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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND MEDICINE

INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES
TRENDS, SCOPE AND RELEVANCE

VIKAS BENIWAL
AND

ANIL KUMAR SHARMA

EDITORS

New York

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Copyright 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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CONTENTS
Preface

vii

Chapter 1

Mechanism of Action of Key Industrial Enzymes

Mukesh Yadav, Nirmala Sehrawat
and Anurag Sangwan

Chapter 2

Industrial Enzyme Production

Saurabh Bansal, Gunjan Goel
and Swati Ojha

15

Chapter 3

Downstream Processing of Industrially Produced Enzymes

Gaurav Garg, Jitender Sharma
and Himanshu Aggarwal

33

Chapter 4

Applications of Industrially Important Enzymes

Saurabh Bansal, Gunjan Goel
and Swati Ojha

49

Chapter 5

Immobilized Enzymes and Its Implications

Jagjit Kaur, Mandeep Kataria, Sandeep Punia,
Diwakar Aggarwal and Kuldeep Kumar

73

Chapter 6

Enzyme Engineering
Robinka Khajuria and Priya Batra

93

Chapter 7

Enzyme Informatics
Tejinder Pal Khaket, Himanshu Aggarwal,
Suman Dhanda and Jasbir Singh

Chapter 8

Modern Strategies for Enhanced Catalytic

Activity of Enzymes
Saurabh Jain, Surbhi Panwar
and Ashwani Kumar

Chapter 9

Enzyme Based Biosensors and Their Applications

Mandeep Kataria, Manisha Swati, Teena Pathak
and Kuldeep Kumar

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111

145

157

vi
Chapter 10

Contents
Global Market Scenario of Industrial Enzymes
Vinod Kumar, Dharmendra Singh, Punesh Sangwan
and Prabhjot Kaur Gill

Index

173

197

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In: Industrial Enzymes

Editors: Vikas Beniwal and Anil K. Sharma

ISBN: 978-1-63321-338-8
2014 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Chapter 10

GLOBAL MARKET SCENARIO OF

INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES
Vinod Kumar1, Dharmendra Singh1, Punesh Sangwan2
and Prabhjot Kaur Gill1*
1

Akal School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, India

Department of Biochemistry, C. C. S. Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India

ABSTRACT
Enzymes are known to be very useful biocatalysts for various industrial processes
and chemical reactions. Their applicability as technical, food and feed enzymes
revolutionized the market scenario of these industries. This chapter provides an overview
of enzymatic applications of different classes in multiple industries with their present
market scenario and expected future trends. Further, information of leading manufactures
and patenting trends provides an idea about rising scope and scenario of market
dominance by few industry leaders. Current applications are focused on three different
markets including technical, food processing and beverages, and animal feed industry.
Although a significant growth is noticed in overall value of enzyme industries in all parts
of world and it lead to emergence of many small and medium scale enzyme industries,
the search for better enzymes, technological improvements, increasing demand of
growing and economically sound world population and rising environmental concern will
continuously be the driving force for increasing global market for industrial enzymes.

Keywords: Industrial Enzymes; Global Enzyme Industry

INTRODUCTION
Enzymes are highly effective biological catalysts involved in all metabolic processes and
are produced by living organisms to increase the rate of an immense and diverse set of
*

Corresponding author: Email: pjkgill@gmail.com; Tel: +91-1799-276012; Fax: +91-1799-276006.

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Vinod Kumar, Dharmendra Singh, Punesh Sangwan et al.

chemical reactions required for life. They have ability to perform very specific chemical
transformations which are very useful for their large scale applications. Industrial enzymes
are catalysts that are used in wide variety of industries to speed up chemical reactions. Since
application of enzymes in industries has grown as a large Global Enzyme Industry their
crucial role as a metabolic catalyst was known since the advent of civilization. The first
completely enzymatic industrial process was developed in 1960 (Illanes, 2008). Thereafter,
scientific research over a long period has tremendously reveals the actual functioning of
enzymes, leading to their increased usage in various industries and applications. Advances in
industrial microbiology and biochemical engineering after the Second World War also
resulted in increased enzyme applications (Illanes, 2008). Nowadays, enzymes are routinely
used in multiple areas like food, feed, detergent, tanning, textiles, laundry, pharmaceuticals,
cosmetics, and fine-chemicals industries and categorized based on specific applications.
These industrial applications account for over 80% of the global market of enzymes (Van
Oort, 2010). Over 500 industrial products are being made using enzymes (Johannes and Zhao,
2006; Kumar and Singh, 2013). The demand for industrial enzymes is on a continuous rise
driven by a growing need for sustainable solutions. Microbes have served and continue to
serve as one of the largest and useful sources of many enzymes (Demain and Adrio, 2008;
Adrio and Demain, 2014). About 150 industrial processes use enzymes or whole microbial
cell catalysts. Intensive research and developments in bioprocess technology and use of
recombinant techniques considerably improved fermentation yields, increased stability, and
altered specificity and selectivity of enzymes (Falch, 1991; Poulsen and Bucholz, 2003;
Peterson, 2005). Constant upgradations and innovations in the enzyme technology and
bioprocess engineering further broaden the diversity of enzymes applications in food
technology and many allied areas. Increased demand of food energy, etc. all across the globe
because of economic improvement, growing population and urbanization in the world,
besides expanding fuel ethanol market are the chief influences driving the upward market
demand for industrial enzymes. This in turn naturally converts into enhanced demand for
industrial enzymes into a large Global Enzyme Industry.
Owing to all developments and demands, the world market for industrial enzymes is
projected to record compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 4.7% for the
period spanning 2012-2014 (Global Industrial Enzyme Market Report, 2013). Proteases is the
largest selling product segment in this market with about 60% market share (Kumar et al.,
2014), while carbohydrases, phytases and lipases are other fastest growing segments covering
about 70% market share in all with proteases. Increased demand for various other specialty
enzymes, robust growth in animal feed market and enzymes for producing biofuel and biobased chemicals will be of major concern and usage in the near future. In terms of major
regions, North America and Europe are the largest consumers of industrial enzymes in the
world, however, the developing economies of Asia Pacific and Africa and Middle East
regions, among others, are emerging as the most promising markets for industrial enzymes,
reflecting the size and strength of these countrys economies. The global industrial enzymes
market is very competitive with Novozymes being the largest player in the industry, followed
by DSM, and DuPont among others (Global Industrial Enzyme Market Report, 2013).
Although enzyme preparations have been used by mankind over a long history,
breakthroughs are needed to extend their uses in broader areas with more superior
performance. At present, almost 4000 enzymes are known, and of these, approximately 200
microbial original types are used commercially. However, only about 20 enzymes are

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175

produced on truly industrial scale and they have diverse application in multiple industries.
The world enzyme demand is satisfied by about 12 major producers and 400 minor suppliers.
Despite of the use of several enzymes in industry, the present status is not sufficient to fulfil
all industrial and biotechnological needs (Adrio and Demain, 2014; Kumar et al., 2013; Adrio
and Demain, 2005). Therefore, there is still scope for further development of the market, as
new enzymes and enzymatic processes continue to emerge. To assess on a realistic and sound
basis, large amounts of information has been collected from various sources including books,
periodicals, patent literatures, companys annual report, market research report and internet
webpage.
This chapter provides an overview of the $5.1 billion global enzyme industry and its
market with focus on three points. First, attentions are given to the current status of
representative enzymes with respect to their technical, food processing and animal feed
industry applications. Second, an overview of major manufacturers and patent trend is
presented. Third, scenario of global enzyme market on the industrial structure is presented
including the future prospective of global enzyme market.

OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES

Enzymes are applied in industries like detergent (Kumar et al., 2013), food processing,
animal nutrition (Kumar et al., 2012a), juice and flavour (Verma et al., 2013; Keerti et al.,
2014), cosmetics, medication, pharmaceuticals, leather, silk, chemical, and in research and
development (Kumar et al., 2012b) (For detailed applications, see Table 1). Based on purpose
of use, the industrial enzymes are divided into three categories: (i) technical enzymes; (ii)
food enzymes; and (iii) feed enzymes. Technical enzymes include products for the detergent
industry, the starch, textile, fuel ethanol, pharmaceutical, and various smaller industries. Food
enzymes include products for the baking industry, the brewing, beverage alcohol industries
and other food industries such as the dairy industry, the oils and fats industry. According to a
research report from Austrian Federal Environment Agency (AFEA. 2002), about 158
enzymes were used in food industry, 64 enzymes in various technical application and 57
enzymes in animal feed industry, of which 24 enzymes are used in all these three sectors. This
section of chapter will provide an overview of enzyme applications in these three sectors of
global enzyme industry.
Table 1. List of various industrial enzymes and their major industrial applications
Type of
Industry
Textile
Industry

Enzymes in use
-amylase

Applications
Is used for desizing of fabric like cotton and its blends that has
been sized with starch and starch size mixtures. It hydrolyzes
starch into soluble dextrin and oligosaccharides that can be
rapidly washed out with fabric. It gives excellent desizing
effect yielding softer handle, improved absorbency & dye
penetration.

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Vinod Kumar, Dharmendra Singh, Punesh Sangwan et al.

Table 1. (Continued)

Type of
Industry

Enzymes in use
Cellulase

Pectinase

Catalase
Laundry
Detergents

Alkaline Protease

Alkaline Amylase

Alkaline Lipase

Alkaline Cellulase

Pulp and
Paper
Industry

Cellulase

Xylanase

Applications
(a) It is used for biopolishing of cellulosic fabric under acidic
conditions. It partially digests excess and protruding yarns,
loosening them from the fabric. The resulting fuzz is then
easily removed by mechanical agitation of the fabric. This not
only creates a smoother fabric with resistance to pilling, but
also improves softness, luster and drape.
(b) The fading effect is obtained by homogenous removal of
the indigo dye trapped inside the fibers by the cooperative
action of enzymatic hydrolysis and mechanical agitation of the
fabric.
Is used for bio-scouring of cellulosic fabrics under alkaline
conditions. It hydrolyzes pectin and associated hemicellulose
matter from the fabrics thus assisting in eco-friendly removal
of waxes and other impurities. The impurities are removed by
combined mechanical agitation of the fabric and the
enzymatic action thus eliminating the need for harsh
chemicals while saving water and energy.
It breaks down hydrogen peroxide in to nascent oxygen and
water and is used for bleach clean up.
It decompose protein based stains like grass, blood, mucous,
milk, meat, faecal material, human sweat etc. into small,
readily soluble peptides and amino acids which can be easily
removed during washing process and thus improving the
cleaning efficiency of detergents.
It is used in automatic dishwashing liquid detergent
formulations to decompose starch based stains like potato,
food, carbohydrate, gravy, chocolate, baby food, oatmeal etc.
into small, readily soluble compounds which can be removed
easily during washing process.
To decompose fatty based stains like as fats, butter, salad oil,
sauces, cosmetic etc. into small, readily soluble free fatty
acids and glycerol which can be easily removed.
Degradation of cellulose and modifying the structure of
cellulose fiber to increase the color brightness and soften the
cotton.
Benefits include improved pulp cleanliness, improved
operation of the grey water loops, less risk of unwanted
deposits, a brighter final pulp, improved machine run ability
and reduced dusting while the reduction of colloidal fines
improve drainage.
Enzymes enable a partial hydrolysis of the Hemicellulose
precipitated onto pulp fiber during the alkaline cooking
process. Enzymes loosen the Xylan linkages making Lignin
easier to remove by bleaching chemicals. As a result of
enzymatic treatment of cooked pulp, it is possible to attain
higher brightness pulp using lesser chlorine or chlorine
dioxide.

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Global Market Scenario of Industrial Enzymes

Type of
Industry

Enzymes in use
-Amylase

Lipase

Leather
Industry

Ligninase
Laccase
Mannanases
Alkaline and acid
Protease

Alkaline and Acid

Lipase

Starch and
Sugar
Industry

-Amylase

Glucoamylase or
Amyloglucosidase
Xylanase for mash
viscosity reduction
Dextranase for
Sugar Industry
Glucose isomerase
Glycosyltranferase

Baking
Industry

Pullulanase,
Neopullulnase and
amylopullulanase
-Amylase

Xylanase

177

Applications
Enzymes are used especially in modification of starch, which
is used as an important additive. Starch improves the strength,
stiffness and erasability of paper. The starch suspension must
have a certain viscosity, which is achieved by adding Amylase
enzymes in a controlled process.
Allows the secondary fiber structure to loosen up, releasing
the embedded ink with reduced usage of alkali and detergents.
Remove lignin to soften paper
Bleach to improve brightness
Degrading the residual glucomannan to increase brightness.
It hydrolyses protein matter into soluble peptides. Specifically
removes the unwanted protein materials like elastin, albumin,
mucoids and globulin without damaging the collagen. It also
removes coagulable inter fibrillary protein especially elastin
and also removes degraded products of keratin such as
epithelial cells, sebaceous glands. It ensures maximum
removal of scud and natural dirt.
It hydrolyses insoluble fat and oil matter into soluble fatty
acids and glycerol which then can be easily removed. It
disperses fatty substances and oils, enhancing re-hydration
and removal of adipose tissue. It gives high performance
degreasing, thereby improving fat dispersion and removal,
giving uniform color and improved dye uptake. It also
increases tear and tensile of strength of the finished leather.
The enzyme is an endo-amylase that randomly hydrolyses
alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds to reduce the viscosity of
gelatinized starch, producing soluble dextrins and
oligosaccharides
It is used to saccharify liquefied starch from various sources
such as corn, wheat, milo, sorghum, tapioca, barley, rice &
potatoes. The resultant products are glucose rich syrups.
Important for hydrolysis of Xylan polymers in Cereal Grains
and Lignocellulosic biomass. The enzyme breaks Xylan to
short chain xylo-oligosaccharides of varying lengths.
In sugar production dextrans are undesirable compounds
increasing the viscosity of the flow and reducing industrial
recovery, bringing about significant losses.
Catalyzing isomerization of glucose to fructose
Increasing the number of branched points to obtained
modified starch with improved functional properties like
higher solubility, lower viscosity and reduced retrogradation.
Liberating short chains of oligosaccharides of glucose residues
linked by -1,4 and -1,6 bonds.
It catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4glycosidic linkages of
starch polysaccharides to yield dextrins, oligosaccharides,
maltose and Dglucose thus providing excellent yields and
also used for Starch modification.
It is designed to break down Xylan/Hemicellulose.

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Vinod Kumar, Dharmendra Singh, Punesh Sangwan et al.

Table 1. (Continued)

Type of
Industry

Enzymes in use
Lipase
Protease
Pentosanase

Dairy
Industry

Brewing
Industry

Juice
Industry

Oxidoreductase
Chymosin,
lysozyme
Lipases
-galactosidase,
Lactase
Amyloglucosidase
Protease
Pentosanase,
Xylanase
Pectinase
Cellulase and
Hemicellulase
Laccase
-Amylase and
glucoamylase

Animal
Feed
Industry

Niringinase and
Limoninase
Phytase
-Glucanase

Cellulase
Xylanase
-Amylase

Protease

Applications
It breaks down the Fat matter of various food products as well
as flour improvement in baking.
Hydrolysis of Gluten, Casein and various Animal and
Vegetable proteins.
It is designed to break down Pentosans/ Hemicellulose matter
during Food Processing. It finds use in Flour treatment for
Baked products, Instant noodles, Pasta etc.
Improving stability of the gas cells in dough
Cheese manufacturing
Used during Roquefort cheese to enhances the ripening of the
blue mold cheese
Breaking down lactose to glucose and galactose in milk
processing to avoid lactose intolerance.
Increasing glucose content
Malt improvement and also improving yeast growth
Hydrolysing pentosans of malt, barley and wheat as well as
extraction and filtration of beer
It breaks down the cell wall of fruits and also used for fruit
and vegetable Juice clarification (de-pectinization).
It breaks down the cell wall of fruits and also used for
processing of vegetables and viscosity reduction.
Increasing the susceptibility of browing during storage
It catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha 1, 4 glycosidic linkages
of starch polysaccharides to yield dextrins, oligosaccharides,
maltose and D glucose thus providing excellent yields.
Acting on compounds that cause bitterness in citrus juices.
It is designed to break down Phytic Acid/Phytate and also
increases the digestibility of the feeds since these are poorly
digested by mono gastric animals.
It is designed to break down -Glucans present in the Animal
Feed. -Glucans are among the major non-starch
polysaccharides present in the cereal based feeds, hence its
hydrolysis is essential for reduction of viscosity of the feed in
the intestines of mono gastric animals.
It is designed to break down Cellulose/Hemicellulose matter
present in the Animal Feed.
It is designed to break down Xylan/Arabinan matter present in
the Animal Feed.
It catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1, 4 glycosidic linkages of
starch polysaccharides to yield dextrins, oligosaccharides,
maltose and D glucose thus aiding in digestion of Starch
present in Animal feeds.
It is designed to break down Proteins present in the Animal
Feed. The composition of animal feed contains various
proteins which are essential for muscle growth of the animals.

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Global Market Scenario of Industrial Enzymes

Type of
Industry

Enzymes in use
Lipase

179

Applications
It is designed to break down Fats present in the Animal Feed.
The composition of animal feed contains various fats which
are hydrophobic in nature.

Industrial Enzymes: Technical Applications

Industrial enzymes used in detergents, textile, pulp and paper industries, organic
synthesis and biofuels industry are considered as technical enzymes. Technical enzymes are
valued at just over $1 billion in 2010 by several research associations. According to a recent
report in market research, it is estimated that the technical enzymes market will increase at a
6.6% CAGR to reach $1.5 billion in 2015 with the highest sales in the leather market and
bioethanol market (BCC Research, 2011). Commercially available major enzymes used in
these prime areas are amylases, proteases, lipases, cellulases, xylanases and catalases etc.
Among these, -amylases and proteases are the most versatile enzymes in the industrial
enzyme sector because of abundance of substrate, raw material and range of applications
(Table 1). Thermostability of -amylases is an important issue for its use in industrial
processes. The most thermostable -amylase in current use is produced from Bacillus
licheniformis which remains active for several hours at 90oC (Declerck et al., 2003). For the
better starch gelatinization, decrease media viscosity, accelerated catalytic reactions and
decreased the risks of bacterial contamination, current research is focused on developing
new -amylases with more thermophilic, thermotolerant and pH tolerant (retaining high amylase activity at pH around 4.0) characteristics and it needs some huge technological
advances. In this effort, one extracellular -amylase was isolated from Pyrococcus woesei
that is active between 40oC and 130oC with an optimum at 100oC and pH 5.5 (Crzybowska et
al., 2004). Lipases are another group of industrial enzymes in this class which has grown
steadily in recent years. This group have a broad range of substrates, high regio- chemo- and
enantioselectivity and relatively high stability in organic solvents (Haran et al., 2006). Their
exploitation in organic synthesis: esterification, transesterification, aminolysis and oximolysis
reaction is relied on above outstanding characteristics. However, as is in case of use of most
of the enzymes in industrial processed, the use of lipases is also limited by their low stability
under industrial conditions and low activity or specificity on particular or non-natural
substrates, respectively. In practice to solve this problem related to majority of enzymes, two
approaches are used in current research. First, searching for novel enzymes or
microorganisms from specific or extreme environmental conditions (extreme temperature, pH
or salt concentration), or uncultural microorganisms. In this approach, major breakthrough in
limited can be achieved even without cultivating microbes because of development in the area
of metagenomics which has emerged as a powerful approach for discovering novel enzymes
from non-characterized samples (Gilbert and Dupont, 2011). Second approach to solution of
above problems is to engineer already known enzymes by rational design or random
mutagenesis. Using this approach, several successful studies have been published in recent
years. One such example is the combinatorial reshaping of the substrate binding pocket for
the enhancement of the activity and enantioselectivity of Candida antarctica A lipase toward
a difficult substrate (ibuprofen ester) (Sandstorm et al., 2012).

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Vinod Kumar, Dharmendra Singh, Punesh Sangwan et al.

Another important class of technical enzymes is biofuel enzymes. Major enzymes in this
group of enzymes are cellulases. Cellulases are used widely in textile applications, have
powerful ability in the degradation of lignocellulosic feedstocks and are involved in biofuel
production from lignocellulosic waste. Cellulosic biofuel serves as the best alternative for
natural resources including gasoline and may reduce greenhouse gas emission by about 86%,
which is a major challenge in front of developed countries as a need to fulfil Kyoto protocols.
Therefore, investments are being made by developed economies in promoting the use of
biofuels. The cost of cellulases is a significant technical barrier to the conversion of
lignocellulosic biomass to fuels associated with commercializing processes (Himmel, 2007).
Therefore, to reduce the cellulose cost two main strategies followed: first is process and strain
enhancement and second is improvement in cellulose specificity and use efficiency (Zhang et
al., 2006; Gusakov et al., 2007). Research is being conducted to develop new enzymes in
series that would make production of biofuels more cost effective. Many companies have
devoted themselves to developing new cellulase preparations with improved characteristics
by using genetic engineering techniques and have streamlined production of those enzymes.
Some of the key players dominating this market are AB Enzymes, Dyadic International Inc.,
Iogen Corporation, NextCAT Inc., Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Noor Creations, Novozymes
A/S, etc. In this series of studies, Novozymes launched a new enzyme Cellic CTec3 in
Feb 2012 for production of bioethanol from agricultural wastes and residues. The new
enzyme product has been claimed to be 1.5 times better than the previous Novozymes
Cellic CTec2 and five times more dose efficient than competing enzymes (Novozymes
2012a). The global market for biofuel enzymes is projected to reach $9.0 bn by 2017. In near
future, the market growth is expected to be toward exploitation of cellulases and related
enzymes for production of ethanol.

Industrial Enzymes: Food Processing and Beverage Industry Applications

The increasing demand for higher quality foods in terms of natural flavor and taste
become a common trend among present consumers. This trend triggered the need for the
development of flavoured and tasty processed foods using industrial enzymes applications.
These enzymes act as catalyst by playing important roles in breaking down of vitamins and
nutrients in the metabolic reactions and interconversion of complex molecules to smaller
molecules. Thus, food enzymes (amylase, cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, protease, lipase)
become an essential part of the global food additives industry. Food enzymes are widely used
in baking industry, treatments of fruit juices (Keerti et al., 2014), dairy industry and cheese
manufacturing, including other food industries like wine making and brewing to improve
their flavor, texture, digestibility, and nutritional value (Kumar et al., 2012a; Mendez and
Salas, 2001) (Table 1). In terms of enzyme regulations, food enzymes can be categorised as
food additives and enzymes for food processing. Where only a few enzymes such as
lysozyme and invertase are used as additives, many other food enzymes are used in food
processing (AFEA, 2002). Enzymes used in food processing are typically sold as enzyme
preparations, which contain not only the desired enzyme, but also metabolites from the
production strain and several added substances such as stabilizers. All these materials are
expected to be safe under the guidance of good manufacturing practice (cGMP). Only about
nine recombinant microorganisms are issued as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) based
on FDA regulations from a relatively small number of bacterial and fungal species
primarily A. oryzae, A. niger, B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. Several wild type microbial

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181

strains have been engineered for increased food enzyme production and safety as a part of
research and development in this area (Olempska-Beer, 2006; Koushki et al., 2011). The
concepts and need for the healthy and safe foods will be the major driving force for the
positive growth in the whole food enzyme market in near future.
According to a new market report published by Transparency Market Research (2013),
the food additives market revenue was $28.2 bn in 2011 and is expected to reach $36.1 bn in
2018, growing at a CAGR of 3.6% from 2012 to 2018. Among the main industrial enzyme
producers, according to Novozymes S/A report 2011 (Novozymes, 2012b), Novozymes S/A
occupies 47% of the market, DuPont 21%, DSM 6% and the rest is occupied by other players.
Furthermore, in that year, food and beverage enzymes represented 29% of enzyme business
and bio-business sales by the industry (Novozymes, 2012a). The world enzyme market is in
evolution with an expected growth of 6.8% per year (The Freedonia group Inc., 2011).
Bakery enzymes represent a relevant segment of this industry and their introduction in baking
process is considered as an important contribution to evolution of the baking market. In this,
the development of bread making process was an important event. After the 19th century,
with the agricultural mechanization, breads quality was improved significantly while its price
was reduced; thereby white bread became a commodity within almost everyones reach
(Dupaigne, 1999). According to a recent research report by The Freedonia Group, the
enzymes market for baked goods in 2020 is expected to be around $ 9.0 bn with a
representativeness of about 35% in among food enzymes (The Freedonia group Inc., 2011).
Table 2 summarizes the world bakery and enzyme demand between 2000 and 2020,
segmented according to products.

Industrial Enzymes: Animal Feed Industry Applications

Many animals are unable to digest 15-25% of the consumed feed because of presence of
some anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid, non starch polysaccharides (NSP) which are
hard to digest due to either obstruction of the digestive process or lack of particular enzyme
required to break down these components. Feed enzymes can degrade these unacceptable
components in feed, which are otherwise harmful or of little or no value and also increase the
digestibility of nutrients, leading to greater efficiency in feed utilization. Currently, available
commercial feed enzymes are 3-phytases, 6-phytases, subtilisin, -galactosidase, glucanases,
xylanases, -amylases and polygalacturonases (Belitz et al., 2004). Non starch polysaccharide
(NSP) enzymes dominate the market share in terms of value as they were the leading segment
with over 60.0% market share in 2012. Feed enzymes are added to pig, poultry, cattle, and
aqua feed to enhance the animal production efficiency. The major functions of feed enzymes
in animal feed are given in Table 1. Phytase enzyme is used in the animal feed to enhance the
phytic acid hydrolysis leading to increased mineral bioavailability and digestibility of animal
feed. Some enzymes improve the fat absorption and starch digestibility that adds to the wellbeing of animals and reduces the mortality. Therefore, these enzymes are substances that are
not natural feedstuffs and are added to made-up and stored feeds for various purposes. The
use of enzymes in feed becoming important for animal growth and nutrition in current
farming systems (Goesaert et al., 2009). The feed enzymes are therefore promising feed
ingredients for animal growth and development. This has an important implication in meat
industry and a major driving force behind the growth of feed enzyme market due to

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increasing demand for meat and meat products. Other promoting elements are reduction of
phosphorous contents in manure because of its environmental concern and cost reduction,
increasing awareness towards meat quality and safety, growing mass production of meat, and
recent livestock disease outbreaks, and increasing cost of natural feed products that can
promote feed enzyme demand as an alternative. Adding to this, regulatory ban over
antibiotics and environmental concerns can increase demand for other feed additives. Though
research interest into the potential value of feed enzymes has occurred with rising
applications, search for commercially viable versions is still in progress round the world.
Additionally, development of heat stable, improved specific activity and new enzymes, with
rapid, economical and reliable enzyme assays procedures has always been the focus and been
intensified recently (Goesaert et al., 2009).
NSP enzymes dominate the market share in terms of value as they were the leading
segment with over 60.0% market share in 2012. The global market for feed enzymes is
definitely one promising segment in the enzyme industry. It was estimated at around $3.44 bn
in 2007, and expected to reach $7.27 bn in 2015 (Feed enzymes, 2007). In 2012, Europe
contributed a share of 46.0% followed by Asia-Pacific with 23.1% in revenue of the global
feed enzyme market. China was estimated to be the largest revenue generator within AsiaPacific with a share of almost 53.0%, followed by India with a share of 18.0% and Japan with
a share of 13.0%. The global feed enzymes market is dominated by few key players such as
AB Vista (U.K.), Novozyme (Denmark), Addiseo, (France), and DuPont (U.S.). These four
companies together held 87.0% of the total market in 2012 (Market and market, Global
Trends & Forecasts to 2018).

LEADING ENZYME MANUFACTURERS AND PATENTING TRENDS

Commercial enzyme production has grown during the past decades in volume and
number of products in response to expanding markets and increasing demand for novel
biocatalysts, especially for the heavy environment burden. Global demand for enzymes is
expected to rise almost 7% annually from 2010 to $8 bn in 2015 (Li et al., 2012). As
international competition becomes increasingly sharp in enzymes market, leading companies
aimed to purchase nascent companies in order to become more efficient and competitive. In
May 2011, DuPont acquired a majority stake in Danisco, including its Genencor division,
which gives DuPont a strong position in the enzyme market, especially for the cellulosic
ethanol production. To date, the production of enzymes has been relatively concentrated upto
few developed nations such as Denmark, Switerland, Germany, Netherlands and USA.
Novozymes and Danisco in Denmark together serves an estimated 70% of the total enzyme
market. Some Japanese manufactures are playing an increasing important role in the world
enzymes production. However, about hundred companies were involved in enzyme
production in China with a total capacity of 700 thousand metric tons in 2010, which was
estimated less than 1% of the world market share. There are still many small to medium-sized
enzyme producers in China, which have been gradually washed out from the market. The
enzyme industry is intent to develop this opportunity in China. Several multinational
companies have invested in the enzyme industry in China. Novozymes (China) Co., Ltd. has
three enzyme plants in China, one each in Tianjin, Shenyang and Taicang. Genencor Co., Ltd.

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(now part of DuPont) has an enzyme production base in China located in Wuxi. Recently,
DSM announced to make a joint venture with a Chinese company, Yixing Qiancheng BioEngineering Company Ltd, to provide alpha-amylase and xylanase to acquire the food and
beverage enzyme markets.
Today, the Indian biotech sector has attained critical mass in manufacturing and research
services. Indian biotechnology is now poised to leverage its scientific skills and technical
experiences to make a global impact on a strong innovation-led platform (Table 3).
The commercial value and regulatory aspects on enzyme application are significantly
controlled by patents and rights. As evident from number of patents granted (Table 4),
Novozymes is the leading company with maximum numbers of patent obtained on
Enzymes. This is well correlated to its domination in market share of global enzyme
industry as a leader with biggest market. Looking into patents for individual enzymes among
major industrial enzymes, maximum numbers of patents are present in the case of proteases
followed by amylase and cellulose at both the worldwide database Espacenet
(http://worldwide.espacenet.com/) and online databases of Indian patents (http://
ipindiaservices.gov.in/patentsearch/search/index.aspx). These are very promising technical
enzymes with wide array of applications. Espacenet (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/) offers
free access to more than 80 million patent documents worldwide, containing information
about inventions and technical developments from 1836 to today. While Indian Patent
applications related complete information is provided at online databases of Indian patent
services (http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/patentsearch/search/index.aspx).
Table 2. Estimated demand of baked goods, dairy and other food and beverage enzymes
in million $ from 2000 to 2020
Years
2000 2005 2010 2015
World food and beverage enzyme demand
520
760 1220 1770
Baked goods
140
250
420
625
Dairy
180
260
360
465
Other foods and beverage
200
250
440
680
Source: Adapted from The Freedonia Group Inc., World Enzymes to 2015.
Items

2020
2520
900
610
1010

Table 3. The leading manufacturers of the industrial enzymes*

Manufacturer
Novozmes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
Genencor, Copenhangen, Denmark
DSM, Delft, the Netherlands
AB enzymes, Feldberg Strasse, Germany
ADM, Illinois, USA
Iogen, Ontario Canada
Dyadic, Florida, USA
Enmex, Tlalnepantla, Mexco

Major products
Food and beverages, dairy, house hold, feed and
other technique enzymes
Food, textiles, detergents, animal nutrition
Animal nutrition, food ingredients
Feed additives, food, textiles, detergents, paper &
pulp enzymes
Food and feed
Paper & pulp, textiles, brewing, animal feed
Food, feed, brewing, textile, Paper & pulp
Alpha amylase, alkaline protease

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Table 3. (Continued)

Manufacturer
Specialty Enzymes and Biotechnologies Co.
(SEB), CA, USA
BASF chemical company, Ludwigshafen,
Germany
Texnzymes India, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Americos Industries Inc., Ahmedabad, Gujarat
United Biochemicals Private Limited, Mumbai,
Maharashtra
Trishul Chemicals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Indian Textile Auxiliary Co., Bangalore,
Karnataka
Zytex India Private Limited Mumbai,
Maharashtra, Naruveli Ventures Chennai, Tamil
Nadu
Enzyme India Private Limited, Chennai, Tamil
Nadu
Genotex International Private Limited,
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

Major products
Food, alcohol & starch, sugar, beverages,
brewing, animal feed and nutrition, fruit juice,
dairy, detergent enzymes.
Feed enzyme (Natuphos)
Textile auxiliaries and enzymes
Textile auxiliaries and enzymes
Enzymes and biochemicals for textiles
Leather chemicals including bates and enzymes
Textile auxiliaries, enzymes, leather auxiliaries,
leather enzymes, etc.
Industrial enzymes, Industrial enzymes, microbial
products and biofertilizers
Enzymes for agro, bio-feed, food, detergent
and textiles
Industrial enzymes, Aloe vera juice

*Some data sources were, Li et al., 2012, and Chandel et al., 2007.

Table 4. Leading Enzyme manufacturers and their registered patents on Enzymes

Manufacturer
Novozmes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
Genencor, Copenhangen, Denmark
DSM, Delft, the Netherlands
AB enzymes, Feldberg Strasse, Germany
ADM, Illinois, USA
Iogen, Ontario Canada
Dyadic, Florida, USA
Enmex, Tlalnepantla, Mexco

Patents
902
355
398
22
02
39
11
01

Table 5. Major industrial enzymes and number of hits* obtained on patent databases
search for these titles
Enzymes
Amylase
Cellulase
Galactosidase
Laccase
Lysozyme
Phytase
Protease
Xylanase

Worldwide Patent1
8,902
5,174
2,148
1,147
2,295
1,540
29,992
2,006

Indian Patent2
34
13
05
02
01
08
79
10

*Results of patent search on 1http://worldwide.espacenet.com/ and

patentsearch/search/index.aspx.

http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/

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MARKET STATUS: CURRENT AND FUTURE OF ENZYME INDUSTRY

According to the 2012 market survey reports global enzyme market was valued about
$4.0 billion in 2011 and estimated to reach $6 billion by 2016 but Li et al. (2012) reported
that the global enzymes market is estimated to rise 7% at a healthy pace to $8.0 billion in
2015. The global financial crises of 2009 were blamed by market forecasting firms for
reduced evaluation of industrial enzyme market. Later gains will reflect a continued world
economy rebound. Enzymes are widely used in diverse fields under different sectors ranging
from consumer goods to most advanced industries and scientific research. The global enzyme
market was dominated by the food and beverage industry, which benefits from the growth
rate of rapidly developing countries where living standard of poor people significantly
improved and more emphasis was given to nutrition and health (Figure 1). Within this sector
growth came mostly from baking enzymes and other smaller applications such as fat and oil
processing. This rapid growth after global recession will again became moderate as maturity
in developed regions such as North America and Western Europe balances faster growth in
the Asia/Pacific and other developing regions. The fast growth over the past decade has also
been contributed by other industries spanning from organic synthesis in pharmaceutical
industry to diagnostics enzyme with expanded access to medical care in developing countries,
and the advent of health care reform in the United States and most of the developed countries.
The detergent industry, once the largest sector in the global enzyme market, experienced a
decline due to the pricing issues from the main detergent manufactures but by 2005 the
demand for cleaning enzymes was accelerated as the product lines were reformulated with
more-effective new enzymes which were further improving and launching continuously. For
example: Novozymes and Genencor, world leaders in the enzyme production, have launched
about ten new products for laundry detergents to improve cleaning performance in lower
temperature washes since 2005. Bioenergy production enzyme demand was limited by the
new legislative mandates for grain based ethanol. While the development of the second
generation biofuels derived from cellulosic raw materials will be in favour of demand growth
over a long time (Frost and Sullivan, 2011).
North America was the largest consumer of enzyme products followed by Western
Europe. The high consumption in developed regions was correlated with awareness regarding
green technologies addressing environmental issues, enhanced productivity and better product
value, thus leading to growth in research and development sector as well as in industries using
enzymes. However, their growth and enzyme consumption was further restrained by the
relatively mature markets. In particular, the American subprime lending crisis and the
European debt crisis will have a negative effect on enzyme consumption. However, the
Asia/Pacific region will undergo a rapid increase in enzyme demand due to size and strength
of economy in India, China and Japan, reflecting growing market.
In recent time the concerns about food safety in India and China promoted peoples
demand for goods quality, safer production processing and improved nutritional value. Food
industry is the big market where food habits are localized, thus controlled by customers
requirements and involved local people for providing innovative solutions to meet the specific
local preferences of customers. Thus, many international companies put emphasis on
development of such field. Novozymes Novamyl Steam is a new blend of enzymes that gives
steamed bread increased and prolonged softness and freshness. Novozymes along with

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Sinopec and COFCO signed an agreement to jointly build cellulosic ethanol production
project with capacity of 10,000 metric tons per year for China (2010) where Novozyme was
supplying enzymes for production of ethanol from cellulose waste.

Figure 1. Global market share in 2012 based on available data from Li et al. (2012).

Global Demand to Rise 6.3% Yearly through 2013

The world market for enzymes as expected recovered from a difficult 2009 to reach $7
billion in 2013. The strong demand for specialty enzymes in research and development sector
along with above-average growth in the animal feed and ethanol production markets will
further drive advances. In the last few years the budget for R&D has been increased
significantly leading to increased demand for speciality enzymes such as polymerases,
nucleases and other experimental enzymes, thus the growth in specialty enzymes will outpace
the more industrially concentrated lipases, carbohydrases and proteases. From a regional
perspective, the developed economies of North America and Western Europe will achieve
healthy gains, while the fastest growth will continue to come from the more rapidly
developing economies of the Asia and the Africa/Mideast regions, Latin America and Eastern
Europe.
Till 2013, world enzyme demand was annually increased by 6.3%, largely contributed by
pharmaceutical and biocatalyst enzymes, which were not effected by lowered global
economic activity. Diagnostics enzyme demand will also fare well due to expanded access to
medical care in developing countries, and the advent of health care reform. With
pharmaceutical companies having difficulty bringing new small-molecule drugs to market,
biotechnology will continue to gain in importance, helping to sustain demand for research and
biotechnology enzymes. Technological advances in DNA manipulation that result in lower
DNA sequencing costs will continue to drive above average growth in research and

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biotechnology, as well as diagnostic enzyme demand, primarily in developed countries where

new uses for DNA manipulation continue to be discovered.

Animal Feed, Ethanol Production Markets to Pace Industrial Enzymes

Among the industrial enzyme markets, the food and beverage (F&B) market will grow
consistently, as compared to animal feed and ethanol production. Animal feed enzymes will
achieve their fastest growth in developing markets with increased demand of meat in the local
diet supported by rising per capita incomes. Demand for ethanol production enzymes,
however, will slow from the swift 2003-2008 pace as countries re-evaluate the use of food
derived raw materials for ethanol production. The development of second generation biofuels
derived from cellulosic raw materials will help to regain demand and growth. F&B enzyme
demand growth will moderate to a below-average pace through 2013, reflecting the
challenging environment in North America and Western Europe. Similarly, growth in the
cleaning product and other industrial markets will also be below average.
F&B enzymes are highly selective chemical catalysts that initiate metabolic reaction
within unripe fruit and other food materials. These F&B enzyme include cellulase, protease
and lipase enzymes. Awareness toward better living will stimulate increased demand for
processed food products as a consequence the global food enzyme market is expected to grow
to $2.2 billion by 2018. The factor that needs to be pondered is counterfeiting of packaged
food that resulted in bad image of processed and packaged food affecting its percentage of
consumers ultimately leading to decreased growth for food enzyme. Food processing
companies such as Novozymes A/S, Palsgaard A/S, Purac Biochem B.V. are facing problems
due to counterfeiting activities. The problems faced by food enzyme manufacturing
companies are expected to be resolved as the governments are taking initiatives to overcome
the restraints. Key players in food enzyme industry include Novozymes A/S, Palsgaard A/S,
Purac Biochem B.V., Royal Dsm N.V., Riken Vitamin Co.Ltd., Engrain, Associated British
Foods Plc., Cargill Inc., David Michael & Co., Kerry Group (Allied Market Research, 2013).
Global market for industrial enzymes was $2.9 billion in 2008, $3.1 billion in 2009, and
$3.3 billion in 2010 and expected to reach $6.0 billion by 2016, achieving a compound annual
growth rate of 6-7%, according to BCC Research. Within that estimate, technical enzymes
(e.g. for biofuels) were valued at just over $1 billion in 2010 and projected to reach $1.5
billion in 2015. F&B enzymes (e.g. for milk and dairy products) had an estimated value of
$975 million in 2010, reaching $1.3 billion by 2015 (BIO030F).
In India, Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd (AETL) is the largest manufacturer and
exporter of enzyme products and second in market shares after Denmark-based Novozymes
according to a recent research report by CRISIL (CRISIL Research, 2013). In 2012-13, the
company had nearly 30% share of the Indian enzymes industry. AETLs along with
commercial-scale production of enzymes (including seed preparation, fermentation, filtration
and formulation processes), marketing enzyme products and developing customised solutions
also focused on R&D that has been adding capacity to its existing manufacturing facilities.
The company has a strong presence in the nutraceutical enzymes market in the US through its
group of companies and is planning to grow in other lucrative markets including Europe.

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Global Demand for Enzyme Products Is Poised for Growth

According to market survey and business development conditions, global enzyme
demand is forecast to grow at the rate 6.9% from $5.8 bn to $11.3 bn over 2010-2020. Both
the industrial and specialty enzymes segments are expected to grow over the next few years..
Specialty enzymes are likely to witness a growth rate of 7.5%, higher than the forecast of
6.5% for industrial enzymes. Demand for industrial enzymes is expected to be supported by
the animal feed segment and the food and biofuel segment.
Presently, North America is the largest enzyme market worldwide. In 2010, it accounted
for ~45% of the global enzyme demand, followed by Western Europe (21.2%) and Asia
Pacific (APAC, 18.8%). Demand for enzyme products in APAC and other emerging markets
has been increasing over the past decade and is forecast to surpass Western Europe to become
the second largest enzyme market in the world with a share of 23.2% (CRISIL Research,
2013). The demand for enzyme and their market share in terms of value ($ bn) and percentage
is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Graphical representation of expected demand and growth rate of industrial and speciality
enzymes (Source: CRISIL Research, 2013).

Indian Enzyme Industry Is at a Nascent Stage Estimated to Grow

The Indian enzymes industry is at a nascent stage where involvement of end-user
industries is low. This low involvement governed by various social, environmental,
economical and political factors such as price-sensitivity and lack of awareness among enduser industries, and the governments failure to strictly implement environmental laws have
impeded the industry from fully realising its growth potentials.
Presently approximately 17 companies are recording their presence in the Indian enzyme
market. Most of them are focusing on the production of value-added enzyme products based
on simpler formulations. However, the entry of foreign manufacturers has led to availability
of quality products in the domestic market as well as increased the competitiveness among
manufacturers for providing more innovative solutions. The domestic industry is also
targeting the international markets so that most of the enzyme products manufactured in the
country are exported, and some of the major players are establishing base in foreign markets.

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Pharmaceuticals, textile, detergent, F&B, and leather and paper industries are the primary
consumers of enzyme products in India. Each segment is at a different stage of growth. The
pharmaceutical segment is at a nascent stage. Leather and textile processing segments are
relatively mature, whereas the detergent segment is growing (Figure 3).
The market of bio-Industrial enzyme products in India was worth Rs. 7.7 bn in 2013. The
industry has registered 15.1% CAGR over the period of 2004-2013. The industry is further
expected to grow at 12% CAGR from $96 mn in 2010 to $295 mn till 2020 (Figure 4).

F&B Segment is Expected to Drive Growth for Industrial Enzymes

Enzymes used in F&B processing account for the largest share (over 20%) of the overall
industrial enzymes and its demand along with animal feed is likely to drive the market
demand for industrial enzymes in the coming years. With a growth rate of 8.4% over 20102020, the animal feed segment is estimated to be the fastest growing among all segments
within the enzymes industry, followed by the F&B segment which is expected to grow at
growth rate of 7.5% over 2010-2020.

Figure 3. Representation of market demands for industrial and speciality enzymes (Source: CRISIL
Research, 2013).

Figure 4. Projection of Indian enzyme industry growth rate ranging from 2010-2020 (Source: CRISIL
Research, 2013).

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Globally F&B industry is estimated to grow at 4% growth rate and increased from $1.8
trillion in 2010 to $2.7 trillion by 2020. In developed nations, increased consumption of
ready-to-eat products and organic foods is expected to propel growth whereas in developing
countries increased disposable income and rising living standards resulted in greater per
capita F&B consumption, and increasing demand for high quality processed foods.
Consequently emphasis on food quality and demand for organic foods will be increased and
the need for enzymes in this segment is expected to grow significantly (Figure 5)
The stable economic growth, huge middle class population and bending toward health
awareness in India led to opportunities in highly nutritious and quality food. Based on raised
demand and future market the food processing industry is forecast to grow at a growth rate of
5.8% over the duration of 2007-2015. With expanding growth, the industry is likely to
become more organised, which is expected to contribute to steady demand for enzyme
products (Figure 6).

Figure 5. Graph showing Asia-Pacific countries as leaders to F&B market (Source: CRISIL Research,
2013).

Figure 6. Growth projections showed requirement of more organized food processing industry (Source:
CRISIL Research, 2013).

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Demand for Specialty Enzymes Likely to Be Driven by Clinical Diagnostic

Testing Market
The speciality enzymes comprised of four segments pharmaceuticals, research and
biotechnology, diagnostics and biocatalyst where all segments are expected to witness rapid
growth, however the diagnostic enzymes segment outpacing the other three. This segment is
expected to grow to $840 mn by 2020 from $350 mn in 2010 at a growth rate of 9.1%. The
major factors leading to expected growth of diagnostic enzymes segment are increased focus
on preventive medicine, self-treatment, surgical and diagnostics procedures, and rising use of
new techniques such as DNA sequencing and molecular diagnostics. As enzymes have a
range of applications in these clinical diagnostic tests, growth in these procedures should
boost demand for enzymes.
In India, better access to medical facilities and growing affordability due to rise in
income levels are estimated to drive growth for the pharmaceutical and diagnostic segments.
Additionally, India has a strong biotechnology sector supported by Department of
Biotechnology, Government of India which is likely to fuel demand for specialty enzymes.

AETL Has Strategically Shifted Its Focus to More Attractive Global Markets
The success in domestic market and with the second biggest share in Indian enzyme
market, AETL eyeing toward global markets, particularly USA and Europe and increased the
export sales significantly from 8.3% in 2009 to 59% in 2013 of consolidated gross sales.
AETL established itself in USA by acquiring two US-based companies (Advanced
Supplementary Technologies and Specialty Enzymes and Biotechnologies), which were
owned by the same promoters, thus able to penetrate US market with modifications in product
and packaging as per requirement of local market. The company has also set up subsidiaries
in Europe and Hong Kong to establish a presence in those markets.
AETL presently has clients across 45 countries and over 30 distributors in India and
overseas. The company now plans to expand target business verticals such as baking, brewing
and fruit juice processing. Through this initiative AETL may be able to leverage its
geographical reach to take advantage of the growing global enzymes industry.

The Domestic Market Poses Substantial Challenges

The Indian enzyme market is in a growing stage and has promising potential. However,
the industry has not grown as forecasted over the past few decades due to lower enzyme
consumption rate by user industries in India as compared to that of developed countries such
as Japan, North America and Western Europe.
Indian enzyme manufacturers are facing challenge of convincing consumers regarding
benefits of using enzymes since the initial cost of using enzymes is higher than chemical
products, thus price-conscious companies are reluctant to use enzymes, not realising that the
increase in cost is compensated by incremental cost savings later. Another factor is
unorganized structure of the end-user industries such as baking and food processing

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industries, hence it is difficult for enzyme manufacturers to make these industries realise the
value proposition of enzymes. Manufacturers are not compelled to use green technology due
to lack of government policies with respect to enforcement of environmental laws, similarly
poor implementation of labour safety norms means employers are not forced to substitute
potentially hazardous chemical ingredients with industrial enzymes. So these factors are also
hindering the growth of industrial enzymes in the country. The demand for enzymes by users
of different segments is represented in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Representation of demand* of enzymes by users of different segments (*Note: Approximate

vaues; Source: CRISIL Research, 2013).

Figure 8. Comparative share of major leaders of enzyme industry in domestic and global market
(Source: CRISIL Research, 2013).

Competition May Intensify in Future

The global and domestic enzyme markets are oligopolistic in nature and opened for all
players ranging from leaders such as Novozymes to totally new small industries. Novozymes
dominates the global enzyme market, followed by DSM NV and Du Pont (Figure 8).
Novozymes is also the largest player in the Indian market (AETL is the second largest) in

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terms of market share. Other prominent players include Rossari Biotech, Maps Enzymes,
Lumis Biotech and Zytex (Figure 8). The growing enzyme industry has attracted number of
other smaller companies which have created space for more innovation and competition.

CONCLUSION
The enzyme market is in growing phase and requires additional developments to record
its centralized presence and stable growth globally. Biotechnology, during the last two
decades, has emerged as a technological revolution around the world as a consequence of
broadening of the range of enzyme application sectors which are keep on increasing. It has
influenced almost every sector of industrial activity - chemical feedstock, food, feed,
environment, energy and healthcare. The growth forecast trend for enzyme application in
almost every sector is on increase. Based on the knowledge of enzymes, a number of
misconceptions associated with the use of enzymes as industrial catalysts have been
overcome, leading to the emergence of many new application areas. Industrial production of
enzymes requires thorough understanding of the scientific and technological issues associated
with production, storage and application. These issues range from identification of the
biological sources for enzyme production to their genetic manipulation for overproduction,
strategies for cell cultivation, isolation, purification and stabilization. Enzyme technology is a
powerful enabling technology that can transform agriculture and healthcare, use renewable
resources to bring greater efficiency into industrial processes, check environmental
degradation and deliver a more bio-based economy.
The enzyme technology market is largely export driven though domestic demand is also
keep on increasing. Major export markets include the US (global share of 40 %), Europe
(global share, 25 %), China (global share, 20 %). Others include rest of Asia (global share of
15 %). Realizing the potential of the global market, many Indian companies are expanding
their business even into difficult markets such as China. The enzyme industry in India
accounts for just two percent of global markets but gaining global visibility recently mainly
because of the investment opportunities and growing economy.
It is difficult to clearly explain the Indian industrial enzymes market because of its
various stages of growth, ranging from penetration to product development. For instance, the
pharmaceutical enzymes segment is relatively nascent and mainly concerned of specialized
manufacturers. Meanwhile, the textile and leather enzymes segments are mature, while the
detergent enzymes segment is in growing phase. Product development and diversification in
terms of new end-application is a viable strategy to sustain revenue growth in this dynamic
market.
Most of the ongoing enzyme production facilities in the country use conventional
technologies and have not adopted the recent developments. Although a large number of
academic institutions and universities are involved in basic research in enzymology, applied
R&D and process engineering activities have been following recent technologies financially
supported by different government agencies such as DBT, DST, CSIR etc. Creation of
multidisciplinary R&D groups to trace up application oriented research on enzymes can lead
to the desired goals. Although it is problematic to switch from chemicals to enzyme
technology in shorter vision but considering future trends and technologies along with social

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and environmental issues, enzyme technology always prove better prospect. A large quantity
of raw materials and trained manpower is available in the country that can sustain the growth
of enzyme based industry. The economic and environmental benefits of use of industrial
enzymes will not be realized without some positive actions. Special efforts are needed to
formulate favorable government policies to promote academic-industry interaction. Well
documented and foolproof guidelines on bio-safety and intellectual property rights are not
available with the Department of biotechnology, GOI and other international agencies.
Industrial enzymes have played a significant role in today's commercial status of
biotechnology in India. The future will witness more and novel applications of microbial
enzymes in far greater areas than what we could anticipate today.

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