30 mg/l respectively. A discussion will be
held with the relevant department within the YCDC to confirm the adequacy of these treatment
Page | 52
limits as currently there are no specified national/local regulatory limits for treated
effluent discharge.
163. The wastewater from these sources will first undergo coarse screening before entering
the equalization tank (350 m3). From this tank, the wastewater will be pumped through a fine
screen into an air-sparged aeration tank (80 m3). The overflow from the aeration tank will then
pass through two membrane tanks (150 m3 each) which will operate in parallel. Sodium
hypochlorite will be added into both the membrane tanks for disinfection purposes. The final
treated effluent will be pumped into the treated water tank (100 m3). The sludge formed at the
bottom of the equalization tank and the aeration tank will be pumped into the slurry tank (30
m3) for temporary storage before being pumped to a tanker for offsite discharge/disposal at a
location approved by the YCDC. To ensure optimal efficiency of the STP, the system will be
subject to periodic preventive maintenance.
164. The treated effluent will be reused onsite as cooling water and any excess will be pumped
into the citys stormwater drainage system.
165. The main source of soil and groundwater contamination during the operational phase of
the Project is spillage of hazardous materials from the following areas:
Diesel Storage Room covering a footprint of 135 m2 which houses 3 metal skid tanks
(each with a storage capacity of 20,000 litres) and 2 tanks (with a storage capacity of
10,000 m3)
Chemical Store for the storage of chemical related to maintenance activities, the STP
and the cooling towers (anti-fouling agents, corrosion inhibitors, biocides);
The emergency firewater pumphouse (diesel storage for the firewater pump) ;
Standby generators (including their diesel day tanks); and
Hazardous Wastes Storage.
166. In mitigation, the diesel and chemical storage facilities will be designed and operated to
ensure that as far as practicable, leakage and accidental release of chemicals into the
underlying soil and groundwater do not occur. Prevention and control measures include the
following:
The five diesel storage tanks within the Diesel Storage Room will be located within
concrete-bunded enclosures capable of containing 110% of the contents of the largest
tank within each enclosure. The floor of the bunded enclosures will be concrete-lined
with an impermeable liner to prevent contaminant from permeating into the ground;
Operational control which includes regular/routine surveys, inspection and

maintenance of the diesel fuel tanks and their ancillary facilities (pumps, valves and
pipes) will be integrated into the Projects environmental management practices so as
to identify and rectify any significant product losses or ongoing spills/leakages which
may be occurring;
Areas where regular or periodic handling and dispensing of liquid hazardous material
are undertaken, such as the diesel storage area and the building maintenance store
Page | 53
will be concrete-paved with appropriate secondary containment (drip trays and bunded
areas) provided.
Any accidental spills will be assessed on a case by case basis and remedied, including
excavation and disposal of any contaminated soil (classified as hazardous wastes) at
a secure disposal facility approved by the YCDC.
Procedures and work instructions on the proper handling of diesel and maintenance
chemicals as well as the disposal procedures for hazardous wastes will be developed
and effectively communicated to all operations and maintenance personnel;
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) to be provided for the diesel and any other
chemicals (e.g. chemicals used for the maintenance activities, used at the STP and for
the cooling towers) stored within the Project Site;
Corrosion protection for steel tanks and their ancillary facilities (pumps, valves and
pipes) will be provided to prevent leaks.
167. As part of continuous monitoring, the groundwater quality at the Project Site will be
monitored on a regular basis during the lifetime of the development as groundwater is a
valuable and sensitive resource in Yangon. Groundwater monitoring wells will be installed at
locations up-gradient and down-gradient of the site. The location of the groundwater sampling
stations is presented in Figure 5.
168. If contaminants are present at concentrations above the groundwater quality screening
levels such as the Dutch Intervention Values (DIVs) which are more stringent than IFC EHS,
further assessments will be necessary to determine the nature and extent of the
contamination, as well as to remove the potential source(s) of contamination. A Human Health
Risk Assessment (and/or an Ecological Risk Assessment, where appropriate) may be required
to determine if the concentrations detected in the impacted media pose an unacceptable risk
to human health and the environment.
Non-hazardous Waste and Hazardous Waste
169. Non-hazardous or municipal wastes arising from the occupancy of the buildings proposed
for the Project include kitchen wastes, office wastes from the administration offices of the hotel,
wastes generated by the hotel guests, garden wastes and miscellaneous wastes which may
include waste paper, plastic, cardboards etc.
170. Small quantities of hazardous wastes will be generated from the operation of the hotel
largely from the periodic maintenance activities. These include:
Used fluorescent bulbs;

Spent oils and solvents from the hotel maintenance department.
Discarded or off-specification chemicals (paints, thinners, chemicals used for the
disinfection of the swimming pool);
Containers, bags or equipment contaminated with chemicals or mineral oil; and
Rags, plastics, papers or filters contaminated with chemicals or oils.
Page | 54
171. The primary concern with respect to hazardous and municipal wastes management is
improper disposal at unauthorized sites. This will lead to potential surface water, ground water
and soil contamination as well as contribute to unhealthy and unattractive surroundings.
Proper handling, storage and disposal of wastes is crucial to managing these impacts. Waste
collection areas will be provided at strategic locations within the Project Site and the hazardous
and non-hazardous wastes will be hauled offsite by contractors licensed under one of the six
waste collection companies appointed by the YCCD. A waste separation system will be
implemented within the Project Site and options for waste recycling will be considered to
minimize the volume of wastes to be disposed to the landfill.
Landscape and Visual
172. Only positive impacts are envisaged during the operational phase when the buildings
are fully constructed and the Project Site appropriately landscaped.
Health and Safety
173. During the operational phase of the Project, potential health and safety impacts will be
significantly reduced and limited to maintenance activities and handling of hazardous materials
(diesel, chemicals used for the STP, chemicals used for the treatment of groundwater and the
treatment of the water used in the swimming pools at the hotels, chemicals used for the cooling
towers (anti-fouling agents, corrosion inhibitors, biocides, etc.), paints, lube oils, grease and
thinner. In ensuring safe handling of these materials, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for
each of the chemicals will be obtained and the corresponding storage and handling measures
will be implemented, including provision of appropriate personal protective equipment.
Socio-economics
174. Only significant long-term positive socio-economic impacts are predicted as a result of
the Project. No negative socioeconomic impacts are envisaged. The key benefits accrued by
the Yangon Division and the neighbouring regions include the following:
Inflow of Foreign Direct Investment: The implementation of the Project will entail a
significant investment which will have a multiplier effect on the countrys economy. This
is in line with the Government of Myanmars efforts to encourage foreign investments
to Myanmar to support the rapid growth and expansion of the economy;
Transfer of Technology/Training: The Project will provide opportunities for training

and professional development of the Myanmar employees to be hired to be part of the
Project, mainly in the hospitality and commercial sectors. At this time, there is no
information available on the estimated number of people to be trained. The transfer of
technology will take place at the point when employees are sent for training overseas
in neighbouring countries and also by way of regular visits by foreign specialists whose
services may be engaged to provide onsite job training to the local staff;
Growth of Other Supporting Businesses: The Project, which will be located in the
Yangon city centre, is expected to create new business opportunities for the following
sectors/activities amongst others:
o
o
Transport/logistics;
Housing;
Page | 55
o
o
o
o
o
Banking and insurance;

Health care;
Education/professional training centres;
Chemicals; and
Retail and service providers e.g. telecommunication and waste disposal.
Increased Employment Opportunities: The entire Project is expected to provide job

opportunities for up to 2,500 locals. Of which around 875 jobs will be created during
operation and over 1,600 during construction of the project. Where a post cannot be
filled with a local, the company will hire a foreigner employee. The foreigner employees
will train locals until such time the locals attain sufficient skills and technical knowledge
to subsequently take over the responsibilities from the foreigners. Additionally, further
job opportunities will become available for the local population as a result of the growth
in the other supporting sectors identified above;
Economic Benefits: The proposed Project is expected to bring about positive

multiplier effects to the Myanmar economy. The total direct and indirect contributions
to the Myanmar economy by the Project are expected to be significant. In addition, the
Project is expected to generate significant tax revenue for the Myanmar Government
over its lifetime.
Business for Local Suppliers: Creation of demand for local supplies for the following
sections including food and beverage and textile/garment.
Improvement of pedestrian and traffic movement by providing sufficient parking at the

Project, provision for signalization and relocation of the pedestrian crossing at Bogyoke
Aung San Road will benefit the local area and will ease traffic and pedestrian
movement.
Cultural Heritage
175. The MBR which was first built in 1877 will be restored and converted into the Peninsula
Hotel which is a luxury hotel. MIHL has engaged an architectural research and restoration firm
from Singapore (a UNESCO/ICOMOS member) to undertake a detailed research to document
the historical and unique architectural features of the MBR based on which the restoration and
conservation related recommendations have been made. The firm has also undertake a
detailed research of the entire site and the significant neighboring buildings. The firm is in
liaison with YHT, a Yangon-based Non-Governmental Organization focused on promoting the
preservation of historical buildings in Yangon, and which has been in active contact with the
cultural heritage departments within the Government of Myanmar. MIHL has emphasized that
the Project will ensure careful restoration and redevelopment of the MRB given its historical
significance.
6 Analysis of Alternatives
176. Options considered in the planning stages of the Project include design alternatives; the
No-Built as well as Built-Out alternatives which are based on assessments of beneficial and
adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts arising from the Project. The alternatives
considered are as follows:
Page | 56
(a)
Design alternatives: The overall design concept of the Project takes into consideration
environmentally sustainable features with the adoption of the Singaporean Green Mark
guidelines. This includes energy conservation measures including energy saving
lighting, features which employ and maximize sunlight/skylight, water recycling
(including wastewater recycling), landscaping the Project Site with trees and shrubs to
preserve the natural resources as well as protect the local microclimate and minimizing
ozone depletion by using CFC and HCFC-free refrigerant in the chillers and airconditioning units.
(b)
No-Build Alternative: During both the construction and operational phases of the
Project, significant socio-economic benefits are envisaged. These are described under
the previous section (Section 5). It is expected that the local as well as the regional
economy will benefit significantly from the Project directly and indirectly. In the event the
Project is not implemented, the benefits described in Paragraph 92 will fail to materialize.
However, from an environmental perspective, the potential environmental concerns
described in Section 5 will cease to exist and there will be no change to the prevailing
environment condition.
(c)
Built-Out Alternative: With the implementation of the Project, environmental impacts

are envisaged. However, these impacts are predicted to be localized, short-term and
reversible with the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures and by
undertaking regular compliance audits as well as environmental monitoring programs.
No adverse irreversible environmental or social impacts are anticipated. On the contrary,
significant positive socio-economic impacts to the local and regional community are
envisaged.
(d)
Upon careful consideration of the above alternatives, the Project Implementation

alternative was selected.
7 Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation

177. Consultation with relevant stakeholders has been an integral part of the project
preparation. The project proponent, since the initiation of the project development in 2011,
has carried out consultations with stakeholder groups including but not limited to:
Myanmar Government agencies, such as YCDC, MOECAF, Ministry of Rail and

Myanmar Railways, Ministry of Tourism;
NGOs active in Myanmar on heritage conservation and management;
Tenants currently occupying the Project Site in FMI Centre and Zawgyi House;
Customers and corporate clients of the Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence;
Employees of Grand Mee Ya Hta Executive Residence;
Communities in the vicinity of the site, including the St Gabriels Church and Bogyoke
Aung San Market;
Tourist operators and real estate professionals in Yangon.
178. At the corporate level, MIHL will develop its corporate level ESMP, including the
development of SOPs on stakeholder and community engagement (including grievance
mechanisms) appropriate to the scale and complexity of the environmental and social
risks/impacts associated with the Project. The ESMP will be in place by mid-2014.
Page | 57
179. A bilingual English and Burmese language advertisement will be placed in a major local
newspaper in Yangon to inform the public about the Project and that the environmental and
social assessments carried out for the Project are available for access. It will also post the
English and Burmese language ESRS and ESAP at conspicuous locations outside the main
entrance of the Project site and at the front entrance of FMI Centre; and the same on its
corporate website or provide a web-link to IFCs disclosed ESRS and ESAP, and the ADB
disclosed IEE. The final version of the ESMP in English and Burmese versions will be available
at the Project office on site for access to any interested persons.
180. As part of the due diligence exercise, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) sent a
team to review the Project. The review relied upon documents made available by the YSH
Group, on interviews conducted by IFC with the Group, project management and contractor
representatives as well as with workers and local community members at or near the project
site. IFCs due diligence found no issues related to land lease acquisition and no concerns
expressed by local residents near the site. The review also did not identify any adverse
impacts of the Project on ethnic minority persons or biodiversity.
Grievance Redress Mechanism
181. A Grievance Redress Mechanism has been devised to provide a venue to discuss issues
adequately. During project construction and operation, a community relations contact posted
at the site office will be responsible in reviewing queries about the project.
182. The Groups office at FMI Centre and security station at the front entrance of the Project
Site are the key local public interfaces to receive external communications including
grievances from the public. At each of the Groups business or real estate sites, the main office
or project management office and the front entrance security stations serve as the point of
contact to receive public enquiries.
183. Management of Complaints or Query. A community member can approach or call the
Groups community relations contact to complain or to ask questions. Complaints will be
immediately handled and the community relations contact will target to settle the complaint
within 5 working days. A Record Book will be kept with details on the following: a) date of the
complaint, b) details about the complainant (name and contact information), c) description of
grievance, d) actions taken, e) follow up requirements, f) implementation and mitigation
measures (if required). The Record Book will include details on the measures/process
undertaken to handle or mitigate these concerns.
9 Environmental and Social Management Plan

9.1. YSH Environment and Social Management Systems
184. Yoma Strategic Holdings Ltd. (YSH) which will be a major shareholder in MIHL has
developed and implemented an Enterprise Risk Manual (ERM) framework in order to identify,
assess, treat and monitor potential risks. At YSHs corporate level, the Director of Risk
Management and Assurance, who reports to the Chief Executive Officer of YSH, is responsible
for overall risk management and oversight as well as conducting risk based reviews across
the Group (otherwise known as Risk Based Internal Auditing) to provide assurance to the
board that risk management processes are managing risks effectively, in relation to the risk
appetite (or identify exceptions when it is not).
Page | 58
185. The Director of Risk Management and Assurance reports the improvement opportunities
identified during the reviews and provide recommended action plans to management
members including the CEO of YSH. As part of this process, Standard Operating Procedures
(SOP) are developed to address improvement opportunities identified in the report.
186. YSH is in the process of developing an environmental and social management system
manual in accordance with relevant IFC Performance Standards which will be endorsed by
the CEO and adopted at working entity level. The manual will include:
a) an E&S policy and mission statement; b) specific SOPs on but not limited to the following:
E&S screening and due diligence of potential projects; labor and working conditions; key
occupational health and safety risks; land acquisition, resettlement, and livelihood restoration;
stakeholder engagement and community grievance mechanisms; emergency preparedness
and response; E&S requirements on contractors, sub-contractors, and primary suppliers;
biodiversity management; resource efficiency and waste management; c) relevant key
performance indicators, training programs, and corporate monitoring and reporting programs;
d) mechanisms to regularly review implementation effectiveness by internal (and external as
needed) experts; e) assignment of an appropriately qualified staff member as overall E&S
coordinator at Group level.
187. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) described in this section forms
an integral part of the IEE prepared for the Project. It establishes the strategy for how
environmental and social impacts will be managed throughout the stages of development, i.e.
the construction and operational phases of the Project and provides a framework upon which
MIHL as the Developer will set environmental and social management requirements for the
Project via its contractual documents with relevant parties, e.g the main contractor appointed
for the construction phase of the Project and the managing entities appointed to operate the
various development components within the Project Site. The ESMP has been developed in
conjunction with the environmental and social management system manual described above.
188. Broadly, the objectives of the ESMP are to:
Provide practical and achievable plans for the management of the Project specifically
ensuring that environmental requirements are complied with, by providing for the
monitoring and control of the predicted impacts;
Provide MIHL and the regulatory authorities with a framework to confirm compliance
with environmental policies and requirements; and
Provide the community with evidence of the management of the Project in an
environmentally and socially acceptable manner.
189. This ESMP provides the delivery mechanism to address the adverse environmental and
social impacts of the proposed Project during its implementation, to enhance project benefits,
and to introduce standards of good practices to be adopted during all project stages.
ESMP implementation structure
190. The relevant parties that will be involved in the implementation of the Environmental and
Social Management Plan include:
Page | 59
MIHL as the Project Proponent (PP);

MOECAF Environmental Review and Approval Authority;
The Project Manager (PM) to be employed by the PP;
The Independent Environmental Consultant (IEC) to be engaged by the PP;
The Environmental Team (ET) to be employed by the PP or the contractor; and
The contractor.
191. Project Proponent (PP): MIHL as the Project Proponent (PP) will assume overall
responsibility for the Project. The PP will ensure that an ET is employed to undertake and
manage the monitoring and audit, laboratory analysis and reporting of the environmental
monitoring and audit programme; and ensure an IEC is engaged to audit the results of the
EM&A works undertaken by the ET.
192. Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF): The MOECAF is
the governmental enforcement body for relevant environmental protection matters in
Myanmar. There are relevant departments with which this ministry will be engaged in all
regulatory enforcement issues.
193. Project Manager: The PM will be employed by the PP and will be responsible for
overseeing the construction of the Project and monitoring the works undertaken by the
contractor and the ET and to ensure the works undertaken are in accordance with the
specification and contractual requirements.
194. Independent Environmental Consultant: The IEC is engaged by the Project
Proponent. The IEC will advise the PM on environmental issues related to the Project. The
IEC will be empowered to carry out an independent environmental performance audit of the
Project on a [yearly basis]. The IEC will have the relevant qualification and experience in
environmental monitoring and audit for environmental management works subject to the
approval of the PM.
195. The responsibility of the IEC includes verifying the environmental acceptability of
permanent and temporary works, relevant design plans, the project logbook and submissions
under the ET, as well as arranging and conducting monthly general site inspections.
196. Environmental Team (ET): An ET will be employed by the PP to carry out the
environmental and social monitoring programme. The ET leader is the person who is
responsible for and in charge of the ET to execute the environmental monitoring. The ET
leader will have the relevant qualifications and experience in environmental and social
monitoring.
197. The ET leader will plan, organise and manage the implementation of the monitoring
programme in accordance with the requirements as stipulated in the Final ESMP. Suitably
qualified professional staff will be employed in the ET, and resources for the implementation
of the monitoring programme will be allocated.
198. As addressed above, during the construction and operational phases of the proposed
project, environmental and social management will become a routine function as an integral
part of the operations and management activities.
Page | 60
199. Community relations contact: The Groups office at FMI Centre and the security station
at the front entrance of the Project Site are the key local public interfaces to receive external
communications including grievances from the public. At each of the Groups business or real
estate sites, the main office or project management office and the front entrance security
stations serve as the point of contact to receive public enquiries. The community relations
contact will analyse and respond to the complaints of the affected communities as described
in the Grievance Mechanism.
9.4
Environmental and social management plan measures
200. The Projects draft ESMP is presented in Table 10 and will be finalized upon receiving
comments from the MOECAF as part of the ESIA approval process.
Page | 61
Table 10: Draft Environmental and Social Management Plan Measures

Potential Sources of Impacts
Air Quality (Construction Phase)
Potential sources include:
Site preparation works such as

excavation, levelling, compaction and
trenching
Movement of heavy construction
vehicles and machinery within the site
and during transportation operations;
Material handling (delivery, unloading
and use of construction aggregates
and structural fill);
Demolition of existing buildings onsite;
Operation of the batching plant;
Material/soil tracked out of the site
and deposited on local roads; and
Exhaust emissions emitted from
vehicle and machinery engine
exhaust emissions will contain NOx,
SOx, CO and VOCs.
Mitigation/Management
Measures
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Mitigation measures involving standard dust

suppression measures include:
Ambient air quality

monitoring to be carried
out monthly at two
locations along the
Project site boundary
and one location at the
Church compound.
Carry out regular surface damping or

wetting on general site areas,
stockpiled
fill
and
aggregates
especially
during
dry
ambient
conditions;
Provide site enclosure and covering of

any aggregates or stockpiles;
Ensure that all hardstanding areas and

access roads within the site are wet
twice a day;
Provide wheel-washing facilities or

trough at the ingress/egress points.
These facilities will be equipped with
(1) a temporary hardstanding of
sufficient size to accommodate a
standard sized vehicle and equipped
with a sump; and (2) high pressure
water jets.
Vehicles operating within the Project

site and especially within the
construction works area will adhere to
speed limits not exceeding 30 km/hr.
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
The monitoring will be

carried out by an
accredited laboratory.
Parameters
to
be
monitored include TSP,
PM10 (particulate matter
less than 10 micron),
SO2 and NO2.
Page | 62
Measures
Surface damping will be carried out on

a 50 m road stretch on the public road
outside the sites access point.
All construction vehicles transporting

dusty materials will be secured with
appropriate
materials/sheets
to
prevent the escape of fugitive dust.
Open burning on the site premises is

strictly prohibited on-site.
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
The control of vehicular emissions can be

achieved by observing good construction
practice procedures such as:
Air Quality (Operational Phase)
During the operational phase of the Project,

there will be no significant sources of air
emissions.
Vibration (Construction Phase)
The main construction activities that will

generate vibration include:
Turning of equipment when not in use;

Lorries/trucks waiting for more than 10
minutes will turn off their engines; and;
Regular maintenance of construction
vehicles/equipment.
No mitigation measures required.
Mitigation measures proposed for noise to be

applicable
No
monitoring
programme required.
Demolition of buildings, mainly with

the use of backhoe mounted hydraulic
breakers;
Page | 63
MRB early and main construction

works;
Main buildings early construction
works;
Piling works for the main buildings;
Main building pile caps, basement
slabs and podium; and
Construction of the towers
Vibration (Operational Phase)
Except for minor increase in traffic noise due to

the occupancy of the various development
components of the Project, no significant
impacts are envisaged.
Noise (Construction Phase)
The main construction activities that will

generate noise include:
Measures
MRB early & main construction works;

Main buildings early construction
works;
Piling Works for the main buildings;
Main Building Pile Caps, Basement
Slabs & Podium; and
Construction of the Towers
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
No
monitoring
programme required.
Mitigation measures which will be implemented

include:
Noise monitoring to be
carried out monthly at
two locations along the
Project site boundary
and one location at the
Church compound.
Consideration
for
alternative
construction methodologies: The use
of hydraulic breakers should be
avoided and hydraulic crushers should
be used instead. There crushers are
typically 6-12 dB9A) quieter.
Use of mobile barriers: Movable noise
barriers will be used as necessary to
achieve 5 dB(A) reduction for movable
construction equipment or 10 dB(A) for
stationary ones.
Implement Good International Industry Practice

(GIIP) as follows:
The monitoring will be

carried out by an
accredited
laboratory
over a 24-hour period.
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
E
a
r
t
h
w
o
r
k
s
C
o
n
t
r
a
S
u
b
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
m
o
n
t
Page | 64
Measures
The contractor will adopt the Code of

Practice on Good Management
Practice to Prevent Violation of the
Noise Control Ordinance (Chapter
400) (for Construction Industry)
published by EPD;
The contractor will observe and

comply with the statutory and nonstatutory requirements and guidelines;
The contractor will submit the method

statement to the Engineer for
comments on the construction
methods, use of equipment and noise
mitigation measures intended to be
implemented on-site;
The contractor will devise and execute

working methods to minimize the
noise impact on the surrounding
sensitive uses, and to provide
experienced personnel with suitable
training to ensure that those methods
are implemented;
Noisy equipment and noisy activities

will be located as far away from the
NSRs as is practicable;
Unused equipment will be turned off

and the parallel use of noisy
equipment / machinery will be
avoided;
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
c
t
o
r
h
l
y
n
o
i
s
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
t
o
t
h
Page | 65
Noise (Operational Phase)
Except for minor increase in traffic noise due to

the occupancy of the various development
components of the Project, no significant
impacts are envisaged.
Water Quality (Construction Phase)

Soil erosion
Measures
Queuing of dump trucks will be

avoided. Their intermittent use will be
avoided between loading cycles or
may be throttled down to a minimum to
reduce noise;
Regular maintenance of all plant and

equipment; and
Material
stockpiles
and
other
structures will be effectively utilised as
noise barriers, where practicable.
Sediment retention structures such as

silt traps or catch pits of adequate
sizes will be provided at suitable
locations within the active works area
within the Project site to remove soil
and sediment in the surface runoff
prior to discharge into the receiving
drainage channels. The silt traps/catch
pits will be regularly maintained and
desilted to provide maximum silt
removal efficiencies. Oil and grease
removal facilities will also be provided
to ensure the overflows from the silt
trap do not have traces of oil and
grease.
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
e
P
P
.
No
monitoring
programme required.
Inspection of silt traps

will be carried out by the
contractor as required.
Based
on
the
inspection, as required,
silt traps/catch pits will
be
desludged
to
maximise silt removal
efficiencies.
The overflow from the
silt
traps
will
be
monitored on a weekly
basis to ensure the
Development
of
E
ana Erosion and
Sedimentation
r
Control
Plan
t
(ESCP)
for
integration
into
h
thew Earthworks
and
Drainage
o
Plan which will
ber submitted to
thek YCDC and
related
s agencies.
C
o
Page | 66
Measures
These structures will be located,

designed and constructed in a manner
that will minimise the potential threat of
downstream flooding.
Any disturbed earth caused by

construction activities or fill operations
will be firmly consolidated and
compacted by earth moving vehicles
and compactors to reduce the rate of
possible erosion and release of loose
soil particles.
Denuded stretches will be revegetated or sealed immediately after

the construction works. Suitable revegetation programmes will be planted
as quickly as possible on exposed
areas to reduce surface runoff and
sediment loss.
Uncovered stockpiles of excavated

material or topsoil and fill material are
prone to erosion and therefore will be
protected. Small stockpiles can be
covered with tarpaulin sheets and
large stockpiles will be stabilised by
erosion blankets and regularly
damped.
Construction of a wash trough at the

ingress / egress point of the Project
site to remove dirt/soil from vehicles
and machinery leaving the site. The
wash trough will have spray jet
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Total Suspended Solids

(TSS) concentration is
below 50 mg/l.
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
Page | 67
Measures
facilities and all surface discharge
from the wash trough will be
channeled into the temporary drainage
system
Construction runoff and drainage
Sewage Effluent and Domestic Wastewaters
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
Stockpiles of construction aggregate

spoil and excavated soil will be located
at areas within the project site that do
not permit direct run off into water
courses and are generally flat. On site
storage of excessive quantities of such
materials will be avoided and where
not possible the use of geotextile
material or tarpaulin covers will be
considered to minimise erosion.
Temporary and/or permanent drainage systems

will be installed immediately following the site
preparation works to minimise downstream
flooding.
Visual monitoring of the

temporary
and/or
permanent
drainage
system will be carried
out on a weekly basis
and immediately after a
heavy rainfall event. If
these channels are
obstructed, measures
will be taken to prevent
drainage impedance.
Appropriate sanitary facilities will be

provided and properly maintained for
construction workers throughout the
construction stage. Direct discharge of
untreated sewage into underlying soil,
groundwater or surface water is
prohibited. If portable toilets are used
The sanitary facilities to

be cleaned twice daily.
The portable chemical
toilets
will
be
maintained per the
manufacturers
requirements.
Responsible
Party
contractor
Page | 68
Measures
at the site, they must be of sufficient
numbers and meet the requirements
of Yangon City Development Council.
Water Quality (Operations Phase)

Sewage and sullage
Temporary septic systems or portable

chemical toilets will be provided for
use at the proposed site to prevent any
release of untreated sewage into
YCDC main drain.
These facilities will be maintained and
cleaned on a daily basis.
A sewage treatment plant (STP) will be

constructed onsite designed based on the peak
water demand of 1,100 m3/day.
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
Company
appointed for
the operation
and
maintenance
of the STP.
Submission
of
monthly
monitoring report
of the treated
effluent from the
STP.
If temporary septic
systems
are
used,
periodical desludging
will be carried out as
necessary.
Implementation
of
preventive maintenance
programmes
and
performance monitoring
programmes
as
stipulated under the
manufacturers
specification.
The treated effluent
from the STP will be
monitored once a week
to ensure compliance to
the
design
specifications and to
ensure compliance with
the requirements of
MOECAF. The specific
parameters
to
be
monitored
will
be
confirmed
in
conjunction
with
Page | 69
Measures
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
contractor
Submission
of
weekly
inspection
reports to the ET
and the PE.
MOECAF as presently
there are no prescribed
limits
for
treated
effluent.
Soil and Groundwater (Construction Phase)

Accidental spills and leaks from handling and
storage of hazardous materials
Leaks from vehicle engine and refueling

activities
A secured area (enclosed with

hardstanding impervious base) will be
provided for the storage of any
hazardous materials and hazardous
wastes.
All temporary fuel tanks and drum

storage areas will be provided with
drip collection devices and be sited on
sealed areas (for example, concrete
paved areas) with appropriate bunding
for accidental spill containment. A
valve will be installed at the discharge
outlet of the bunded area.
Any accidental spills of fuel, oil or other

hazardous chemicals will be cleaned
up immediately. The recovered media
(contaminated soil, absorbent pads,
rags etc) will be disposed of as
hazardous waste.
All activities that may result in the

potential release of hazardous
materials to the ground such as
changing of engine oils and lubrication
oils from construction vehicles,
Daily inspection of the

hazardous
materials
storage area.
Any spills observed, or
any deterioration in the
integrity of the storage
containers (e.g. tanks,
drums)
will
be
addressed immediately.

areas designated for
refueling.
Page | 70
Improper discharge of untreated sewage
Soil and Groundwater (Operations Phase)

Contamination of soil and groundwater as a
result of hazardous materials (diesel and
chemicals) spillage.
Measures
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
equipment and generators on site will

be performed only on designated
sealed areas or on drip trays to reduce
the risk of direct spill into the
underlying soil and groundwater.
Spent oil must be handled and
disposed of as hazardous waste.
Any spills observed will

be
contained
and
removed with the use of
sand, sawdust chemical
absorbents
Appropriate sanitary facilities will be

provided and properly maintained for
construction workers throughout the
construction stage. Direct discharge of
untreated sewage into underlying soil,
groundwater or surface water is
prohibited. If portable toilets are
procured to the site, they must be of
sufficient numbers and meet the
requirements
of
Yangon
City
Development Council.
The sanitary facilities to

be cleaned twice daily.
The portable chemical
toilets
will
be
maintained per the
manufacturers
requirements.
Temporary septic systems or portable

chemical toilets will be provided for
use at the proposed site to prevent any
release of untreated sewage into
YCDC main drain.
These facilities will be maintained and

cleaned on a daily basis.
The five diesel storage tanks to be

installed within the Diesel Storage
Room will be located within concretebunded enclosures capable of
containing 110% of the contents of the
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
contractor
Provision
for
proper
management of
sewage effluent
from temporary
sanitary facilities
to be included in
the Construction
Method
Statement.
Company
appointed to
carry
out
maintenance
activities
for
Submission
of
weekly
inspection
reports to the PP.
If temporary septic
systems
are
used,
periodical desludging
will be carried out.

Diesel Storage Room
including the piping,
valves
and
related
structures
by
the
Page | 71
Measures
largest tank within each enclosure.
The floor of the bunded enclosures will
be
concrete-lined
with
an
impermeable
liner
to
prevent
contaminant from permeating into the
ground;
Appropriate
instrumentation
and
control/trigger alarm to warn of
possible overfilling and to provide an
alert mechanism in the event of
significant fuel/chemical loss will be
provided for the storage tanks;
Operational control which includes

regular/routine surveys, inspection
and maintenance of the diesel fuel
tanks and their ancillary facilities
(pumps, valves and pipes) will be
integrated
into
the
Projects
environmental management practices
so as to identify and rectify any
significant product losses or ongoing
spills/leakages
which
may
be
occurring;
Areas where regular or periodic

handling and dispensing of liquid
hazardous material are undertaken,
such as the diesel storage area and
the building maintenance store will be
concrete-paved
with
appropriate
secondary containment (drip trays and
bunded areas) provided.
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
maintenance
crew
appointed during the
operational phase of the
Project.
During the inspection, a
checklist
which
addresses
the
management measures
of the ESIA will be used.
Responsible
Party
the
Site.
Project
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
Submission
of
monthly
groundwater
quality
monitoring report
to the ET and the
PP.
The groundwater quality

at the Project site will be
monitored during the
lifetime
of
the
development.
The
number of monitoring
wells and the specific
parameters
to
be
monitored
will
be
decided in conjunction
with MOECAF. At a
minimum, three wells
will be located to
represent
the
groundwater quality upgradient and downgradient of the site.
If contaminants are
present
at
concentrations above
the groundwater quality
screening
levels
(example, the Dutch
Intervention
Values
Page | 72
Measures
Any accidental spills will be assessed

on a case by case basis and
remedied, including excavation and
disposal of any contaminated soil
(classified as hazardous wastes) at a
secure disposal facility approved by
the YCDC.
Procedures and work instructions on

proper handling of diesel and
maintenance chemicals as well as the
disposal procedures for hazardous
wastes will be developed and
effectively communicated to all
operations
and
maintenance
personnel;
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

to be provided for the diesel and any
other chemicals (e.g. chemicals used
for the maintenance activities, used at
the STP and for the cooling towers)
stored within the Project site;
Corrosion protection for steel tanks

and their ancillary facilities (pumps,
valves and pipes) will be provided to
prevent leaks.
Non - Hazardous Waste Management (Construction Phase)

Improper management of waste will potential
result in the following:
Drainage impedance
Good housekeeping practices are

essential within the site. Open burning
of any form of construction waste
material within the Project site is
strictly prohibited as apart from
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
Contractor
Submission
of
monthly report on
the quantity and
type of waste
generated and its
(DIVs),
further
assessments will be
necessary to determine
the nature and extent of
the contamination, as
well as to remove the
potential source(s) of
contamination.
Daily inspection on
housekeeping, storage
and disposal of nonhazardous
waste
generation from the
Page | 73
Contamination of the surface runoff

caused by the chemicals used at the
Project site
Odour impacts
Possible health risks caused by
disease vectors
Possibility of fires at the Project site
Measures
polluting the atmosphere and reducing
the ambient air quality at the site, the
activity poses a risk of fire spreading to
the hazardous materials storage areas
(example, diesel storage area).
General construction spoil will be

recycled on site as much as possible.
For example, construction aggregate
materials may be considered as
possible backfill material;
Domestic waste generated from the

site offices and workers temporary
cabins will be stored in suitable
covered receptacles or stored within
enclosed areas and collected regularly
by a YCDC-licensed contractor for
disposal
at
an
approved
disposal/landfill sites; and
Unsalvageable construction spoil will

be stockpiled at a designated site and
sold to salvage yard operators or other
contractors interested in recycling the
material.
Hazardous Waste Management (Construction Phase)

Waste from demolition of old structures
potentially containing hazardous materials
such as ACM, SMF, PCB, LBP, ODS,
radioactive
smoke
detectors,
mercury
containing
materials,
hazardous
chemicals/wastes,
mold
and
biological
hazards.
As presently there is no collection

system for hazardous waste in
Yangon, the YCDC entrusts PCCD to
collect industrial waste, together with
municipal and general waste.
.
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Project Site
carried out.
will
Responsible
Party
be
Daily inspection on
and
disposal
of
hazardous
waste
generation from the
Project Site will be
carried out.
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
disposal method.
Copies of the
receipts used in
the sale and/or of
the
waste
materials
will
also
be
appended in the
report.
contractor
Submission
of
monthly report on
the quantity and
type
of
hazardous waste
generated and its
disposal method.
Page | 74
Other sources also include waste generated

from construction activities including spent filter
catridges, small quantities of waste of industrial
paints and various type of spent soil and
soil/rags contaminated with oily residue.
Measures
Project management team will meet

with PCCD to discuss available
options in deciding the best option in
ensuring safe management and
disposal of hazardous waste.
Non Hazardous and Hazardous Waste Management (Operational Phase)

Non-hazardous waste arising from occupancy
of residential tower and hotel include:
Kitchen waste,
Office waste from administrative
offices;
Hotel guests waste;
Garden waste; and
Miscellaneous waste.
Hazardous waste will be generated in small

quantities, largely from the operation of hotels
periodic maintenance activities including:
Used fluorescent bulbs;

Spent oils and solvents from hotel
maintenance department;
Discarded
or
off-specification
chemicals;
Containers, bags or equipment
contaminated with chemicals or
mineral oil; and
Rags, plastics, papers or filters
contaminated with chemical or oils.
Project management team will meet with PCCD

to discuss available options in deciding the best
option in ensuring safe management and
disposal of the non-hazardous and hazardous
waste.
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Daily inspection on
and
disposal
of
hazardous
waste
generation from the
Project Site will be
carried out.
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
Copies of the
receipts used in
the sale and/or of
the
waste
materials
will
also
be
appended in the
report.
contractor
Submission
of
monthly report on
the quantity and
type
of
hazardous waste
generated and its
disposal method.
Copies of the
receipts used in
the sale and/or of
the
waste
materials
will
also
be
appended in the
report.
Cultural Heritage (Construction Phase)
Page | 75

Interior remodeling with partial demolition and
structural strengthening.
Measures
Foundation underpinning
construction
and
basement
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Salvage, re-use and up-cycling of

historic interior elements from the
MRB will be undertaken by the
Developer.
An Architectural Dilapidation Survey
Report has been prepared to
document the existing condition and
inventorize the heritage elements in
the MRB, to be complemented by the
contractors comprehensive site audit
prior
to
commencement
of
construction works.
Careful sequencing and appropriate
controlled demolition methods for the
internal elements is necessary, taking
into account the MRBs phased
construction through its history.
Active protection, instrumentation and
monitoring of the MRBs structural
integrity during remodeling works shall
be undertaken.
No
monitoring
programme required.
Strategic retention and showcase of

original plinth and footing of the MRB
is recommended.
A robust facade retention frame will be
installed to enhance structural stability
during the excavation and internal
remodelling works.
Low impact method and sequence for
basement construction is necessary.
monitoring of the MRBs structural
integrity during remodelling works
shall be undertaken.
No
monitoring
programme required.
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
Page | 76
Measures
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Facade strengthening
To consider factors such as low

invasivity, compatibility, ease of
reversibility, breatheability and other
considerations
that
will
not
compromise the heritage and material
characteristics of the historic fabric
No
monitoring
programme required.
Indirect physical impact to adjacent heritage

structures.
Structural dilapidation survey on

adjacent buildings
Low impact method and sequence for
basement construction
monitoring of adjacent buildings
No
monitoring
programme required.
Improve public accessibility of the

MRB where the public are able to gain
varying levels of access to the heritage
building.
A set of conservation principles and
recommendations in the Architectural
Heritage Survey Report will be
incorporated into the Schematic
Design by project consultants.
New additions to the MRB will be
distinguished from the historic in
design expression, but will be
sympathetic and complementary in
character and visually unobtrusive.
Customized solutions for structural
modification, introduction of modern
services, restoration and repair
methods are necessary to strike a
No
monitoring
programme required.
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
Cultural Heritage (Operational Phase)
New usage and design which includes addition

and alteration work with the buildings heritage
significance and character.
Page | 77
Measures
balance between preserving the
heritage character of the MRB and
meeting contemporary functional
requirements and building regulations.
Visual impact on immediate setting of the MRB.
Visual impact on immediate and adjacent

heritage structures
Podium height will be lower than the

eaveline of the MRB, and the
segmented massing complements its
scale and character.
Restrained design and sensitive use of
masonry cladding and vertical
greening, with glazed curtain wall will
be kept to the tower blocks.
The proposed glazed entrance lobby
within the courtyard will be visually
light, appropriately scaled, and
detached from the MRBs masonry
structure.
No
monitoring
programme required.
8.1m setback of the Projects podium

block
from
Church
compound
boundary for fire engine access
Further setback of the Projects office
towers from podium line
Sympathetic podium faade treatment
No
monitoring
programme required.
Landscape and Visual (Demolition and Construction Phase)

Temporary adverse landscape and visual
impacts during the demolition and construction
phase.
Construction of the Project will also impact the

existing trees within the site.
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
A decorative hoarding will be erected around

the periphery of the site to screen the temporary
construction works from the local low level
receivers, mainly pedestrians. The proposed
hoarding would provide a unified edge
treatment and interface between the
construction site and its landscape context.

hoarding to ensure
there are no breaches
or damaged areas.
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
contractor
Submission
of
monthly reports
to the PP and the
PE.
Page | 78
Measures
Mitigation measure to retain existing trees
include:
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
PP
Submission of biyearly reports on

the
landscape
management at
the Project site.
Compensatory tree planting done by

YCDC.
A landscape management plan has been

prepared for the Project Site, including tree
preservation and landscape work with
measures are the followings:
Responsible
Party
Trees to be transplanted will be

retained at proper nursery;
Phased segmental root pruning for
tress;
Pruning of branches of existing trees;
Watering of existing vegetation;
All works affecting the trees identified
for retention and transplantation will be
carefully monitored; and
Tree transplanting and planting works
will be implemented by approved
landscape contractors, inspected and
approved by qualified Landscape
Architect.
Landscape and Visual (Operational Phase)

Only positive impacts are envisaged.
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
To create a plaza to the west of the

cultural heritage building;
To restore the cultural heritage
building;
To create landscaped gardens;
To retain trees with historic value.
A qualified landscape
architect
will
be
employed to manage
the landscape elements
of the Project site.
Traffic and Transportation (Construction Phase)
Page | 79

Increase in construction traffic.
Measures
Construction traffic will avoid the peak

traffic hours and adhere to YCDC
limitations on vehicle size during
specified hours of the day.
The exiting access to Grand Mee Ya

Tha on Bogyoke Aung San Road will
be used during construction. During
construction of Phase 1 the FMI center
will operate as existing. During
construction of Phase 2 the FMI center
access will be used.
Traffic and Transportation (Operational Phase)

Increase in traffic and pedestrian volume
around the vicinity.
Improved footway surface along the

boundary of the site
Left in / left out access on Bogyoke
Aung San Road (currently right in /
right out conflicting with traffic)
Relocation of pedestrian crossing on
Bogyoke Aung San Road to align with
the retail and office buildings
Signalization of the pedestrian
crossing for improved pedestrian
safety (traffic and pedestrian volumes
will increase in future and so will
conflicts so signalization would be
required even without )
Removal of on street parking along the
site boundary at Bogyoke Aung San
Road to improve traffic flow and
safety.
Improve lane markings and geometry
of Bogyoke Aung San Road
Pedestrian connection / escalator in
the north east corner of the site
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
No
monitoring
programme required.
Responsible
Party
Contractor
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
No
monitoring
programme required.
Page | 80
Measures
providing air conditioned and traffic

free route through the retail podium
from Alan Pya Pagoda Road towards
Bogyoke Aung San Road.
Ensuring that access is designed with
suitable gradients and visibility
according to international standards
(UK, Singapore).
At the main access car park ramp providing car park ticket booths on
Basement 1 level to avoid queuing
back onto Bogyoke Aung San Road.
Other booths within the development
will be a minimum of 30m from the
road (standard applied in Bangkok).
Compliance with Labor Standards (Construction and Operations Phase)
Compliance of the Company and its

Contractors and subcontractors with
national labor laws and relevant ILO
core labor standards
Payment of mandated minimum
wages
Payment of mandated benefits of
workers
Prohibited employment of child labor
and forced labor
Nondiscrimination Etc.
National labor law and measures to comply with

relevant ILO labor standard conventions,
including the following international practices
with respect to the construction workforce:
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
PP
promote the fair treatment, nondiscrimination and equal opportunity of

workers;
establish, maintain and improve the
worker-management relationship;
promote compliance with national
labor and employment laws;
protect the workforce, including
vulnerable groups such as children or
workers engaged by third parties, and
workers in the project proponents
supply chain;
Page | 81
Measures
Health and Safety (Construction Phase)

Factors affecting the health and safety of the
workers:
Hazardous working areas/dangerous

zones;
Communicable disease and vector
borne disease;
Exposure
to
hazardous
materials/chemicals; and
Traffic safety
promote safe and healthy working

conditions and workforce health and
well-being; and prohibit any use of
forced labor.
The Guidelines on Minimum Health & Safety

Standards for Major Works developed by MIHL
will be adopted for the construction and
operational phases of the Project.
Monitoring
Requirement and
Frequency
Responsible
Party
Monitoring and
Reporting
Requirements
During the construction

phase, provisions will
be made for the
appointment of a Health
and Safety Officer at the
Project
Site.
Alternatively, one of the
members of the ET can
assume the role of
managing the health
and safety requirements
at the Project Site.
Page | 82
9.5 Environmental monitoring and audit (EM&A) program

201. The findings of the IEE indicate that the implementation of the Project will result in
potential environmental and social impacts. However, overall, these impacts are expected to
be short-termed (occurring mainly during the construction phase) and localized to the Project
Site. With appropriate mitigation measures, these impacts will be minimized. A set of
environmental and social mitigation measures to avoid or minimize adverse impacts
throughout the project construction and operation phases have been recommended and are
included in the ESMP. The supervision, evaluation and reporting of activities implemented as
per the ESMP will be carried out in a timely manner with periodical feedback to the ADB Project
management team.
10 Conclusion and Recommendation

202. The nature of the Project which is essentially a redevelopment of an existing built-up site
with a cultural heritage restoration in the real estate sector within an urbanized area is
considered a Category B project because of the limited number of specific and reversible
environmental and social impacts that may result as part of the Project. These impacts can be
avoided or mitigated by adhering to the ESMP included in Table 4 and generally recognized
good international industry practices and guidelines.
203. The IEE has assessed these potential impacts and has proposed a set of mitigation
measures and, a monitoring plan in the form of an ESMP for its contractors and staff to strictly
pursue. Consequently, it is expected that adverse impacts from the Projects construction and
operation phases will be localized with low residual impacts.
Page | 83
APPENDIX A
ASBESTOS EXPOSURE CONTROL PLAN
Asbestos is a respiratory hazard and respiratory/gastro intestinal carcinogen. Exposure to asbestos occurs
when respirable fibres are released into the air and then inhaled. Since exposure occurs when asbestos is
inhaled, the best way to prevent exposure is to prevent asbestos fibres from becoming airborne.
Asbestos containing materials are therefore divided into two categories: friable and non-friable.
Friable means that a material is able to be reduced to a powder by hand pressure. Asbestos containing
materials that are friable, by their nature, have a much greater tendency to release fibres into the air.
Non-friable asbestos containing materials, by their nature, do not want to give up their fibres into the air.
This class of materials must be mechanically impacted (power tools such as sanders, drills, chippers,
saws, etc.) to release fibres.
Protection from Asbestos Exposure during Non - Friable Removal Exercises:

There are several levels of protection to help prevent asbestos fibre release during asbestos removal
projects.
1)
The first level of protection comes from the material itself. As non-friable material, the products do not
want to readily release their fibres. The cohesive matrix of the materials (tar, pitch, asphalt) binds the
fibres together with other materials. A great deal of energy is required to separate the asbestos fibres
and release it in a respirable form.
2)
The second level of protection is in the methods of removal. The contractor is required to use nonabrasive removal techniques. In simple terms, they can only use hand tools (shovels, chisels, hammers,
etc.) to strip the non-friable material from the building.
3)
The third level of protection is whenever asbestos containing materials are disturbed in any manner,
the material must be wet. Materials that are wet do not release respirable particles into the air. A wetting
agent should be added to reduce the surface tension of water and increase the ability for it to penetrate
materials. For amended water add ordinary dishwashing detergent; 1 cup detergent to every 20
litres water.
4)
The fourth level of protection is how the materials are handled during and after removal. Once
materials are removed, they must be double wrapped in layers of 6 mm thick plastic and then sealed
with duct tape. The materials also must be segregated into a dumpster/ container used only for
asbestos waste and labelled. No removed asbestos containing materials should be permitted to
accumulate on the roofs or the job site.
5)
The fifth level of protection is the workers themselves. Workers removing the materials should be
trained with risks and removal techniques for the job at hand. The appointed contractor should be
certified and or experienced with such removal projects as far as possible.
July 2013
Project No. 138403017-002
1/3
APPENDIX A
Suggested Safety Equipment:

Eye Protection: Each person should wear non-fogging
goggles or safety glasses.
Respirator: Each person should wear a dual cartridge
respirator equipped with two HEPA (high efficiency
particulate air) filters. The HEPA cartridges are color-coded
purple or magenta. Make sure that a respirator fit test is
carried out or a disposable P2 respirator (94% removal
efficiency)
Gloves: Each person should wear gloves which should be
disposed after use.
Coverall: Each person should wear a Tyvek coverall to

keep dust off your clothing and then dispose of it (with the
asbestos-containing material) after the project is complete.
Boots: Use a lace-less, pull-on type of rubber boot to protect
your feet from sharp edges and nails and then wash to
remove asbestos contamination.
Tools Needed:
Garden type water sprayer or a garden hose with spray nozzle
Wide flat L shaped pry bar
Nail puller, vise grip, pliers, or others means of removing nails
Heavy duty wire cutters
Shovel or flat scraper for lifting tiles/ roofing panes
3 to 6-mm thick plastic sheeting
Leak-tight containers, such as plastic bags, barrels or plastic wrapping
The Work will be Difficult:

Even under the best conditions these projects are physically demanding and potentially dangerous.
Following are some of the problems one can be faced with:
Breathing through a respirator is difficult and places extra stress on the heart and lungs.
July 2013
Project No. 138403017-002
2/3
APPENDIX A
Coveralls can be hot and hard to move around in.
Work will involve the use of ladders to get to roof areas.
Goggles and safety glasses reduce visibility and field of vision.
Care must be taken around electric wires because water is being used to keep asbestos wet.
The work area will be slick from wetting and become a slipping hazard.
Procedures for removing non - friable asbestos-containing materials:
Asbestos-containing materials must be removed, handled and disposed of in a manner that keeps the
material in non-friable condition. Sanding, sawing, grinding, chipping, or the use of power tools is not
allowed.
Step 1 - Keep the material wet while you remove it. Wetting minimizes asbestos fibers from being released
during removal. The material should remain wet during removal until waste disposal occurs.
Step 2 - Put plastic sheeting on the ground under the work area to contain pieces that may fall. Never reuse
drop sheets.
Step 3 - Gently pry up material using a flat bar or similar tool so that the nail heads are exposed and can be
pulled out, or clipped off with heavy-duty wire cutters.
Step 4 - Take roofing/ tile materials off in as many whole pieces or sections as possible. Do not damage
material on purpose, do not drop material, do not throw material from ladders or roof and do not drive over
material. The method of removal cannot shatter, crumble, pulverize, or reduce the material to dust. Place the
material on the ground in a non-work area or in separate containers. All asbestos dust and waste must be
cleaned up regularly and frequently by damp mopping or wet sweeping. All disposable PPE must be
destroyed and disposed as asbestos waste.
Step 5 Respirators must be wet wiped before taking them off. A dedicated clean up facility must be
provided for workers so that they can wash their hands and faces upon leaving the work area. This must
be standard procedure before eating, drinking, smoking or any such activities to prevent secondary
exposure to asbestos.
Step 6 Contact Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) who entrusts the Pollution Control and Cleansing
Department (PCCD) to collect industrial waste at the request of respective establishments concerned and dispose of
along with domestic wastes. This will be carried out for the ACM waste as well.
Contact: YCDC Office (Pabedan Township Waste Disposal) U Than Htike Aung 973153237 or Ko Khin Mg Oo
98618906.
The main goal for this project will be to ensure safe removal and ensure a clear worksite with regard to ACM and
provide safe packaging for transport of ACM waste as per international best practices Client liability will be limited till
this stage due to lack of better local disposal measures.
If the material becomes friable:
If the asbestos containing materials become shattered, damaged, is badly weathered, hard, dry or brittle it is
considered friable and may release asbestos fibers. If materials become friable; stop work immediately.
Friable asbestos materials must be removed by PROFESSIONAL ASBESTOS ABATEMENT
CONTRACTORS.
July 2013
Project No. 138403017-002
3/3
APPENDIX B
SMF Exposure Control Plan
Procedures to be applied for removal depend on the form of the original SMF insulation installed.
The two basic forms of SMF insulation are bonded and unbounded:
The bonded form is where adhesives or cements have been applied to the SMF before delivery
and the SMF product has a specific shape.
The unbonded form has no adhesives or cements and the SMF is loose material packed into a
package. The unbonded form can be packed loose or mixed with adhesives or cements before,
or during, installation.
Removal of bonded material is easier and less hazardous. Any physical abrasion, including
cutting, should be kept to a minimum during removal. Such removal can be performed in a dry
condition if there is minimal physical abrasion. Only in circumstances where heat or other causes
have made the bonded SMF attach itself to the substrate should physical abrasion take place. If
this occurs, removal should be performed as for unbonded SMF removal.
Removal of unbonded material is difficult and more hazardous. The unbonded material should
be thoroughly wetted before removal takes place. Dry removal may be necessary when there are
electrical and heat considerations. Increased respiratory protection may be necessary when
working in enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces or where the SMF insulation has undergone
physical change.
Precautions:
The work area should be designated by using ropes and signs where workable.
People not involved in the removal should not be within 3 metres of the designated area
Using gloves, remove rock wool from zones and place into waste bags;
Avoid unnecessary disturbance, for example, tearing, of the product;
Hand tools are preferred for cutting SMF material. If power tools need to be used, they
should be fitted with local exhaust ventilation at the point of dust generation.
A regular clean up should be done to remove any build-up of fibres and/or dust. Wet
mopping and wiping or an industrial vacuum cleaner is recommended. Never do dry
sweeping or use compressed air or high pressure water jets for cleaning.
SMF waste must be collected in plastic bags to prevent fibre and/or dust emissions and
disposed of according to regulations.
Adequate washing facilities for workers should be available on site.
SMF material should be stored in intact containers or under sheet covers.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
The following PPE should be used by personnel directly involved in the removal work:
(a) Long sleeve, loose fitting clothing and gloves;
(b) Where overhead work is involved, goggles and head covering should be worn; and
(c) A half-face (Class L or M) respirator or P2 disposable dust mask.
2-021
59169
ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW IN THE CENTRAL YANGON AREA

KUNIO WATANABE
HTIKE HTIKE
HIDEHIKO KAZAMA
30
10
0
50
70
90
Clay and Silt, Sand,

Trace Gravel
Silt& Clay,
Trace Sand
Silt and Clay,
Trace Sand
Silt and Clay,
Trace sand
Silt and Clay,
Trace Sand
10
20
30
Clayey Silt,
Some Sand
40
Silt and Sand,

Some Clay
50
>100
Silt and Sand,

Some Clay
GROUND PROFILE
(LOCATION: MMU CAMPUS)
60
Silt
Sand
gravel
% FINER BY WEIGHT
2. Geology of Yangon Area

Fig-1 illustrates the calculated area and also shows the
area of Myanmar Maritime University (MMU).In recent
geological research works were performed in MMU
campus and Fig- 2 shows an example of geological
condition obtained by Standard Penetration Test. The
geological of this area is mostly composed of silt and
clay layer. Also grain size distribution of typical silt is
shown in figure. The geological condition of calculated
data was assumed as the same as MMU campus.
No. of Blows per feet (N)
DEPTH IN FEET
1. Introduction
Ground water as well as river water has been used in
Yangon area for domestic and industrial use. The daily
amount of water supplied from the groundwater sources
is approximately 15 million gallons for all purposes.
During the rainy season, the replenishment of
groundwater is very significant because rainfall exceeds
evapotranspiration and raises the groundwater levels in
wells. After the rainy season, the groundwater level start
to decline and levels are reached to the lowest level at
the end of the dry season (mid May). The usage of
ground water resource will be much more increased in
near future for the development of industrial work.
Management system of groundwater resource should be
constructed to avoid the severe environmental problems
that will be induced by the excess pumping in a near
future. As a first step to construct the system,
groundwater flow in the center part of Yangon City was
3-dimensionally simulated with changing pumping rates
at choosed pumping locations.
SAITAMA UNIVERSITY
SAITAMA UNIVERSITY
SAITAMA UNIVERSITY
100
Clay
F
M F
90
CCOARSE
80
70
60
MMEDIUM
50
40
30
F -FINE
20
10
0
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE
0.0001
DIAMETER IN
(MM)
Fig-2 Geological condition in MMU

3. Consideration Domain of Numerical Model
Fig-3 illustrates the area conducted and the mesh
division. 3D FEM was used for the groundwater
analysis. The area is about 25 km2 (2500 ha) and it
covers the 1/14 of the whole Yangon area. The
requirement of ground water supply is mainly for
domestic and groundwater demand of this area is higher
than the other part. The effect of pumping rate on
groundwater table is analyzed to maintain the ground
water table in high level and avoid the severe land
subsidence. The depth for this modal is fixed as 30m
and under this depth assumed as impervious layer. In
research area, although the geological properties do not
change differently, I considered the depth where the
ground water can meet as possible and is divided into 11
layers of each 3m depth, to analyse details. The
boundary condition of the flow on the right hand side is
Fig-1 YANGON AREA MAP
Keywords: Pumping Rate , Piezometric Head Distribution of Groundwater Flow

Address : Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Geosphere Research Institute, Saitama University
255, Shimo-Okubo, Urawa- Shi, Saitama ken, 338-8570
-41-
2-021
59169
4. Results and Discussion

The piezometric head values were calculated with
changing pumping rate. Fig-4 and Fig-5 are two
examples of the result. Piezometric head distribution on
surface layer, 15 m depth and the pumping layer(at 30 m
depth) are displayed in these figures. Fig-4 shows the
ground water flow under no pumping rate. The value of
piezometric head in most part of the area is 27 m in this
condition. When it starts pumping the piezometric head
is changed and for higher value of pumping rate, the
piezometric head values at considered pumping points
tend to much decrease value as shown in Fig-5. The
results illustrated in Fig-5 are the distribution under the
pumping rate 0.01 m3/sec (0.23 million gal/day) from
each well. Now groundwater table depth is not regulated
in the Yangon City area. However proper regulation of
groundwater pumping should be constructed on the
basis of groundwater simulation.
fixed as 27 m and for the left hand side is 24 m, as

shown in Fig 3. No flow boundaries were adopted in the
top and bottom side of the domain. The initial condition
of piezometric head is 27 m and the model was run for
1440 times with time interval 60 sec. Then, the
groundwater flow reached a steady condition. In this
study based on dry condition and will not be effect from
rainfall. 10 pumping wells are choosed and calculated
the pressure head values with various pumping rate
which pump from the bottom layer (i.e. 30 m depth
from the top layer of the domain). The saturated
hydraulic conductivities in x, y and z directions were
assumed as 0.00055 cm/sec. Although there is no
special research work for geological data, all of these
assumed values are empirically reasonable.
No Flow
Boundary line for

24 m constant head
Fig-3 Schematic of Domain

Area with Finite Element Grid
(Triangular Elements)
No Flow
Surface
5000
5. Conclusion
As the first step to construct groundwater management
system for the Yangon area, Myanmar, the effect of
pumping rates on piezometric head was analyzed. The
pumping rate should be carefully regulated to maintain
groundwater table in high level.
Boundary line for

27 m constant head
-15 m
5000
4500
4500
4000
4000
4000
3500
3500
3500
3000
3000
3000
2500
2500
2500
2000
2000
2000
1500
1500
1500
(a)
1000
500
0
500
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
(b)
1000
-30 m
5000
4500
500
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
(c)
1000
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
Fig-4 Piezometric Head Distribution of Groundwater Flow under no pumping condition

Surface
5000
-15 m
5000
4500
4000
4000
4000
3500
3500
3500
3000
3000
3000
2500
2500
2500
2000
2000
2000
1500
1500
1500
1000
(a)
500
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
4500
1000
(b)
500
0
-30 m
5000
4500
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
1000
(c)
500
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
Fig-5 Piezometric Head Distribution of Groundwater Flow under pumping rate 0.01 m3/sec from each well
-42-

Geology of Yangon (Rangoon) Compilation File by Myo Aung Myanmar

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Geology of Yangon (Rangoon) Compilation File by Myo Aung Myanmar

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

See

GEOLOGY OF YANGON (RANGOON)

Available from: MYO AUNG

Available from: Hla Hla Aung

May 26, 2011 16:27

POTENTIAL SEISMICITY OF YANGON REGION

Yangon sits on the southeast corner of Ayeyarwady Delta Basin, 35 km from

May 26, 2011 16:27

May 26, 2011 16:27

Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region

Town plan map of Yangon City.

May 26, 2011 16:27

May 26, 2011 16:27

Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region

Geological map of Yangon.6

May 26, 2011 16:27

Soil map of Yangon. (Source: Land Use Bureau of Yangon).

May 26, 2011 16:27

Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region

Structural trends in Yangon Region (derived from Oil map).1

May 26, 2011 16:27

Seismic intensity map of Myanmar region. (Source: NEIC).

May 26, 2011 16:27

Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region

Fig. 7. Seismic intensity map of BagoYangon region. (Source: USGS earthquake

May 26, 2011 16:27

Seismic zone of BagoYangon.

May 26, 2011 16:27

Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region

Microzonation map of Yangon Area.

7. Active Structures and Seismicity

May 26, 2011 16:27

Landslide hazard map of Yangon area.

structures such as NWSE trending thrust faults, NWSE and NNW

May 26, 2011 16:27

Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region

YANGON SURFACE DISPLACEMENT AS DETECTED BY INSAR TIME SERIES

Anuphao Aobpaet1, Itthi Trisirisatayawong2, Hla Hla Aung3, Prasit Maksin1

KEY WORDS: Yangon, Persistent Scatterer InSAR, Displacement, Radarsat-2

b. Soil map (Source: Land Use Bureau of Yangon)

Figure 1 Geological and soil map of Yangon (Aung, 2011).

Figure 5 Standard deviations of mean rates.

YANGON RIVER GEOMORPHOLOGY IDENTIFICATION AND ITS ENVIROMENTAL

Remote Sensing Department, Mandalay Technological University, Myanmar - aung.al2006@gmail.com

Working Group VIII/4: Water

KEY WORDS: Fluvial, Sedimentology, LULC, Hydrologic process, Environmental impacts

1.1 Landforms formed by rivers

1.2 Remote sensing techniques for landform Analysis

images. The combination of systems (DIGITAL IMAGE

geological drilled data for water well at the junction of the

Figure 1. Soil and rock distribution of the Yangon area

REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS

2.1 Study area and its existing conditions

Tectonically, the Yangon is situated in the southern

2.2 Yangon river in and around soil investigations

Alluvial soils (fluvic Gleysols) can be found in the flood plains.

Figure 3. Typical Tidal Flood Pattern in Myanmar

The methodology used in this study involved distinct steps of

RESULTS AND DISSUSION

4.1 Interpretation and terrain analysis from optical data

Figure 2. Soil map of the Yangon area (copyright of Land use

Figure 4. ADEOS/AVNIR 432 FCC Color Composite Image

at December 25, 1996. In this imagery, we easily interpreted by

In May 2 of 2008, Myanmar was seriously hit by Cyclone