Ukavala Nge Mod 01b Introd Phsbeh (Base) (v20140528) PDF

Natural Gas Engineering
Phase Behavior
Introduction to Phase Behavior
T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.

Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE)
Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.
Slide 1
Phase Behavior: Learning Objectives

Describe a reservoir fluid in terms of its character and compositional
aspects.
Construct the phase diagrams (p-T diagrams) for the various reservoir
fluids.
Describe/define the formation volume factor, fluid viscosity,
compressibility for various reservoir fluids.
Construct plots of various fluid properties for dry gases and black oil
reservoir fluids.
Construct phase diagrams (p-T diagrams) for pure, binary, ternary, and
natural gas mixtures.
Construct the general phase diagrams (p-T diagram) for a sample
hydrocarbon fluid, indicating all points of interest on the diagram.
Describe the composition of common reservoir fluids.
Describe the "material balance equations" for "black oil," "solution gas
drive," and "dry gas" fluid cases.
Describe/construct/use z-factor, gas compressibility, and gas viscosity
plots and correlations (dry gases).
Describe/use "black oil" correlations for the oil formation volume
factor, solution gas-oil-ratio, oil compressibility, and oil viscosity.
Slide 2
Phase Behavior: Introduction to Reservoir Fluids
Classification of Reservoir Fluids:

Dry Gas
Wet Gas
Gas Condensate
Volatile Oil
Black Oil
Definitions:
Formation Volume Factor

Fluid Viscosity
Rock and Fluid Compressibility
Law (or Principle) of Corresponding States
Examples:
Various "Black Oil" Fluid Properties

z vs. ppr and pr (dry gas case)
g vs. T (and p) (dry gas case)
gz vs. p (dry gas case)
gcg vs. p (dry gas case)
Slide 3
From: Schlumberger: Fundamentals of Formation Testing

(March 2006).
Phase Behavior: Classification of Reservoir Fluids
Discussion: Classification of Reservoir Fluids

Generic guidelines on properties of reservoir fluids.
Useful to assess dominant component(s) and properties.
Often assume that a system is dry gas or non-volatile oil.
Slide 4
Phase Behavior: Classification of Reservoir Fluids (McCain)

Gas Condensate Reservoirs:
Black Oil Reservoirs:

GOR < 1,000 SCF/STB
Density less than 45 API
Reservoir temperatures < 250F
Oil FVF < 2.00 (low shrinkage oils)
Dark green to black in color
C7+ composition > 30%
Volatile Oil Reservoirs:

1,000 < GOR < 8,000 SCF/STB
Density between 45-60 API
Oil FVF > 2.00 (high shrinkage oils)
Light brown to green in color
C7+ composition > 12.5%
70,000 < GOR < 100,000 SCF/STB

Density greater than 60 API
Light in color
C7+ composition < 12.5%
Wet Gas Reservoirs:
GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB
No liquid is formed in the reservoir.
Separator conditions lie within phase
envelope and liquid is produced at
surface.
Dry Gas Reservoirs:

GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB
No liquid produced at surface.
From: McCain, W.D., Jr. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids.

2nd ed. Tulsa, OK: PennWell (1990).
Slide 5
Phase Behavior: Fluid Types and Petroleum Products
b. Petroleum products identified according to carbon

number.
a. Reservoir Fluid Types.
From: Sampling Petroleum Reservoir Fluids API
Recommended Practice 44 (Second Edition, April
2003).
From: Whitson, C.H. and Brul, M.R.: Phase Behavior,

Monograph Series, SPE, Richardson, Texas (2000)
20.
Slide 6
From: Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids Bursik (1957).
Phase Behavior: PT Diagrams Single Component System
Schematic p-T Diagram: Single Component System

Note the "Liquid+Vapor" line.
Single component systems not of much interest, other than for illustration.
Slide 7
From: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering Calhoun (1953).
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Multi-Component Systems
Schematic p-T Diagram: Multi-Component (Hydrocarbon) System

Note the "Bubble Point" and "Dew Point" lines.
Location of critical point determines fluid type.
Slide 8
From: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineer-ing Calhoun

(1953). (modified to reflect various reservoir fluid cases)
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Hydrocarbon Systems
Schematic p-T Diagram: Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids

Names represent conventional nomenclature.
Locations of names represent relative locations of these fluid types.
Slide 9
From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Black Oil Reservoir Fluid
Schematic p-T Diagram: Black Oil

Fluid is typically dark black, brown, or dark green.
o>45o API, GOR < 1000 scf/STB, Boi < 2.0 RB/STB, C7+ > 30 %.
Slide 10
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Volatile Oil Reservoir Fluid
Schematic p-T Diagram: Volatile Oil

Fluid is typically dark brown, orange or green.
45<o<60o API, 1000 < GOR < 8000 scf/STB, Boi > 2.0 RB/STB, 12.5 < C7+ < 20 %.
Slide 11
PT Diagrams: Retrograde Gas (Condensate) Reservoir Fluid
Schematic p-T Diagram: Retrograde Gas

Fluid is typically light brown, orange, green, or water-white.
o>60o API, 70,000 < GOR < 150,000 scf/STB, C7+ < 12.5 %.
Slide 12
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Wet Gas Reservoir Fluid
Schematic p-T Diagram: Wet Gas

Fluid is typically very light water-white.
GOR > 100,000 scf/STB.
Slide 13
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Dry Gas Reservoir Fluid
Schematic p-T Diagram: Dry Gas

No fluid is produced at surface or in the reservoir.
Slide 14
Phase Behavior: Definition of Formation Vol. Factor (Bo,g,w)

Fluid volume at reservoir conditions
Bo,g,w =
Fluid volume at standard conditions
Bo,g,w is defined as a volume conversion for oil, gas, or water and is

defined on a mass (or density) basis.
The Formation Volume Factor "converts" surface

volumes to downhole conditions.
Typical values:
Oil:
1.2
to
Gas: 0.003 to
Water: 1.00 to
2.4 RB/STB
0.01 rcf/scf
1.03 RB/STB
Slide 15
Phase Behavior: Fluid Viscosity (o,g,w)

Is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow
... the proportionality of shear rate to shear stress,
a sort of internal friction.
Fluid viscosity depends on pressure, temperature,
and fluid composition.
Typical values:
Oil:
0.2 to 30 cp
Gas: 0.01 to 0.05 cp
Water: 0.5 to 1.05 cp
Discussion: Fluid Viscosity (o,g,w)

Gas is the most mobile fluid.
Heavy oils can be into the 1000's or 10,000's of cp.
Simple correlations are typically used for gas and water.
Slide 16
Phase Behavior: Rock and Fluid Compressibility

Fluid Compressibility: co,g,w
1 dBg
1 dBo Bg dRso
1 dBw Bg dRsw
cg
co
cw
Bg dp
Bo dp Bo dp
Bw dp Bw dp
Typical values:
Oil:
5 to 20 x10-6 psi-1 (p>pb)
30 to 200 x10-6 psi-1 (p<pb)
Gas:
50 to 1000 x10-6 psi-1
Water:
3 to 5 x10-6 psi-1
Formation Compressibility: cf
1 d
cf
dp
Typical values:
Normal:
2 to 10 x10-6 psi-1
Abnormal: 10 to 100 x10-6 psi-1
Discussion: Rock and Fluid Compressibility

Gas and water compressibility are very straightforward.
Oil compressibility has a "jump discontinuity" at pb.
Slide 17
Phase Behavior: Various "Black Oil" Fluid Properties
Discussion: "Black Oil" PVT Properties (pb=5000 psia)

Note the dramatic influence in properties at pb.
Oil compressibility is the most affected variable.
Slide 18
Phase Behavior: z vs. p (Various Hydrocarbons)
a. z-factor for Methane.
b. z-factor for Ethane.
d. z-factor for n-Butane.
e. z-factor for Methane-Ethane (160 Deg F).
c. z-factor for Propane.
f.
z-factor for Methane-Propane (160 Deg F).
From: B. H. Sage, W. N. Lacey. Monograph on API Research Project 37 Thermodynamic Properties of the Lighter Paraffin Hydrocarbons
and Nitrogen, American Petroleum Institute, New York (1950).
Slide 19
From: Katz, D. L., Cornell, R., Kobayashi, R., Poettmann, F. H., Vary, J.
A., Elenblass, J. R., & Weinaug, C. G.: Handbook of Natural Gas
Engineering (McGrawHill, New York) (1959).
Phase Behavior: z vs. ppr (Law of Corresponding States)
a. z-factor plot z-factor versus pseudoreduced pressure (paraffin

hydrocarbons).
Law (or Principle) of Corresponding States
(van der Waals) suggests that all fluids,
when compared at the same reduced
tempera-ture and reduced pressure, have
approximately the same compressibility
factor and all deviate from ideal gas behavior
to about the same degree.
b. z-factor plot z-factor versus pseudoreduced pressure (paraffin hydrocarbons

plus nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and
water).
Discussion: Law of Corresponding States
Basis for "pseudo-reduced" temperature and pressure.

Examples used to confirm the law of corresponding states.
Certainly "accurate enough" for engineering calculations.
Slide 20
Phase Behavior: z vs. ppr and pr (dry gas case)
b."Standing-Katz" plot (z vs. pr)

Poettmann-Carpenter Data (5960 data
points).
a. "Standing-Katz" base plot (z vs. ppr)

Poettmann-Carpenter Data (5960 data
points).
Discussion: z vs. ppr and pr (dry gas case)
z-factor data are fitted using equation-of-state (EOS).

Reduced density (pr) shows "polynomial" behavior basis for EOS.
These charts establish basis for all (dry gas) reservoir engineering variables.
Slide 21
From: Londono, F.E.: "Simplified Correlations for Hydrocarbon Gas Viscosity and
Gas Density: Validation and Correlation of Behavior Using a Large-Scale
Database," M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University (December 2001).
Phase Behavior: g vs. T (and p) (dry gas case)
b. Original Lee, et al. correlation for hydrocarbon

gas viscosity.
a. Gas viscosity versus temperature for the Gonzalez et

al data (natural gas sample 3) compared to the
implicit correlation for gas viscosity (Londono) and
the original Lee, et al. correlation for hydrocarbon
gas viscosity.
c. Londono "implicit" correlation for hydrocarbon

gas viscosity (residual viscosity type model).
Slide 22
Phase Behavior: gz vs. p (dry gas case)
Discussion: "Dry Gas" PVT Properties (gz vs. p)

Basis for the "pressure-squared" approximation.
Concept (gz) = constant, valid only for p<2000 psia.
Slide 23
Phase Behavior: gcg vs. p (dry gas case)
Discussion: "Dry Gas" PVT Properties (gcg vs. p)

Concept If gcg constant, pseudotime NOT required.
Note that gcg is NEVER constant, pseudotime is required...
Slide 24
Phase Behavior: Questions to Consider (Reservoir Fluids)

Q1. Limitations of assuming a "black oil" for liquids?
A1. There are issues but historically, the use of the constant compressibility concept (i.e., a "black oil") has tolerated even extreme
violations of the assumption with few substantial problems. The
most obvious case where a black oil concept will not suffice is
that of a volatile oil (very high GOR).
Q2. Limitations of assuming a "dry gas" for gases?
A2. The major limitation is that of very rich gas condensate cases
(analogous to the "volatile oil" case mentioned above).
Q3. Are existing fluid properties correlations sufficient?
A3. For most cases, yes. For cases of extremely high pressure and/or
temperature, new correlations are warranted.
Slide 25
Phase Behavior
Applications of Reservoir Fluid Data

Slide 26
PVT Applications:
Typical Applications:
Reservoir Engineering
Production Engineering
Data/Schematics:
Typical compositions
P-T schematic diagram for the application of a black oil
reservoir model
P-T schematic diagram for the application of a compositional
reservoir model
Material Balance:
Black oil material balance
Dry gas material balance
Slide 27
PVT Applications: Starter Discussion Phase Diagrams

Vapor-liquid Interface
for a pure fluid.
Fluid density
for pure fluids.
P-T diagram for an

example gas mixture.
P-T diagram for various

binary fluid mixtures.
P-T diagram for

methane-propane
pentane mixtures.
Pressure, psia
From: Katz, D. L., Cornell, R., Kobayashi, R., Poettmann, F. H., Vary, J.
A., Elenblass, J. R., & Weinaug, C. G.: Handbook of Natural Gas
Engineering (McGrawHill, New York) (1959).
Schematic P-T diagram

for a pure fluid.
Slide 28
From: Pirson, S. J.: Elements of Oil Reservoir Engineering, McGraw-Hill

Book Co., Inc., New York, (1950).
PVT Applications: Reservoir Fluids Phase Diagrams
Phase relationships and types of oil and gas fields

possible with complex hydrocarbon systems.
Slide 29
PVT Applications: Reservoir Fluids

Reservoir Engineering:
Volumetric Calculations
Material Balance (black oils/dry
gases)
Compositional Material Balance
(volatile oils/gas condensates)
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Production Engineering:
Surface Equipment Design

Wellbore Fluid Mechanics
Production Test Analysis
Pressure Transient Analysis
Well Completion
Diagrammatic representation of volume

and phase changes upon the reduction of
pressure by retrograde-condensation
path.
From: Calhoun, J.C., Jr.: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering,
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK (1953).
Craft, B.C., and Hawkins, M.F.: Applied Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1959).
Pressure-temperature
phase
diagram of a reservoir fluid.
Slide 30
PVT Applications: Typical Compositions of Reservoir Fluids

Component
Black Oil Volatile Oil
C1
48.83
64.36
C2
2.75
7.52
C3
1.93
4.74
C4
1.60
4.12
C5
1.15
3.97
C6
1.59
3.38
C7+
42.15
11.91
MWC7+
225
181
GOR (scf/STB)
625
2000
Gravity (oAPI)
34.3
50.1
Liquid Color Green/Black Orange
Gas Condensate
87.07
4.39
2.29
1.74
0.83
0.60
3.80
112
18,200
60.8
Straw
Wet Gas
95.85
2.67
0.34
0.52
0.08
0.12
0.42
157
105,000
54.7
White
Dry Gas
86.67
7.77
2.95
1.73
0.88
Typical compositions (mole percent) of single-phase reservoir fluids.
Slide 31
PVT Applications: PT Diagram (Black Oil)
Pressure-Temperature diagram of a
typical reservoir fluid and areas of
application for a "black oil" model.
Slide 32
PVT Applications: PT Diagram (VO/GC)
Pressure-Temperature diagram of a
typical reservoir fluid and areas of
application for a "compositional"
model.
Slide 33
Phase Behavior
Properties of Reservoir Fluids

Slide 34
PVT Properties: Orientation

Reservoir Gases:
Physical properties.
Correlation of pseudocritical temperature and pressure with gas gravity.
Correction of pseudocritical temperature and pressure for contaminants.
z-factor chart and Dranchuk-Abou Kassem equation of state (EOS).
Gas formation volume factor (relates surface and reservoir volumes).
Gas compressibility (reduced compressibility and DAK-EOS).
Gas viscosity (simple nomographs, Carr et al method, Lee et al method).
Reservoir Oils:
Oil formation volume factor (relates surface and reservoir volumes).
Gas-oil-ratio (GOR) and bubblepoint pressure relations (reversible).
Oil compressibility relations.
Oil viscosity relations.
Slide 35
PVT Properties: Correlations

Properties of Natural Gases:
Sutton calculation for pseudoreduced temperature and pressure.
Wichert and Aziz corrections (carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or hydrogen sulfide (H2S)).
z-factor (Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS).
Gas compressibility (Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS).
Gas viscosity (Lee, Gonzales, and Eakin correlation).
Properties of Reservoir Oils:
Oil formation volume factor (Standing correlation).
Solution gas-oil ratio (Standing correlation).
Oil compressibility (Villena-Lanzi and Vasquez-Beggs correlations).
Oil viscosity (Egbogah-Beggs-Robinson and Vasquez-Beggs correlations).
Slide 36
PVT Properties: Physical Properties of Gases
Discussion: Working Table for Physical Properties

Properties for paraffin hydrocarbons and other components.
Values should be considered as "standards."
Gas viscosity values are for reference.
Slide 37
From: Katz, D.L. et al.: Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering, McGraw-Hill

Book Co. Inc., New York City (1959).
Standing, M.B. and Katz, D.L.: Density of Natural Gases, Trans.,
AIME (1942) 146, 140-144.
Standing Correlation
Equations for "California Gases"
From: Wichert, E. and Aziz, K.: Compressibility Factor for Sour Natural
Gases, Cdn. J. Chem. Eng. (1972) 49, 269-75.
PVT Properties: Pseudo-Critical Correlations (dry gases)

Slide 38
PVT Properties: z vs. ppr/Tpr and pr (dry gas case)

z versus ppr/Tpr format is a bit
easier to read and use.
z versus pr format illustrates

the functional nature of the correlation.
A
A
A
A
3
2
4
z 1 A
5
1 T T 3 T 4 T 5 r
r
r
r
r
A
A 2
7
A
8
6 T T 2 r
r
A
2
A 5
2
2
7
A9
8 r A10 (1 A11 r ) r3 exp( A11 r )
T T 2
Tr
r
r
r
0.27 p r
zTr
Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS for the

z-factor (natural gases).
Slide 39
From: Mattar. L., Brar, G.S., and Aziz. K.: "Compressibility of Natural
Gases," J. Cdn. Per. Tech. (0ct.-Dec. 1975) 77-80.
PVT Properties: Gas Compressibility (dry gas case) [Mattar]
Estimate cg using the definition:
cr cg ppc
Slide 40
PVT Properties: Gas Compressibility (gas case) [DAK-EOS]

Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS for the z-factor:
A
A
A
A 2A
A 5
A
A
z 1 A 2 3 4 5 r A 7 8 r 7 8 r
1 T T 3 T 4 T 5
6 T T 2 T T 2
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
2 r
A10 (1 A11 r )
Tr
2
3
0.27 p
r
exp( A11 r ) where
r
zT
r
2
Definition of Gas Compressibility:
1 1 dz
cg
p z dp
The "best approach" is to simply

differentiate the Dranchuk and
Abou-Kassem EOS to estimate
the (dz/dp)T-term.
Slide 41
PVT Properties: Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)

Definition:
T psc
Bg
z T
p
sc sc
z
zT
0.0282
p
zT
5.02
p
ft 3

scf

Simply compute Bg using the

appropriate z-factor.
RB
Mscf
Slide 42
Residual density concept for

hydrocarbons and common
non-hydrocarbon components.
[older methods]
Nomograph for low pressure
natural gases (p < 3000 psia).
From: GPSA (2004), Engineering Data Book, 12th ed., Gas Processors Suppliers
Association, 6526 East 60th St., Tulsa, OK 74145.
From: Jossi, J.A., Stiel, L.I., and Thodos G.: "The Viscosity of Pure Substances in the
Dense Gaseous and Liquid Phases," AIChE Journal (Mar. 1962) 8, No.1; 59-62.
PVT Properties: Gas Viscosity (dry gases)
Slide 43
[Carr, et al-1]
From: Carr, N.L. Kobayashi, R., and Burrows, D.B.: "Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Gases
Under Pressure," Trans., AIME (1954) 201, 264-272.
Plot used to estimate gas viscosity at 1 atm (step 1).

Slide 44
[Carr, et al-2]
From: Carr, N.L. Kobayashi, R., and Burrows, D.B.: "Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Gases
Under Pressure," Trans., AIME (1954) 201, 264-272.
Chart for estimating pseudo-critical T and p from gas gravity (Step 2).
Chart for estimating g/g,1atm using TR (and pR)
[alternate (Step 3)].
Chart for estimating mg/mg,1atm using TR (and pR) (Step 3).
Slide 45
Variables:
Gas density (g/cc).
Temperature (Deg R).
Density from z-factor.
Definition of Correlation:
From: Lee, A.L., Gonzalez. M.H., and Eakin, B.E.: "The Viscosity of
Natural Gases," JPT (Aug. 1966) 997-1000; Trans., AIME, 237.
[Lee, et al]
g (1104 ) K exp[ XY ]
where
986.4
0.01009M w
X 3.448
T
9.379 0.01607M w T 1.5

K
209.2 19.26Mw T
Y 2.447 0.2224 X
pMw
1.493510
zT
Discussion: Lee, Gonzalez, Eakin Gas Viscosity Correlation

Should be valid for natural gases (used extensively).
Developed for relatively low pressures (p < 8000 psia).
Developed for relatively low temperature (T < 340 Deg F).
Slide 46
PVT Properties: Oil Formation Volume Factor
[Standing-1]
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for

Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.
Correlation:
Discussion:
Very old correlation (1947).
Still in use (many other correlations, but this one works).
Standing was either brilliant or lucky, or both.
Slide 47
[Standing-2]

(1947) 275-87.
Correlation Plot:
Slide 48
[Standing-3]

(1947) 275-87.
Nomograph: (graphical solution of the correlation equations)
Slide 49
PVT Properties: Solution GOR/Bubblepoint
[Standing-1]

(1947) 275-87.
Correlation: (same relation, solved in reverse)
Slide 50
[Standing-2]

(1947) 275-87.
Correlation Plot: (Correlation is often "reversed" to solve for GOR)
Slide 51
[Standing-3]

(1947) 275-87.
Nomograph: (graphical solution of the correlation equations)
Slide 52
PVT Properties: Oil Compressibility (definition)

Definition:
1 dBo Bg dRso
co
Bo dp Bo dp
Slide 53
PVT Properties: Oil Compressibility (p < pb)
[Villena-Lanzi]
From: Villena-Lanzi, A.J.: "A Correlation for the Coefficient of Isothermal

Compressibility of Black Oil at Pressures Below the Bubble Point," M.S.
Thesis, Texas A&M U., College Station, TX ( 1985).
Correlation:
Slide 54
PVT Properties: Oil Compressibility (p > pb)
[Vasquez/Beggs]
From: Vasquez, M. and Beggs, H.D.: "Correlations for Fluid Physical Property
Prediction," JPT (June 1980) 968-970.
Correlation:
Slide 55
From: Egbogah, E.O.: "An Improved Temperature-Viscosity Correlation For Crude

Oil Systems," paper 83-34-32 presented at the 1983 Annual Technical
Meeting of the Petroleum Society of CIM, Banff, Alberta, May 10-13, 1983.
Beggs, H.D. and Robinson, J.R.: "Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil
Systems," JPT (Sept. 1975) 1140-41.
PVT Properties: Oil Viscosity (p < pb) [Egbogah/Beggs-Robinson]

Correlation:
"Dead Oil"
"Live Oil"

Slide 56
PVT Properties: Oil Viscosity (p > pb)
[Vasquez/Beggs]
From: Vasquez, M. and Beggs, H.D.: "Correlations for Fluid Physical

Property Prediction," JPT (June 1980) 968-970.
Correlation:
Slide 57
Phase Behavior
(End of Lecture)

Slide 58

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Natural Gas Engineering

T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

Phase Behavior: Learning Objectives

Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE)

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

Phase Behavior: Introduction to Reservoir Fluids

Classification of Reservoir Fluids:

Formation Volume Factor

Various "Black Oil" Fluid Properties

Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE)

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

From: Schlumberger: Fundamentals of Formation Testing

Phase Behavior: Classification of Reservoir Fluids

Discussion: Classification of Reservoir Fluids

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

Phase Behavior: Classification of Reservoir Fluids (McCain)

Black Oil Reservoirs:

Volatile Oil Reservoirs:

70,000 < GOR < 100,000 SCF/STB

Dry Gas Reservoirs:

From: McCain, W.D., Jr. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids.

Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE)

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

Phase Behavior: Fluid Types and Petroleum Products

b. Petroleum products identified according to carbon

Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE)

From: Whitson, C.H. and Brul, M.R.: Phase Behavior,

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

From: Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids Bursik (1957).

Phase Behavior: PT Diagrams Single Component System

Schematic p-T Diagram: Single Component System

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

From: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering Calhoun (1953).

Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Multi-Component Systems

Schematic p-T Diagram: Multi-Component (Hydrocarbon) System

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

From: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineer-ing Calhoun

Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Hydrocarbon Systems

Schematic p-T Diagram: Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Black Oil Reservoir Fluid

Schematic p-T Diagram: Black Oil

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Volatile Oil Reservoir Fluid

Schematic p-T Diagram: Volatile Oil

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

PT Diagrams: Retrograde Gas (Condensate) Reservoir Fluid

Schematic p-T Diagram: Retrograde Gas

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Wet Gas Reservoir Fluid

Schematic p-T Diagram: Wet Gas

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Phase Behavior: PT Diagram Dry Gas Reservoir Fluid

Schematic p-T Diagram: Dry Gas

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

Phase Behavior: Definition of Formation Vol. Factor (Bo,g,w)

Fluid volume at standard conditions