Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2, APRIL 2004
671
I. INTRODUCTION
Manuscript received October 4, 2001; revised May 10, 2002. This work
was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada (NSERC).
The authors are with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7 Canada.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2004.825302
672
Fig. 2.
can be de-
(1)
Note that is the phase angle difference between customer and
utility side voltage sources. The significance of this equation is
that the direction of active power is a function of instead of the
magnitudes of the voltage sources. As a result, the active power
direction-based harmonic source detection method is incorrect
theoretically, as it cannot reveal the difference between the magnitudes of the two sources.
It is common knowledge for power engineers that the phase
angles of bus voltages mainly affect the flow of active power
while the magnitudes of bus voltages mainly affect the flow of
reactive power. One would therefore wonder if the direction of
reactive power could indicate the relative magnitudes of two
harmonic sources. This can be analyzed by examining the reactive power flowing into source
(2)
It shows that the direction of reactive power is indeed related
to the voltage magnitudes. From the equation, if the utility side
absorbs reactive power (
),
must be smaller than .
In other words, one can conclude that the customer side has a
. An intuitive explanation of this conlarger contribution to
clusion is the following: the reactive power absorbed by
must come from
. Since the impedance is reactive,
must
have a sufficiently high magnitude in order to push the reac. If the utility side generates reactive
tive power into source
), however, it does not necessarily imply that the
power (
utility side is the dominant source. This is because the generated reactive power may not reach the customer side since the
line absorbs reactive power. In any case, anyhow, at least one direction of reactive power can give a theoretically correct conclusion, which is an improvement over the unfounded active power
where
. By letting
find the point with the lowest voltage as
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, we can
(5)
where is the reactance from
we consider (2) and
(6)
Fig. 3. Determination of voltage at one point along
is obtained when
(9)
, all possible
The above equation indicates that if
values of will be greater than
. That is,
is the
to hold. On the other hand, if
necessary condition for
, one will get
given
(10)
Straightforwardly, the condition for the above equation to hold
is
. Therefore, we have proven
(11)
Since the sign of the reactive power absorbed by source
and
are two important parameters for the proposed
the quantity
method, we introduce a signed fictitious impedance to combine
jX .
them into a single index. The new index is called CI and is defined as
(12)
is the reactive power absorbed by
, as shown in
where
,
Fig. 2. Note that CI and have the same signs. So if
which implies the utility absorbs reactive power, we can conclude directly that the customer side is the dominant harmonic
, the utility side generates reactive power. In
source. If
this case, the range of needs to be compared with the absolute
value of CI for determining the dominant source. In summary,
, the proposed method can be implefor the case of
mented as follows.
1. Calculate the utility side voltage source by using
, where
is known.
2. Calculate the reactive power absorbed by
,
, where is the phase by which
leads
.
.
3. Calculate
4. If
, the utility source absorbs reactive power, the
customer side is the main harmonic contributor.
, the utility generates reactive power, the fol5. If
lowing substeps are to be taken:
If
, where
is the maximum of all possible values, the utility side is the main harmonic contributor.
This is because the utility side, due to its high source voltage,
can push its generated reactive power far deep into the customer side;
If
, where
is the minimum of all possible values, the customer side is the main harmonic contributor. This case implies that the customer side source pushes
its reactive power deep into the utility side.
If
, no definite conclusion can
be drawn. But our study results show that such a condition
generally implies that the utility and customer have comparable
contributions to the PCC current. As a result, the exercise to
determine precisely which side has more contribution may just
have academic significance.
C. Error Analysis
The practical applicability of the CI method depends on
its robustness. Since the customer impedance may have large
variations, our knowledge about may have large errors. The
method is expected to have a good tolerance to such errors.
or
, a conclusion can be
For example, if
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obtained reliably. If
, however, it will be difficult to
judge which side is the main harmonic contributor. To quantify
the impact of impedance errors, we define an impedance error
tolerance index (IET) as
(13)
where
is the true value of . A larger IET implies a more
reliable answer. The index IET is found to depend on the system
and
. Fig. 4 shows
operation condition characterized by
the voltage magnitude and the reactive power flowing along the
,
, and
impedance line for the case of
. is positive if reactive power flows from customer to utility.
is in phase with
, the utility side
It can be seen that when
generates reactive power while the customer side absorbs. The
and
lowest voltage point, shown by the dotted line, is at
. Accordingly,
is 15 (
is beyond the total reactance
) and IET reaches 200%. This means that we can identify
the harmonic source correctly even if our knowledge on has
leads
by 150 , both the
an error up to 200%. When
customer and utility sides generate reactive power. The lowest
, which is between the utility and
voltage point is at
customer but is still greater than half of . Accordingly,
and IET decrease to 56%. But we can still make correct
prediction if the tolerance for impedance error is tightened. In
conclusion, the robustness of the method can be described by
the following.
1) If one side generates reactive power while the other side
absorbs, the method has a large impedance error tolerance
and, therefore, is highly reliable.
2) If both sides generate reactive power, the error tolerance
will be smaller. However, the harmonic source can still
be detected correctly as long as our knowledge about the
total impedance has no larger errors than IET.
D. Generalized CI Method
Our discussion so far has assumed that the impedance between utility and customer is purely reactive. In real power systems, the impedance is usually in the form of
. For this
realistic case, we introduce a phase rotation to precondition the
problem. The general equation for the power received by the
utility source is as follows (Fig. 2):
(14)
(17)
where
. Comparing (14) with those for the case
of pure reactance [(1) and (2)], one can see the difference is only
a rotation of degrees. Therefore, we introduce the following
rotation transformation matrix:
The above equation shows that if the utility side delivers reactive
power (
),
will hold. Hence, the conclusions for
the capacitive impedance case are just opposite to those of the
. In this case,
inductive case. The second special case is
is equal to the active power and
the transformed reactive
has the form of
(15)
(18)
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
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The method can give a correct answer too when the total
impedance is capacitive. Fig. 7 shows the simulation results for
and when the error of varies
the case of
to 90 . Note that we need to check the range of
from
only when CI is positive. The maximum CI is calculated as 4.3.
for this case is 27.7, the method can tolerate
As the actual
error up to 84% even if the phase of has an error of
.
C. Robustness of the Method With Respect to Ratio of
to
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TABLE I
IMPACT OF HARMONIC MAGNITUDE ON ACCURACY OF CI METHOD
Fig. 8.
677
TABLE II
CALCULATION RESULTS OF THE TEN SNAPSHOTS
(22)
The widely known active power direction method for harmonic source detection is unfounded. A new reactive powerbased method is proposed in this paper. The method assumes
that the utility side impedance and the range of the customer
impedance are approximately known. A fictitious impedance
(or admittance) named CI (or CA) is calculated from voltage
and current measured at the PCC. The result is compared with
the range of the combined utility and customer impedance (or
admittance) to determine which side is the dominant contributor
to the harmonic distortion measured at the PCC. The main contributions of this work can be summarized as follows.
Mathematical analysis has been presented to demonstrate
the pros and cons of the power direction-based methods.
The reactive power direction-based method is found to be
technically sound and is reliable when one source absorbs
reactive power.
The reactive power-based method is expanded with the
concept of critical impedance (or admittance), which
forms the core idea of the proposed method. Rigorous
theoretical analysis has proven that the concept presents
a powerful alternative solution for the harmonic source
detection problem.
A rotation transform is introduced to deal with general
cases. This transform has greatly simplified the analysis
and understanding of the harmonic source detection
problem. The combination of these three contributions
has resulted in a useful, practical, and reasonably reliable
method for locating dominant harmonic sources in a
power system.
The paper has done extensive investigations on the error
characteristics of the proposed method. The method is further checked using field measurements. All results have
shown that the method is robust and practical. It has the
potential to become a viable and easy-to-use tool for the
harmonic source detection problem.
678
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