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Characteristic
Flexural
Strength at
28 days
4.5 N/mm2
Cement
With OPC-43- Grade conf orming to IS: 8112-1989. 7 days strength 40.5 n/mm2.
Specif ic Gravity : 3.15
MIX-C
With OPC of Mix-B and Fly ash conf orming to IS:3812 (Part-I)-2003 Specif ic
Gravity : 2.20
Note: Requirements of all the three mixes are the same. Fine Aggregate, Coarse
Aggregate and Retarder Super plasticizer are the same f or all the three mixes.
3
Fly ash
replacement
20% Fly ash is required to be replaced with the total cementitious materials.
Maximum
nominal size
of
aggregates
Fine
aggregate
and coarse
aggregate
grading
Given in Table 1
Minimum
cement
content f or
4.5 N/mm2
characteristic
f lexural
strength:
Maximum f ree
W/C Ratio
Workability
40 mm slump at pour the concrete will be transported f rom central batching plant
through transit mixer, at a distance of 15 Km during June, July months. T he
average temperature last year during these months was 300C.
Exposure
condition
Moderate
10
Method of
placing
11
Degree of
supervision
Good
12
Maximum of
cement
content
13
Chemical
admixture
14
Values of Z x
(f or National
Highway)
1.96 x 0.40
(b) PPC shall not be less than 425 kg/m3. Fly ash in it 20% maximum by weight of
total cementitious materials
(c) OPC + Fly ash mix OPC shall not be less than 340 kg/m3. Fly ash 20%
maximum by weight of cementations material
(a) For OPC 0.45
(b) For PPC 0.50
Fine aggregate
Aggregate 1
Aggregate 2
Specif ic Gravity
2.65
2.65
2.65
Water Absorption %
0.8
0.5
0.5
Water kg/m3
153
153
153
PPC kg/m3
425
OPC kg/m3
364
344
Flyash kg/m3
86
824
854
822
531
551
530
476
494
475
5.525
3.640
6.450
W/ Cementitious ratio
0.36
0.42
0.356
Note:1. For exact W/C ratio the water in admixture should also be taken into account.
2. PPC reduces 5% water demand. If this is f ound by trial then take reduce water f or calculation.
3. If the trial mixes does not gives the required properties of the mix, it is then required to be altered
accordingly. However, when the experiences grows with the particular set of materials and site conditions
very f ew trials will be required, and a expert of such site very rarely will be required a 2nd trial.
CONCLUSION
1. For 4.5 N/mm2 f lexural strength concrete having same material and requirement, but without water
reducer, the OPC required will be 180/0.42 = 429 kg/m3
2. With the use of superplasticizer the saving in OPC is 65 kg/m3 and water 27 lit/m3.
3. In the f inancial year 2009-2010 India has produces 200 million tonnes of cement. In India one kg of
cement produce emitted 0.93 kg of CO2. T hus the production of 200 million tonnes of cement had emitted
200 x 0.93 = 186 million tonnes of CO2 to the atmosphere.
4. If 50 million tonnes cement in making concrete uses Water Reducers 7500000 tonnes of cement can be
saved. 3750000 KL of potable water will be saved and the saving of Rs. 3300 crores per year to the
construction Industry. 6975000 tonnes of CO2 will be prevented to be emitted to the atmosphere. T he
benef its in the uses of water reducers not limited to this. When water reduces shrinkage and porosity of
concrete are reduces which provides the durability to concrete structures.
5. India is f acing serious air, water, soil, f ood and noise pollution problems. Every ef f orts theref ore are
necessary to prevent pollution on top priority basis.
6. As the stress induced in concrete pavements are mainly f lexural, it is desirable that their design is based
on the f lexural strength of concrete. T he quality of concrete is normally assessed by measuring its
compressive strength. For pavings, however, it is the f lexural strength rather than the compression
strength of concrete which determine the degree of cracking and thus the perf ormance of road, and it is
imperative to control the quality on the basis of f lexural strength.
7. As per IRC: 15-2011, in case of small size projects, where f acilities f or testing beams with three print
loading are not available, in such cases, the mix design may be carried out by using compressive strength
values and there af ter f lexural strength will be determined as per correlation between f lexural strength with
compressive strength given the f ollowing equation.
Where f cr is the f lexural strength in MPa or N/mm2 and f ck is the characteristic compressive strength in
MPa or N/mm2 as per IS: 456-2000.
REFERENCES:
1
IS : 3831970
Specif ications f or coarse and f ine aggregates f rom natural sources f or concrete
(second revision) BIS, New Delhi
IS: 4562000
Code of practice f or plain and reinf orced concrete (f ourth revision), BIS, New
Delhi
IS: 91031999
IS: 81121989
Specif ications f or 43 Grade ordinary portland cement (f irst revision) BIS, New
Delhi
IS: 2386
(Part-III)
1963
IS: 3812
(Part-I)
2003
IRC: 15-2011 Standard specif ications and code of practice f or construction of concrete road
(Fourth revision)
Kishore Kaushal, Concrete Mix Design Based on Flexural strength f or Air-Entrained Concrete,
Proceeding of 13th Conf erence on our World in Concrete and Structures, 25-26, August, 1988,
Singapore.
10
Kishore Kaushal, Method of Concrete Mix Design Based on Flexural Strength, Proceeding of the
International Conf erence on Road and Road Transport Problems ICORT, 12-15 December, 1988,
New Delhi, pp. 296-305.
11
Kishore Kaushal, Mix Design Based on Flexural Strength of Air-Entrained Concrete. T he Indian
Concrete Journal, February, 1989, pp. 93-97.
12
Kishore Kaushal, Concrete Mix Design Containing Chemical Admixtures, Journal of the National
Building Organization, April, 1990, pp. 1-12.
13
Kishore Kaushal, Concrete Mix Design f or Road Bridges, INDIAN HIGHWAYS, Vol. 19, No. 11,
November, 1991, pp. 31-37
14
Kishore Kaushal, Mix Design f or Pumped Concrete, Journal of Central Board of Irrigation and
Power, Vol. 49, No.2, April, 1992, pp. 81-92
15
Kishore Kaushal, Concrete Mix Design with Fly Ash, Indian Construction, January, 1995, pp. 1617
16
Kishore Kaushal, High-Strength Concrete, Bulletin of Indian Concrete Institute No. 51, April-June,
1995, pp. 29-31
17
Kishore Kaushal, Concrete Mix Design Simplif ied, Indian Concrete Institute Bulletin No. 56, JulySeptember, 1996, pp.25-30.
18
Kishore Kaushal, Concrete Mix Design with Fly Ash & Superplasticizer, ICI Bulletin No. 59, AprilJune 1997, pp. 29-30
19
Kishore Kaushal. Mix Design f or Pumped Concrete, CE & CR October, 2006, pp. 44-50.
Crushed
aggregate
(1)
(2)
29%
26%
Combined
grading of
mix
31.50 mm
100
100
100
100
100
26.50 mm
100
100
98
99
85 95
19.0 mm
100
100
25
81
68 88
9.50 mm
100
46
58
45 65
4.75 mm
94
44
30 55
600 micron
42
150 micron
75 micron
19
8 30
10
5 15
05
Table. 2: Approximate free-water content (kg/m3) required to give various levels of workability for
non-air-entrained (with normal entrapped air) concrete.
Maximum size of aggregate (mm)
Type of aggregate
Slump (mm)
25 + 10
40 + 1031.5
Uncrushed
160
170
Crushed
190
200
Note:- When coarse and f ine aggregate of dif f erent types are used, the f ree water content is estimated by
the expression.
2/3Wf+1/3Wc
Where,
Wfsub>= Free water co ntent appro priate to type o f fine Aggregate
And Wc = Free water co ntent appro priate to type o f co arse aggregate.
We at engineeringcivil.com are thankful to Er. Kaushal Kishore for submitting the revised mix design as per
IRC:15-2011. This will be of great help to all civil engineering students and faculty who are seeking information
on mix design based on revised IRC.