MAT3701/102/3/2015

Tutorial Letter 102/3/2015

LINEAR ALGEBRA

MAT3701
Semesters 1 & 2
Department of Mathematical Sciences

This tutorial letter contains

information on the following:
1. Errata: Assignment Questions
2. MAT3701 Exam Preparation
3. Exam Paper with Solutions for
the November 2014 Examination

BAR CODE

Learn without limits.

university
of south africa

Errata for Assignment Questions (Tutorial Letter 101)

Please take note of the following errors in the assignment questions in Tutorial Letter 101.
Semester 1, Assignment 01, Question 3(e): as instead of is.
Semester 1, Assignment 02: The unique number should be 601488.
Semester 1, Assignment 02, Question 4(a)(ii): Replace the question with: If T is self-adjoint, show
that T cI is self-adjoint if and only if c is real.
Semester 2, Assignment 01, Question 3(b): T (X) instead of T (X.
Semester 2, Assignment 02, Question 4(c - f): Replace parts (c) - (f) with the following:
(c) Suppose z1 = z3 and z2 6= 0.
(i) Find the eigenvalues 1 and 2 of A with corresponding eigenvectors v1 and v2 , respectively;
1 v1 ;
(ii) Show that A v1 =
(iii) Show that v1 and v2 are orthogonal;
(iv) Show that kAv1 k = kA v1 k.

MAT3701 Exam Preparation

The following are some general guidelines and information to assist you with your final preparations
for the MAT3701 exam, assuming that you have already worked through all the study material.
1. It is important that you work through the assignments and worked solutions for the current semester
again, since we use these assignments to help you prepare for the exam. It is good practice to work
through a complete set of four assignments (two for each semester) for a given year, since we always
try to cover most of the important aspects of the syllabus during a given year. For this reason the
assignments and worked solutions of the previous years are made available under Additional Resources
on myUnisa.
2. Part of the SAQA requirements for a BSc degree with mathematics as a major is that students
should be able to work with theoretical concepts. In order to comply with this regulation, we would
often ask a theoretical question that was asked in one of your assignments and expand on it by
requiring you to prove some further properties. Of course, you should be able to apply the theorems
and definitions in the textbook, and solve theoretical type questions (and the best way to practise this
is to work through the theory in the textbook). Sometimes we also ask you to prove a simple result
based on a definition in order to test your understanding of the definition (an example of this is e.g.
Question 2(a) in the Oct/Nov 2013 exam where we test your understanding of T-invariance).
3. It is also good practice to work through old exam papers. The worked solutions to all the exam
papers on myUnisa appear under Additional Resources.

MAT3701/102

4. If you have not done so already, we suggest that you work through the worked examples in
the textbook and study guide, especially those that look a bit different to what you have already
encountered. It is useful to first cover the solution and see if you can do it on your own.
5. You will not be examined on the following parts in Friedberg, 4th edition:
Systems of differential equations, pp. 273-274.
Examples 4 and 5 and the application on Markov chains which follows after that, pp. 301-307.
The whole of Section 6.8: Bilinear and quadratic forms, pp. 422-451.

Exam Paper with Solutions for the November 2014 Examination

Question 1
Let V be the vector space C 2 with scalar multiplication over R, and let T : V V be the mapping
defined by
T (z1 , z2 ) = (z1 + z 2 , z1 + iz2 ) .
1.1 Show that T is a linear transformation.
1.2 Find a basis for R (T ).
1.3 Find a basis for N (T ) .
1.4 Determine whether V = R (T ) N (T ) .
Solution
1.1 Let (z1 , z2 ), (z3 , z4 ) V and a R.
T ((z1 , z2 ) + (z3 , z4 )) =
=
=
=
=

T (z1 + z3 , z2 + z4 )
(z1 + z3 + z2 + z4 , z1 + z3 + i(z2 + z4 ))
(z1 + z3 + z 2 + z 4 , z1 + z3 + iz2 + iz4 )
(z1 + z 2 , z1 + iz2 ) + (z3 + z 4 , z3 + iz4 )
T (z1 , z2 ) + T (z3 , z4 )

and
T (a(z1 , z2 )) =
=
=
=
=

T (az1 , az2 )
(az1 + az 2 , az1 + iaz2 )
(az1 + az 2 , az2 + aiz2 ), since a is real
a(z1 + z 2 , z2 + iz2 )
aT (z1 , z2 )

Since both these conditions are satisfied, T is a linear operator.

1.2 Since
= {(1, 0), (i, 0), (0, 1), (0, i)}
is a basis for C 2 over R, we have
R (T ) = span {T (1, 0), T (i, 0), T (0, 1), T (0, i)}
= span {(1, 1), (i, i), (1, i), (i, 1)}

To find a basis for R (T ) , note that

x1 (1, 1) + x2 (i, i) + x3 (1, i) + x4 (i, 1) = (0, 0), where x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 R,
if and only if
x1 + ix2 + x3 ix4 = 0
x1 + ix2 + ix3 x4 = 0

if and only if
x1 +

x3
x4
x4

x2
x1
x2 + x3
In matrix form:

1
0

1
0

0
1
0
1

1 0
1

0 1
0

0 1
0
1 0
0

=
=
=
=

0
0
0
0

0 1
0
1

1 0 1
0

0 1 1 R3 R1
0
0 1
1 R4 R2
0

Therefore, x3 = x4 , x2 = x4 , and x1 = x3

x1
x2

x3
x4

= x4 , so that

1
= x4

1
1

0
1
0
0

1 0
0 1

1 1 R3
0 0 R4 + R3

(i)

Letting x4 = 1, it follows that

(i, 1) = (1, 1) (i, i) + (1, i) ,
hence
R (T ) = span {(1, 1) , (i, i) , (1, i)} .
The spanning set is linearly independent, since x4 = 0 in (i) implies x1 = x2 = x3 = 0. Therefore, a
basis for R (T ) is
= {(1, 1) , (i, i) , (1, i)} .

MAT3701/102

1.3

(z1 , z2 ) N (T ) (z1 + z 2 , z1 + iz2 ) = 0

z1 + z 2 = 0 and z1 + iz2 = 0
z1 = z 2 and z1 = iz2
z1 = z 2 and z 2 = iz2

Let z2 = a + ib, with a, b R, then

z 2 = iz2 a ib = ia b a = b z2 = a ia = a(1 i),
hence
N (T ) = {(a(1 + i), a(1 i)) : a R} = span{(1 + i, 1 + i)}.
A basis for N (T ) is therefore = {(1 + i, 1 + i)} .
1.4 Since is linearly independent, to check whether is linearly independent, it suffices to
check whether or not (1 + i, 1 + i) is a linear combination of . For a, b, c R,
(1 + i, 1 + i) = a (1, 1) + b (i, i) + c (1, i)
= (a + ib + c, a + ib + ic)

a+
c =
1

b
=
1

a
= 1

b+c =
1

Since this system has no solution, it follows that is linearly independent, and therefore
V = R (T ) N (T ) .

Question 2
Let

A=

1
2

0 1

0 0
.

0 1 0
1
2

2.1

Show that A is a regular transition matrix.

2.2

Find lim Am .

2.3

Describe the Gerschgorin discs in which the eigenvalues of A lie.

Solution
Solution
2.1 A is a transition matrix since all three column
the entries of
1
1
1 12
4
4
A4 = 41 0 12 41
1
1
0 0
2
2

sums are equal to 1. A is also regular since all

9 1 5
1 12
16
4
8
5
1
1
0 12 = 16
4
8
1
1
1
0 0
8
2
4

are positive.
2.2 To find an eigenvalue of A corresponding to the eigenvalue 1,

1
0
1
x1
x
x1
0
1
2
1
0 x2 = 0
A x2 = x2 12
0 1
1
x3
x3
x3
0

1
x1
2

x2 = t 14 , t R

1
x3
4
Thus,

lim Am =

1
2
1
4
1
4

1
2
1
4
1
4

1
2
1
4
1
4

2.3 Let Ci denote the Gerschgorin disk associated with the ith row of A.Then




C1 = z C : z 12  1


C2
= z C : |z| 12
C3
= {z C : |z| 1}

Question 3
Let T : C 4 C 4 be the linear operator such that

0 1
i 0
[T ] =
1 1
0 1

0
1
1
0
,
0
i
i 1i

where is the standard basis for C 4 , and let

W = span {(1, 0, 0, 0) , (0, i, 1, 0)} .
3.1

Show that W is T invariant.

3.2 Find a basis for W .

3.3

Show that W is T invariant.

MAT3701/102

Solution
3.1
[T (1, 0, 0, 0)] = [T ] [(1, 0, 0, 0)]

0 1
0
1
i 0 1
0
=
1 1
0
i
0 1
i 1i

0
i

=
1 ,
0

1
0

0
0

hence
T (1, 0, 0, 0) = (0, i, 1, 0) W.
Similarly
T (0, i, 1, 0) = (i, 1, i, 0) = i(1, 0, 0, 0) i(0, i, 1, 0) W.
Since the image under T of each spanning vector of W lies in W again, it follows that W is T invariant.
3.2
(a, b, c, d) W h(a, b, c, d) , (1, 0, 0, 0)i = 0 and h(a, b, c, d) , (0, i, 1, 0)i = 0

a=0

ib c = 0
Thus
W = {(0, b, ib, d) : b, d C}
= {(0, b, ib, 0) + (0, 0, 0, d) : d, b C}
= {b (0, 1, i, 0) + d (0, 0, 0, 1) : b, d C}
= span {(0, 1, i, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)} .
Since the last two spanning vectors are linearly independent, a basis of W is
{(0, 1, i, 0) , (0, 0, 0, 1)} .

(i)

3.3 Since is orthonormal with respect to the standard inner product,

[T ] = [T ]

0 1
0
1
i 0 1
0
=
1 1
0
i
0 1
i 1i

0 i 1
0
1
0
1
1
=
0 1
0
i
1
0 i 1 + i

To show that W is T invariant, we show that the image under T of each basis vector in (i) lies in
W again.
[T (0, 1, i, 0)] = [T ] [(0, 1, i, 0)]

0 i 1
0
1
0
1
1
=
0 1
0
i
1
0 i 1 + i

0
i

=
1 ,
1

0
1

i
0

hence
T (0, 1, i, 0) = (0, i, 1, 1)
= i (0, 1, i, 0) (0, 0, 0, 1) W .
Similarly,
T (0, 0, 0, 1) = (0, 1, i, 1 + i)
= (0, 1, i, 0) + (1 + i) (0, 0, 0, 1) W .
Thus, W is T invariant.

Question 4
Let M22 (R) be the inner product space with inner product defined by hA, Bi = tr (B A), and let
P : M22 (R) M22 (R)
be the orthogonal projection on



 
1 1 1
1 1 1
,
.
W = span
2 1 1
2 1 1

4.1

Find the formula for P



4.2

Express A =

1
1

1
0

a
c

b
d


, expressed as a single matrix in terms of a, b, c, and d.

in the form A = B + C, where B W and C W .

MAT3701/102

Solution

4.1

The given spanning set

 
 

1 1 1
1 1
1
S=
,
1 1
2 1 1
2
of W is an orthonormal basis for W. Denoting the elements of S to be S1 and S2 , respectively,
we therefore have that for


a b
A=
,
c d
P (A) = hA, S1 i S1 + hA, S2 i S2
1
1
= (a + b + c + d) S1 + (a + b + c d) S2
2
2
1 2a + 2d 2b + 2c
=
4 2b + 2c 2a + 2d
i.e.


P

a b
c d



1
=
2

a+d b+c
b+c a+d

4.2 The required expression for A is given by

A = B + C, where B = P (A) and C = (I P )(A).
Thus,
1


 1 


1 1 2
1
0
1 1
.
= 2 1 , and C = A P (A) = 2
B=P
=
1 2
0 21
1 0
2 2 1

Question 5
It is given that A M33 (C) is a normal matrix with eigenvalues 2, i and i and corresponding
eigenspaces


1
E2 = span (1, 1, 0)
2



1
Ei = span
(1, 1, 2)
2



1
Ei = span
(1, 1, 2)
2
5.1 Find the spectral decomposition of A.
5.2 Find A.

Solution
5.1 Since all the eigenspaces are one-dimensional with basis vectors of unit length, the matrix

1
1
1

2
2 2

1
1
1

P =

2
2

1
1

0
2
2
with these vectors as columns is unitary, and

2 0 0
A = P DP , with D = 0 i 0 .
0 0 i
Hence

1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
A = 2 P 0 0 0 P + i P 0 1 0 P i P 0 0 0 P
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
= 2 P1 + i P 2 i P 3
... (i)
is the spectral decomposition of A, where

1
0 0

1 0 0

P1 = P 0 0 0 P = 1
0 0

0 0 0

P2

0 0 0

= P 0 1 0 P =
0

0 0 0

0 0 0

= P 0 0 0 P =
0

0 0 1

P3

10

1
1

0
1
1

2
2

2 2 0

1
1

1 1

=
0
2
2

2 2 2

1
1
1
0
0 0

0
0 0
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1
1

0
0
4
4
2
2
2 2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0
=

2
2
2
4
2 4
2 2

1
1
1
1 1
1
1
0

2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2

1
1
1
1
1

0
0

4
4
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1
1

0
=

2 2
2
4
4
2

1 1

1
1
1
1
0

2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2

1

2 2

2 2

1
2

MAT3701/102

are the associated orthogonal projections.

5.2 Substituting the values for P1 , P2 , P3 in (i) yields

1
1

1
1
1
1
1

0
4
4
4
4
2 2
2 2
2
2

1 1

1
1
1
1
1
1
+i

A=2

4
4
2 2
2 2
2 2

1
1
1
1
1
1

0
0 0
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2

i
1 1 2

1 1 i
=
2

i
i
0
2
2

Question 6 (Chapter 4, Exercise 124)

Let Hu , u a unit vector, be a Householder operator on a finitedimensional inner product space V, i.e.,
Hu (x) = x 2 hx, ui u, for all x V.
Prove the following results.
6.1 Hu is linear.
6.2 Hu (x) = x if and only if x is orthogonal to u.
6.3 Hu (u) = u.
6.4 Show that
V = E1 (Hu ) E1 (Hu )
where E1 (Hu ) and E1 (Hu ) denote the eigenspaces of Hu corresponding to the eigenvalues 1 and 1,
respectively.

Solution
6.1 Hu is a linear operator, since for x, y V and a F ,
Hu (x + y) = x + y 2hx + y, uiu
= x + y 2(hx, ui + hy, ui)u, property of the inner product
= (x 2hx, uiu) + (y 2hy, uiu)
= Hu (x) + Hu (y)

11

and
Hu (ax) = ax 2hax, uiu = ax 2ahx, uiu = a(x 2hx, uiu) = aHu (x).
6.2
Hu (x) = x
x 2 hx, ui u = x
hx, ui u = 0
hx, ui = 0, since u 6= 0
x is orthogonal to u
6.3
Hu (u) = u 2 hu, ui u = u, since hu, ui = 1.
6.4 For any x V ,
x = (x hx, ui u) + hx, ui u
and
y = x hx, ui u E1 (Hu )
from 6.2, since y u, and
z = hx, ui u E1 (Hu )
from 6.3, since z span{u}. Thus
V = E1 (Hu ) + E1 (Hu ),
and since E1 (Hu ) E1 (Hu ) = {0} (eigenspaces corresponding to distinct eigenvalues), we have
V = E1 (Hu ) E1 (Hu ).

12