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Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud
Biography
Name: Sigmund Freud
Birth Date: Moravia (Czechoslovakia)
Birth Place: May 6, 1856
Significant Person: Anna Freud (Child Psychoanalyst)
Wife: Martha Bernays
Teacher: Ernst Brucke
Major Influence:
Josef Breuer
Neurotic behavior are concerned with the Marital Bed
Jean Charcot
Nervous disorder were always a question of a genital
Rudolf Chrobak
A patiend with sever anxiety and impotent husband could not be prescribed Rx:
A normal Penis , dose to be repeated
Early Conflicts
He suffered Oedipal, and neurosi and drove him to new heights, this called
Creative illness
The EGO
Starting at about age 6 to 8 months,
Formation of the ego is aided by experiences that help the infant to differentiate
between self and not-self, notably those concerning its own body.
Although the ego is also interested in pleasure, it suspends the pleasure principle
in favor of the reality principle delays the discharge of tension until a suitable
object can be found. This makes it possible to avoid errors, such as drinking from
a bottle of bleach when you are thirsty; to avoid punishment
The rational, pleasure-delaying, problem-solving, and self-preservative mode of
thought representative of the ego is known as the secondary process
LIMITED SUPPLY of PSYCHIC ENERGY
The stronger the ego, the healthier the personality.
In a sense, the psychological executive of personality.
A person who is angry with the boss may maintain a discreet silence, then go
home and shout at a family member.
Self-inflicted injuries (parapraxis or even to suicide.
Projection
conceals dangerous impulses by unconsciously attributing them to other people
or things
For example, projected anger may lead to the belief that you are disliked, hated,
or being persecuted by other people.
In displacement, you know that you are angry and choose a safer target; in
projection, you repress your anger and believe that other people are angry at
you. Also, projection always operates unconsciously, whereas some
displacements may be conscious. Although projection plays a significant role in
the development of paranoid behavior,
Denial
ego may also protect itself by refusing to face an unpleasant truth
threat occurs in the external world,
Denial is often accompanied by another defense mechanism, fantasy, where
unfulfilled needs are gratified in ones imagination.
Rationalization
consists of using and believing superficially plausible explanations in order to
justify unacceptable behavior
Intellectualization
Threatening emotions may unconsciously be separated from related thoughts or
memories
Some patients in psychotherapy seek relief by repressing their pain and talking
unemotionally about their problems, thereby failing to make progress because
they do not feel what they are saying.
Undoing
involves rituals that symbolically negate a previous act or thought that causes
feelings of guilt
A well-known literary example is that of Lady Macbeth, who murders the king and
later tries to undo this heinous act (get the blood off her hands) with compulsive
handwashing gestures.
Identification
Reducing painful feelings of self-contempt by becoming like objects that are
illustrious and admired, such as idols, aggressors, or lost loves; a defense
mechanism that may be partly or wholly unconscious. (2) The healthy desire to
become like ones parents.
Regression
Unconsciously adopting behavior typical of an earlier and safer time in ones life;
a defense mechanism. A reverse flow of libido to an object previously
abandoned, or to an earlier psychosexual stage.
Sublimation
Unconsciously channeling illicit instinctual impulses into socially acceptable
behavior. A form of displacement, but one that represents ideal behavior.
Introjection
Unconsciously incorporating someone elses values or personal qualities into
ones own personality.
Superego
Superego is partly conscious and partly unconscious.
special part of the ego that observes and sits in judgment above the rest
It starts to develop out of the ego during the third to fifth year of life
conscience punishes illicit thoughts and actions
ego ideal rewards desirable behavior.
the superego proves to be a harsh masterand another potential source of
danger.
the social component of personality.
It involves not only the introjection of parental standards, but also the resolution
of the childs Oedipus complexa major Freudian construct that will be
discussed in the following section
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
Psychosexual Stages
Pregenital stage
The Oral Stage
Mouth, lips, tongue
About age 01 years.
Feeding(breast feeding, pleasure)
Frustration when taught to stop thumb sucking and biting)
Oral behavior such as smoking and eating; passivity and gullibility (and the
opposites).
Anal Stage.
Anus
About age 13 years
Toilet training
Erotic gratification from the bodily sensations involved in excretion.
control over the environment by contributing or withholding the feces
Orderliness, parsimoniousness, obstinacy (and the opposites).
Urethral Stage.
Urethra (canal carrying urine from the bladder)
Bed wetting
bladder now becomes an erotogenic zone,
Ambition (and the opposite).
Phallic Stage.
Penis, clitoris
About age 25 years.
Oedipus complex
Electra complex, but Freud rejected this term
her superego is weaker, she has more diffi culty forming effective sublimations,
and she is more likely to become neurotic
Vanity, recklessness
(and the opposites)
Latency Period.
Sexual impulses become deemphasized during the latency period, which occurs
at about age 512 years and is not a true psychosexual stage.
Genital Stage.
Penis, vagina
Adulthood; the goal of normal development.
The inevitable difficulties of life
A more sincere interest in others, effective sublimations, realistic enjoyments.
Narcissism now yields to a more sincere interest in other people,
the womans primary erotogenic zone shifts from the (pregenital) clitoris to the
vagina.
Fixation and Character Typology
Fixation
some libido inevitably remains attached (fixated) to the pregenital erotogenic
zones.
Regression
The reverse fl ow of libido back to an earlier psychosexual stage or objectchoice. As with fixation, a certain amount is normal. The most likely objects of
regression are ones that were strongly fixated
FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Dream interpretation
the interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious
activities of the mind
Manifest Content, Latent Dream-Thoughts, and the Dream-Work.
Manifest Content
part of a dream that you remember (or could remember) upon awakening is the
manifest content
Latent Dream-Thoughts