1.

km/hr to m/s conversion:

a km/hr =
2.

4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

9.

1.

m/s.

18

m/s to km/hr conversion:

a m/s =

3.

ax
18

ax

km/hr.

Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is equal to the time taken by
the train to cover l metres.
Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery object of length b metres is the time taken by the train
to cover (l + b) metres.
Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v m/s, where u > v, then
their relative speed is = (u - v) m/s.
Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s, then their relative
speed is = (u + v) m/s.
If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s, then:
(a + b)
The time taken by the trains to cross each other =
sec.
(u + v)
If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v m/s, then:
(a + b)
The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train =
sec.
(u - v)
If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and after crossing they
take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then:
(A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)
Trigonometry:
In a right angled
OAB, where
i. sin

BOA = ,
Perpendicular

ii. cos
iii. tan

Hypotenuse
Base

Hypotenuse
Perpendicular

Base

iv. cosec
v. sec

vi. cot

sin
1

cos
1

tan

2.

Trigonometrical Identities:
sin2 + cos2 = 1.
1 + tan2 = sec2 .
1 + cot2 = cosec2 .

3.

Values of T-ratios:

i.
ii.
iii.

AB

OB
OA

OB
AB

OA
OB

AB
OB

OA
OA

AB

( /6)

( /4)

( /3)

( /2)

30

45

60

90

sin

cos

tan

1
3

not defined

1.
2.
3.

Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)

Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)
Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
PxRxT

(i). Simple Intereest =

100 x S.I.

(ii). P =
4.
5.

RxT

100
100 x S.I.

;R=

PxT

100 x S.I.

and T =

PxR

Gain Percentage: (Gain %)

Gain x 100

Gain % =
6.

C.P.

Loss Percentage: (Loss %)

Loss x 100

Loss % =
7.

C.P.

Selling Price: (S.P.)

(100 + Gain %)

SP =
8.

x C.P

100

Selling Price: (S.P.)

(100 - Loss %)

SP =
9.

x C.P.

100

Cost Price: (C.P.)

100

C.P. =
10.

x S.P.

(100 + Gain %)

Cost Price: (C.P.)

100

C.P. =
11.
12.
13.

x S.P.

(100 - Loss %)

If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P.

If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P.
When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss
given by:
Loss % =

14.

1.

Common Loss and Gain %

10

If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then
Error
Gain % =
(True Value) - (Error)

x 100
%.

Percentage Increase/Decrease:
If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure is:
R
x 100
(100 + R)

If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the expenditure is:
R
x 100
(100 - R)
2.

10

Results on Population:
Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then:
1. Population after n years = P

1+

100
P

2. Population n years ago =

3.

1+

100

Results on Depreciation:
Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then:
1. Value of the machine after n years = P

1-

2. Value of the machine n years ago =

100
P

1-

100
R
3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by

x 100

(100 + R)

%.

R
4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by

1.

x 100

(100 - R)

%.

1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.)

1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.

2.

1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days)

1 leap year has 2 odd days.

3.

100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years

= (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days.
= (17 weeks + days)

5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5.

Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2)

3 odd days.

Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3)

1 odd day.

Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1)

0 odd day.

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days.

1.

Average Speed:
Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph.
Then, the average speed druing the whole journey is

1.

2xy
x+y

CUBOID
Volume = (l x b x h) cubic units. Surface area = 2(lb + bh + lh) sq. units. Diagonal = l2 + b2 + h2 units.

2.

CUBE
Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then, Volume = a3 cubic units. Surface area = 6a2 sq. units. Diagonal = 3a units.

3.

CYLINDER
Let radius of base = r and Height (or length) = h. Then, Volume = ( r2h) cubic units.
Curved surface area = (2 rh) sq. units. Total surface area = 2 r(h + r) sq. units.

4.

CONE
Slant height, l = h2 + r2 units.

kmph.

Volume =

r2h cubic units.

Curved surface area = ( rl) sq. units.

Total surface area = ( rl +
5.

r2) sq. units.

SPHERE

Volume =

r3 cubic units.

Surface area = (4 r2) sq. units.

6.

HEMISPHERE

Volume =

r3 cubic units.

Curved surface area = (2 r2) sq. units. Total surface area = (3 r2) sq. units.
Note: 1 litre = 1000 cm3.

(a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2)

(a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
(a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
(a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
(a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

Modulus of a Real Number:

Modulus of a real number a is defined as
a, if a > 0
|a| =

-a, if a < 0

Thus, |5| = 5 and |-5| = -(-5) = 5.

1.
2.
3.

Downstream/Upstream:
In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. And, the direction against the stream is called upstream.
If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is v km/hr, then:
Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr.
Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr.
If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then:
1
Speed in still water =
(a + b) km/hr.
2

Rate of stream =

(a - b) km/hr.

Properties of Logarithms:
1. loga (xy) = loga x + loga y
x

2. loga

= loga x - loga y

3. logx x = 1
4. loga 1 = 0
5. loga (xn) = n(loga x)
1

6. loga x =

logx a
logb x

7. loga x =

log x

logb a

log a

Suppose a man has to pay Rs. 156 after 4 years and the rate of interest is 14% per annum. Clearly, Rs. 100 at 14% will amount to R. 156
in 4 years. So, the payment of Rs. now will clear off the debt of Rs. 156 due 4 years hence. We say that:
Sum due = Rs. 156 due 4 years hence;
Present Worth (P.W.) = Rs. 100;
True Discount (T.D.) = Rs. (156 - 100) = Rs. 56 = (Sum due) - (P.W.)
We define: T.D. = Interest on P.W.; Amount = (P.W.) + (T.D.)
Interest is reckoned on P.W. and true discount is reckoned on the amount.
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
Let rate = R% per annum and Time = T years. Then,
100 x Amount
100 x T.D.
1. P.W. =
=
100 + (R x T)
RxT
(P.W.) x R x T
Amount x R x T
2. T.D. =
=
100
100 + (R x T)
(S.I.) x (T.D.)
3. Sum =
(S.I.) - (T.D.)
4. (S.I.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T.D.
Amount
5. When the sum is put at compound interest,
R
T
then P.W. =
1+
100

1.

2.

Speed, Time and Distance:

Distance
Speed =
,
Time

Speed

xx

xx

Distance = (Speed x Time).

5

m/sec.

18
18

km/hr.

If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the

the times taken by then to cover the same distance is

5.

m/sec to km/hr conversion:

x m/sec =

4.

Distance

km/hr to m/sec conversion:

x km/hr =

3.

Time =

a
Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. Then,
2xy
the average speed during the whole journey is
x+y

1
b

or b : a.

km/hr.

Q.An aeroplane covers a certain distance at a speed of 240 kmph in 5 hours. To cover the same distance in 1 hours, it must
travel at a speed of:
A.Distance = (240 x 5) = 1200 km.
Speed = Distance/Time

Speed = 1200/(5/3) km/hr.

[We can write 1

hours as 5/3 hours]

3

Required speed =

1200 x

= 720 km/hr.
km/hr
Q.If a person walks at 14 km/hr instead of 10 km/hr, he would have walked 20 km more. The actual distance travelled by
him is:
A. Let the actual distance travelled be x km.
x
x + 20
Then,
=
10
14
14x = 10x + 200
4x = 200
x = 50 km
A train can travel 50% faster than a car. Both start from point A at the same time and reach point B 75 kms away from A at
the same time. On the way, however, the train lost about 12.5 minutes while stopping at the stations. The speed of the car is:
Explanation:
Let speed of the car be x kmph.
150
3
Then, speed of the train =
=
100 x
2 x
kmph.
75
75
125
=
x
(3/2)x
10 x 60
75
50
5
=
x
x
24
25 x24
x=
= 120 kmph.
5
5

Q.Excluding stoppages, the speed of a bus is 54 kmph and including stoppages, it is 45 kmph. For how many minutes does
the bus stop per hour?
A.Due to stoppages, it covers 9 km less.

9
x
54 60

Time taken to cover 9 km =

min

= 10
min.

Q.A man complete a journey in 10 hours. He travels first half of the journey at the rate of 21 km/hr
and second half at the rate of 24 km/hr. Find the total journey in km.
A.
(1/2)x
(1/2)x
+
= 10
21
24
x
x
+
= 20
21
24
15x = 168 x 20
168 x 20
x=
= 224 km.
15
Q.A man on tour travels first 160 km at 64 km/hr and the next 160 km at 80 km/hr. The average speed for the first 320 km of
the tour is:
160
Total time taken =

64

160
+

80

Average speed =

In covering a distance of 30 km, Abhay takes 2 hours more than Sameer. If Abhay
doubles his speed, then he would take 1 hour less than Sameer. Abhay's speed is:
Explanation:
Let Abhay's speed be x km/hr.
30
30
Then,
=3
x
2x
6x = 30
x = 5 km/hr.

9
=
hrs.

2
320 9
km/h
x
r

hrs.
= 71.11
km/hr.

Q.It takes eight hours for a 600 km journey, if 120 km is done by train and the rest by car. It takes 20 minutes more, if 200
km is done by train and the rest by car. The ratio of the speed of the train to that of the cars is:
A. Let the speed of the train be x km/hr and that of the car be y km/hr.
120
480
1
4
1
Then,
+
=8
+
=
....(i)
x
y
x
y
15
200
400
25
1
2
1
And,
+
=
+
=
....(ii)
x
y
3
x
y
24
Solving (i) and (ii), we get: x = 60 and y = 80.
Ratio of speeds = 60 : 80 = 3 : 4.
TIME AND WORK
Q.A can do a work in 15 days and B in 20 days. If they work on it together for 4 days, then the fraction of the work that is
left is :
1

A's 1 day's work =

15
1

B's 1 day's work =

20
1

15

20

60

15

(A + B)'s 1 day's work =

7

7
x4

60

(A + B)'s 4 day's work =

Therefore, Remaining work =

1-

15

15

.
.

A can lay railway track between two given stations in 16 days and B can do the same job in 12 days. With help of C, they did
the job in 4 days only. Then, C alone can do the job in:
Explanation:
1
(A + B + C)'s 1 day's work =
,
4
1
A's 1 day's work =
,
16
1
B's 1 day's work =
.
12
1
1
1
1
7
5
C's 1 day's work =
+
=
=
.
4
16
12
4
48
48
48

So, C alone can do the work in

=9

days.

A, B and C can do a piece of work in 20, 30 and 60 days respectively. In how many days can A do the work if he is assisted
by B and C on every third day?
1

A's 2 day's work =

(A + B + C)'s 1 day's work =
Work done in 3 days =
Now,

1
5

Whole work will be done in (3 x 5) = 15 days

x2

20
1
20

1
30
1
10

60
+

work is done in 3 days.

1
10

6
60

10
=
=

1
10
1
5

.
.

A alone can do a piece of work in 6 days and B alone in 8 days. A and B undertook to do it for Rs. 3200. With the help of C,
they completed the work in 3 days. How much is to be paid to C?
C's 1 day's work =

1
3

1
8
1

A's wages : B's wages : C's wages =

3x

C's share (for 3 days) = Rs.

24

24

= 4 : 3 : 1.

24

x 3200

24

= Rs. 400.

If 6 men and 8 boys can do a piece of work in 10 days while 26 men and 48 boys can do the same in 2 days, the time taken
by 15 men and 20 boys in doing the same type of work will be:
Explanation:
Let 1 man's 1 day's work = x and 1 boy's 1 day's work = y.
1
Then, 6x + 8y =
10

and 26x + 48y =

1

Solving these two equations, we get : x =

15

20

100

and y =

100

(15 men + 20 boy)'s 1 day's work =

200

200
1
4

.
.
.

15 men and 20 boys can do the work in 4 days.

X and Y can do a piece of work in 20 days and 12 days respectively. X started the work alone and then after 4 days Y joined
him till the completion of the work. How long did the work last?
Explanation:
1
1
Work done by X in 4 days =
x4
=
.
20
5
Remaining work =
1

(X + Y)'s 1 day's work =

Now,
So,

4
5

1-

20

12

5
60

5
2

15

work is done by X and Y in 1 day.

15

15

work will be done by X and Y in

= 6 days.

Hence, total time taken = (6 + 4) days = 10 days.

A is 30% more efficient than B. How much time will they, working together, take to complete a job which A alone
could have done in 23 days?
Explanation:
Ratio of times taken by A and B = 100 : 130 = 10 : 13.
Suppose B takes x days to do the work.
23 x 13

299

10

10
1
23
10
299

10

23

23

299

299

13

Therefore, A and B together can complete the work in 13 days.

.
.

1.

When interest is compound Annually:

Amount = P

2.

1+

100

When interest is compounded Half-yearly:

Amount = P

3.

(R/2)

1+

2n

100

When interest is compounded Quarterly:

Amount = P

When interest is compounded Annually but time is in fraction, say 3

Amount = P

(R/4)

1+

years.
3

1+

4n

100

1+

100

100
st

4.

nd

rd

When Rates are different for different years, say R1%, R2%, R3% for 1 , 2 and 3 year respectively.
R1
R2
R3
Then, Amount = P
1+
1+
1+
100
100
100

5.

Present worth of Rs. x due n years hence is given by:

x
Present Worth =

1+

R
100

Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months then,
(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit)= xp : yq.

AGE:
Father is aged three times more than his son Ronit. After 8 years, he would be two and a half times of Ronit's age. After
further 8 years, how many times would he be of Ronit's age?
A.Let Ronit's present age be x years. Then, father's present age =(x + 3x) years = 4x years.
5
(4x + 8) =
(x + 8)
2
8x + 16 = 5x + 40
3x = 24
x = 8.
(4x + 16)
48
Hence, required ratio =
=
= 2.
(x + 16)
24
A man is 24 years older than his son. In two years, his age will be twice the age of his son. The present age of his son is:
A.Let the son's present age be x years. Then, man's present age = (x + 24) years.
(x + 24) + 2 = 2(x + 2)
x + 26 = 2x + 4
x = 22.

Six years ago, the ratio of the ages of Kunal and Sagar was 6 : 5. Four years hence, the ratio of their ages will be 11 : 10.
What is Sagar's age at present?
A.Let the ages of Kunal and Sagar 6 years ago be 6x and 5x years respectively.
(6x + 6) + 4
11
Then,
=
(5x + 6) + 4
10
10(6x + 10) = 11(5x + 10)
5x = 10
x = 2.
Sagar's present age = (5x + 6) = 16 years

CLOCK:
An accurate clock shows 8 o'clock in the morning. Through how may degrees will the hour hand rotate when the clock
shows 2 o'clock in the afternoon?
360

Angle traced by the hour hand in 6 hours =

x6

12

= 180.

How much does a watch lose per day, if its hands coincide every 64 minutes?
Explanation:
55 min. spaces are covered in 60 min.
60
60 min. spaces are covered in

55

Loss in 64 min. =

65
16

Loss in 24 hrs =

5
x 60

= 65

11

min.

- 64

11

16

64

min.

11

1
x

11

min.

8
x 24 x 60

32

11

min.

min.

At what time between 7 and 8 o'clock will the hands of a clock be in the same straight line but, not together?
When the hands of the clock are in the same straight line but not together, they are 30 minute spaces apart.
At 7 o'clock, they are 25 min. spaces apart.
Minute hand will have to gain only 5 min. spaces.
55 min. spaces are gained in 60 min.
60
5 min. spaces are gained in

55

5
x5

=5

Required time = 5

11

min

min.

min. past 7.

11

At what time between 5.30 and 6 will the hands of a clock be at right angles?
At 5 o'clock, the hands are 25 min. spaces apart.
To be at right angles and that too between 5.30 and 6, the minute hand has to gain (25 + 15) = 40 min. spaces.
55 min. spaces are gained in 60 min.
60
40 min. spaces are gained in

55

Required time = 43

7
x 40

=
min

7
11

43

11

min.

min. past 5.

How many times are the hands of a clock at right angle in a day?
In 12 hours, they are at right angles 22 times.
In 24 hours, they are at right angles 44 times.

1.

If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then:

part filled in 1 hour =

2.

If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then:

part emptied in 1 hour =

3.

1
x

If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in y hours (where y > x), then on
opening both the pipes, then

1
y

the net part filled in 1 hour =

4.

If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in y hours (where x > y), then on
opening both the pipes, then
1
1
the net part emptied in 1 hour =
y
x

Three pipes A, B and C can fill a tank from empty to full in 30 minutes, 20 minutes, and 10 minutes respectively. When the
tank is empty, all the three pipes are opened. A, B and C discharge chemical solutions P,Q and R respectively. What is the
proportion of the solution R in the liquid in the tank after 3 minutes?
Part filled by (A + B + C) in 3 minutes = 3

30

20

10

3x

11
60

20

10

10
6

11

20

Part filled by C in 3 minutes =

Required ratio =

11

11

.
.

Pipes A and B can fill a tank in 5 and 6 hours respectively. Pipe C can empty it in 12 hours. If all the three pipes are opened
together, then the tank will be filled in:
1

Net part filled in 1 hour

The tank will be full in

60

1
12

hours i.e., 3

17

17

=
9
17

60
hours.

B.D. = S.I. on bill for unexpired time.

(T.D.)2

2. B.G. = (B.D.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T.D. =

P.W.

3. T.D. P.W. x B.G.

4. B.D. =
5. T.D. =
6. Amount =
7. T.D. =

Amount x Rate x Time

100
Amount x Rate x Time
100 + (Rate x Time)
B.D. x T.D.
B.D. - T.D.
B.G. x 100
Rate x Time