LPG GAS LEAKAGE DETECTION ALARM USING WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION
ABSTRACT
The LPG Gas Sensor (MQ2), is used to detect the presence of a dangerous LPG leak in
your Home, car or in a service station, storage tank environment. This unit can be easily
incorporated into an alarm unit, to sound an alarm or give a visual indication of the Combustible
Gas / LPG concentration . The sensor has excellent sensitivity combined with a quick repsonse
time. The sensor can also sense iso-butane, propane, LNG and cigarette smoke. This LPG Gas
Sensor can be used to make wireless Gas leak detector in home security system.
This project is High Sensitivity to LPG, iso-butane, propane. This also can sense to
alcohol and smoke, but with poor sensitivity .Whenever LPG is detected, the sensor produces the
output voltage, which is depended on the amount of gas leakage. This voltage drives the
transistor into saturation region. A buzzer is connected to produce audible alert signal.This
project uses bridge type full wave rectifier to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/12V step
down transformer, an 7805 three terminal voltage regulator for voltage regulation and a gas
sensor to detect the gas and ASK transmitter and ASK receiver are used for modulation.

CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this project is to implement security system for detecting leakage of gas in
closed environment. In this projects gas leakage is identified by using sensors which works only
in closed environment. The gas leakage detection process is done by using wireless
communication.

AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this project is to provide security while using the LPG gas. .The LPG
leak detector model is a compact electronic device which detects the presence of LPG in the air.
Gas leak detection is the detection of gas leaks with a sensor specially designed to identify the
leaks. In order to detect gas leak s with traditional methods, the gas itself must either be in close
proximity to the detector or within a pre-defined area. Outdoor environmental conditions such as
changing wind directions and quick dispersion of a potential gas cloud, which can be found on
an offshore platform, can result in undetected gas leaks.
In present situation there are many cases related to gas leakage which cause innocent
people lives and property damage. Implementing this application can be useful for companies,
houses, which can save lives of people. This can be used as an application in chemical and
hazardous industries where there is a continuous need of monitoring the gas leaks. By using
different kinds of sensors for every gas we can almost identify leaks for every kind of gases.
This project concentrates mainly on the detection of the leaked gas through the gas
sensor(MQ2).The project can be done through two modules. They are transmitter module and the
receiver module. The transmitter module consists of the HT12E encoder to encode the detected
information and an ASK transmitter of 43.3mhz and an antenna .The receiver module consists
of the HTI2D decoder, the ASK receiver and an antenna. The sensor detects a change in gas
concentration, transmitter module activates and sends a signal to receiver module.

1.2.BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY

Step
Down
t/f

Bridge
rectifier

Filter
Circuit

Rechargeab
Regulato
r

le Battery

Figure 1.1:Block diagram of power supply

TRANSMITTER

Gas

HT 12E

Ask

sensor

Encoder

transmitter

Fig: 1.2:Block diagram of transmitter

RECIEVER

Ask
receiver

HT 12d
decoder

Transistor

Inverter

driver

Fig:1.3 Block diagram of receiver

Buzzer
driver

1.4 .CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 1.4 :Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply

Figure 1.5 :Circuit Diagram Of Transmitter

Figure 1.6: Circuit Diagram Of Receiver

SIGNIFICANCE OF WORK
In this project ,the operation of gas sensor was used It consists of the transformer to
step down high voltage AC to low voltage AC and then the rectifier converts AC to DC ,but the
DC output is varying and the filter is used to smoothen the DC varying greatly to a small ripple
and a regulator to regulate ripple by setting DC output to the fixed voltage and then driven to the
buzzer .When the LPG gas is leaked the sensor which resides over the transmitter module detects
the gas and sends the leaked information to the HT12E encoder this encoder encodes the
information and send this information to the ASK transmitter and through it to the antenna. the
modulated data is received by the ASK receiver in the receiver module through the antenna and
the HT12D decoder decodes the information and through the transistor when the data is passed
through the inverter the data is inverted i.e. ,if the data is high it inverts to low and vice versa. the
inverter drives the buzzer to ring.

CHAPTER 2
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

2.1 POWER SUPPLY

2.1.1 DESCRIPTION
Power supply is the major concern for every electronic device. All electronic circuits
need power source to function. Power Supply Unit is a device used to convert, regulate and
transmit the required power to the circuit to be operated .Electronic circuits made up of
semiconductors need specific value of Direct Current (DC) voltage .Batteries are common DC
voltage source for electronic equipment especially portables like cell phones and iPods. Most
non-portable equipment uses power supplies that operate from the AC power line but produce
one or more DC outputs. Since the components used are low power devices there is a need to
step down the voltage and as well as rectify the output to a constant dc. The block diagram of
regulated power supply is as shown in fig below.

Figure 1.7:Block Diagram Of Typical Linear Power Supply

OPERATION
Power supply provide one or more fixed voltages with sufficient current to the operating
circuit. Electronic devices such as transistor radio, television and video cd players operate fully
or partly on DC power supply in the range of 0 to 24V.The successful operation of the device
depends on the proper function of the DC power supply. The power supply tries to provide a
smooth, constant DC voltage, as required by an electronic device. Major electronic appliances
have built-in electronic circuits that take power from a wall socket and convert it to the form and
voltages required by the other internal circuits of the appliance .The input to the circuit is applied
from the regulated power supply. The A.C input i.e., 230 volts from the mains supply is step
down by the transformer to 12v and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is
a pulsating D.C voltage .so in order to get a pure D.C voltage, the output voltage from the
rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any A.C components present even after rectification .Now,
this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltages.

2.1.2.TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device the transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors without changing its frequency. A varying current in the
first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformers core ,and thus a
varying magnetic field through the secondary winding .This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electoromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. This effect is called
mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary winding ,an electric current will flow in the
secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the
transformer of the load. This field is made up from lines of force and has the shape as a bar
magnet. If the current is increased ,the lines of force move outwards from the coil. If the current
is reduced, the lines of force move inwards .If another coil is placed adjacent to the first coil
then, as the field moves out or in, the moving lines of force will cut the turns of the second
coil.As it does this,a voltage is induced in the second coil. With the50Hz AC mains supply, this
will happen 50 times a second. This is called MUTUAL INDUCTION and forms the basis of the

transformer.The input coil is called the PRIMARY WINDING,the output coil is called
SECONDARY WINDING
OPERATION
The step-down converters are used for converting the high voltage into low voltage. The
converter with output voltage less than the input voltage is called as a step-down converter, and
the converter with output voltage greater than the input voltage is called as step-up converter.
There are step-up and step-down transformers which are used to step up or step down the voltage
levels. 230V AC is converted into 12V AC using a step-down transformer. 12V output of
stepdown transformer is an RMS value and its peak value is given by the product of square root
of two with RMS value, which is approximately 17V.

Figure 1.8:Step Down Transformer Component

2.1.3 RECTIFIERS
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (auto direct current(dc),
a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power
supplies and as detectors of radio signals .Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vaccum
tube diodes ,mercury arc valves, and other components. A device that it can perform the opposite

function(converting DC to AC )is known as an inverter. Rectifiers are grouped into two

categories.
Half-wave rectifier
Full-wave rectifier

Half-wave rectification
In half wave rectifier the transformer is employed in order to step-down the supply
voltage and also to prevent from shocks The diode is used to rectify the a.c. signal while , the
pulsating d.c is taken across the loadresistor RL.During the +ve half cycle, the end X of the
secondary is +ve and end Y is -ve . Thus , forward biasing thediode. As the diode is forward
biased, the current flows through the load RL and a voltage is developed across it.
During the ve half-cycle the end Y is +ve and end X is ve thus, reverse biasing the diode. As
the diode is reverse biased there is no flow of current through RL thereby the output voltage is
zero.

Figure 1.9:Half Wave Rectification

Full-wave rectification
Full-wave rectifier are of two types 1.Centre tapped full-wave rectifier 2. Bridge full
wave rectifier. During the +ve half-cycle, end A is +ve and end B is ve thus diodes D1 and D3

are forward bias whilediodes D2 and D4 are reverse biased thus a current flows
through diode D1, load RL ( C to D) and diode D3.

During the ve half-cycle, end B is +ve and end A is ve thus diodes D2 and D4 are
forward biased while the diodes D1 and D3 are reverse biased. Now the flow of current is
through diode D4 load RL ( D to C) and diode D2. Thus, the waveform is same as in the case of
center-tapped full wave rectifier.

Figure 2.0:Bridge Full Wave Rectifier Using 4 Diodes

2.1.4 CENTRE TAPPED TRANSFORMER

For single phase AC, if the transformer is center tapped, then two diodes back to
back(i.e., anodes to anode and cathode to cathode) can form a full wave rectifier .Twice as many
windings are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage compared
to the bridge rectifier.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 will conducts ,where as
diodes D2 is in the OFF state. The conducting diodesD1 will be in series with the load resistance
RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 will conduct, whereas
diodes D1 is in the OFF state. The conducting diodes D2 will be in series with the load resistance
RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

Figure 2.1:Center Tapped Full Wave Rectifier Using Transformer And Two Diodes
OPERATION
230V AC power is converted into 12V AC (12V RMS value wherein the peak value is
around 17V), but the required power is 5V DC; for this purpose, 17V AC power must be
primarily converted into DC power then it can be stepped down to the 5V DC. But first and
foremost, we must know how to convert AC to DC.AC power can be converted into DC using
one of the power electronic converters called as Rectifier. There are different types of rectifiers,
such as half-wave rectifier, full-wave rectifier and bridge rectifier. Due to the advantages of the
bridge rectifier over the half and full wave rectifier. Here the center tapped full wave rectifier is
used to convert the ac to dc.

2.1.5 FILTERS
Electronic filters are circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to
remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones.
PASSIVE FILTERS
Passive

implementations

of

linear

filters

are

based

on

combinations

of resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C). These types are collectively known as passive
filters, because they do not depend upon an external power supply and/or they do not contain
active components such as transistors.

Inductors

block

high-frequency

signals

and

conduct

low-frequency

signals,

while capacitors do the reverse. A filter in which the signal passes through an inductor, or in
which a capacitor provides a path to ground, presents less attenuation.
A typical capacitor input filter consists of a filter or reservoir capacitor C1, connected
across the rectifier output, an inductor L, in series and another filter or smoothing capacitor, C 2,
connected across the load, RL. A filter of this sort is designed for use at a particular frequency,
generally fixed by the AC line frequency and rectifier configuration. When used in this service,
filter performance is often characterized by its regulation and ripple.

Figure 2.2: Capacitor Filter

OPERATION
15V DC can be regulated into 5V DC using a step-down converter, but before this, it is
required to obtain pure DC power. The output of the diode bridge is a DC consisting of ripples
also called as pulsating DC. This pulsating DC can be filtered using an inductor filter or a
capacitor filter or a resistor-capacitor-coupled filter for removing the ripples. Consider a
capacitor filter which is frequently used in most cases for smoothing.
We know that a capacitor is an energy storing element. In the circuit, capacitor stores
energy while the input increases from zero to a peak value and, while the supply voltage
decreases from peak value to zero, capacitor starts discharging. This charging and discharging of
the capacitor will make the pulsating DC into pure DC.

2.1.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give
the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant
value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides
+5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output
pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

Figure 2.3:Regulator 7805

PIN CONFIGURATION

Input: Input voltage (5V-18V)

Ground: Ground (0V)

Output: Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V)

OPERATION
15V DC voltage can be stepped down to 5V DC voltage using a DC step-down converter
called as voltage regulator IC7805. The first two digits 78 of IC7805 voltage regulator
represent positive series voltage regulators and the last two digits 05 represents the output
voltage of the voltage regulator.

CHAPTER 3
TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER DESCRIPTION
3.1TRANSMITTER
3.1.1 GAS SENSOR
Gas Sensor(MQ2) module is useful for gas leakage detecting(in home and industry). It
can detect LPG, iso-butane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen, smoke and so on. Based on its fast
response time. measurements can be taken as soon as possible. Also the sensitivity can be
adjusted by the potentiometer. Sensitive material of MQ-2 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower
conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exist, The sensors conductivity is
more higher along with the gas concentration rising. Please use simple electro circuit, Convert
change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration. MQ-2 gas sensor has
high sensitivity to LPG, Propane and Hydrogen, also could be used to Methane and other
combustible steam, it is with low cost and suitable for different application.

Figure 2.5:MQ2 gas sensor

MQ2 has 6 pins 4 of them used to fetch signals and other two are heater coil used for
providing heating current. you can use 5v DC or AC across H-H pins.And as you can see one of
H pins goes ti the power and other one is connected to the ground.The pin A is connected
between the power and ground.The pin B gets an analog voltage when the sensor is active.Also

across the output you need the resistor RL.Before you connect the resistor use a potentiometer to
tune and get accurate values.generally RL value is between 20K and 200 k.

Figure 2.6:Pin Configuration Of Gas Sensor

CHARACTERISTICS

Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range

High sensitivity to LPG, Propane and Hydrogen

Long life and low cost

Simple drive circuit

APPLICATION

Domestic gas leakage detector

Industrial Combustible gas detector

Portable gas detector

3.1.2 HT 12E ENCODER

HT 12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with
212 series of decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used in
interfacing RF and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same
number of addresses and data format.
HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is
received on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits
via an RF or an infrared transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon

receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE
returns to high, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops.

PIN DIAGRAM

Figure 3.3:Pin diagram

PIN DESCRIPTION

The pin Description of the IC HT12E was pretty simple to understand with total of 18
pins.

VDD and VSS: Positive and negative power supply pins.

OSC1 and OSC2: Input and output pins of the internal oscillator present inside the IC.

TE: This pin is used for enabling the transmission, a low signal in this pin will enable the
transmission of data bits.

A0 A7: These are the input address pins used for secured transmission of this data.
These pins can be connected to VSS for low signal or left open for high state.

AD0 AD3: This pins are feeding data into the IC. These pins may be connected to VSS
for sending LOW since it is a active low pin

DOUT: The output of the encoder can be obtained through this pin and can be connected
to the RF transmitter.

WORKING OF HT12E IC

Figure 3.4:Timing Diagram

HT12E starts working with a low signal on the TE pin. After receiving a low signal the
HT12E starts the transmission of 4 data bits as shown in the timing diagram above. And the
output cycle will repeats based on the status of the TE pin in the IC. If the TE pin retains the low
signal the cycle repeats as long as the low signal in the TE pin exists. The encoder IC will be in
standby mode if the TE pin is disabled and thus the status of this pin was necessary for encoding
process. The address of these bits can be set through A0 A7 and the same scheme should be
used in decoders to retrieve the signal bits.
PRACTICAL CIRCUIT USING HT12E

Figure 3.5:Practical circuit

3.1.3 ASK TRANSMITTER

Wireless transmission can be done by using 433Mhz or 315MHz ASK RF Transmitter and
Receiver modules. In these modules digital data is represented by different amplitudes of the
carrier wave, hence this modulation is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Radio
Frequency (RF) transmission is more strong and reliable than Infrared (IR) transmission due to
following reasons :

Radio Frequency signals can travel longer distances than Infrared.

Only line of sight communication is possible through Infrared while radio frequency
signals can be transmitted even when there is obstacles.

Infrared signals will get interfeared by other IR sources but signals on one frequency
band in RF will not interfeared by other frequency RF signals.

TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 3.6:ASK transmitter circuit diagram

HT12E Encoder IC will convert the 4 bit parallel data given to pins D0 D3 to serial data
and will be available at DOUT. This output serial data is given to ASK RF Transmitter. Address
inputs A0 A7 can be used to provide data security and can be connected to GND (Logic ZERO)
or left open (Logic ONE). Status of these Address pins should match with status of address pins
in the receiver for the transmission of the data. Data will be transmitted only when the Transmit
Enable pin (TE) is LOW. 1.1M resistor will provide the necessary external resistance for the
operation of the internal oscillator of HT12E.

3.2 RECIEVER
3.2.1 HT12 D DECODER
HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to 212 series of decoders. This series of
decoders are mainly used for remote control system applications, like burglar alarm, car door
controller, security system etc. It is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared circuits. They
are paired with 212 series of encoders. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same
number of addresses and data format.In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into
parallel outputs. It decodes the serial addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into
parallel data and sends them to output data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local
addresses three times continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error or unmatched
codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin.
PIN DIAGRAM

Figure 3.7:HTI2D Pin Diagram

PIN DESCRIPTION
8 bit Address pins for input:A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6,A7

Ground (0V): Ground (0V)

4 bit Data/Address pins for output:D0,D1,D2,D3

Serial data input: Input

Oscillator output: Osc2

Oscillator input: Osc1

Valid transmission; active high: VT

Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V): Vcc

WORKING OF HT12D IC

Figure 3.8.Timing Diagram

HT12D decoder will be in standby mode initially ie, oscillator is disabled and a HIGH on
DIN pin activates the oscillator. Thus the oscillator will be active when the decoder receives data
transmitted by an encoder. The device starts decoding the input address and data. The decoder
matches the received address three times continuously with the local address given to pin A0
A7. If all matches, data bits are decoded and output pins D8 D11 are activated. This valid data
is indicated by making the pin VT (Valid Transmission) HIGH. This will continue till the address
code becomes incorrect or no signal is received.
PRACTICAL CIRCUIT USING HT12D

Figure 3.9:Practical circuit

3.2.2 ASK RECIEVER

ASK RF Receiver receives the data transmitted using ASK RF Transmitter. HT12D
decoder will convert the received serial data to 4 bit parallel data D0 D3. The status of these
address pins A0-A7 should match with status of address pin in the HT12E at the transmitter for
the transmission of data. The LED connected to the above circuit glows when valid data
transmission occurs from transmitter to receiver. 51K resistor will provide the necessary
resistance required for the internal oscillator of the HT12D.

RECEIVER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 3.10:receiver circuit diagram

CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

4.1 ADVANTAGES

It is used in house as LPG leakage detection

It also detects alcohol so it is used as liquor tester.

The sensor has excellent sensitivity combined with a quick fast response time.

The system is highly reliable, tamper-proof and secure.

In the long run the maintenance cost is very less when Compared to the present systems.

In the long run the maintenance cost is very less when Compared to the present systems.

It is possible to get instantaneous results and with high accuracy.

4.2 DISADVANTAGES

It work only when at 5V power supply is given.

Its sensitivity depends on Humidity and temperature.

4.3 APPLICATIONS

Protection from any gas leakage in cars.

For safety from gas leakage in heating gas fired appliances like boilers, domestic water
heaters.

Large industries which uses gas as their production.

For safety from gas leakage in cooking gas fired appliances like ovens, stoves etc.

LPG GAS LEAKAGE DETECTION ALARM USING WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION
The system presents a low-cost, low power and simple system for device control while
LPG gas leakage or fire situations and will have high application in industries and houses where
it has been a bigger challenge for safety measures .Future modification may include addition of
micro controller and GSM module for concentration detection and SMS system.And our project
will prove to be boom for households and industries.

FUTURE SCOPE
In future,more detecting systems like any gas detection systems can be implemented.And
additional features include more secure systems like a call will be gone to a telephone number if
a gas leakage and fire in a network area like LAN and internet used to world wide.

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4. G V Hippel (2005), Democratizing Innovation, MIT press, Cambridge, MA.
5. Hanwei Electronics Co. Ltd (2002), MQ-6 GasSensor Technical Data.
6. Kelvin R Sullivan, Understanding Relays, A tutorial on relays.
7. M B Fish, R T Wainer, Standoff Gas Leakage Detectors Based on Tunable Diodes Laser
Absorption Spectroscopy.
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Fault Alarm Due to Moisture, Proc. of IEEE Student Conference on Research and
Development, pp. 426-429.
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