Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
org
Published in IET Power Electronics
Received on 28th January 2008
Revised on 22nd April 2008
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
ISSN 1755-4535
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016, India
Central Electricity Authority, Sewa Bhawan, R.K. Puram, New Delhi 110 066, India
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure (ETS), 1100 Notre Dame Oust, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada, H3C1K3
E-mail: rshahacno@yahoo.com
2
Abstract: Fast acting static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), a representative of FACTS family, is a promising
technology being extensively used as the state-of-the-art dynamic shunt compensator for reactive power control
in transmission and distribution system. Over the last couple of decades, researchers and engineers have made
path-breaking research on this technology and by virtue of which, many STATCOM controllers based on the selfcommutating solid-state voltage-source converter (VSC) have been developed and commercially put in operation
to control system dynamics under stressed conditions. Because of its many attributes, STATCOM has emerged as a
qualitatively superior controller relative to the line commutating static VAR compensator (SVC). This controller is
called with different terminologies as STATic COMpensator advanced static VAR compensator, advanced static VAR
generator or static VAR generator, STATic CONdenser, synchronous solid-state VAR compensator, VSC-based SVC or
self-commutated SVC or static synchronous compensator (SSC or S2C). The development of STATCOM controller
employing various solid-state converter topologies, magnetics congurations, control algorithms, switching
techniques and so on, has been well reported in literature with its versatile applications in power system. A
review on the state-of-the-art STATCOM technology and further research potential are presented classifying
more than 300 research publications.
Introduction
www.ietdl.org
VSC-based SVC or self-commutated SVC or static
synchronous compensator (SSC or S2C). EPRI in USA is
a pioneer to conduct research in this area and has been
instrumental to develop a number of existing STATCOM
projects in collaboration with power utilities/industries.
Power industries such as GE, Siemens, ABB, Alsthom,
Mitsubishi, Toshiba and so on, with their in-house R&D
facilities have given birth to many versatile STATCOM
projects presently in operation in high-voltage transmission
system to control system dynamics under stressed
conditions. The VSC-based STATCOM has emerged as a
qualitatively superior technology relative to that of the linecommutating thyristor-based SVC being used as dynamic
shunt compensator.
GTO-based VSCs (GTO-VSC), commercially available
with high power capacity, are employed in high power
rating controllers with triggering once per cycle
[fundamental frequency switching (FFS)]. Although IGBT
and IGCT devices are available with reasonably good
power ratings, these are being mainly used in low-tomedium rating compensators operated under pulse-width
modulation (PWM) switching, that is, multiple switching
(1 3 kHz) in a cycle of operation. Use of these switching
devices in high power rating controllers is yet to be fully
commercialised and therefore its use is limited. In the
state-of-the-art STATCOM equipments, two major
topologies of VSC-bridges viz. multi-pulse and multi-level
are the most common for operation under FFS or PWM
mode or selective harmonic elimination modulation. For
high power rating STATCOMs, GTO-VSC is still the
choice for operation under square-wave mode of switching,
that is, once per cycle. A concept of multi-level voltage reinjection in DC circuit of VSC topology, as an alternative
to high-frequency device switching adopted under PWM
control or instead of adopting higher multi-level topology
under FFS principle, has been reported to multiply the
pulse-order several times without employing additional
VSCs. With commercialisation of this approach, there
would be a major saving of solid-state devices and magnetic
components.
A comprehensive review on the STATCOM technology
and its development are carried out in this paper. The
paper includes ten sections viz. (i) working principle of
STATCOM, (ii) solid-state switching devices and
technology, (iii) STATCOM topologies and congurations,
(iv) control methodologies and approaches, (v) component
selection, (vi) specic applications, (vii) simulation tools,
(viii) latest trends and perspective research potentials (ix)
concluding remarks and (x) references. Based on the
literature survey, Refs. [1 320] are classied into three
categories such as texts [1 17], patents [18 40] and
research papers [41 320]. Based on the development of
STATCOM technology, the articles [41 320] have been
classied into eight subgroups comprising of (i) state-ofthe-art technology [41 54], (ii) GTO-VSC based
STATCOMs
[55 72],
(iii)
PWM-VSC
based
298
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009
!
P jQ
(1)
Vs
(V Vs )
XL c
(2)
www.ietdl.org
The AC voltage output (Vc) of STATCOM is governed by
DC capacitor voltage (Vdc) and it can be controlled
by varying phase difference (a) between Vc and Vs (and also
by m, modulation index for PWM control). The basic twolevel and three-level VSC congurations and respective AC
output voltage (Vc) waveforms corresponding to a squarewave mode of operation are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2,
respectively.
Functionally, STATCOM injects an almost sinusoidal
current (I ) in quadrature (lagging or leading) with the line
voltage (Vs), and emulates as an inductive or a capacitive
reactance at the point of connection with the electrical
system for reactive power control, and it is ideally the
situation when amplitude of Vs is controlled from full
leading (capacitive) to full lagging (inductive) for a equals
to zero (i.e. both Vc and Vs are in the same phase). The
magnitude and phase angle of the injected current (I ) are
determined by the magnitude and phase difference (a)
between Vc and Vs across the leakage inductance (L), which
in turn controls reactive power ow and DC voltage, Vdc
across the capacitor. When Vc . Vs , the STATCOM is
considered to be operating in a capacitive mode. When
Vc , Vs , it is operating in an inductive mode and for
Vc Vs , no reactive power exchange takes place. In the
high rating STATCOM operated under fundamental
frequency switching, the principle of phase angle control
(a) is generally adopted in control algorithm to compensate
converter losses by active power drawn from AC system
and also for power ows in or out of the VSC to indirectly
control the magnitude of DC voltage with charging or
discharging of DC bus capacitor enabling control of
3 State-of-the-art solid-state
switching devices and switching
technology
In power converter circuits [41, 44, 47, 48, 51], various
controllable solid-state switches such as conventional
thyristor, GTO, IGBT, IEGT, IGCT or GCT [164],
bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and MOS eld effect
transistor are employed for various applications such as
VSC, current-source converter and so on. Each device has
different operating characteristics in respect to switching
frequency/speed, device ratings, turn-off and turn-on
timings, forward and reverses breakdown voltage, on-state
voltage drop, switching losses and so on. The conventional
thyristor, a line commutating switching device available
commercially at very high power ratings, is a mature
technology and forms basic switching element for SVC, a
second generation FACTS controller being used as a
dynamic reactive power compensator. This power
semiconductor device has no turn-off capability and
relatively high response time. The emerging technology is
solid-state controllable turn-off switches. These switches
viz. GTO, IGBT, IGCT are being used extensively in
converter circuits for state-of-the-art FACTS controllers.
Drive circuit requirements, switching frequency/speed,
Figure 1 Basic two-level six-pulse VSC bridge and its AC voltage output waveform in square-wave mode of operation
IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297 324
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
299
www.ietdl.org
Figure 2 Basic three-level six-pulse VSC bridge and its output AC voltage waveform in square-wave mode of operation
switching losses and cost of each device are the trade-off to
use these devices effectively. Among the turn-off power
switches, GTO thyristor is a mature technology and
commercially available at high power ratings. Its extensive
applications in high power rating converter-cumcompensator circuits have ushered in a new era of FACTS
[42, 43, 52, 54, 63, 70, 296] controllers, for example,
STATCOM [46, 228, 239, 252, 269, 280282], UPFC
[252, 281], convertible static compensator (CSC) [278],
static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) [252, 281]
Capacitive mode
Inductive mode
Floating mode
Capacitor charging mode
Capacitor discharging mode
VI characteristics
V Q characteristics
300
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009
www.ietdl.org
sub-station in California. Because of relatively high cost, its
commercial competitiveness is yet to be fully explored.
Switching topologies such as PWM or power frequency
switching depend upon the type of solid-state devices used
in STATCOM. Primarily, fundamental frequency method
of switching (pulsed one per line frequency cycle) and
PWM techniques (pulsed multi times per half cycle) are
widely accepted methods. In PWM control, solid-state
switches are operated many times at frequent intervals
within the same cycle of output voltage, and an improved
quality of output AC voltage waveforms [in terms of lowamplitude of low-order harmonics/low total harmonic
distortion (THD)] can be obtained. Based on the
frequency and amplitude of triangular shape carrier signal
and modulating control signal, PWM converters are
designed, in general, to eliminate triplen and other loworder harmonics (5th/7th), and by means of suitable
lter design, predominantly higher-order harmonics are
reduced in the AC voltage output. As the converter
conduction and switching losses are a function of
switching frequency, the PWM technique is not
generally adopted in high rating STATCOMs on
account of high switching losses, whereas low-tomedium rating STATCOMs used in power distribution
system are built upon PWM control and such
STATCOMs are generally termed D-STATCOM [55,
61, 88, 90, 91, 117, 217, 243, 251, 260, 268, 274, 275,
307, 310]. Switching frequency [16] of solid-state
devices is one of the key factors in designing PWM-VSC
and it can be typically 3 kHz for IGBT and 500 Hz for
IGCT or GCT. The various aspects of PWM-VSC
based STATCOM have been presented in [73 91].
However, soft-switching technique or rather zero-voltage
switching applications in multiple voltage source squarewave converters have been proposed in the literature [73,
99] to considerably reduce switching losses and electromagnetic interference.
As GTO is well-proven solid-state device and
commercially available with power-handling levels as that of
the conventional thyristor, GTO-VSC is the backbone of
the high power rating STATCOMs [55 72] that are used
extensively in high-voltage transmission system. The PWM
technique in such converter circuit has been found to be
unpopular due to its higher gating energy requirements and
switching losses. Factoring this, STATCOMs built upon
GTO-VSCs are designed primarily to operate it in a
square-wave mode of operation.
www.ietdl.org
www.ietdl.org
Figure 7 Two stages of magnetics architecture and feasibility of other magnetics conguration in two-level 48-pulse (86pulse) STATCOM circuit
a
b
c
d
Magnetics of 48-pulse, two-level +80 MVA STATCOM at Inuyama sw. station, KEPC
48-pulse STATCOM terminal AC voltage waveform at PCC
Typical magnetics congurations of true 48-pulse STATCOM
Magnetic conguration of Quasi 48-pulse STATCOM
303
www.ietdl.org
concept many STATCOM controllers have been
commercially developed. Contrary to two-level converters,
this three-level converter allows controlling of the
magnitude of AC voltage by a variation of dead-angle (b)
maintaining xed DC capacitor voltage. The second type is
chain converters based on standard H-bridge arrangements
and the third is nested-cell converter or ying capacitor
multi-level converter. Implementations of these converters
require the same number of switches for the same number
of levels, but there is a wide variation in terms of passive
component requirements and operational and control
strategies. Such topologies are complex and therefore
applications of these converters are limited. Typically,
three-to-nine level converter topologies have been reported
in the literature [95, 119, 132]. For relatively slow
switching devices like GTO, application of three-level
converter topology with fundamental frequency switching
has got wide acceptability in designing STATCOM for
high power rating applications. A simplied scheme of
three-level NPC converter comprising four-switches in
each converter leg and four-level single-phase NPC
converter conguration is given in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively.
It is experienced that fundamental switching based 48pulse converter topology is extensively used in high power
rating STATCOMs due to its excellent operational and
harmonics performance, whereas low pulse-order
compensators such as 12-pulse, or 18-pulse or 24-pulse
congurations under square-wave mode of operation are
not adopted due to high impact of voltage harmonics,
causing unacceptable harmonic distortion. Such low-pulse
order and multi-pulse VSC topology-based STATCOMs
are proposed in [71, 298, 299] for voltage regulation, power
factor improvement in transmission system and these can
effectively improve harmonic performance by adopting a
typical magnetics structure and simple control algorithm,
the magnetics architectures of which are illustrated in
Figs. 10a 10c, 11a 11c and 12a 12b. Among the twolevel, 48-pulse GTO-VSC topology-based STATCOMs
with GTO triggering under FFS principle, two most
pioneering and practical compensators exist at the 154 kV
Inuyama switching station of KEPC and at 161/500 kV
Sullivan substation of TVA. In multi-level topology,
www.ietdl.org
Figure 10 Interfacing magnetics of 12-pulse (26-pulse) two-level +100 MVA GTO-VSC based STATCOM and STATCOM AC
voltage waveform at PCC
a Interfacing magnetics conguration-1 of 2 6 pulse converters
b Interfacing magnetics conguration-2 of 2 6 pulse converters
c 12-pulse STATCOM terminal AC voltage waveform at PCC
www.ietdl.org
Figure 11 Interfacing magnetics of 18-pulse (36-pulse) two-level +100 MVA GTO-VSC based STATCOM and STATCOM AC
voltage waveform at PCC
a Stage-I and stage-II Transformer magnetics
b ()2082 082 (2)208 under stage-II of magnetics
c 18-pulse STATCOM terminal AC voltage at PCC
Figure 12 Interfacing magnetics of 24-pulse (46-pulse) two-level +100 MVA GTO-VSC based STATCOM and STATCOM AC
voltage waveform at PCC
a Interfacing magnetics layout
b 24-pulse STATCOM terminal AC voltage waveform at PCC
306
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009
www.ietdl.org
Figure 13 Typical voltage re-injection circuit layout of two-level 12-pulse (26-pulse) converter conguration for
transforming into 36-pulse voltage waveform at PCC
proportional (P), integral (I ) and derivative (D) control
algorithm in d q synchronous rotating frame. Figs. 16 and
17 illustrate the PI methodology for two-level and threelevel GTO-VSC based STATCOM power circuits. The
general mathematical approach, modelling and design of
control systems for compensator circuits are proposed in
[136, 153, 167, 180, 181, 186 188, 194, 202, 220].
Figure 14 Typical voltage reinjection circuit layout of three-level 12-pulse (26-pulse) converter conguration for
transforming into 60-pulse AC voltage waveform at PCC
IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297 324
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
307
www.ietdl.org
and are sensed using CTs and PTs or using other sensing
devices. DC voltage across the capacitor and current on DC
side are sensed using Hall effect and other sensing devices.
Compensating signals derivation: The compensating signals
are generally derived either in time domain or in
frequency domain. Time-domain signals of instantaneous
voltage and/or current vectors are sensed and decomposed
using widely popular method such as the d q synchronous
rotating axis transformation [80, 136, 137, 139, 160]. The
transformed values are processed by various control
techniques like PI or PID controllers to derive the
compensating command signals [31, 32, 167, 235]. For
voltage regulation [137, 167, 178, 235] in power system,
the basic control is realised by controlling the injected
reactive current by the STATCOM. In PWM mode of
control [73, 74, 78, 80, 138, 160, 178], there are two
control strategies adopted viz. voltage control (VC)
technique and current control (CC) technique. The CC
techniques [73, 84], where error compensation and
voltage modulation determine the various switching states,
have been widely adopted with linear and/or nonlinear
control strategies. In the linear control methodologies,
stationery PI controller or ramp comparison current
control, synchronous vector PI control, state feedback
control, predictive control and deadbeat control are the
various approaches followed [73, 84, 151, 169]. The
nonlinear group of controllers [73, 84, 148, 157, 161,
175, 205] includes hysterisis control [75, 84, 165, 244],
delta modulation (DM) or pulse DM current control and
online optimised controller [84]. For improving
controllability and operational performance of STATCOMs
under various system conditions, fuzzy logic, neural network,
neuro-fuzzy articial intelligence/rule-based techniques and
related supplementary pre-compensators are introduced in
IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297 324
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
www.ietdl.org
6 Component selection
and ratings
Based on the specic applications, operating requirements,
system congurations and control strategies, ratings of various
components of STATCOM such as DC capacitor, leakage
inductance of coupling transformers, converter VA ratings
and so on, are selected. Solid-state self-commutating switches
(GTOs, IGBTs, IGCTs or the like) and a diode connected
in parallel with reverse polarity constitute a valve in converter.
Based on the current and voltage ratings of controllable
switches or devices, a group of valves is connected in series to
obtain the desired voltage rating (sum of rated voltages) of the
converter. The rms current ratings translate in restrictions on
the converter current at AC side and peak current ratings
relate to the device turn-off capabilities. One or more
redundant valve is also provided for reliability reasons [145,
235]. Typical maximum voltage and current ratings of various
IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297 324
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
www.ietdl.org
Table 1 Self-commutating power semiconductor devices used in converters of high power rating statcoms
Sl.
1
Station-utility-Year of operation
Inuyama- Kansai Electric Power Corp., +80 MVA (at that time called as static var generatorJapan-1991
SVG)
Solid-state turn-off
device ratings
GTO: 4.5 kV, 3 kA
+100 MVA
+20 MVA
133/241 MVA
GTO: 6 kV, 6 kA
GCT: 6 kV, 6 kA
www.ietdl.org
243, 260, 268, 274, 275, 307] being widely used for powerquality improvement, custom power, voltage regulation,
compensation and balancing of nonlinear loads and/or
unbalanced loads, load power factor improvement, harmonic
elimination and so on. Versatile applications of
D-STATCOM for system improvements in distribution level
have been well documented in many references [251, 257,
243, 256, 260, 263, 268, 274, 310]. Considerable
improvement in electrical machine controls like self-excited
induction generators (SEIGs) by hysteresis current control
technique and other nonlinear approaches have been
presented in [181, 182, 244, 253, 272]. For harnessing nonconventional energy sources such as wind power, applications
of STATCOMs and its controlling features to control SEIGs
in wind farm are discussed in [217, 248]. In combination
with an energy storage system (battery or magnetic storage
device), STATCOM are being widely utilised [57, 306313]
for power-quality improvements and also for uninterruptible
power supply and real power exchange during emergency.
In high-voltage transmission and high-power rating
applications, many practical STATCOM controllers are
in real-time applications and their multi-dimensional
advantages are well realised [228, 235, 239, 252, 258, 269,
278, 280, 281, 282, 301, 306]. STATCOM back-to-back
inter-tie [271] is a relatively new area of application to
exchange power between two inter-ties and to improve
voltage stability. It is analogous to HVDC back-to-back
system named as HVDC light with inherent MVAR
supporting feature.
Simulation tools
10
Conclusions
www.ietdl.org
GTO-VSCs as its backbone, has developed a number of existing
STATCOM projects in collaboration with many utilities/
organisations. In many research papers, this controller has
been called as ASVC or ASVG or SVG or STATCON or
SSVC or VSC-based SVC or self-commutated SVC or static
synchronous compensator (SSC or S2C). Acronym of
STATCOM in electrical distribution system is DSTATCOM operating under PWM control. Power industries
viz. GE, Siemens, ABB, Alsthom, Mitsubishi, Toshiba and
so on, with their in-house R&D facilities have given birth to
many STATCOM projects that are commercially in operation
in high-voltage transmission system. In addition to its standalone usage in electrical network, this controller has been an
integral component of other state-of-the-art FACTS
controllers viz. UPFC and CSC. In the process of
STATCOM technology development, numerous converter
topologies, magnetics congurations, control algorithms,
switching principles and so on, have been reported in literature
for various applications in transmission and distribution
systems. A comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art
STATCOM controllers has been carried out focusing the new
horizon of research potentials in this eld.
11
References
CAMACHO C. :
312
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009
www.ietdl.org
[26] PAICE D.A.: Optimized 18-pulse type AC/DC, or DC/AC,
converter system. U.S. Patent 5 124 904, 23 June 1992
[27] AKAGI Y., ITO N., SHIMODA T.: Power conversion system with
instantaneous real power feedback control. U.S. Patent 5
136 494, 4 August 1992
[29] JESSEE R.D.: Voltage and harmonic control of a multipole inverter. U.S. Patent 5 212 629, 18 May 1993
[30] LIPMAN K.: Method for dening pulse width modulation
(PWM) waveform patterns to produce inverter outputs
having a low harmonic content. U.S. Patent 5 224 028,
June 1993
STEIMER P.K., GRUNING H.E., WERNINGER J., CARROL E., KLAKA S.,
LINDER S.:
[46] LEE C.K., JOSEPH LEUNG S.K., RON HUI S.Y., CHUNG H.S.-H.: Circuitlevel comparison of STATCOM technologies, IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., 2003, 18, (4), pp. 208 219
[47] AKAGI H.: Prospects of new technologies for power
electronics in the 21st century. IEEE PES Transmission
and Distribution Conf. Exhibition, Asia Pacic, Yokohama,
Japan, 6 10 October 2002
[48] QINGGUANG Y., GANGUI Y., WENHUA L., YINGDUO H.: Three-level
AC DC AC VSI with IGCTs used in P&F. IEEE Proc. 4th
World Congress, Intelligent Control and Automation,
2002, vol. 3, pp. 2516 2519
[49] LIU Y.H., ARRILLAGA J. , WATSON N.R. : Multi-level voltage
reinjection a new concept in high voltage source
conversion, IEEE Proc. Gener. Trans. Distrib., 2004, 151,
(3), pp. 290 298
[50] YE Y., KAZERANI M., QUINTANA V.H.: Current-source converter
based STATCOM: modeling and control, IEEE Trans. Power
Deliv., 2005, 20, (2, Pt 1), pp. 795 800
[51] FUJII K., KUNOMURA K., YOSHIDA K. ET AL .: STATCOM applying
at-packaged IGBTs connected in series, IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., 2005, 20, (5), pp. 1125 1132
[52] DIVAN D., JOHAL H.: Distributed FACTS a new concept
of realizing grid power ow control. IEEE Power
Electronics Specialist Conf., PESC, 2005, pp. 8 14
[53] KARAMI A., RASHIDINEJAD M. , GHARAVEISI A.A.: Optimal
location of STATCOM for voltage security enhancement
via articial intelligent. IEEE Int. Conf. Industrial
Technology, ICIT, 2006, pp. 2704 2708
313
www.ietdl.org
[54] HINGORANI N.G.: FACTS Technology state of the art,
current challenges and the future prospects. IEEE PES
GM, 2007, pp. 1 4
[55] EDWARDS C.W., NANNERY P.R., MATTERN K.E. , GUBERNICK J. :
Advanced static VAR generator employing GTO thyristors,
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1988, 3, (4), pp. 1622 1627
[56] LARSEN E., MILLER N., NILSON S., LINDGREN S.: Benets of GTObased compensation systems for electric utility applications,
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1992, 7, (4), pp. 2056 2064
[57] GALANOS G.D., HATZIADONIU C.I., CHENG X.-J., MARATUKULAM D.:
Advanced static compensator for exible AC transmission,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1993, 8, (1), pp. 113121
[58] TRAINER D.R., TENNAKOON S.B., MORRISON R.E.: Analysis of
GTO-based static VAR compensators, IEE Proc., Electr.
Power Appl., 1994, 141, (6), pp. 293 302
[59] LIU X., LIU W.-H., JIANG Q.-R., WANG Z.-H.: Development of a
voltage source inverter based static VAR generator. IEEE
Energy Conversion Engineering Conf., IECEC Proc., 1996,
vol. 1, pp. 611 616
[60] SEKI N., UCHINO H.: Converter congurations and switching
frequency for a GTO reactive power compensator, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Appl., 1997, 33, (4), pp. 10111018
[61] HATZIADONIU C.J. , CHALKIADAKIS F.E.: A 12-pulse static
synchronous compensator for the distribution system
employing the 3-level GTO-inverter, IEEE Trans. Power
Deliv., 1997, 12, (4), pp. 1830 1835
[62] KNIGHT R.C., YOUNG D.J., TRAINER D.R.: Relocatable GTObased static VAR compensator for NGC substations,
CIGRE, Paper 14-106, 1998
[63] GYUGYI L.: Converter-based FACTS controllers. Flexible
AC Transmission Systems The FACTS, IEE Colloquium,
23 November 1998, p. 1/1 1/11
[64] TAN Y.L.: Analysis of line compensation by shuntconnected FACTS controllers: a comparison between SVC
and STATCOM, IEEE Power Eng. Rev., 1999, 19, (8), pp. 5758
[65] FUJITA H., TOMINAGA S., AKAGI H.: A practical approach to
switching loss reduction in a large capacity static
VAR compensator based on voltage source inverters,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2000, 36, (5), pp. 1396 1404
[66] LIU Y.H., ARRILLAGA J., WATSON N.R. : A new STATCOM
conguration using multi-level DC voltage reinjection for
high power application, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2004,
19, (4), pp. 1828 1834
[67] EL-MOURSI M.S., SHARAF A.M.: Novel controllers for the 48pulse VSC STATCOM and SSSC for voltage regulation and
314
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009
www.ietdl.org
management, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1994, 9, (2),
pp. 1034 1040
[80] JIANG Y., EKSTROM A.: Applying PWM to control
overcurrents at unbalanced faults of forced-commutated
VSCs used as static VAR compensators, IEEE Trans. Power
Deliv., 1997, 12, (1), pp. 273 278
[81] MWINYIWIWA B. , WOLANSKI Z. , BOON-TECK O.: Current
equalization in SPWM FACTS controllers at lowest switching
rates. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC97
Record, 28th Annual Meeting, vol. 1, pp. 325330
[82] LIANG Y., NWANKPA C.O.: A new type of STATCOM based on
cascading voltage source inverters with phase-shifted
unipolar SPWM. IEEE Industry Applications Conf., 33rd
IAS Annual Meeting, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 1447 1453
[83] BAKHSHAI A.R., JOOS G., JAIN P.: A novel single pulse and
PWM VAR compensator for high POWER application. IEEE
Industry Applications Conf., 33rd IAS Annual Meeting,
12 15 October 1998, vol. 2, pp. 1385 1392
[84] KAZMIERKOWSKI M.P., MALESANI L.: Current control technique
for three phase voltage source PWM converters, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., 1998, 45, (5), pp. 691 703
[85] LIANG Y., NWANKPA C.O.: A new type of STATCOM based on
cascading Voltage-source inverters with phase-shifted
unipolar SPWM, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1999, 35, (5),
pp. 1118 1123
[86] COLLINS C.D., WOOD A.R., WATSON N.R.: Unbalanced STATCOM
analysis in the harmonic domain. 11th Int. Conf. Harmonics
and Quality of Power, 2004, pp. 232 237
[87] SHARMEELA C., UMA G., MOHAN M.R.: Multi-level distribution
STATCOM for voltage sag and swell reduction. IEEE PES GM,
2005, vol. 2, pp. 1303 1307
[88]
MARROYO L.:
[91] AKAGI H., INOUE S., YOSHII T.: Control and performance of a
transformerless cascade PWM STATCOM with Star
conguration, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2007, 43, (4),
pp. 1041 1049
315
www.ietdl.org
[104] TENNAKOON S.B., SCHEIDECKER D.: Multi-level converters
for static VAR compensation. Update on New Power
Electronic Techniques (Digest No. 1997/091), IEE
Colloquium, 23 May 1997, p. 4/1 4/6
[105] PENG F.Z., LAI J.-S.: Dynamic performance and control of
a static VAR generator using cascade multilevel inverters,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1997, 33, (3), pp. 748 755
[106] MWINYIWIWA B., WOLANSKI Z., BOON-TECK O.: Multilevel
STATCOM with third harmonic elimination on the DC link
capacitor voltages. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conf., PESC97 Record, 28th Annual Meeting, 1997, vol. 1,
pp. 317 322
[107] CHEN Y. , MWINYIWIWA B., WOLANSKI Z., BOON-TECK O. :
Regulating and equalizing DC capacitance voltages in
multilevel STATCOM, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1997, 12,
(2), pp. 901 907
[108] HOCHGRAF C., LASSETER R.H.: A transformer-less static
synchronous compensator employing a multi-level inverter,
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1997, 12, (2), pp. 881887
[109] CHATTERJEE K., FERNANDES B.G., DUBEY G.K.: A novel high
power self-commutated static VAR compensator for load
compensation. IEEE Proc. Power Electronics and Drive
Systems, Int. Conf., 26 29 May 1997, pp. 750 756
[110] MWINYIWIWA B., WOLANSKI Z., BOON-TECK O., CHEN Y. :
Multilevel converters as series VAR compensators. IEEE
Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC97, 22 27 June
1997, vol. 1, pp. 338 343
[111] SEN K.K. , STACEY E.J. : UPFC-unied power ow
controller: theory, modeling, and applications, IEEE Trans.
Power Deliv., 1998, 13, (4), pp. 1453 1460
[112] DAS B., GHOSH A., SACHCHIDANAND : Comparison of
performance of two congurations of ASVC for power
transfer enhancement. TENCON 98, IEEE Region 10
Int. Conf. Global Connectivity in Energy, Computer,
Communication and Control, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 466 469
[113] AINSWORTH J.D., DAVIES M., FITZ P.J., OWEN K.E., TRAINER D.R.:
Static VAR compensator (STATCOM) based on singlephase chain circuit converters, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm.
Distrib., 1998, 145, (4), pp. 381 386
[114] AN T., POWELL M.T., THANAWALA H.L., JENKINS N.: Assessment of
two different STATCOM congurations for FACTS application in
power systems. Proc. Power System Technology,
POWERCON98 Int. Conf., 1998, vol. 1, pp. 307312
[115] CHEN Y., OOI B.-T.: STATCOM based on multimodules of
multilevel converters under multiple regulation feedback
control, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 1999, 14, (5),
pp. 959 965
316
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009
[116] OOI B.-T., JOOS G., HUANG X.: Operating principles of shunt
STATCOM based on 3-level diode-clamped converters, IEEE
Power Deliv., 1999, 14, (4), pp. 1504 1510
[117] PATIL K.V., MATHUR R.M., JIANG J., HOSSEINI S.H.: Distribution
system compensation using a new binary multilevel
voltage source inverter, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1999,
14, (2), pp. 459 464
[118] DAS B., GHOSH A., SACHCHIDANAND : Suitable conguration
of ASVC for power transmission application, Electr. Power
Syst. Res., 1999, 49, (2), pp. 107 122
[119] STEIMER P.K., MANJREKAR M.D.: Practical medium voltage
converter topologies for high power applications. IEEE
SM/WM, 2001, pp. 1723 1730
[120] MORI H., MATSUI K., KONDO K., YAMAMOTO I., HASEGAWA M.:
Parallel-connected ve-level PWM inverter, IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., 2003, 18, (1), pp. 173 179
[121]
[122] KINCIC S., CHANDRA A., BABIC S.: Five level diode clamped
voltage source inverter and its application in reactive power
compensation. IEEE Large Engineering Systems Conf. Power
Engineering, LESCOPE, 2002, pp. 8692
[123] SOTO D. , GREEN T.C. : A comparison of high power
converter topologies for the implementation of FACTS
controllers, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2002, 49, (5),
pp. 1072 1080
[124] PENG F.Z., WANG J.: A universal STATCOM with deltaconnected cascade multilevel inverter. IEEE 35th Annual
Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC, 2004, vol. 5,
pp. 529 3533
[125] QINGRU Q., CHANG Y. , WAI C.K., YIXIN N.: Modeling and
simulation of a STATCOM system based on 3-level NPC
inverter using dynamic phasors. IEEE PES GM, 2004,
vol. 2, pp. 1559 1564
[126] DESHPANDE N.R. , SASI N., SAWANT R.R. : Modeling of
multilevel voltage source converter, 1st Int. Conf. Proc.
Power Electronics Systems and Applications, 2004,
pp. 24 29
[127] YUAN Z., SONG Q., LIU W., CHEN Y., TENG L.: Development of
a scaled STATCOM prototype based on 21-level cascade
H-bridge inverter. 32nd IEEE Annual Conf. Industrial
Electronics Society, IECON, 2005, p. 6
[128] COLLINS C.D. , BATHURST G.N., WATSON N.R., WOOD A.R.:
Harmonic domain approach to STATCOM modeling,
IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2005, 152, (2), pp. 194200
IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297 324
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
www.ietdl.org
[129] SAEEDIFARD M., NIKKHAJOEI H., IRAVANI R.: A space vector
modulated STATCOM based on a three-level neutral point
clamped converter, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2007, 22,
(2), pp. 1029 1039
[130] WEN X., YIN X., HANXIANG C.: The general mathematical
model and performance analysis of multi-pulse threelevel STATCOM. IEEE Int. Conf. Electric Machines &
Drives, IEMDC, 2007, vol. 1, pp. 760 765
[131] CHONG H., ZHANONING Y., BIN C., HUANG A.Q., BIN Z., INGRAM
M.R., EDRIS A.: Evaluation of cascade-multilevel-converterbased STATCOM for arc furnace icker mitigation, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Appl., 2007, 43, (2), pp. 378 385
[132] LAUTTAMUS P., TUUSA H.: Comparison of ve-level
voltage-source inverter based STATCOMs. Power
Conversion Conf. Nagoya, PCC, 2007, pp. 659 666
[133] AKAGI H., KANAZAWA Y., NABAE A.: Instantaneous reactive
power compensators comprising switching devices
without energy storage components, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Appl., 1984, 20, (3), pp. 625 630
[134] MORAN L.T., ZIOGAS P.D., JOOS G.: Analysis and design of a
three-phase synchronous solid-state VAR compensator,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1984, 25, (4), pp. 598 608
[135] MORAN L.T., ZIOGAS P.D., JOOS G.: Analysis and design of a
novel 3- w solid-state power factor compensator and
harmonic suppressor system, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1984,
25, (4), pp. 609 619
[147] BAKER M.H., TROW R.J.: New FACTS controllers and how
to assess them. Fourth Int. Conf. Advances in Power
System Control, Operation and Management, APSCOM-97
(Conf. Publ. No. 450), 1997, vol. 1, pp. 42 47
[136] CHU G.C., CHOI N.S., RIM C.T., CHO G.H.: Modeling, analysis
and control of static VAR compensator using three-level
inverter. IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting,
Conf. Record, 49 October 1992, pp. 837843
[148] PETITCLAIR P., BESANGER Y., BACHA S., HADJSAID N.: FACTS
modeling and control: applications to the insertion of a
STATCOM on power system. IEEE IAS 97 Conf., 32nd
Annual Meeting Record, 1997, vol. 3, pp. 2213 2217
[138] WUEST D., JENNI F.: Space vector based current control
schemes for voltage source inverters. IEEE Power Electronics
Specialists Conf., PESC93, 2024 June 1993, pp. 986992
[139] BIAJAZCZAK G.: Space vector control of a unied
compensator for nonactive power, IEE Proc. Power Appl.,
1994, 141, (4), pp. 207 211
[140] CHO G.C., JUNG G.H., CHOI N.S., CHO G.H.: Control of static
VAR compensator (SVC) with DC voltage regulation
and fast dynamics by feedforward and feedback loop.
26th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conf.,
PESC95, 18 22 June 1995, pp. 367 374
[141] CHO G.C., JUNG G.H. , CHOI N.S. , CHO G.H. : Analysis and
controller design of static VAR compensator using threeIET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297 324
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
[150] QIRONG J., DONG S., YINGDUO H., ZHONGHONG W.: Operation
and control of ASVG under asymmetric conditions. IEEE
Proc. Int. Conf. Power Electronics and Drive Systems,
26 29 May 1997, vol. 1, pp. 408 412
[151] GUN-WOO M. , SUK-HO Y.: Predictive current control
of distribution static condenser (D-STATCON) for
reactive power compensation in exible AC transmission
system (FACTS). IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf.,
PESC98 Record, 29th Annual Meeting, 1998, vol. 1,
pp. 816 822
[152] LEHN P.W. , IRAVANI M.R.: Experimental evaluation of
STATCOM closed loop dynamics, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv.,
1998, 13, (4), pp. 1378 1384
317
www.ietdl.org
[153] MAHAPATRA K.K., GHOSH A., DORADLA S.R.: Simplied model
for control design of STATCOM using three-level inverter.
IEEE TENCON 98, Region 10 Int. Conf. Global Connectivity
in Energy, Computer, Communication and Control, 1998,
vol. 2, pp. 536 539
[154] LI C., JIANG Q., XIE X., WANG Z.: Rule-based control for
STATCOM to increase power system stability. Proc. Int.
Conf. Power System Technology, POWERCON, 1998,
vol. 1, pp. 372 376
[155]
[156] LI C., JIANG Q., WANG Z., RETZMANN D.: Design of a rulebased controller for STATCOM. Proc. Industrial Electronics
Society, IECON 98. 24th Annual Conf., 1998, vol. 1,
pp. 467 472
[157] YAO Z., KESIMPAR P., DONESCU V., UCHEVIN N., RAJAGOPALAN V.:
Nonlinear
control
for
STATCOM
based
on
differential algebra. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conf., PESC98, Record, 29th Annual Meeting, 1998,
vol. 1, pp. 329 334
[158] SINGH B., AL-HADDAD K. , CHANDRA A.: A new control
approach to three-phase active lter for harmonics and
reactive power compensation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
1998, 147, (2), pp. 133 138
[159] HOCHGRAF C., LASSETER R.H. : Statcom controls for
operation with unbalanced voltages, IEEE Trans. Power
Deliv., 1998, 13, (2), pp. 538 544
[160] TAHRI A., DRAOU A., BENGHANEM M.: A fast current control
strategy of a PWM inverter used for static VAR
compensation. Proc. IEEE 24th Annual Conf. Industrial
Electronics Society, IECON98, 31 August 4 September
1998, vol. 1, pp. 450 455
[161] CHEN W., LIU Y., CHEN J., WU J.: Control of advanced static
VAR generator by using recurrent neutral networks. Proc.
Power System Technology, Int. Conf., POWERCON98,
18 21 August 1998, vol. 2, pp. 839 842
[162] MAK L.O., YIXIN N.: Design of fuzzy logic supplementary
controller for STATCOM using polar coordinate variables.
Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conf. TENCON 98,
1999, vol. 2, pp. 891 894
[163] QIANG W., QI-RONG J., YING-DUO H., JIAN-XIN X., XIAO-FENG B.:
Advanced modeling and control package for
power system problems. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power
Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS 99, vol. 2,
pp. 696 701
318
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009
www.ietdl.org
[177] LARSSON T., GRUNBAUM R., RATERING SCHNITZLER B.: SVC light:
a utilitys aid to restructuring its grid. IEEE Power
Engineering Society WM, 2000, vol. 4, pp. 2577 2581
[178] WANG H.F., LI F.: Multivariable sampled regulators
for the co-ordinated control of STATCOM AC and DC
voltage, Proc. IEE Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2000, 147, (2),
pp. 9398
[179] CHANDRA A. , SINGH B., SINGH B.N., AL-HADDAD K. : An
improved control algorithm of shunt active lter for
voltage regulation, harmonic elimination, power-factor
correction, and balancing of nonlinear loads, IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., 2000, 15, (3), pp. 495 507
[180] SINGH B.N., CHANDRA A., AL-HADDAD K.: DSP-based indirectcurrent-controlled. I STATCOM: Evaluation of current
control techniques, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., 2000,
147, (2), pp. 107 112
[181] SINGH B.N., CHANDRA A., AL-HADDAD K.: DSP-based indirectcurrent-controlled II STATCOM: multifunctional capabilities,
Proc. IEE Electr. Power Appl., 2000, 147, (2), pp. 113 118
[182] SINGH B.N., SINGH B., CHANDRA A. , AL-HADDAD K.: Digital
implementation of an advanced static compensator for
voltage prole improvement, power-factor correction and
balancing of unbalanced reactive loads, Electr. Power
Syst. Res., 2000, 54, (2), pp. 101 111
[183] MAK L.O., NI Y.X. , SHEN C.M.: STATCOM with fuzzy
controllers for interconnected power systems, Electr.
Power Syst. Res., 2000, 55, (2), pp. 87 95
[184] ESCOBAR G., STANKOVIC A.M., MATTAVELLI P.: Reactive power
and unbalance compensation using STATCOM with
dissipativity-based control. IEEE Industry Applications
Conf., October 2000, vol. 4, pp. 2058 2065
[185] DRAOU A., BENGHANEM M., TAHRI A.: Control and dynamic
analysis of a static VAR compensator using a three level
inverter topology. IEEE Proc. 12th Int. Conf.
Microelectronics, ICM, 2000, pp. 353 356
[186] DRAOU A., BENGHANEM M., TAHRI A.: Modelling and control
of a static VAR compensator using an NPC inverter
topology. 26th Annual Conf. IEEE Industrial Electronics
Society, IECON, 2000, vol. 2, pp. 1353 1357
[187] PAPI I.: Mathematical analysis of FACTS devices
based on a voltage source converter. Part 1:
Mathematical models, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2000, 56,
(2), pp. 139 148
[188] PAPI I.: Mathematical analysis of FACTS devices based
on a voltage source converter. Part II: Steady state
operational characteristics, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2000,
56, (2), pp. 149 157
IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297 324
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
[189] AMMARI S., BESANGER Y., HADJSAID N., GEORGES D.: Robust
solutions for the interaction phenomena between
dynamic loads and facts controllers. IEEE PES SM, 2000,
vol. 1, pp. 401 406
[190] QINGGUANG Y., RENJIE D., YINGDUO H., ZHONGHONG W.: The
asymmetric control strategy of ASVG. Proc. 3rd World
Congress 2000, Intelligent Control and Automation, vol. 1,
pp. 432 434
[191] RAHIM A.H.M.A., AL-BAIYAT S.A., KANDLAWALA F.M.: A robust
STATCOM controller for power system dynamic
performance enhancement. IEEE PES, Vancouver, SM
2001, 15 19 July 2001, vol. 2, pp. 887 892
[192] DRAOU A., BENGHANEM M.P., TAHRI A., KOTNI L.: A model of
solid state static VAR compensator. IEEE PES SM 2001,
15 19 July 2001, vol. 1, pp. 650 655
[193] XU L., AGELIDIS V.G., ACHA E. : Development
considerations of DSP-controlled PWM VSC-based
STATCOM, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., 2001, 148, (5),
pp. 449 455
[194] MISHRA M.K., GHOSH A., JOSHI A.: Control strategies for
capacitor voltage equalization in neutral clamped shunt
compensator. IEEE PES WM, 2001
[195] SHEN D., LEHN P.W. : Modeling, analysis control of a
current source inverter based STATCOM, IEEE Trans.
Power Deliv., 2002, 17, (1), pp. 248 253
[196] LEDWICH G., GHOSH A.: A exible DSTATCOM operating in
voltage or current control mode, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm.
Distrib., 2002, 149, (2), pp. 215 224
[197] CROW M.L., CHENG Y.: Control scheme for the STATCOM/
BESS using diode-clamped multilevel inverter. Proc. 34th
North American Power Symp., 13 15 October 2002,
pp. 572 576
[198] ARMANSYAH F., YORINO N., SASAKI H.: Robust synchronous
voltage sources designed controller for power system
oscillation damping, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.,
2002, 24, (1), pp. 41 49
[199] SAHOO N.C., PANIGRAHI B.K., DASH P.K., PANDA G.: Application
of a multivariable feedback linearization scheme for
STATCOM control, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2002, 62, (2),
pp. 81 91
[200] LEE Y.-S., SUN S.-Y.: STATCOM controller design for power
system stabilization with sub-optimal control and strip pole
assignment, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2002, 24, (9),
pp. 771 779
[201] MORRIS S., DASH P.K., BASU K.P.: A fuzzy variable structure
controller for STATCOM, Electr. Power Syst. Res., in press
319
www.ietdl.org
[202] PADIYAR K.R., SWAYAM PRAKASH V.: Tuning and performance
evaluation of damping controller for a STATCOM,
Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2003, 25, (2), pp. 155 166
H.F. :
Modelling
multiple
FACTS
[203] WANG
devices into multi-machine power systems and
applications, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2003, 25,
(3), pp. 227 237
www.ietdl.org
[227] CHEN B.S., HSU Y.-Y.: An analytical approach to harmonic
analysis and controller design of a STATCOM, IEEE Trans.
Power Deliv., 2007, 22, (1), pp. 423 432
[228] MORI S., MATSUNO K., HASEGAWA T. ET AL .: Development of
a large static VAR generator using self-commutated
inverters for improving power system stability, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., 1993, 8, (1), pp. 371 377
[229] EKSTROM A. , LAMELL P. , JIANG Y., DE OLIVEIRA M. , LONG W.:
Studies of the performance of an advanced static VAR
Compensator, STATCON, as compared with a conventional
SVC. EPRI Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS 3)
Conf, Baltimore, MD, 5 7 October 1994
[230] FARDANESH B., HENDERSON M.I., ADAPA R. , KOESSLER R.J.:
Feasibility studies for STATCON application in New York
state. EPRI Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS 3)
Conf, Baltimore, MD, 5 7 October 1994
[231] SCHAUDER C., GERNHARDT M., STACEY E. ET AL .: +100 MVAR
static condenser installation for TVA Sullivan substation.
EPRI Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS 3) Conf.,
Baltimore, MD, 5 7 October 1994
[232] MOHAN N., KAMATH G.R.: A novel, high-frequency, perphase static VAR compensator. IEEE IAS 95 Industry
Applications Conf. Record, 30th Annual Meeting, 1995,
vol. 3, pp. 2581 2586
[233] ZHUANG Y., MENZIES R.W.: Effect of DC capacitance
of a STATCON on the dynamic performance at a weak
HVDC
terminal.
IEEE
Proc.
WESCANEX95
Communications, Power and Computing Conf., 1995, vol.
2, pp. 289 293
[234] EKANAYAKE J.B., JENKINS N., COOPER C.B.: Experimental
investigation of an advanced static VAR Compensator,
IEE Proc., Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1995, 142, (2),
pp. 202 210
[235] SCHAUDER C., GERNHARDT M., STACEY E. ET AL .: Development
of a +100 MVAR static condenser for voltage control of
transmission systems, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1995, 10,
(3), pp. 1486 1496
[236] HAMMAD A.E.: Comparing the voltage control
capabilities of present and future VAR compensating
techniques in transmission systems, IEEE Trans. Power
Deliv., 1996, 11, (1), pp. 475 484
[237] PASTOS D.A., GIANNAKOPOULOS G.B., VOVOS N.A.: Inuence of the
real power modulation provided by a shunt compensator on
damping power swings. IEEE Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Electronics,
Circuits and Systems, ICECS96, vol. 2, pp. 884887
[238] ZHUANG Y., MENZIES R.W., NAYAK O.B., TURANLI H.M.: Dynamic
performance of a STATCON at an HVDC inverter feeding a
IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297 324
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
www.ietdl.org
[251] WANG P., JENKINS N., BOLLEN M.H.J.: Experimental
investigation of voltage sag mitigation by an advanced
static VAR compensator, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1998,
13, (4), pp. 1461 1467
[252] SCHAUDER C., GYUGYI L., STACEY E. ET AL .: AEP UPFC project:
installation, commissioning and operation of the
+160 MVA STATCOM (phase I), IEEE Trans. Power Deliv.,
1998, 13, (4), pp. 1530 1535
[253] MARRA E.G., POMILIO J.A.: Self-excited induction
generator controlled by a VS-PWM bi-directional
converter for rural applications. Applied Power
Electronics Conf. Exposition Proc., 13th Annual APEC98,
15 19 February 1998, vol. 1, pp. 116 122
[254] CHEM H., NAYAR V., ISLAM S.: Steady-state performance of
a grid interactive voltage source inverter. Power
Quality98, pp. 173 175
[255] WANG L., TSAI Z.-Y.: Dynamic stability enhancement of
nuclear power plants of Taiwan power system using
STATCON. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM 1999,
vol. 1, pp. 604 609
[256] SCHAUDER C.: STATCOM for compensation of large
electric arc furnace installations. IEEE Power Engineering
Society SM, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 1109 1112
NEBECKER C.K.:
[271] LARSSON T., EDRIS A., KIDD D., ABOYTES F.: Eagle Pass Back to
Back Tie: a dual purpose application of voltage source
technology. IEEE PES, Vancouver SM, 15 19 July 2001
[272] KUO C.S., WANG L.: Analysis of voltage control for a selfexcited induction generator using a current-controlled
voltage source inverter (CC-VSI), IEE Proc. Gener. Transm.
Distrib., 2001, 148, (5), pp. 431 438
[274] SUN J., CZARKOWSKI D., ZABAR Z.: Voltage icker mitigation
using PWM-based distribution STATCOM. IEEE PES, Chicago
SM, 21 25 July 2002
[275] CATHEY J.J., MOORE W.E. : Improvement of generator
output and stability margin by use of a dedicated static
VAR compensator, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2002, 63, (2),
pp. 119 125
[276] SATO T., MORI Y., MATSUSHITA Y., OGUSA S., MORISHIMA T.N., IYODA
I.: Study on the system analysis method of STATCOM based
on ten-years eld experience. IEEE PES Transmission and
IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297 324
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
www.ietdl.org
Distribution Conf. Exhibition, Asia Pacic, Yokohama, Japan,
6 10 October 2002
[277] CONG L., WANG Y.: Co-ordinated control of generator
excitation and STATCOM for rotor angle stability
and voltage regulation enhancement of power systems,
IEE Proc., Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2002, 149, (6),
pp. 659 666
[278] UZUNOVIC E., FARDANESH B., HOPKINS L., SHPERLING B., ZELINGHER
S., SCHUFF A. : NYPA convertible static compensator (CSC)
application phase I: STATCOM. IEEE/PES Transmission
and Distribution Conf. Exposition, 2001, vol. 2,
pp. 1139 1143
[279] HANSON J.D., HORWILL C., LOUGHRAN J., MONKHOUSE R.D.: The
application of a relocatable STATCOM-based SVC on the UK
National Grid system. IEEE/PES Transmission and
Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia Pacic, 2002, vol. 2,
pp. 1202 1207
[280] REED G., PASERBA J., CROASDAILE T. ET AL .: SDG&E
Talega STATCOM project-system analysis, design,
and conguration. IEEE/PES Transmission and
Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia Pacic, 2002, vol. 2,
pp. 13931398
[281] CHOO J.B., CHANG B.H., HAM B., LEE H.S., SHIN H.S., KOH K.K.:
Development of FACTS operation technology to the
KEPCO power network-installation and operation. IEEE/
PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia
Pacic, 2002, vol. 3, pp. 2008 2013
[282]
SCARFONE A.W., OBERLIN B.K., JAMES P., LUCA D. JR., HANSON D.J.,
HORWILL C.:
[283] QINGGUANG Y., PEI L., WENHUA L., XIAORONG X.: Overview of
STATCOM technologies. IEEE Int. Conf. Proc. Electric Utility
Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies, DRPT,
2004, vol. 2, pp. 647 652
[284] XIAORONG X., JIAN L., JINYU X., YINGDUO H.: Inter-area
damping control of STATCOM using wide-area
measurements. IEEE Int. Conf. Proc. Electric Utility
Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies,
DRPT, 2004, vol. 1, pp. 222 227
[285] NATESAN R., RADMAN G.: Effects of STATCOM, SSSC and
UPFC on voltage stability. 36th Southeastern Symp. Proc.
System Theory, 2004, pp. 546 550
[286] CASTRO M.S., NASSIF A.B., DA COSTA V.F., DA SILVA L.C.P.: Impacts
of FACTS controllers on damping power systems low
frequency electromechanical oscillations. IEEE/PES
Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exposition: Latin
America, 2004, pp. 291 296
IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297 324
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034
www.ietdl.org
[300] CHATTERJEE D., GHOSH A.: Transient stability assessment
of power systems containing series and shunt
compensators, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2007, 22, (3),
pp. 1210 1220
[301] FUJII T., CHISYAKI H., TERAMOTO H. ET AL .: Coordinated
voltage control and continuous operation of the 80 MVA
STATCOM under commercial operation. Power Conversion
Conf., Nagoya, 2007, pp. 969 974
[302] BILGIN H.F., ERMIS M., KOSE K.N. ET AL .: Reactive-power
compensation of coal mining excavators by using a newgeneration STATCOM, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2007, 43, (1),
pp. 97 110
[303] GHASEMI H., CANIZARES C.A.: Validation of a STATCOM
transient stability model through small-disturbance
stability studies. IEEE Int. Conf. System of Systems
Engineering, SoSE, 2007, pp. 1 6
324
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009
[318] SYBILLE G., BRUNELLE P., LE-HUY H., DESSAINT L.A., AL-HADDAD K.:
Theory and application of power system blockset, a
MATLAB/Simulink-based simulation tool for power
systems. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM, 2000,
vol. 1, pp. 774 779
[319] GIROUX P., SYBILLE G., LE-HUY H.: Modeling and simulation
of a distribution STATCOM using Simulinks power system
blockset. IEEE 27th Annual Conf. Industrial Electronics
Society, IECON01, vol. 2, pp. 990 994
[320] CHOO J.B. , YOON J.S. , CHANG B.H., HAM B., KOH K.K. :
Development of FACTS operation technology to the
KEPCO power network detailed EMTDC model of 80
MVA UPFC. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf.
Exhibition: Asia Pacic, 2002, vol. 1, pp. 354 358