Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Acstica de Temperatura en
Plantas de Energa de Desecho
DOCUMENTO SEI N 800950
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1. Introduccin
La temperatura del gas es uno de indicadores ms importantes cuando
proceso de combustin se realiza en cunto
un
a factores econmicos y
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(1)
C=
R=
K=
M=
T=
(2)
D=
_=
B=
T=
Ejemplo:
Un Pirmetro Acstico est operando en un horno con una longitud de trayectoria
de 6 m. El anlisis del flujo del gas basado en el gas seco es:
N2 = 82 % -Vol.
O2 =
6 %-Vol.
CO2 = 12 %-Vol.
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H2O = 5 %-wt.
El tiempo de vuelo del impulso de sonido medido es 8,5 ms. La temperatura
promedio de la trayectoria ser calculada de acuerdo a:
Del anlisis del flujo del gas indica anteriormente K = 1,28 y M = 29,24 g/mol, junto
con la constante R = 8314 kJ/kmol K, la constante acstica puede ser obtenida:
B = 364 m2/s2 K
Con la ecuacin (2) se obtiene la temperatura promedio.
T = 1095C
El rango
determinado del anlisis basado en un gas seco para dos niveles es:
CO2: 9,9
13,6 y
12,9
16,3 % -Vol.
O2:
10,4 y
2,7
6,7% -Vol.
5,6
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b.-
Influencia de Partculas
e.-
Efecto de Bending
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A steady thermal load improves the O2 content and decreases the emissions
pollutants, i.e. CO (fig. 7).
A homogeneous O2-concentration and a small CO-content in the flue gas help reduce
corrosion.
In connection with an SNCR-system for the reduction of NOx by means of injecting
ammonia, the
temperature signal has been incorporated and has lead to a considerable reduction of
temperature
fluctuations (fig. 8).
Damping the temperature fluctuations also serves to stabilize the flue gas conditions
before gas enters
the SNCR-unit. The system can then operate within a narrow window of opportunity
for the NH3
spraying process. Thus providing a maximum of NOx removal with the least amount of
NH3 emissions
[6].
This 4 path-configuration allows the determination of temperature differences between
the waste input
and ash extraction side.
Studies have shown, that large temperature differences point to one sided flow
streams which not only
improve conditions for corrosion, but can also lead to violation of the minimum
temperature
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requirements pursuant to the 17. BImSchV (850 C, 2 seconds) [7]. With the
information from the
integral temperature values it is possible to adjust the combustion air in order to
correct this problem.
4.2 Controlling a SNCR-Unit and Minimum Temperature Requirements Pursuant
to the
17. BImSchV in Waste to Energy Plants with Multiple Path Measurements and
Tomography.
In many waste to energy plants acoustic gas temperature measuring systems are
located approx. 10 m
above the grate (fig. 9). Based on a eight-transceiver mapping array on 3 boiler-walls
the temperature
distribution in this plane area can be determined. The temperature profile is used to
control the
incineration. A complete cycle for this configuration takes approx. 60 seconds. The
temperature profile
is divided into six zones. The average temperature in all zones is provided as analog
signals.
The average zone temperature are used to adjust the ammonia injection in the level
or to switch
injection levels. NOx-concentrations of less than 100 mg/m3 can be archived with
certainty [8].
In addition to its function to help control the incineration process and to control SNCRunits the acoustic
gas temperature measurement system can be used as a monitoring device to ensure
that minimal
combustion temperature conditions are not violated.
Incineration plants which must meet the requirements of the 17. BImSchV must be
constructed and
operated such that a best possible incineration of the waste materials, and thus the
destruction of the
contaminates is ensured. According to the 17. BImSchV, this can be obtained when
the flue gas
maintains a minimum temperature of 850 C for a resident time of at least 2 seconds
after the last
combustion air stage.
In order to charge the incinerator with waste materials it must be ensured that the gas
temperature and
the O2-content exceed the minimal requirements.
In the past only thermocouples have been used in order to verify that the minimum
temperature
requirements are met or exceeded. Other measurement systems can also be
employed as long as the
measured values can be validated, reproduced, and a minimum availability
requirement is met [9].
An acoustic gas temperature measurement system has successfully underwent such
an acceptance
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test and calibration at the municipal waste plant Borsigstrae, Hamburg (MVB) in
1994 and 1995
parallel to a conventional system, i.e. three thermocuples under the boiler roof [12].
In [10] the technical guidelines for the evaluation of measurement system for the
minimum temperature
and residence time are listed along with the calibration procedure.
The results of the calibration performed at the MVB showed, that the acoustic
pyrometry satisfies the
requirements of the 17. BImSchV with better agreement than the thermocouples did
as compared to
the measurements taken from the reference system (reference = HVT probes). The
standard deviation
to the reference system for the thermocouple system is 10 K and 5 K with the acoustic
gas temperature
measurement system. Larger uncertainty arise from the location of the
thermocouples, or rather the
distance to the 2 second resident zone, in connection with operation specific
conditional changes in the
temperature gradients (i.e. due to boiler fowling).
The calibration of the acoustic gas temperature measurement system showed over
the two year period,
that there was no detectable drift in tests performed in the studied load ranges (fig.
10).
In comparison during calibrations, thermocouples have been shown to drift as much
as 50 to 70 K for
the studied load ranges within a years time [12].
Due to the positive experience with the acoustic measurement system the operator
has gained
permission from the supervising authorities to extend the required calibration intervals
from 1 to 3
years.
In general, a further advantage can be gained by using the acoustic gas temperature
measurement
signal to control the support burners. The 17. BImSchV stipulates that by reaching a
temperature
between 850 C and 870 C support burners are to be used. At a temperature below
850 C the waste
feed system is to be blocked.
Should the use of the support burners be necessary due to changes in heat values of
the refuse or
irregularities in feed rate due to temperature reduction, the resulting temperature
increase would be
more quickly registered by the acoustic measurement system. With a faster
temperature measurement,
the burners can be ignite at lower temperatures. The igniting of the support burners
later then
necessary can save premium energy fuel, such as a natural gas or oil.
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Informacin de Requisicin
Por favor pngase en contacto con SEI para obtener informacin de la disponibilidad de
nuestro sistema y precios. Un de nuestros ingenieros con mucho gusto le asistiera en la configuracin
del sistema BOILERWATCH MMP apropiado a sus requerimientos.
14 Tel: (800) 879-9511Fax: (775) 358-0956
e-mail: info@sciengr.com
http://www.sciengr.com
SEI, Inc.
1275 Kleppe Lane, Suite
Sparks, Nevada 89431 USA
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