Google - Wikipedia

11/28/2016
GoogleWikipedia
Google
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
GoogleisanAmericanmultinationaltechnologycompany
specializinginInternetrelatedservicesandproductsthat
includeonlineadvertisingtechnologies,search,cloud
computing,software,andhardware.
GoogleInc.
Googlewasfoundedin1996byLarryPageandSergeyBrin
whiletheywerePh.D.studentsatStanfordUniversity,
California.Together,theyownabout14percentofitssharesand
control56percentofthestockholdervotingpowerthrough
supervotingstock.TheyincorporatedGoogleasaprivatelyheld
companyonSeptember4,1998.Aninitialpublicoffering(IPO)
tookplaceonAugust19,2004,andGooglemovedtoitsnew
headquartersinMountainView,California,nicknamedthe
Googleplex.[6]
InAugust2015,Googleannouncedplanstoreorganizeits
variousinterestsasaconglomeratecalledAlphabet.Google,
Alphabet'sleadingsubsidiary,willcontinuetobetheumbrella
companyforAlphabet'sInternetinterests.Uponcompletionof
therestructure,SundarPichaibecameCEOofGoogle,replacing
LarryPage,whobecameCEOofAlphabet.[7][8][9][10]
Rapidgrowthsinceincorporationhastriggeredachainof
products,acquisitionsandpartnershipsbeyondGoogle'score
searchengine(GoogleSearch).Itoffersservicesdesignedfor
workandproductivity(GoogleDocs,SheetsandSlides),email
(Gmail/Inbox),schedulingandtimemanagement(Google
Calendar),cloudstorage(GoogleDrive),socialnetworking
(Google+),instantmessagingandvideochat(Google
Allo/Duo/Hangouts),languagetranslation(GoogleTranslate),
mappingandturnbyturnnavigation(GoogleMaps),video
sharing(YouTube),takingnotes(GoogleKeep),organizingand
editingphotos(GooglePhotos),andawebbrowser(Google
Chrome).ThecompanyleadsthedevelopmentoftheAndroid
mobileoperatingsystemandthebrowseronlyChromeOS.
Googlehasmovedincreasinglyintohardwarefrom2010to
2015,itpartneredwithmajorelectronicsmanufacturersinthe
productionofitsNexusdevices,[11]andinOctober2016,it
launchedmultiplehardwareproducts(theGooglePixel,Home,
Wifi,andDaydreamView),[12][13][14][15]withnewhardware
chiefRickOsterlohstatingthat"alotoftheinnovationthatwe
wanttodonowendsuprequiringcontrollingtheendtoend
userexperience".[16]In2012,afiberopticinfrastructurewas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google
TheGoogleplexheadquartersin2014
Type
Subsidiary
Internet
Computersoftware
Computerhardware
Industry
September4,1998
Founded
MenloPark,California[1][2]
LarryPage
SergeyBrin
Founders
Headquarters
Googleplex,MountainView,
California,U.S. [3]
Areaserved
Worldwide
Keypeople
SundarPichai(CEO)
Products
ListofGoogleproducts
Numberof
employees
57,100(Q22015)[4]
Parent
AlphabetInc.
(2015present)
Subsidiaries
Listofsubsidiaries
Website
www.google.com(https://www.g
oogle.com)
Footnotes/references
[5]
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installedinKansasCitytofacilitateaGoogleFiberbroadbandservice,[17]andin2016,thecompanylaunchedthe
GoogleStationinitiativetomakepublic"highquality,secure,easilyaccessibleWiFi"aroundtheworld,which
hadalreadystarted,andbecomeasuccess,inIndia.[18]
Googlehasbeenestimatedtorunmorethanonemillionserversindatacentersaroundtheworld(asof2007).[19]It
processesoveronebillionsearchrequests[20]andabout24petabytesofusergenerateddataeachday(asof
2009).[21][22][23][24]
Alexa,acompanythatmonitorscommercialwebtraffic,listsGoogle.comasthemostvisitedwebsiteinthe
world.[25]SeveralotherGoogleservicesalsofigureinthetop100mostvisitedwebsites,includingYouTube[26]
andBlogger.[27]Googlehasbeenthesecondmostvaluablebrandintheworldfor4consecutiveyears,[28][29][30]
andhasavaluationin2016at$133billion.[31]
Google'smissionstatementfromtheoutsetwas"toorganizetheworld'sinformationandmakeituniversally
accessibleanduseful,"anditsunofficialsloganwas"Don'tbeevil".[32][33][34]InOctober2015,themottowas
replacedintheAlphabetcorporatecodeofconductbythephrase:"Dotherightthing".[35]Google'scommitmentto
suchrobustidealismhasbeenincreasinglycalledintodoubtduetoanumberofactionsandbehaviourswhich
appeartocontradictthis.[36][37]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Financing,1998andinitialpublicoffering,2004
1.2 Growth
1.3 2013onward
1.3.1 Pushintohardware
1.4 Acquisitionsandpartnerships
1.4.1 20002009
1.4.2 20102012
1.4.3 20142016
1.5 Googledatacenters
1.6 Alphabet
2 Productsandservices
2.1 Advertising
2.2 Searchengine
2.3 Productivitytools
2.4 Enterpriseproducts
2.5 Otherproducts
2.6 APIs
2.7 Otherwebsites
3 Corporateaffairsandculture
3.1 Employees
3.2 Officelocationsandheadquarters
3.3 Doodles
3.4 EastereggsandAprilFools'Dayjokes
3.5 atGoogleTalks
3.6 CodeF
3.7 Philanthropy
3.8 Taxavoidance
3.9 Environment
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4
5
6
7
8
3.9 Environment
3.10 Lobbying
3.11 Litigation
Criticismandcontroversy
Seealso
References
Furtherreading
Externallinks
History
GooglebeganinJanuary1996asaresearchprojectbyLarryPageand
SergeyBrinwhentheywerebothPhDstudentsatStanfordUniversity
inStanford,California.[39]
Google'soriginalhomepagehadasimple
designbecausethecompanyfounderswere
notexperiencedinHTML,themarkup
Whileconventionalsearchenginesrankedresultsbycountinghow
manytimesthesearchtermsappearedonthepage,thetwotheorized
aboutabettersystemthatanalyzedtherelationshipsbetween
websites.[40]TheycalledthisnewtechnologyPageRankitdetermined
awebsite'srelevancebythenumberofpages,andtheimportanceof
thosepages,thatlinkedbacktotheoriginalsite.[41][42]
PageandBrinoriginallynicknamedtheirnewsearchengine
"BackRub",becausethesystemcheckedbacklinkstoestimatethe
importanceofasite.[43][44][45]Eventually,theychangedthenameto
Google,originatingfromamisspellingoftheword"googol",[46][47]thenumberonefollowedbyonehundred
zeros,whichwaspickedtosignifythatthesearchenginewasintendedtoprovidelargequantitiesof
information.[48]Originally,GoogleranunderStanfordUniversity'swebsite,withthedomainsgoogle.stanford.edu
andz.stanford.edu.[49][50]
languageusedfordesigningwebpages. [38]
ThedomainnameforGooglewasregisteredonSeptember15,1997,[51]andthecompanywasincorporatedon
September4,1998.Itwasbasedinthegarageofafriend(SusanWojcicki[39])inMenloPark,California.Craig
Silverstein,afellowPhDstudentatStanford,washiredasthefirstemployee.[39][52][53]
InMay2011,thenumberofmonthlyuniquevisitorstoGooglesurpassedonebillionforthefirsttime,an
8.4percentincreasefromMay2010(931million).[54]InJanuary2013,Googleannouncedithadearned
US$50billioninannualrevenuefortheyearof2012.Thismarkedthefirsttimethecompanyhadreachedthis
feat,toppingtheir2011totalof$38billion.[55]
Thecompanyhasreportedfourthquarter(Dec2014)EarningsPerShare(EPS)of$6.88$0.20underprojections.
Revenuecameinat$14.5billion(16.9%growthyearoveryear),alsounderexpectationsby$110million.[56]
Financing,1998andinitialpublicoffering,2004
ThefirstfundingforGooglewasanAugust1998contributionof$100,000fromAndyBechtolsheim,cofounder
ofSunMicrosystems,givenbeforeGooglewasincorporated.[58]Earlyin1999,whilegraduatestudents,Brinand
Pagedecidedthatthesearchenginetheyhaddevelopedwastakinguptoomuchtimeanddistractingtheir
academicpursuits.TheywenttoExciteCEOGeorgeBellandofferedtosellittohimfor$1million.Herejected
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theofferandlatercriticizedVinodKhosla,oneofExcite'sventurecapitalists,after
henegotiatedBrinandPagedownto$750,000.OnJune7,1999,a$25million
roundoffundingwasannounced,[59]withmajorinvestorsincludingtheventure
capitalfirmsKleinerPerkinsCaufield&ByersandSequoiaCapital.[58]
Google'sinitialpublicoffering(IPO)tookplacefiveyearslateronAugust19,
2004.AtthattimeLarryPage,SergeyBrin,andEricSchmidtagreedtowork
togetheratGooglefor20years,untiltheyear2024.[60]Thecompanyoffered
19,605,052sharesatapriceof$85pershare.[61][62]Sharesweresoldinanonline
auctionformatusingasystembuiltbyMorganStanleyandCreditSuisse,
underwritersforthedeal.[63][64]Thesaleof$1.67bn(billion)gaveGooglea
marketcapitalizationofmorethan$23bn.[65]ByJanuary2014,itsmarket
capitalizationhadgrownto$397bn.[66]Thevastmajorityofthe271millionshares
remainedunderthecontrolofGoogle,andmanyGoogleemployeesbecameinstant
papermillionaires.Yahoo!,acompetitorofGoogle,alsobenefitedbecauseit
owned8.4millionsharesofGooglebeforetheIPOtookplace.[67]
Google'sfirstproduction
server.Google'sproduction
serverscontinuetobebuilt
withinexpensive
TherewereconcernsthatGoogle'sIPOwouldleadtochangesincompanyculture.
Reasonsrangedfromshareholderpressureforemployeebenefitreductionstothe
hardware. [57]
[68]
factthatmanycompanyexecutiveswouldbecomeinstantpapermillionaires. As
areplytothisconcern,cofoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPagepromisedina
reporttopotentialinvestorsthattheIPOwouldnotchangethecompany'sculture.[69]In2005,articlesinTheNew
YorkTimesandothersourcesbegansuggestingthatGooglehadlostitsanticorporate,noevil
philosophy.[70][71][72][73]Inanefforttomaintainthecompany'suniqueculture,GoogledesignatedaChiefCulture
Officer,whoalsoservesastheDirectorofHumanResources.ThepurposeoftheChiefCultureOfficeristo
developandmaintainthecultureandworkonwaystokeeptruetothecorevaluesthatthecompanywasfounded
on:aflatorganizationwithacollaborativeenvironment.[74]Googlehasalsofacedallegationsofsexismand
ageismfromformeremployees.[75][76]In2013,aclassactionagainstseveralSiliconValleycompanies,including
Google,wasfiledforalleged"nocoldcall"agreementswhichrestrainedtherecruitmentofhightech
employees.[77]
ThestockperformedwellaftertheIPO,withshareshitting$350forthefirsttimeonOctober31,2007,[78]
primarilybecauseofstrongsalesandearningsintheonlineadvertisingmarket.[79]Thesurgeinstockpricewas
fueledmainlybyindividualinvestors,asopposedtolargeinstitutionalinvestorsandmutualfunds.[79]GOOG
sharessplitintoGOOGClassCsharesandGOOGLclassAshares.[80]ThecompanyislistedontheNASDAQ
stockexchangeunderthetickersymbolsGOOGLandGOOG,andontheFrankfurtStockExchangeunderthe
tickersymbolGGQ1.ThesetickersymbolsnowrefertoAlphabetInc.,Google'sholdingcompany,sincethefourth
quarterof2015.[81]
Growth
InMarch1999,thecompanymoveditsofficestoPaloAlto,California,whichishometoseveralprominent
SiliconValleytechnologystartups.[82]Thenextyear,againstPageandBrin'sinitialoppositiontowardan
advertisingfundedsearchengine,[83]Googlebegansellingadvertisementsassociatedwithsearchkeywords.[39]In
ordertomaintainanunclutteredpagedesignandincreasespeed,advertisementsweresolelytextbased.Keywords
weresoldbasedonacombinationofpricebidsandclickthroughs,withbiddingstartingatfivecentsperclick.[39]
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ThismodelofsellingkeywordadvertisingwasfirstpioneeredbyGoto.com,anIdealabspinoffcreatedbyBill
Gross.[84][85]WhenthecompanychangednamestoOvertureServices,itsuedGoogleoverallegedinfringements
ofthecompany'spayperclickandbiddingpatents.OvertureServiceswouldlaterbeboughtbyYahoo!and
renamedYahoo!SearchMarketing.ThecasewasthensettledoutofcourtGoogleagreedtoissuesharesof
commonstocktoYahoo!inexchangeforaperpetuallicense.[86]
In2001,GooglereceivedapatentforitsPageRankmechanism.[87]ThepatentwasofficiallyassignedtoStanford
UniversityandlistsLawrencePageastheinventor.In2003,afteroutgrowingtwootherlocations,thecompany
leasedanofficecomplexfromSiliconGraphicsat1600AmphitheatreParkwayinMountainView,California.[88]
ThecomplexbecameknownastheGoogleplex,aplayonthewordgoogolplex,thenumberonefollowedbya
googolzeroes.TheGoogleplexinteriorsweredesignedbyCliveWilkinsonArchitects.Threeyearslater,Google
boughtthepropertyfromSGIfor$319million.[89]Bythattime,thename"Google"hadfounditswayinto
everydaylanguage,causingtheverb"google"tobeaddedtotheMerriamWebsterCollegiateDictionaryandthe
OxfordEnglishDictionary,denotedas"tousetheGooglesearchenginetoobtaininformationonthe
Internet".[90][91]Thefirstuseof"Google"asaverbinpopculture(TV)happenedonBuffytheVampireSlayerin
2002.[92]
In2005,TheWashingtonPostreportedona700percentincreaseinthirdquarterprofitforGoogle,largelythanks
tolargecompaniesshiftingtheiradvertisingstrategiesfromnewspapers,magazines,andtelevisiontothe
Internet.[93]
Theimmensepopularityofthesearchenginehasleditsfanscallingthemselves'Googlists'astheyfollow
'Googlism',thenewreligion.[94]DevoteesofGooglehavefoundanonprofitonlineorganizationTheChurchof
Google,awebsitewheretheyworshipthesearchenginegiant.[95]TheNewYorkTimeshaddiscussedthetopic"Is
GoogleGod?"underits'opinion'category.[96]
2013onward
GoogleannouncedthelaunchofanewcompanycalledCalicoon
September19,2013,whichwillbeledbyApplechairmanArthur
Levinson.Intheofficialpublicstatement,Pageexplainedthatthe"health
andwellbeing"companywillfocuson"thechallengeofageingand
associateddiseases".[97]
Googlecelebratedits15yearanniversaryonSeptember27,2013,andin
2016itcelebratedits18thbirthdaywithananimatedDoodleshownonweb
browsersaroundtheworld.[98]althoughithasusedotherdatesforits
officialbirthday.[99]ThereasonforthechoiceofSeptember27remains
unclear,andadisputewithrivalsearchengineYahoo!Searchin2005has
beensuggestedasthecause.[100][101]
ScreenshotoftheGooglehomepage
in2015
TheAllianceforAffordableInternet(A4AI)waslaunchedinOctober2013andGoogleispartofthecoalitionof
publicandprivateorganisationsthatalsoincludesFacebook,IntelandMicrosoft.LedbySirTimBernersLee,the
A4AIseekstomakeInternetaccessmoreaffordablesothataccessisbroadenedinthedevelopingworld,where
only31%ofpeopleareonline.GooglewillhelptodecreaseInternetaccesspricessothattheyfallbelowtheUN
BroadbandCommission'sworldwidetargetof5%ofmonthlyincome.[102]
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Thecorporation'sconsolidatedrevenueforthethirdquarterof2013isreportedinmidOctober2013as$14.89
billion,a12percentincreasecomparedtothepreviousquarter.Google'sInternetbusinesswasresponsiblefor
$10.8billionofthistotal,withanincreaseinthenumberofusers'clicksonadvertisements.[103]
InNovember2013,Googleannouncedplansforanew1millionsqft(93,000sqm)officeinLondon,whichis
duetoopenin2016.Thenewpremiseswillbeabletoaccommodate4,500employeesandhasbeenidentifiedas
oneofthebiggestevercommercialpropertyacquisitionsinBritain.[104]
AccordingtoInterbrand'sannualBestGlobalBrandsreport,Googlehasbeenthesecondmostvaluablebrandin
theworld(behindAppleInc.)in2013,[28]2014,[29]2015,[30]and2016,withavaluationof$133billion.[31]
InSeptember2015,GoogleengineeringmanagerRachelPotvinrevealeddetailsaboutGoogle'ssoftwarecodeat
anengineeringconference.SherevealedthattheentireGooglecodebase,whichspanseverysingleserviceit
develops,consistsofover2billionlinesofcode.Allthatcodeisstoredonacoderepositoryavailabletoall25,000
Googleengineers,andthecodeisregularlycopiedandupdatedon10Googledatacenters.Tokeepcontrol,Potvin
saidGooglehasbuiltitsown"versioncontrolsystem",called"Piper",andthat"whenyoustartanewproject,you
haveawealthoflibrariesalreadyavailabletoyou.Almosteverythinghasalreadybeendone."Engineerscanmake
asinglecodechangeanddeployitonallservicesatthesametime.Theonlymajorexceptionsarethatthe
PageRanksearchresultsalgorithmisstoredseparatelywithonlyspecificemployeeaccess,andthecodeforthe
AndroidoperatingsystemandtheGoogleChromebrowserarealsostoredseparatelyastheydon'trunonthe
Internet.The"Piper"systemspans85TBofdata,andGoogleengineersmake25,000changestothecodeeach
day,andonaweeklybasischangeapproximately15millionlinesofcodeacross250,000files.Withthatmuch
code,automatedbotshavetohelp,withPotvinsaying,"Youneedtomakeaconcertedefforttomaintaincode
health.Andthisisnotjusthumansmaintainingcodehealth,butrobotstoo.Botsaren'twritingcode,but
generatingalotofthedataandconfigurationfilesneededtorunthecompanyssoftware."Notonlyisthesizeof
therepositoryincreasing,"Potvinexplained,"buttherateofchangeisalsoincreasing.Thisisanexponential
curve."[105][106]
InSeptember2016,GooglereleaseditsGoogleTripsappforAndroidandiOS.Theapp,whichautomatically
gathersinformationaboutupcomingtripsuserstakebasedontheuser'sGmailmessages,offersrecommendations
forplacestogo,thingstodo,andanythinginterestingtoexploreduringtheuser'stravel.Googlestatesthat"each
tripcontainskeycategoriesofinformation,includingdayplans,reservations,thingstodo,food&drink,and
more"intripcardsintheapp,andthatofflineavailabilityissupported.[107]
AlsoinSeptember2016,GooglebeganexpandingitsGoogleStationinitiative,whichwaspreviouslyaprojectfor
publicWiFiatrailwaystationsinIndia.CaesarSengupta,VPforGooglesnextbillionusers,toldTheVergethat
15,000peoplegetonlineforthefirsttimethankstoGoogleStation,andthat3.5millionpeopleusetheservice
everymonth.TheexpansionmeantthatGooglewaslookingforpartnersaroundtheworldtofurtherdevelopthe
initiative,whichpromised"highquality,secure,easilyaccessibleWiFi".[18]
AsofOctober2016,Googleoperates70officesinmorethan40countries.[108]
Alexa,acompanythatmonitorscommercialwebtraffic,listsGoogle.comasthemostvisitedwebsiteinthe
world.[25]SeveralotherGoogleservicesalsofigureinthetop100mostvisitedwebsites,includingYouTube[26]
andBlogger.[27]
Pushintohardware
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InApril2016,RecodereportedthatGooglehadhiredRickOsterloh,MotorolaMobility'sformerPresident,tobe
inchargeofGoogle'snewhardwaredivision.[109]Later,inOctober2016,TheInformationreportedthatDavid
Foster,Amazon.com'sformerKindlehardwarechief,hadjoinedGoogleashardwarechiefforanewbrandof
smartphonesbyGoogle.[110]
OnOctober4,2016,Googlehelda#MadeByGooglepressevent,whereitannounceditsintentiontocreatemore
hardware,withRickOsterlohstatingthat"alotoftheinnovationthatwewanttodonowendsuprequiring
controllingtheendtoenduserexperience",[16]andintroduced:
ThePixelandPixelXLsmartphoneswiththeGoogleAssistant,anextgenerationcontextualvoiceassistant,
builtin.[12]
GoogleHome,anAmazonEcholikevoiceassistantplacedinthehousethatcananswervoicequeries,play
music,findinformationfromapps(calendar,weatheretc.),andcontrolthirdpartysmarthomeappliances
(userscantellittoturnonthelights,forexample).[13]
DaydreamViewvirtualrealityheadsetthatletsAndroiduserswithcompatibleDaydreamready
smartphonesputtheirphonesintheheadsetandenjoyVRcontent.[15]
GoogleWifi,aconnectedsetofWiFirouterstosimplifyandextendcoverageofhomeWiFi.[14]
Acquisitionsandpartnerships
Googlewentthroughthreemajorperiodsofacquisitions,spanning20002009,20102012,and20142015.
20002009
LarryPageandSergeyBrinin2003
Since2001,Googlehasacquiredmanycompanies,primarilysmallventure
capitalfundedfirms.In2004,GoogleacquiredKeyhole,Inc.[111]Thestart
upcompanydevelopedaproductcalledEarthViewerthatgaveathree
dimensionalviewoftheEarth.GooglerenamedtheservicetoGoogleEarth
in2005.GoogleacquiredUrchinSoftwareinApril2005,usingtheir
'UrchinonDemand'product(alongwithideasfromAdaptivePath's
'MeasureMap')tocreateGoogleAnalyticsin2006.
InOctober2006,Googleannouncedthatithadacquiredthevideosharing
siteYouTubefor$1.65billioninGooglestock,andthedealwasfinalizedonNovember13,2006.[112]Googledoes
notprovidedetailedfiguresforYouTube'srunningcosts,andYouTube'srevenuesin2007werenotedas"not
material"inaregulatoryfiling.[113]InJune2008,aForbesmagazinearticleprojectedthe2008YouTuberevenue
at$200million,notingprogressinadvertisingsales.[114]
OnApril13,2007,GooglereachedanagreementtoacquireDoubleClickfor$3.1billion,givingGooglevaluable
relationshipsthatDoubleClickhadwithWebpublishersandadvertisingagencies.[115]Laterthatsameyear,Google
purchasedGrandCentralfor$50million.[116]ThesitewouldlaterbechangedovertoGoogleVoice.OnAugust5,
2009,Googleboughtoutitsfirstpubliccompany,purchasingvideosoftwaremakerOn2Technologiesfor
$106.5million.[117]GooglealsoacquiredAardvark,asocialnetworksearchengine,for$50million,and
commentedonitsinternalblog,"we'relookingforwardtocollaboratingtoseewherewecantakeit".[118]InApril
2010,Googleannouncedithadacquiredahardwarestartup,Agnilux.[119]
InadditiontothemanycompaniesGooglehaspurchased,thecompanyhaspartneredwithotherorganizationsfor
research,advertising,andotheractivities.In2005,GooglepartneredwithNASAAmesResearchCentertobuild
1,000,000squarefeet(93,000m2)ofoffices.[120]Theofficeswouldbeusedforresearchprojectsinvolvinglarge
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scaledatamanagement,nanotechnology,distributedcomputing,andtheentrepreneurialspaceindustry.Google
enteredintoapartnershipwithSunMicrosystemsinOctober2005tohelpshareanddistributeeachother's
technologies.[121]
ThecompanyalsopartneredwithAOL[122]toenhanceeachother'svideosearchservices.Google's2005
partnershipsalsoincludedfinancingthenew.mobitopleveldomainformobiledevices,alongwithother
companiesincludingMicrosoft,Nokia,andEricsson.[123]Googlewouldlaterlaunch"AdSenseforMobile",taking
advantageoftheemergingmobileadvertisingmarket.[124]Increasingitsadvertisingreachevenfurther,Googleand
FoxInteractiveMediaofNewsCorporationenteredintoa$900millionagreementtoprovidesearchand
advertisingonthethenpopularsocialnetworkingsiteMySpace.[125]
In2007,GooglebegansponsoringNORADTracksSanta,displacingformersponsorAOL.NORADTracksSanta
purportstofollowSantaClaus'progressonChristmasEve,[126]usingGoogleEarthto"trackSanta"in3Dforthe
firsttime.[127]GoogleownedYouTubegaveNORADTracksSantaitsownchannel.[128]
In2008,GoogledevelopedapartnershipwithGeoEyetolaunchasatelliteprovidingGooglewithhighresolution
(0.41mmonochrome,1.65mcolor)imageryforGoogleEarth.ThesatellitewaslaunchedfromVandenbergAir
ForceBaseonSeptember6,2008.[129]Googlealsoannouncedin2008thatitwashostinganarchiveofLife
Magazine'sphotographs.Someimagesinthearchivewereneverpublishedinthemagazine.[130]Thephotoswere
watermarkedandoriginallyhadcopyrightnoticespostedonallphotos,regardlessofpublicdomainstatus.[131]
20102012
In2010,GoogleEnergymadeitsfirstinvestmentinarenewableenergyproject,putting$38.8millionintotwo
windfarmsinNorthDakota.Thecompanyannouncedthetwolocationswillgenerate169.5megawattsofpower,
enoughtosupply55,000homes.Thefarms,whichweredevelopedbyNextEraEnergyResources,willreduce
fossilfueluseintheregionandreturnprofits.NextEraEnergyResourcessoldGoogleatwentypercentstakein
theprojecttogetfundingforitsdevelopment.[132]InFebruary2010,theFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission
FERCgrantedGoogleanauthorizationtobuyandsellenergyatmarketrates.[133]Theorderspecificallystatesthat
GoogleEnergyasubsidiaryofGoogleholdstherights"forthesaleofenergy,capacity,andancillaryservices
atmarketbasedrates",butacknowledgesthatneitherGoogleEnergynoritsaffiliates"ownorcontrolany
generationortransmission"facilities.[134]ThecorporationexercisedthisauthorizationinSeptember2013whenit
announcedthatitwillpurchasealltheelectricityproducedbythenotyetbuilt240megawattHappyHereford
windfarm.[135]
Alsoin2010,GooglepurchasedGlobalIPSolutions,aNorwaybasedcompanythatprovideswebbased
teleconferencingandotherrelatedservices.ThisacquisitionenabledGoogletoaddtelephonestyleservicestoits
listofproducts.[136]OnMay27,2010,Googleannouncedithadalsoclosedtheacquisitionofthemobilead
networkAdMob.ThisoccurreddaysaftertheFederalTradeCommissioncloseditsinvestigationintothe
purchase.[137]Googleacquiredthecompanyforanundisclosedamount.[138]InJuly2010,Googlesignedan
agreementwithanIowawindfarmtobuy114megawattsofenergyfor20years.[139]
OnApril4,2011,TheGlobeandMailreportedthatGooglebid$900millionforsixthousandNortelNetworks
patents.[140]
OnAugust15,2011,Googlemadeitslargesteveracquisitiontodatewhenitannouncedthatitwouldacquire
MotorolaMobilityfor$12.5billion[141][142]subjecttoapprovalfromregulatorsintheUnitedStatesandEurope.In
apostonGoogle'sblog,GoogleChiefExecutiveandcofounderLarryPagerevealedthattheacquisitionwasa
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strategicmovetostrengthenGoogle'spatentportfolio.Thecompany'sAndroidoperatingsystemhascomeunder
fireinanindustrywidepatentbattle,asAppleandMicrosofthavesuedAndroiddevicemakerssuchasHTC,
Samsung,andMotorola.[143]ThemergerwascompletedonMay22,2012,aftertheapprovalofPeople'sRepublic
ofChina.[144]
ThispurchasewasmadeinparttohelpGooglegainMotorola'sconsiderablepatentportfolioonmobilephonesand
wirelesstechnologiestohelpprotectitinitsongoingpatentdisputeswithothercompanies,[145]mainlyAppleand
Microsoft,[143]andtoallowittocontinuetofreelyofferAndroid.[146]Aftertheacquisitionclosed,Googlebeganto
restructuretheMotorolabusinesstofitGoogle'sstrategy.OnAugust13,2012,Googleannouncedplanstolayoff
4000MotorolaMobilityemployees.[147]OnDecember10,2012,Googlesoldthemanufacturingoperationsof
MotorolaMobilitytoFlextronicsfor$75million.[148]Asapartoftheagreement,Flextronicswillmanufacture
undisclosedAndroidandothermobiledevices.[149]OnDecember19,2012,GooglesoldtheMotorolaHome
businessdivisionofMotorolaMobilitytoArrisGroupfor$2.35billioninacashandstocktransaction.Asapart
ofthisdeal,Googleacquireda15.7%stakeinArrisGroupvaluedat$300million.[150]
OnJune5,2012,GoogleannounceditacquiredQuickoffice,acompanywidelyknownfortheirmobile
productivitysuiteforbothiOSandAndroid.GoogleplanstointegrateQuickoffice'stechnologyintoitsown
productsuite.[151]
OnFebruary6,2013,GoogleannouncedithadacquiredChannelIntelligencefor$125million.Channel
Intelligence,atechnologycompanythathelpscustomersbuyproductsonline,isactivegloballyin31different
countriesandworkswithover850retailers.Googlewillusethistechnologytoenhanceitsecommerce
business.[152]
TheofficialconfirmationofGoogle'sacquisitionoftheIsraelbasedstartupWazeoccurredinJune2013.Wazeis
promotedasa"communitybasedtrafficandnavigationapp".[153]
FollowingtheacquisitionofWaze,Googlesubmitteda"10Q"filingwiththeSecuritiesExchangeCommission
(SEC)thatrevealedthatthecorporationspent$1.3billiononacquisitionsduringthefirsthalfof2013.Thefiling
alsorevealedthattheWazeacquisitioncostGoogle$966million,insteadofthe$1.1billionfigurethatwas
initiallypresentedinmediasources.[153][154][155]
The2012acquisitionofWIMMLabs,acompanythatpreviouslymadeanAndroidpoweredsmartwatch,was
confirmedinAugust2013.AsofAugust31,2013,Googlehasnotpubliclycommentedonthenewsconcerning
WIMMLabs.[156]TheacquisitionofFlutter,acreatorofhandgesturerecognitiontechnology,wasconfirmedby
thecorporationinearlyOctober2013.Thereportedpriceis$40millionandGooglespokespersonstated:"We're
reallyimpressedbytheFlutterteam'sabilitytodesignnewtechnologybasedoncuttingedgeresearch."Flutter's
technologyallowsuserstoenacthandgesturestocontrolnavigationforappssuchasiTunes,WindowsMedia
Player,andWinamp.[157]
20142016
OnJanuary26,2014,GoogleInc.announcedithadagreedtoacquireDeepMindTechnologies,aprivatelyheld
artificialintelligencecompanyfromLondon.DeepMinddescribesitselfashavingtheabilitytocombinethebest
techniquesfrommachinelearningandsystemsneurosciencetobuildgeneralpurposelearningalgorithms.
DeepMind'sfirstcommercialapplicationswereusedinsimulations,ecommerceandgames.AsofDecember
2013,itwasreportedthatDeepMindhadroughly75employees.[158]ThetechnologynewswebsiteRe/code
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reportedthatthecompanywaspurchasedfor$400millionthoughitwasnotdisclosedwheretheinformationcame
from.AGooglespokesmanwouldnotcommentoftheprice.[159][160]ThepurchaseofDeepMindaidsinGoogle's
recentgrowthintheartificialintelligenceandroboticscommunity.[161]
OnJanuary29,2014,GoogleannounceditwassellingitsMotorolaMobilityunittoChinabasedLenovo,for
$2.91bn.ThecompanykepttheextensivepatentcollectionusedtodevelopAndroidproducts,consideredthemost
valuablepartoftheoriginaldeal.[162]Nonetheless,thesalepricewassignificantlylessthanthe$12.5billion
GooglehadboughtMotorolaMobilityfor.The$2.91bnpricetagconsistedof$660millionincash,$750millionin
Lenovoordinaryshares,anda$1.5billion3yearpromissorynote.[163]InMarch2014,Googleconfirmedithad
purchasedtheremnantsofgamingstartup,GreenThrottleGames,whichdevelopedaBluetoothgamingcontroller
forAndroid.[164]
InMay2014,GoogleannouncedithadpurchasedQuestVisual,makeroftheaugmentedrealitytranslatorapp
WordLens.[165]InJune2014,GooglepurchasedsatelliteimagingfirmSkyboxImagingfor$500million.[166]In
July2014,GooglepurchasedtheonlinemusicserviceSongza.[167]
OnSeptember10,2015,GoogleannouncedtoformstrategicpartnershipwithMobvoitobringAndroidWearto
mainlandChina.[168]InOctober2015,GoogleinvestedinaChinabasedartificialintelligence(AI)company,
Mobvoi.ThefundingwillenabletheCompanytofurtherenhanceitscoreAItechnologies,anddevelopnew
consumerproductsempoweredbyAI.[169]
InJuly2016,GoogleannouncedthatithadpurchasedMoodstocks,astartupwhichspecializesininstantimage
recognition.[170]InAugust2016,GoogleacquiredOrbitera,astartupthatdevelopedaplatformforbuyingand
sellingcloudbasedsoftware,foraround$100million.[171]
InOctober2016,GoogleannouncedithasacquiredFameBit,amarketplacethatconnectsvideocreatorswith
marketers.[172]AlsoinOctober2016,GoogleacquiredeyetrackingstartupEyefluence.MattBrianofEngadget
drewreferencestoGoogle'sDaydreamVRplatformandGoogle'sefforttocreateitsownVRheadsetsthatneed
eyetrackingsensors,andthattheEyefluencecompany,whichspecializesinturningeyemovementsintovirtual
actions,canbehelpfulinthatprocess.[173]
Googledatacenters
Asof2014,GoogleInc.ownedandoperatedsixGoogleDataCentersacrosstheU.S.,oneinChile,oneinFinland,
oneinIreland,oneinBelgium,oneinSingaporeandoneinTaiwan.[174]In2011,thecompanyhadannounced
planstobuildthreedatacentersatacostofmorethan$200millioninAsia(Singapore,HongKongandTaiwan)
andsaidtheywouldbeoperationalwithintwoyears.[175][176]InDecember2013,Googleannouncedthatithad
scrappedtheplantobuildadatacenterinHongKong.[177]
InOctober2013,TheWashingtonPostreportedthattheU.S.NationalSecurityAgencyintercepted
communicationsbetweenGoogle'sdatacenters,aspartofaprogramnamedMUSCULAR.[178][179]This
wiretappingwasmadepossiblebecauseGoogledidnotencryptdatapassedinsideitsownnetwork.[180]Google
beganencryptingdatasentbetweendatacentersin2013.[181]
Googlesmostefficientdatacenterrunsat95F(35C)usingonlyfreshaircooling,requiringnoelectrically
poweredairconditioningtheserversrunsohotthathumanscannotgonearthemforextendedperiods.[182]
Alphabet
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OnAugust10,2015,Googleannouncedplanstoreorganizeitsvariousinterestsasaconglomeratecalled
Alphabet.Google,Alphabet'sleadingsubsidiary,willcontinuetobetheumbrellacompanyforAlphabet'sInternet
interests.Uponcompletionoftherestructure,SundarPichaibecameCEOofGoogle,replacingLarryPage,who
becameCEOofAlphabet.[7][8][9][10]
Productsandservices
Advertising
Forthe2006fiscalyear,thecompanyreported$10.492billionintotal
advertisingrevenuesandonly$112millioninlicensingandother
revenues.[183]In2011,96%ofGoogle'srevenuewasderivedfromits
advertisingprograms.[184]Inadditiontoitsownalgorithmsfor
understandingsearchrequests,Googleusestechnologyfromthecompany
DoubleClick,toprojectuserinterestandtargetadvertisingtothesearch
contextandtheuserhistory.[185][186]
GoogleAnalyticsallowswebsiteownerstotrackwhereandhowpeople
usetheirwebsite,forexamplebyexaminingclickratesforallthelinksona
GoogleonadtechLondon,2010
[187]
page.
Googleadvertisementscanbeplacedonthirdpartywebsitesina
twopartprogram.Google'sAdWordsallowsadvertiserstodisplaytheiradvertisementsintheGooglecontent
network,througheitheracostperclickorcostperviewscheme.Thesisterservice,GoogleAdSense,allows
websiteownerstodisplaytheseadvertisementsontheirwebsiteandearnmoneyeverytimeadsareclicked.[188]
Oneofthecriticismsofthisprogramisthepossibilityofclickfraud,whichoccurswhenapersonorautomated
scriptclicksonadvertisementswithoutbeinginterestedintheproduct,causingtheadvertisertopaymoneyto
Googleunduly.Industryreportsin2006claimedthatapproximately14to20percentofclickswerefraudulentor
invalid.[189]
InFebruary2003,GooglestoppedshowingtheadvertisementsofOceana,anonprofitorganizationprotestinga
majorcruiseship'ssewagetreatmentpractices.Googleciteditseditorialpolicyatthetime,stating"Googledoes
notacceptadvertisingiftheadorsiteadvocatesagainstotherindividuals,groups,ororganizations."[190]The
policywaslaterchanged.[191]InJune2008,GooglereachedanadvertisingagreementwithYahoo!,whichwould
haveallowedYahoo!tofeatureGoogleadvertisementsonitswebpages.Thealliancebetweenthetwocompanies
wasnevercompletelyrealizedbecauseofantitrustconcernsbytheU.S.DepartmentofJustice.Asaresult,Google
pulledoutofthedealinNovember2008.[192][193]
Inanattempttoadvertiseitsownproducts,GooglelaunchedawebsitecalledDemoSlam,developedto
demonstratetechnologydemosofGoogleProducts.[194]
Searchengine
AccordingtomarketresearchpublishedbycomScoreinNovember2009,GoogleSearchisthedominantsearch
engineintheUnitedStatesmarket,withamarketshareof65.6%.[195]Googleindexesbillions[196]ofwebpages,
sothatuserscansearchfortheinformationtheydesirethroughtheuseofkeywordsandoperators.
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In2003,TheNewYorkTimescomplainedaboutGoogle'sindexing,
claimingthatGoogle'scachingofcontentonitssiteinfringedits
copyrightforthecontent.[197]Inthiscase,theUnitedStatesDistrict
CourtofNevadaruledinfavorofGoogleinFieldv.Googleand
Parkerv.Google.[198][199]Thepublication2600:TheHackerQuarterly
hascompiledalistofwordsthatthewebgiant'snewinstantsearch
featurewillnotsearch.[200]
GoogleSearchhomepageasofSeptember
1,2015
GoogleWatchhascriticizedGoogle'sPageRankalgorithms,saying
thattheydiscriminateagainstnewwebsitesandfavorestablished
sites.[201]Thesitehasalsoallegedthatthereareconnectionsbetween
GoogleandtheNationalSecurityAgency(NSA)andtheCentral
IntelligenceAgency(CIA).[202]
GooglealsohostsGoogleBooks.Thecompanybeganscanningbooksanduploadinglimitedpreviews,andfull
bookswhereallowed,intoitsnewbooksearchengine.TheAuthorsGuild,agroupthatrepresents8,000U.S.
authors,filedaclassactionsuitinaNewYorkCityfederalcourtagainstGooglein2005overthisservice.Google
repliedthatitisincompliancewithallexistingandhistoricalapplicationsofcopyrightlawsregardingbooks.[203]
Googleeventuallyreachedarevisedsettlementin2009tolimititsscanstobooksfromtheU.S.,theUK,Australia,
andCanada.[204]Furthermore,theParisCivilCourtruledagainstGoogleinlate2009,askingittoremovethe
worksofLaMartinire(ditionsduSeuil)fromitsdatabase.[205]IncompetitionwithAmazon.com,Googlesells
digitalversionsofnewbooks.[206]
OnJuly21,2010,inresponsetoBing,Googleupdateditsimagesearchtodisplayastreamingsequenceof
thumbnailsthatenlargewhenpointedat.Thoughwebsearchesstillappearinabatchperpageformat,onJuly23,
2010,dictionarydefinitionsforcertainEnglishwordsbeganappearingabovethelinkedresultsforweb
searches.[207]
The"Hummingbird"updatetotheGooglesearchenginewasannouncedinSeptember2013.Theupdatewas
introducedoverthemonthpriortotheannouncementandallowsusersaskthesearchengineaquestioninnatural
languageratherthanenteringkeywordsintothesearchbox.[208]
InAugust2016,Googleannouncedtwomajorchangesrelatedtoitsmobilesearchresults.Thefirst,removingthe
"mobilefriendly"labelthathighlightedpageswereeasytoreadonmobilefromitsmobilesearchresultspage.The
second,onJanuary10,2017,thecompanywillstartpunishingmobilepagesthatshowintrusiveinterstitialswhen
auserfirstopensapageandtheywillranklowerinitssearchresults.[209]
Productivitytools
Gmail,afreewebmailserviceprovidedbyGoogle,waslaunchedasaninvitationonlybetaprogramonApril1,
2004,[210]andbecameavailabletothepubliconFebruary7,2007.[211]Theservicewasupgradedfrombetastatus
onJuly7,2009,[212]atwhichtimeithad146millionusersmonthly.[213]Theservicewasthefirstonlineemail
servicewithonegigabyteofstorage.Itwasalsothefirsttokeepemailsfromthesameconversationtogetherinone
thread,similartoanInternetforum.[210]Theserviceoffersover15GBoffreestorage,sharedwithotherGoogle
Apps,withadditionalstoragerangingfrom20GBto16TBavailablefor$0.25per1GBperyear.[214]
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GmailusesAJAX,aprogrammingtechniquethatallowswebpagestobeinteractivewithoutrefreshingthe
browser.[215]SteveBallmer(Microsoft'sformerCEO),[216]LizFigueroa,[217]MarkRasch,[218]andtheeditorsof
GoogleWatch[219]havecriticisedtheprivacyofGmail,butGoogleclaimsthatmailsenttoorfromGmailisnever
readbyahumanbeingbeyondtheaccountholderandisonlyusedtoimproverelevanceofadvertisements.[220]
In2004,Googlestartedopensourcesoftwareprojecthosting,calledGoogleCode,whichallowsdevelopersto
downloadindevelopmentprogramsatnocharge.GoogleDrive,anotherpartofGoogle'sproductivitysuite,allows
userstocreate,edit,andcollaborateondocumentsinanonlineenvironment,similartoMicrosoftWord.The
servicewasoriginallycalledWritely,butwasobtainedbyGoogleonMarch9,2006,andwasreleasedasan
invitationonlypreview.[221]OnJune6aftertheacquisition,Googlecreatedanexperimentalspreadsheetediting
program,[222]whichwascombinedwithGoogleDocsonOctober10.[223]
GoogleforWorkisaservicefromGooglethatprovidescustomizableenterpriseversionsofseveralGoogle
productsusingadomainnameprovidedbythecustomer.ItfeaturesseveralWebapplicationswithsimilar
functionalitytotraditionalofficesuites,includingGmail,Hangouts,GoogleCalendar,Drive,Docs,Sheets,Slides,
Groups,News,Play,Sites,andVault.ItwasthevisionofRajenSheth,aGoogleemployeewholaterdeveloped
Chromebooks.[224]
Currently,thecompanyistestingatravelappcalled"Trips".[225]
Enterpriseproducts
GoogleSearchAppliancewaslaunchedinFebruary2002,targetedtowardproviding
searchtechnologyforlargerorganizations.[39]GooglelaunchedtheMinithreeyearslater,
whichwastargetedatsmallerorganizations.Latein2006,GooglebegantosellCustom
SearchBusinessEdition,providingcustomerswithanadvertisingfreewindowinto
Google.com'sindex.TheservicewasrenamedGoogleSiteSearchin2008.[226]
GoogleAppsallowsorganizationstobringGoogle'swebapplicationofferings,Gmail
andGoogleDocs,intotheirowndomains.Theserviceisavailableinseveraleditions:a
basicfreeedition(formerlyknownasGoogleAppsStandardedition),GoogleAppsfor
Business,GoogleAppsforEducation,andGoogleAppsforGovernment.Inthesame
yearGoogleAppswaslaunched,GoogleacquiredPostini[227]andproceededtointegrate
thecompany'ssecuritytechnologiesintoGoogleApps[228]underthenameGoogle
PostiniServices.[229]
Google'ssearch
applianceatthe2008
RSAConference
OnMarch15,2016,GoogleannouncedtheintroductionofGoogleAnalytics360Suite,
"asetofintegrateddataandmarketinganalyticsproducts,designedspecificallyforthe
needsofenterpriseclassmarketers."Amongotherthings,thesuiteisdesignedtohelp"enterpriseclassmarketers"
seethecompletecustomerjourney,generateusefulinsights,notjustmoredata,anddeliverengagingexperiences
totherightpeople.[230]Someseethesuiteascompetingwithexistingmarketingcloudofferingsbycompanieslike
Adobe,Oracle,SalesforceandIBM.[231]
Otherproducts
GoogleTranslateisaserversidemachinetranslationservice,whichcantranslatebetween80different
languages.[232]Forsomelanguages,handwritingrecognition,orspeechrecognitioncanbeusedasinput,and
translatedtextcanbepronouncedthroughspeechsynthesis.[233]Thesoftwareusescorpuslinguisticstechniques,
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wheretheprogram"learns"fromprofessionallytranslateddocuments,specificallyUNandEuropeanParliament
proceedings.[234]
GooglelauncheditsGoogleNewsservicein2002,anautomatedservicewhichsummarizesnewsarticlesfrom
variouswebsites.[235]InMarch2005,AgenceFrancePresse(AFP)suedGoogleforcopyrightinfringementin
federalcourtintheDistrictofColumbia,acasewhichGooglesettledforanundisclosedamountinapactthat
includedalicenseofthefulltextofAFParticlesforuseonGoogleNews.[236]
GooglecurrentlyoffersfreewifiaccessinitshometownofMountainView,California.[237]
In2010,GoogleannouncedtheGoogleFiberproject,withplanstobuildanultrahighspeedbroadbandnetwork
for50,000to500,000customersinoneormoreAmericancities.[238]OnMarch30,2011,Googleannouncedthat
KansasCity,Kansaswouldbethefirstcommunitywherethenewnetworkwouldbedeployed.[239]InJuly2012,
GooglecompletedtheconstructionofafiberopticbroadbandInternetnetworkinfrastructureinKansasCity,and
afterbuildinganinfrastructure,GoogleannouncedpricingforGoogleFiber.Theservicewillofferthreeoptions
includingafreebroadbandInternetoption,a1Gbit/sInternetoptionfor$70permonth,andaversionthatincludes
televisionservicefor$120permonth.[17]
In2007,reportssurfacedthatGooglewasplanningthereleaseofitsown
mobilephone,possiblyacompetitortoApple'siPhone.[240][241][242]The
project,calledAndroid,turnedoutnottobeaphonebutanoperating
systemformobiledevices,whichGoogleacquiredandthenreleasedasan
opensourceprojectundertheApache2.0license.[243]Googleprovidesa
softwaredevelopmentkitfordeveloperssoapplicationscanbecreatedto
berunonAndroidbasedphones.
InSeptember2008,TMobilereleasedtheG1,thefirstAndroidbased
phone.[244]InJanuary2010,GooglereleasedNexusOne,thefirstAndroid
phoneunderitsown,"Nexus",brand.[245]Itspawnedanumberofphones
andtabletsunderthe"Nexus"branding,[246]whichsomereferredtoas
"highqualitylowcost"devices.[247]
LexusRX450hretrofittedbyGoogle
foritsdriverlesscarfleet.
InSeptember2008,GoogleintroducedtheGoogleChromewebbrowserinbetatestingstatus.[248]Followingthe
launchoftheChromebrowser,GoogleintroducedChromeOSin2009,describedasanew,opensource,
lightweightoperatingsystembasedentirelyaroundthebrowser,andtargetedatnetbooks.[249]In2011,the
Chromebookwasintroduced,describedasa"newkindofcomputer"runningChromeOS,withthefirst
ChromebookscomingfromSamsungandAcer.[250]
AreportinJuly2013statedthatGoogle'sshareoftheglobalsmartphonemarket,ledbySamsungproducts,was
64%inMarch2013.[251]
OtherprojectsGooglehasworkedonincludeanewcollaborativecommunicationservice,awebbrowser,anda
mobileoperatingsystem.ThefirstofthesewasfirstannouncedonMay27,2009.ThecompanydescribedGoogle
Waveasaproductthathelpsuserscommunicateandcollaborateontheweb.TheserviceisGoogle's"email
redesigned",withrealtimeediting,theabilitytoembedaudio,video,andothermedia,andextensionsthatfurther
enhancethecommunicationexperience.GoogleWavewasinitiallyinadeveloper'spreview,whereinterestedusers
hadtobeinvitedtotesttheservice,butwasreleasedtothepubliconMay19,2010,atGoogle'sI/Okeynote.
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GoogleGogglesisamobileapplicationavailableonAndroidandiOSusedforimagerecognitionandnontext
basedsearch.InadditiontoscanningQRcodes,theappcanrecognizehistoriclandmarks,importbusinesscards,
andsolveSudokupuzzles.[252]WhileGogglescouldoriginallyidentifypeopleaswell,Googlehaslimitedthat
functionalityasaprivacyprotection.[253]
In2011,GoogleannouncedGoogleWallet,amobileapplicationforwirelesspayments.[254]InlateJune2011,
GooglesoftlaunchedasocialnetworkingservicecalledGoogle+.[255]OnJuly14,2011,Googleannouncedthat
Google+hadreached10millionusersjusttwoweeksafteritwaslaunchedinthis"limited"trialphase.[256]After
fourweeksinoperation,itreached25millionusers.[257]
AtalauncheventonJuly24,2013,inSanFrancisco,anewerversionof
theNexus7Googletabletdevicewasreleasedtothepublic,alongsidethe
ChromecastdonglethatallowsuserstostreamYouTubeandNetflixvideos
viasmartphones.[258]
In2013,GooglelaunchedGoogleShoppingExpress,adeliveryservice
initiallyavailableonlyinSanFranciscoandSiliconValley.[259]
OnFebruary3,2014,GooglereleaseditsfirstChromecastSDK.[260]
AGoogleCardboardheadset,acheap
andaccessiblestandardfor
experimentingwithvirtualreality.
GoogleAlertsisacontentchangedetectionandnotificationservice,
offeredbythesearchenginecompanyGoogle.Theservicesendsemailsto
theuserwhenitfindsnewresultssuchaswebpages,newspaperarticles,
orblogsthatmatchtheuser'ssearchterm.[261][262][263]
GoogleCameraisacameraapplicationdevelopedbyGoogleforAndroid.ItissupportedonAndroid4.4KitKat
andhigherversionsofAndroid.ItwasreleasedontheGooglePlayStoreonApril16,2014.[264]
ProjectFienablescommunicationacrossWiFiandcellnetworks.[265]
InJuly2015GooglereleasedDeepDream,animagerecognitionsoftwarecapableofcreatingpsychedelicimages
usingaconvolutionalneuralnetwork.[266][267][268][269]
InAugust2016,amysteriouscodepostonGitHubrevealedthatGooglewasdevelopinganewoperatingsystem
called"Fuchsia".Noofficialannouncementwasmade,butthecodesuggestsit'sauniversalOScapableofrunning
onalltypesofdevices,"everythingfromdashinfotainmentsystemsforcars,toembeddeddevicesliketraffic
lightsanddigitalwatches,allthewayuptosmartphones,tabletsandPCs."[270][271]
InSeptember2016,GooglelauncheditsDaydreamvirtualrealitydevelopmenttools.TheDaydreamsoftware
developmentkitallowsdeveloperstobuildVRexperiencesforDaydreamreadyphonesandheadsets,and
supportsintegrationwithUnityandUnrealgameengines.[272]
APIs
GoogleAPIsareasetofapplicationprogramminginterfaces(APIs)developedbyGooglewhichallow
communicationwithGoogleServicesandtheirintegrationtootherservices.ExamplesoftheseincludeSearch,
Gmail,TranslateorGoogleMaps.ThirdpartyappscanusetheseAPIstotakeadvantageoforextendthe
functionalityoftheexistingservices.
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Otherwebsites
GoogleDevelopersisGoogle'ssiteforsoftwaredevelopmenttools,APIs,andtechnicalresources.Thesite
containsdocumentationonusingGoogledevelopertoolsandAPIsincludingdiscussiongroupsandblogsfor
developersusingGoogle'sdeveloperproducts.
GoogleLabswasapagecreatedbyGoogletodemonstrateandtestnewprojects.
Googleownsthetopleveldomain1e100.netwhichisusedforsomeserverswithinGoogle'snetwork.Thenameis
areferencetothescientificEnotationrepresentationfor1googol,1E100=110100.[273]
Corporateaffairsandculture
EricSchmidt
OnFortunemagazine'slistofthebest
companiestoworkfor,Googlerankedfirst
in2007,2008and2012[274][275][276]and
fourthin2009and2010.[277][278]Google
wasalsonominatedin2010tobethe
world'smostattractiveemployerto
graduatingstudentsintheUniversum
Communicationstalentattractionindex.[279]
Google'scorporatephilosophyincludes
principlessuchas"youcanmakemoney
withoutdoingevil,""youcanbeserious
withoutasuit,"and"workshouldbe
challengingandthechallengeshouldbe
fun."[280]
ThenCEO,nowChairmanofGoogle
EricSchmidtwithcofoundersSergey
BrinandLarryPage(lefttoright)in
2008.
Employees
Asof2013,Googlehad47,756employees(inthefourthquarter,includingtheMotorolasubsidiary),[281]among
themmorethan10,000softwaredevelopersbasedinmorethan40offices.[282]
Afterthecompany'sIPOin2004,foundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageandCEOEricSchmidtrequestedthattheir
basesalarybecutto$1.Subsequentoffersbythecompanytoincreasetheirsalarieswereturneddown,primarily
becausetheirmaincompensationcontinuestocomefromowningstockinGoogle.Before2004,Schmidtmade
$250,000peryear,andPageandBrineachreceivedanannualsalaryof$150,000.[283]
In2007andearly2008,severaltopexecutivesleftGoogle.InOctober2007,formerchieffinancialofficerof
YouTubeGideonYujoinedFacebook[284]alongwithBenjaminLing,ahighrankingengineer.[285]InMarch2008,
SherylSandberg,thenvicepresidentofglobalonlinesalesandoperations,beganherpositionaschiefoperating
officerofFacebook.[286]Atthesametime,AshElDifrawi,formerlyheadofbrandadvertising,lefttobecomechief
marketingofficerofNetshops.[287]OnApril4,2011,LarryPagebecameCEOandEricSchmidtbecameExecutive
ChairmanofGoogle.[288]InJuly2012,Google'sfirstfemaleemployee,MarissaMayer,leftGoogletobecome
Yahoo!'sCEO.[289]
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Asamotivationtechnique,GoogleusesapolicyoftencalledInnovationTimeOff,
whereGoogleengineersareencouragedtospend20%oftheirworktimeon
projectsthatinterestthem.SomeofGoogle'snewerservices,suchasGmail,
GoogleNews,Orkut,andAdSenseoriginatedfromtheseindependent
endeavors.[291]InatalkatStanfordUniversity,MarissaMayer,Google'sVice
PresidentofSearchProductsandUserExperienceuntilJuly2012,showedthathalf
ofallnewproductlaunchesinthesecondhalfof2005hadoriginatedfromthe
InnovationTimeOff.[292]
Officelocationsandheadquarters
MountainView
Google'sheadquartersinMountainView,California,isreferredtoas"the
Newemployeesarecalled
Googleplex",aplayonwordsonthenumbergoogolplexandtheheadquartersitself
"Nooglers,"andaregivena
beingacomplexofbuildings.Thelobbyisdecoratedwithapiano,lavalamps,old
propellerbeaniecaptowear
serverclusters,andaprojectionofsearchqueriesonthewall.Thehallwaysarefull
ontheirfirstFriday. [290]
ofexerciseballsandbicycles.Manyemployeeshaveaccesstothecorporate
recreationcenter.Recreational
amenitiesarescatteredthroughout
thecampusandincludeaworkout
roomwithweightsandrowing
machines,lockerrooms,washers
anddryers,amassageroom,
assortedvideogames,tablefootball,
ababygrandpiano,abilliardtable,
andpingpong.Inadditiontothe
recreationroom,therearesnack
roomsstockedwithvariousfoods
GoogleMountainViewcampus
anddrinks,withspecialemphasis
garden
Bicyclespaintedinthecorporate
placedonnutrition.[293]Freefoodis
colorschemeareavailableforfree
availabletoemployees24/7,with
usebyanyemployeetravelling
theofferingsprovidedbypaidvendingmachinesproratedbasedonand
aroundtheGoogleplex
favoringthoseofbetternutritionalvalue.[294]
Google'sextensiveamenitiesarenotavailabletoallofitsworkers.Temporaryworkerssuchasbookscannersdo
nothaveaccesstoshuttles,Googlecafes,orotherperks.[295]
NewYorkCity
In2006,Googlemovedinto311,000squarefeet(28,900m2)ofofficespaceinNewYorkCity,at111Eighth
AvenueinManhattan.[296]TheofficewasspeciallydesignedandbuiltforGoogleandhousesitslargestadvertising
salesteam,whichhasbeeninstrumentalinsecuringlargepartnerships.[296]TheNewYorkheadquartersissimilar
indesignandfunctionalitytoitsMountainViewheadquarters,andincludesagameroom,microkitchens,anda
videogamearea.[297]AsofFebruary2012,asignificantengineeringteamisbasedinNewYorkCity.[298]Asof
September2013,Google'sEastCoastofficeislocatedat76NinthAve,NewYorkCity,NewYork.[299]
OtherU.S.cities
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Bylate2006,GoogleestablishedanewheadquartersforitsAdWordsdivisioninAnnArbor,Michigan.[300]In
November2006,GoogleopenedofficesonCarnegieMellon'scampusinPittsburgh,focusingonshoppingrelated
advertisementcodingandsmartphoneapplicationsandprograms.[301][302]OtherofficelocationsintheU.S.include
Atlanta,GeorgiaAustin,TexasBoulder,ColoradoCambridge,MassachusettsSanFrancisco,CaliforniaSeattle,
WashingtonReston,Virginia,andWashington,D.C.[303]
InOctober2006,thecompanyannouncedplanstoinstallthousandsofsolar
panelstoprovideupto1.6megawattsofelectricity,enoughtosatisfy
approximately30%ofthecampus'energyneeds.[304]Thesystemwillbe
thelargestsolarpowersystemconstructedonaU.S.corporatecampusand
oneofthelargestonanycorporatesiteintheworld.[304]Inaddition,
Googleannouncedin2009thatitwasdeployingherdsofgoatstokeep
grasslandaroundtheGoogleplexshort,helpingtopreventthethreatfrom
seasonalbushfireswhilealsoreducingthecarbonfootprintofmowingthe
extensivegrounds.[305][306]Theideaoftrimminglawnsusinggoats
originatedfromBobWidlar,anengineerwhoworkedforNational
Google'sNYCofficebuildinghouses
Semiconductor.[307]In2008,GooglefacedaccusationsinHarper's
itslargestadvertisingsalesteam. [296]
Magazineofbeingan"energyglutton".Thecompanywasaccusedof
employingits"Don'tbeevil"mottoanditspublicenergysavingcampaigns
tocoverupormakeupforthemassiveamountsofenergyitsserversrequire.[308]
OnMay12,2015,GoogleannouncedthesettingupofitslargestcampusoutsidetheUnitedStatesinHyderabad,
India.Theproposedcampuscanaccommodate6500employees.[309]
Internationallocations
Internationally,Googlehasover70officesoutsidetheUS,themajorityofwhicharelocalcorporateofficesand
datacenters.[310]GooglealsohasregionalbusinessandsalesheadquartersincludinginDublin(forEurope)and
Singapore(forAsiaPacific).[311][312]
Googlealsohasproductresearchanddevelopmentoperationsincitiesaroundtheworld,namelySydney(main
developmentlocationofGoogleMaps)andLondon(partofAndroiddevelopment),[313][314]aswellasnumerous
othersincludingZurich,Munich,Tokyo,TelAvivandHyderabad.[315]
Doodles
Since1998,Googlehasbeendesigningspecial,temporaryalternate
logostoplaceontheirhomepageintendedtocelebrateholidays,
events,achievementsandpeople.ThefirstGoogleDoodlewasin
honoroftheBurningManFestivalof1998.[316][317]Thedoodlewas
designedbyLarryPageandSergeyBrintonotifyusersoftheir
absenceincasetheserverscrashed.SubsequentGoogleDoodleswere
designedbyanoutsidecontractor,untilLarryandSergeyaskedthen
internDennisHwangtodesignalogoforBastilleDayin2000.From
thatpointonward,Doodleshavebeenorganizedandcreatedbyateam
ofemployeestermed"Doodlers".[318]
ThefirsteverGoogleDoodlecerebrating
BurningMan,whichwasusedonAugust
30,1998.
EastereggsandAprilFools'Dayjokes
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GoogleWikipedia
GooglehasatraditionofcreatingAprilFools'Dayjokes.OnApril1,2000,GoogleMentalPlexallegedlyfeatured
theuseofmentalpowertosearchtheweb.[319]In2007,GoogleannouncedafreeInternetservicecalledTiSP,or
ToiletInternetServiceProvider,whereoneobtainedaconnectionbyflushingoneendofafiberopticcabledown
theirtoilet.[320]Alsoin2007,Google'sGmailpagedisplayedanannouncementforGmailPaper,allowingusersto
haveemailmessagesprintedandshippedtothem.[321]In2008,GoogleannouncedGmailCustomtimewhereusers
couldchangethetimethattheemailwassent.[322]
In2010,GooglechangeditscompanynametoTopekainhonorofTopeka,Kansas,whosemayorchangedthe
city'snametoGoogleforashortamountoftimeinanattempttoswayGoogle'sdecisioninitsnewGoogleFiber
Project.[323][324]In2011,GoogleannouncedGmailMotion,aninteractivewayofcontrollingGmailandthe
computerwithbodymovementsviatheuser'swebcam.[325]
Google'sservicescontaineastereggs,suchastheSwedishChef's"Borkborkbork,"PigLatin,"Hacker"or
leetspeak,ElmerFudd,Pirate,andKlingonaslanguageselectionsforitssearchengine.[326]Thesearchengine
calculatorprovidestheAnswertotheUltimateQuestionofLife,theUniverse,andEverythingfromDouglas
Adams'TheHitchhiker'sGuidetotheGalaxy.[327]Whensearchingtheword"recursion",thespellchecker'sresult
fortheproperlyspelledwordisexactlythesameword,creatingarecursivelink.[328]
Whensearchingfortheword"anagram,"meaningarearrangementoflettersfromonewordtoformothervalid
words,Google'ssuggestionfeaturedisplays"Didyoumean:nagaram?"[329]InGoogleMaps,searchingfor
directionsbetweenplacesseparatedbylargebodiesofwater,suchasLosAngelesandTokyo,resultsin
instructionsto"kayakacrossthePacificOcean."DuringFIFAWorldCup2010,searchqueriesincluding"World
Cup"and"FIFA"causedthe"Goooo...gle"pageindicatoratthebottomofeveryresultpagetoread"Goooo...al!"
instead.[330]
atGoogleTalks
AtGoogleTalksisaseriesofpresentationsbyinvitedspeakerssponsoredbyGooglegivenatvariousGoogle
officesthroughouttheworld.TheserieshasfeaturecategoriessuchasAuthors@Google,Candidates@Google,
Women@Google,Musicians@Googleandothers.Fortechnicaltopics,thereisGoogleTechTalks(alsoknownas
EngEDU[331])whichisdedicatedtoexploringareasoftechnologyandscience.Guestspeakersrangefrompresent
andpastworldleaderstolittleknownpoetsandartists.Talksrangefromabout40to70minutes.AsofFebruary
2009,therehadbeenover1700guestspeakers.
CodeF
GoogleCodeFisacareereventandmentoringprogramorganizedbyGoogleforfemaleundergraduatecomputer
scientistswhohavefoundationalcodingskillsinatleastoneofC++,JavaorPython.Itlasts12weeksandconsists
ofeightmentoringmeetingsheldinGoogle'sofficesandvirtually.Theinitiativeaimstodevelopfemalecomputer
scientistsandincreasethenumberofwomenworkinginthetechnologyindustry.
Philanthropy
In2004,GoogleformedthenotforprofitphilanthropicGoogle.org,withastartupfundof$1billion.[332]The
missionoftheorganizationistocreateawarenessaboutclimatechange,globalpublichealth,andglobalpoverty.
Oneofitsfirstprojectswastodevelopaviablepluginhybridelectricvehiclethatcanattain100milespergallon.
GooglehiredLarryBrilliantastheprogram'sexecutivedirectorin2004,[333]andthecurrentdirectorisMegan
Smith.[334]
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GoogleWikipedia
In2008,Googleannouncedits"project10100"whichacceptedideasforhowtohelpthecommunityandthen
allowedGoogleuserstovoteontheirfavorites.[335]Aftertwoyearsofsilence,duringwhichmanywonderedwhat
hadhappenedtotheprogram,[336]Googlerevealedthewinnersoftheproject,givingatotaloftenmilliondollars
tovariousideasrangingfromnonprofitorganizationsthatpromoteeducationtoawebsitethatintendstomakeall
legaldocumentspublicandonline.[337]
In2011,Googledonated1millioneurostoInternationalMathematicalOlympiadtosupportthenextfiveannual
InternationalMathematicalOlympiads(20112015).[338]OnJuly2012,Googlelauncheda"LegalizeLove"
campaigninsupportofgayrights.[339]
Taxavoidance
Googleusesvarioustaxavoidancestrategies.OutofthefivelargestAmericantechnologycompanies,itpaysthe
lowesttaxestothecountriesoforiginofitsrevenues.Thecompanyaccomplishesthispartlybylicensing
technologythroughshellsubsidiariesintaxhavenssuchasIreland,Bermuda,[340]theBahamas,andthe
Netherlands.[341]ThishasreportedlysparkedaFrenchinvestigationintoGoogle'stransferpricingpractices.[342]
FollowingcriticismoftheamountofcorporatetaxesthatGooglepaidintheUnitedKingdom,ChairmanEric
Schmidtsaid,"It'scalledcapitalism.Weareproudlycapitalistic."DuringthesameDecember2012interview,
Schmidt"confirmedthatthecompanyhadnointentionofpayingmoretotheUKexchequer."[343]In2013,
SchmidtrespondedtoquestionsabouttaxespaidintheUKbypointingtotheadvertisingfeesGooglechargedUK
companiesasasourceofeconomicgrowth.[344]
GoogleVicePresidentMattBrittintestifiedtothePublicAccountsCommitteeoftheUKHouseofCommonsthat
hisUKsalesteammadenosalesandhenceowednosalestaxestotheUK.[345]InJanuary2016,Googlereacheda
settlementwiththeUKtopay130minbacktaxesplushighertaxesinfuture.[346]
Environment
Since2007,Googlehasaimedforcarbonneutralityinregardtoitsoperations.[347][348]Googledisclosedin
September2011thatit"continuouslyusesenoughelectricitytopower200,000homes",almost260millionwatts
oraboutaquarteroftheoutputofanuclearpowerplant.Totalcarbonemissionsfor2010werejustunder1.5
millionmetrictons,mostduetofossilfuelsthatprovideelectricityforthedatacenters.Googlesaidthat25percent
ofitsenergywassuppliedbyrenewablefuelsin2010.Anaveragesearchusesonly0.3watthoursofelectricity,so
allglobalsearchesareonly12.5millionwattsor5%ofthetotalelectricityconsumptionbyGoogle.[349]
In2007,Googlelaunchedaprojectcenteredondevelopingrenewableenergy,titledthe"RenewableEnergy
CheaperthanCoal(RE<C)"project.[350]However,theprojectwascancelledin2014,afterengineersRoss
KoningsteinandDavidForkunderstood,afteryearsofstudy,that"bestcasescenario,whichwasbasedonour
mostoptimisticforecastsforrenewableenergy,wouldstillresultinsevereclimatechange",writingthatthey
"cametotheconclusionthatevenifGoogleandothershadledthewaytowardawholesaleadoptionofrenewable
energy,thatswitchwouldnothaveresultedinsignificantreductionsofcarbondioxideemissions".[351]
InJune2013,TheWashingtonPostreportedthatGooglehaddonated$50,000totheCompetitiveEnterprise
Institute,alibertarianthinktankthatcallshumancarbonemissionsapositivefactorintheenvironmentandargues
thatglobalwarmingisnotaconcern.[352]
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InJuly2013,itwasreportedthatGooglehadhostedafundraisingeventforOklahomaSenatorJimInhofe,who
hascalledclimatechangea"hoax".[353]In2014GooglecuttieswiththeAmericanLegislativeExchangeCouncil
(ALEC)afterpressurefromtheSierraClub,majorunionsandGoogle'sownscientistsbecauseofALEC'sstance
onclimatechangeandoppositiontorenewableenergy.[354]
Lobbying
In2013,Googleranked5thinlobbyingspending,upfrom213thin2003.In2012,thecompanyranked2ndin
campaigndonationsoftechnologyandInternetsections.[355]
Litigation
GooglehasbeeninvolvedinanumberoflawsuitsincludingtheHighTechEmployeeAntitrustLitigationwhich
resultedinGooglebeingoneoffourcompaniestopaya$415millionsettlementtoemployees.[356]
Criticismandcontroversy
Google'smarketdominancehasledtoprominentmediacoverage,includingcriticismofthecompanyoverissues
suchasaggressivetaxavoidance,[357][340]searchneutrality,copyright,censorshipofsearchresultsandcontent,
andprivacy.[358][359]Othercriticismsincludeallegedmisuseandmanipulationofsearchresults,itsuseofothers'
intellectualproperty,concernsthatitscompilationofdatamayviolatepeople'sprivacy,andtheenergy
consumptionofitsservers,aswellasconcernsovertraditionalbusinessissuessuchasmonopoly,restraintof
trade,anticompetitivepractices,andpatentinfringement.
Google'sstatedmission"toorganizetheworld'sinformationandmakeituniversallyaccessibleanduseful",[360]
andthemeansemployedtoaccomplishit,haveraisedconcernsamongthecompany'scritics.Muchofthecriticism
pertainstoissuesthathavenotyetbeenaddressedbycyberlaw.
Seealso
AtGoogleTalks
AngularJS
Comparisonofwebsearchengines
Don'tBeEvil
Google(verb)
GoogleBalloonInternet
GoogleCatalogs
GoogleChina
GoogleChromeExperiments
GoogleGetYourBusinessOnline
Googlelogo
GoogleMaps
Googleplatform
GoogleStreetView
Googletax
GoogleVenturesventurecapitalfund
GoogleVenturesventurecapitalfund
GoogleX
LifesciencesdivisionofGoogleX
Google+
Googlebotwebcrawler
Googlization
ListofGoogleappsforAndroid
ListofGoogledomains
ListofmergersandacquisitionsbyGoogle
Apple,Inc.
OutlineofGoogle
Reunion
Ungoogleable
Calico
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358."Googleranked'worst'onprivacy".BBCNews.June11,2007.RetrievedApril30,2010.
359.Rosen,Jeffrey(November30,2008)."Google'sGatekeepers".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
360.GoogleCorporatePage(https://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/),accessedOctober17,2011
Furtherreading
Saylor,Michael(2012).TheMobileWave:HowMobileIntelligenceWillChangeEverything.Perseus
Books/VanguardPress.ISBN9781593157203.
Externallinks
Officialwebsite(https://www.google.com)(Mobile(https://m.google.com))
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GoogleWikipedia
Corporatehomepage(https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/management)
Googlewebsite(https://web.archive.org/web/19981111183552/http://google.stanford.edu)attheWayback
Machine(archivedNovember11,1998)
Google(https://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Companies/Google%2C_Inc./)atDMOZ
Google(http://www.crunchbase.com/organization/google)atCrunchBase
Googlecompanies(https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Google)groupedatOpenCorporates
BusinessdataforGoogle,Inc.:Hoover's(http://www.hoovers.com/companyinformation/cs/companyprofi
le.Google_Inc.fb3f79c4d1791506.html)Bloomberg(http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/GOOG:US)
Reuters(http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=GOOG)SECfilings(https://www.sec.g
ov/cgibin/browseedgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1288776)
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