Urban Theorist

Constantine Doxiadis
Published his Ekistics Grid a system for recording planning data and
ordering the planning process.
Approached town planning as a science involving multi-disciplines
resulting into a total rational and human approach which he referred to as
Ekistics the science of human settlements
Charles Adams
Saw housing as one of the prime fields of endeavor for solving urban
problems
Lewis Mumford
Recognized the physical limitations of human settlements
Wrote the The City in History (1961)
3000 B.C.
Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley these Egyptian cities were
characterized by monumental architecture popularly symbolized by the
pyramids
2500 B.C.
Indus Valley (now Pakistan)
Mohenjo-Daro administrative and religious centers with 40,000
population
1900 B.C.
Yellow River Valley of China land within the passes. Precursor of the
Linear City
Anyang largest city of the Yellow River Valley
Cities also evolved in Mesoamerica, built by Aztecs, Mextecs and
Zapotecs
Greek Classical Cities
700 B.C.
Greek cities spread through the Aegean Region westward to France and
Spain
polis defined as city state. Most famous is the Acropolis a
religious and defensive structure up on the hills, with no definite
geometrical plan
Finite measurement of the Greeks built to human scale
Sparta and Athens were the largest cities
Neopolis and Paleopolis new and old cities. A Neopolis became a
Paleopolis once another new city was built
The Acropolis

 450 400 B.C.

The city of Miletus said to be the first planned city
3 sections of Miletus for artisans, farmers, and the military
Hippodamus the first noted urban planner and referred to as the Father
of Town Planning. Introduced the grid system and the Agora (public
marketplace)
Roman Classical Cities
Roman Cities adopted Greek forms but with different scale monumental and
had a social hierarchy
Roman Forums focal points of Roman city planning.
Romans as conquerors built forum after forum
Romans as engineers built aqueducts, public baths, utility systems,
fountains, etc.
Romans as physical and social planners developed housing variations and
other spaces:
Basilica covered markets with law courts
Curia local meeting hall; the capitol
Domus traditional Roman house with a central atrium
Insulae 3 to 6 storey apartments with storefronts
The Romans were fond of public works and arts
The City Beautiful Movement
Ushered the golden age of urban design in the U.S. Theorist suggest it began in
1891 with the Columbian Exposition.
The emphasis of the movement was on grand formal design, but also with social
motives
Daniel Burnham spearheaded the movement with his design of Chicago. His
axiom was make no little plans, they have no magic to stir mens blood
Burnham is also credited with the designs of Cleveland, San Francisco, and the
cities of Manila and Baguio, among others

During the same era, Baron Hausmann

worked on the reconstruction of Paris

Emphasis was on a linear connection between the place de Concord, Arc de

Triomph, and the Eiffel Tower reinforced by a large boulevard, the Champs De
Ellysee.

New Capitals

Brasilia

The new capital of Brazil and a completely new 20th century city, designed by
Lucio Costa with a lot of influence from Le Corbusier

Designed with two huge axes in the sign of the cross, with the principal multilevel traffic arteries traversing these axes. Separate centers for government, commerce,
and entertainment are located along one axis, and the residential districts distributed
about the other

Oscar Niemeyer was among the architects employed to design the buildings

Chandigarh

Canberra
The government of Australia sponsored a design competition in 1901 for the new
capital and invited top urban designers as Daniel Burnham, Sir Leslie Patrick
Abercrombie, and Frederick :aw Olmstead, but the winner was Walter Burley Griffin, a
descendant of Frank Lloyd Wright

Canberras design reflected the principles of the city beautiful movement with a
triangular formation of three important buildings; the Court of Justice, the Parliament
House, and the Capitol Building, with each apex pointing to another important building
or monument

Chandigarh
With separation of India and Pakistan, the site of the original Indian capital of
Lahore was given to Pakistan, thus creating a need for a new capital

Chandigarh was designed to be the Capital of Punjab, a province of India

The original Master Plan was by Albert Meyer but Le Corbusier eventually took
over

It was designed with a regular grid of major roads for rapid transport surrounding
residential superblocks or sections was based on the rectangle, and measuring 800 x 1200
meters

The entire plan represents a large scale application of the Radburn principle
regularized by Le Corbusiers predilection for the rectilinear and the monumental.

New Delhi, India

The Master Plan was designed by Sir Edward Lutyens based on the great eastwest axis of Kingsway; 1.5 miles long with the Government House on a hilltop in the
West end, and the eastern counterpoint a large hexagonal space reserved for palaces of
the native princes.

Kingsway forms the base of a triangle with the northern point of which is a busy
commercial node

The planned area covers 2650 hectares, but it was intended as a low density
garden-city with population growth of no more than 57,000 people.
The City of Towers

Two concerns led to the conceptualization of high density living in tall structures
that will take up less space:

Congestion

Need for open space

First conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book The Cities of Tomorrow

His first plan was in Unite d Habitation in Marseilles; a super building that
contained 337 dwellings in only 10 acres of land

Le Corbusier also planned Le Contemporaine, designed for a population of

3,000,000 people

It consisted of high rise office and residential buildings with a greenbelt for
institutions and recreational spaces

Designed with a grid pattern of superblocks, 200 x 400 meters

Transit was underground

Beyond this were industrial areas

Spatial Transformation

Change from a small area to a large one - Urban explosion

Change in morphology from an irregular set-up of houses, buildings and pathways
in the village to more ordered or planned form with higher building and housing
density.
Modern patterns of gridiron
-Circumferential

Radio-centric
Linear
Radial

-Central and nodal

-Sector, multiple nuclei
-Plaza complex forms

Ekistics
The attempt to arrive at a proper conception and implementation of the facts,
concepts and ideas related to human settlements, and the attempt to re-examine all
principles and theories and to readjust the disciplines and professions connected with
settlements.

Human settlements consists of the following elements:

1. Nature - hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere
1. Content or humans biological needs, sensation and perception,
emotional needs, moral values
2. Society - population, social stratification, cultural patterns, education,
health and welfare, economic development, law and administration
1. Shells - housing, institutional structures, shopping centers and markets,
recreational facilities, industry, transportation centers
1. Networks water supply, power supply, transportation, communication,
sewerage, drainage systems; physical layout (ekistic plan).

Frank Lloyd Wright

A. Broadacres
Proposed that every American family live in one acre of land, in a city
complete with all necessary amenities
Critics argued that land is not enough, which led Wright to develop
his translation of high density living
B. The Mile High Tower
Wright proposed to house a significant number of Manhattan
residents to free up space for green fields in a mile- high building
He suggested that 10 or more of these could possibly replace all
buildings in Manhattan

The Neighborhood Unit

Conceptualized by Clarence Perry and Clarence Stein, the Neighborhood unit was
defined as the physical environment wherein social, cultural, educational, and
commercial uses/developments are within easy reach of each other
Megalopolis concept coined by Jean Gottmann for urban complexes in the
Northeastern United States. The term means Great City in Greek. Today it is
used to refer to massive urban concentrations created from strong physical
linkages between three or more large cities. Examples are:
Boston New York Philadelphia Washington (U.S.)
San Diego Los Angeles San Francisco (U.S.)
Dortmund Essen- Duesseldorf (Germany)
The Hague Rotterdam Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Tokyo Yokohama Nagoya Osaka Kobe (Japan)

The Spanish Colonial Times

Laws of the Indies
IN 1573, King Philip II proclaimed the Laws of the Indies that established
uniform standards and planning procedures for colonial settlements.
These laws provided guidelines for site selection, layout and dimensioning
of streets and squares; the location of civic and religious buildings, open
spaces, cultivation and pasturing lands, and even the main procedural
phases of planning and construction.

 The plaza Complex was a result of several ordinances of the Laws of the
Indies

Intramuros
The walled city of Manila
Home of the Spanish (except for the Friars and high ranking officials;
The city was 1.2 sq. km. in area, containing large churches, plazas, office
and residential buildings, housing 7,000 residents surrounded by high
walls;
Due to limitations in growth, decentralization occurred and settlements
were built in Malate, San Miguel, and Paco, among other areas.
The American Period
The main purpose was to guide urban growth and physical
development
More emphasis on other values such as
Sanitation
Housing
Aesthetic improvements
Daniel Burnham
An architect/planner was brought in and commissioned to design
Manila based on the city beautiful movement theories he was
known for;
Burnhams design of Manila was very similar to his design of
Washington D.C., evident in the strong similarities of the Capitol
mall with Luneta Park;
Burnham went as far as ordering reclamation of the sea to create a
better view of the ports
Burnhams Design for Manila
Grand avenues and a strong central civic core;
Included a civic mall to house national buildings (only the Finance and
Agriculture buildings were built);

 It fronted Manila Bay like most Baroque plans fronted a large body of
water;
The plan was too grand that it was never fully realized.
Manila as the first chartered city
On July 31,1903, by virtue of Act No. 183, the city of Manila was
incorporated;
Manila encompassed Intramuros, and the towns of Binondo,Tondo, Sta
Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco and Pandacan.
The population then was 190,000 people.
Growth of Manila
A. The Arrabales
Quiapo the illustrado territory: the enclave of the rich and
powerful. Also the manifestation of folk religiosity;
Tondo coastal city adjacent to manila
Binondo the trading port developed by the Chinese and
Arabs
Sta. Cruz the main commercial district with proliferation of
shops, movie houses, restaurants, etc.
San Nicolas also a commercial town built by the Spaniards
with shops for specialized categories like ceramics, soap, etc.;
Sampaloc centered on two churches: Our Lady of Loreto and
St. Anthony of Padua. Also known as the first University
Town.
Later Suburbs
San Miguel (Malacanang) where rest-houses were built for the
Spanish government;
Malate the early summer resort of wealthy and cultured Filipinos.
Then became the first fishing and salt-making town;
Ermita early tourist belt (red-light district)
Paco first town built around a train station
Pandacan town built by the Americans for Oil depots.
Philamlife Homes the first Quezon City subdivisions along Highway
54 (presently EDSA); was the icon of middle class suburbanization;
Definition of Planning
A process for determining appropriate future action through a sequence of
choices (Davidoff and Reiner, 1962)
A process of preparing a set of decisions for action in the future directed at
achieving goals by preferable means (Dron, 1963)
A sequence of actions which are designed to solve problems in the future
(Glasson, 1974)

An orderly sequence of action which is designed to achieve a stated goal

(Hall, 1975)
Foresight in formulating and implementing programs and policies
(Hudson, 1979)
Malthusian Law
population increases faster while output from land increases slower, thus subsistence
levels (due to food shortage)
Law of Diminishing Returns - the yield of a given piece of land can be increased by
applying more labor and capital (e.g. fertilizer) to it, but only up to a certain point. As this
is approached, the increase of yields diminishes and finally disappears.
Agricultural Land Use by von Thnen
established the distance-cost relationship which has become the basis
of urban location theory (more often referred to as the least transport
costs)
Bid-rent Principle by William Alonso
rents diminish farther from the city center, offsetting both lower
revenue and higher operating costs
Agricultural Land Use Model
(least transport cost)
Limitations
Production in an isolated market
Constant fertility of the soil
Strength
Established a distance-cost relationship (basis of urban location
theory)
Determinants of Bid Rent
Willingness and ability to pay for particular location
Comprehensive Land Use Plan
The CLUP is the most detailed plan.
It is the long-term guide for the development of the local area.
Its provisions address multifaceted concerns so that the powers to carry them out
apply to all sectors of the municipal population and to all areas within its
geographic limits.
It is an expression of the communitys interest as to what its land use pattern
should be (ideally).
It identifies areas to be devoted to various types, densities and categories of use
and it lays down principles and standards in the development and conservation of
those areas.

Comprehensive Planning
This evolved from a physical planning model from the 1920s to 1930s as
exemplified by British planner Patrick Geddes survey before plan and
Ebenezer Howards Garden City.
According to Geddes, planning must start with a survey of the resources of a
region, of human responses to it, and of the resulting complexities of the cultural
landscape with emphasis on survey method.
Howard advocated planned movement of population in new towns as an answer
to the problems of the city with an economic justification.
Growth Pole is an economic pole existing in economic space (Francois Perroux)
Growth Center refers to a geographic/spatial location as in an urban area; set of
expanding industries located in an urban area and inducing further development
of economic activities throughout its zone of influence (Boudeville 1966)
Growth Center Strategy
This identifies growth potential areas in regions into self-sufficient urban centers
to help minimize movement of people into Metro Manila, prevent congestion and reduce
income disparities.
Growth Pole Strategy
The strategy entails the introduction of a development magnet, e.g. industry,
university or training or research center, outside urban areas to spur development
thereat. This would complement and strengthen the rural service center strategy.
This strategy requires a parallel strengthening of the role of infrastructure as a key
actor in development.
Polarization (negative)
Rapid growth of leading industries further induces concentration of other
economic units in the pole resulting to geographical polarization.
Trickling Down Effect (positive)
Growth will radiate from core to periphery leading to convergence
between the core and periphery.
Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller 1933)
-Explains the size and function of settlements and their relationship with their hinterlands
Hierarchy of Services
hierarchical arrangement of centers and functions based on service
activities from low order to high order services found only in
major urban centers
Market Range

 maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to avail of a

good or service beyond which people will look to another center
Threshold Population
Refers to minimum population necessary to support a service
Core Periphery (John Friedmann)
Unbalanced growth results to dualism North and South, growing points and
lagging regions
Dualistic economies
Technological apartheid (Toffler)
Dependency Theory
Development of First World derived from underdevelopment of Third World,
neo-colonialism
Industrial Location Theory
Generally an economic theory that attempts to incorporate the location factor into
the theory of the firmand tries to explain the existing structure of industrial
location and changes in that structure.
Counter magnet Strategy
-Requires the strengthening of major cities like Metro Cebu and Metro Davao to
act as countermagnets to the dominance of the Metro Manila Region
Multi-Polar Strategy
-Mindanao is adopting a multi-polar strategy where growth centers were
identified based on economic interlinkages and their relationship with the East Asia
Growth Areas
Rural Service Center Strategy
-Involves the development or opening of minor/secondary urban centers/cities
whose primary function is to provide service to their rural hinterlands.
These rural service centers provide:
marketing facilities and services for the producers in the rural areas
(farmers, fishermen, etc.)
sell inputs needed for production and provide consumer goods and
social services
Five Stages of Economic Growth
(a neo-classical theory on economic growth and development take-off theory)
Traditional Society
Agricultural society characterized by
low productivity
low technology (low production functions)
Power concentrated in the hands of the landed elite
Value system is oriented towards fatalism

 Preconditions for Take-Off

Transitional period when society prepares itself for take-off or is prepared
for external forces
New and higher production functions due to modern science
Investments are used for social overhead capital and infrastructure
Take-Off
Development of one or more leading manufacturing sectors
Start of self sustaining growth
Profits are reinvested
Drive to Maturity
The automobile age
Modern technology and techniques
New industries accelerate
Growth of an urban population
White collar workers
Age of High Mass Consumption
Increasing purchasing power of the consumer
Service/tertiary sector becomes dominant
Welfare state
Elements of Human Settlements
Nature the natural physical environment
Human an individual with biological and emotional needs; has the ability to
perceive and can feel, see, hear, smell and taste; moral values
Society a group of individuals sharing the same culture, values, norms, mores
and traditions
Shells structures, buildings, the built environment
Networks - links within the settlement and with other settlements, transportation
systems, communication systems, utility systems
Hierarchy of Settlements

a hamlet, a neighborhood, a small village

a community, a town
a city, an urban area
a metropolis
a conurbation- a composite of cities, metropolises, urban areas

a megalopolis-merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10

million or more

Tools for Plan Implementation

(Urban Design Controls)
Zoning Ordinance
Tax Incentives and Disincentives
Local Development and Investment Program
Expropriation
Zoning Defined
Zoning is the legislative act of delineating areas or districts within the territorial
jurisdictions of cities and municipalities that may be put to specific uses and their
regulation, subject to the limitations imposed by law or competent authority.
Legal regulatory tool to implement the land use plan
Designation and allocation of territorial areas of city or municipality into
functional land use zones or district
Uses allowed in accord with goals and objectives of local development plan
Floor Area Ratio
The proportions between the built area of the building and the lot area
Also referred to as Plot Ratio
Used to limit heights and bulks, create setbacks and open space, and
ultimately to generate a relatively uniform urban fabric.
Floor Space Index (FSI)
Similar to Floor Area Ratio (FAR), but the index is established by dividing
the area of the total floor-space of the buildings on any particular site by
the site area, including half the area of any roads adjoining it.
Images of the city can be classified into five different types of elements

Paths

Channels along which the observer moves

Predominant element for many persons image
Other elements are arranged and related through paths
Strong paths are:

 easily identifiable
have continuity and direction
aligned with a larger system
Spatial extremes highlight paths
Edges
Linear elements not used or considered as paths
Lateral references, not coordinate axes
Maybe barriers or seams
Not as dominant as paths but are important organizing features
Strong edges are:
Usually prominent
Continuous
Impenetrable to cross movement
Edges can be disruptive to city form
Districts
Medium to large sections of a city conceived of as two-dimensional
Observer can mentally enter inside of a district
Recognizable as having some common, identifying character
Dominance depends upon the individual and the given district
Physical characteristics have a variety of components
activity and use
building types and detail
inhabitants (ethnic or class)
physical characteristics (topography, boundaries, age, etc.)
Nodes
Points, strategic spots by which an observer can enter
Intense foci from which observer is traveling
Junctions and concentrations
Directly related to the concept of paths and the concept of districts
May be thematic concentrations
Landmarks
Point references considered to be external to the observer
Physical elements that may vary widely in scale
Unique
And special in place of the continuities used earlier
Sequential series of landmarks as traveling guides
Local Housing Planning Policies and Issues
-Housing has a very high multiplier effect. This means that for every peso that is
channeled towards the construction of a house P16.61 are added to our Gross National
Product.

Housing Need: Extent to which housing conditions fall below the levels of norms
considered necessary for the health, privacy and development of normal living
conditions.
Philippine Context
n EO 159: Declaring Mass housing as Centerpiece Program of the Estrada
Administration and Constituting the Presidential Commission for Mass Housing
(12 October 1999)
n RA 7279: An Act to provide for a Comprehensive and Continuing Urban
Development and Housing Program (24 March 1992)
n - National Urban Development and Housing Framework
- Socialized Housing as its primary strategy
Mass housing is anchored on 3 major issues:
1.) Political stability
2.) Economic prosperity
3.) Social justice

Institutional Framework for Housing

n Historical Background
July 1936 Commonwealth Act 620
14 October 1938 Peoples Homesite Corporation
17 September 1945 National Housing Commission
1959 Republic Act 580 Home Financing Corporation
15 October 1975 National Housing Authority
September 1978 m- Ministry of Human Settlements
17 December 1986 Executive Order No. 90
and launching of National Shelter Plan
The National Shelter Plan (NSP)
-A comprehensive program that provides the people, especially the lowest 30
percent, with adequate housing facilities through affordable housing packages
Objectives of the NSP
Increased accessibility of home ownership to low-income families
Stable, sustainable and viable long, medium-term home financing
Security and land tenure
Prevention of squatting
Greater private sector participation
Equitable distribution of benefits to geographic regions of the country

National Policies for Housing

- EO 90 and launching of the NSP
- Urban Development and Housing Act (UDHA) of 1992 (RA 7279)
- Comprehensive and Integrated Shelter Finance Act (RA 7835) dated 16 December
1994
- Local Government Code of 1991: devolving housing responsibilities to LGUs
KEY PLAYERS in Housing Delivery
The Key Housing Agencies
n The Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC)
The lead housing agency to undertake planning and to provide technical
assistance
n The National Housing Authority (NHA)
Tasked to augment and enhance local government capabilities in the
provision of housing benefits to their constituents
n The Home Insurance Guaranty Corporation (HIGC)
Whose responsibility was to design an appropriate guarantee scheme to
encourage financial institutions to go into direct lending for housing

n The Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)

Assigned to develop a comprehensive plan for urban and urbanizable
areas, and to review existing town and land use plans and housing
programs
n The National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMFC)
Assigned to administer the Community Mortgage Program
n The LGUs: tasked with the preparation of the comprehensive land use plans for
their localities
n The NEDA : to provide the data and information for forward planning
n The private sector, non-government organizations: who will be granted
incentives to invest their resources in socialized housing
n The project beneficiaries:who should get involved in the house provision
programs
Environmental Management
n Plan and regulate activities for the conservation and protection of vital,
unique and sensitive ecosystems, scenic landscapes, cultural sites and
other similar resources areas
n Consider measures to mitigate both natural and human-made disasters

n Promote and encourage active participation of the community in

environmental rehabilitation and in decision-making process
Quotes
No one wants to be squeezed except in moments of love or fear.
C.A. Doxiadis
A house is a machine to live in.
Le Corbusier
Then a heart is a suction pump. Does that idea thrill you?
Frank Lioyd Wright

Definition of a Map
a graphical representation of a place or particular phenomena or themes in
an area.
a convenient visual form of spatial data, their distribution and
relationships
a reduced simplified model of reality containing geographical information
A graphic depiction of all parts of a geographic realm where the real-world
features have been replaced with symbols in their correct spatial location
at a reduced scale.
General Purpose shows the physical and cultural features of a place
Reference map shows simple properties of the map; e.g. world map,
road map, sketch map
Base map a working map for the preparation of various maps; e.g.
general base map, urban base map
Thematic maps depicts one single feature of the earths surface
representing one or two themes e.g. are:
Topographic map shows a limited set of features including
terrain, elevations, streams, boundaries and roads
Climate map gives the prevailing type of rainfall in an area
Hydro geologic Map shows existing geologic features like rock
types and ground and surface water regimes
Soil map shows the spatial distribution of different soil
classification units in a locality
Land classification shows categories of land prepared by the
Forest Management Bureau
Population Density shows concentration of population by class
intervals in relation to land area
Cadastral map public record of land ownership
Land values indicates relative prices and value of land in an
area/ municipality
Land Use shows spatial distribution of different land uses

Zoning map shows the zones of districts according to present

and potential uses of land
Erosion Hazard map analysis of soil and slope of an area w
Flooding Hazard map shows flood prone areas
Land Capability map indicates suitability of areas for cultivation
Soil Suitability provides information on the degree of soil suitability for urban
development
Development constraints illustrates the obstacles to development in the
physical attributes or flood risks
Land Management Unit a land resources inventory map describing the shape
of land in terms of relief; and input map to land Suitability map
Land Suitability classifies land into five (5) categories based on the degree to
which the characteristics of the land can satisfy the environmental requirements of
specific crops without deterioration

Preparing an Urban Land Use Plan

Residential (by dwelling type)
Commercial (wholesale, retail, services)
Industrial (manufacturing, assembly, etc.
Institutional (school, churches and Committee
Parks and Playground

Yellow
Red
Violet
Blue
Green

Infrastructure/Utilities (railroad, land uses)

Gray

Other Land Uses: cemeteries, dumpsite, military landfill, reclamation, idle vacant land.

Responsive Environments by Ian Bentley

Permeability designing the overall layout of routes and development blocks
Variety locating uses on site
Legibility designing the massing of the buildings and the enclosure of public
space
Robustness designing the spatial and constructional arrangement of individual
buildings and outdoor spaces
Visual Appropriateness designing the external image
Richness developing the design for sensory choices
Personalization making the design encourage people to put their own mark on
the places they live and work

Urban and Regional Planning

Forms, Designs Structures, and Functions of an Urban Environment
Forms
-Are arrived at by undertaking a reconnaissance or perception study of the urban
area under study
Design Concepts of Growth Centers

1.0 Linear form of Ribbon Development: this expands the city along the spine of
communication, the highway. Stretching along the roadway, housing and industry
bordered a continuous artery linking the existing cities, contained by the continuous
open space of the rural countryside
2.0 Concentric Form of Development This form is characterized by satellite
communities about the periphery of the city. Each of these communities would range
in population between 12,000 and 18,000 and be small enough to require no vehicular
transport within them. They would have some industry and are connected to the
central city by rapid transportation
3.0 Combination of Linear and Concentric Elements The residential district is
separated from the factory area with a greenbelt. The distinguishing features are:
containment of urban development, open space and separations between land uses
4.0 Vertical Development The plan is a rectangular arrangement of streets, but local and
through traffic are distinctly separated, and the large open spaces are treated wit
informal pedestrian circulation and is landscaped

Classic Concept in Urban Development

CONCENTRIC ZONE CONCEPT BY BURGESS

SECTOR CONCEPT BY HOMER HOYT

MULTIPLE NUCLEI CONCEPT BY FIREY