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SENSE RELATION
BY:
Alfred Yehuda
Ester Kerenha
Giovanni Prillia
Marthina Kapitan
Monica Kowaas
Sense Relation
Sense relation is the relationship between words. However, it is also treated as semantic
relations not only between words, but also between particular contextual of words (Croft and
Cruse, 2004, p. 141). Moreover, sense relation talks about how lexemes are associated with other
lexemes (Kreidler, 1998, p. 48, 303). It is divided into two parts which are syntagmatic relation
and paradigmatic relation which govern how signs relate to each other. A paradigmatic relation is
a relation that holds between elements of the same category which are elements that can be
substituted for each other. Otherwise, syntagmatic relation applies to relations holding between
elements that are combined with each other (Paradigmatic Relation, 2014). Kreidler (1998) stated
that syntagmatic relation is known as horizontal relation, while paradigmatic relation is known as
vertical relation as described on the following chart.
1. Syntagmatic Relation
a. Definition of Syntagmatic Relation
The sequential nature of language means that linguistic signs have syntagmatic
relationships. A syntagmatic relationship is happened where signs occur in a right order
and operate together to create meaning (Syntagm and Paradigm, 2016). Eaton (2015) added
that a syntagmatic relation is the relationship between a linguistic unit and other units in
the speech area in which it occurs. Moreover, like how the letters in a word have
syntagmatic relationship with one another, as do the words in a sentence or the objects in
a picture (Syntagm and Paradigm, 2016). Syntagmatic relations between words build up a
picture of co-occurrence restrictions within syntax (Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic, 1998),
for example, the verbs hit, kick have to be followed by a noun (Paul hit the wall, not *Paul
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hit), but sleep, doze do not normally do so (Peter slept, not *Peter slept the bed). To put it
in another way, a syntagmatic relation is putting unit and another unit in a right order that
is occurred in the same sentence to create meaning.
For example:
(1) He got a letter (to receive)
(2) He got tired (to become)
(3) He got to London (to arrive)
(4) He could not get the piano through the door (to move something To or from a position
or place)
Syntagmatic relationship is also explained as the relation between lexemes and
other lexemes with which it occurs in the same phrase or sentence (horizontal relation) and
forms construction. It is concerned with lexical items surrounding the lexeme related in
terms of collocation to describe the meaning of a word in a specific context (Lyons, 2002).
For example:
(1) happy with child -> happy child
(2) happy with family -> happy family
(c)
to
speak
slowly
(adverbial).
Notes: Forms of subordination may also be different agreement (this book these
books), government (help us), adjournment (the use of modifying particles just,
only, even, etc.) and enclosure (the use of modal words and their equivalents really,
after all, etc.).
2
3) Predicative
SR:
are
the
relations
of
independence.
a. Primary predication (sentence level): is observed between the subject and the
predicate of the sentence (Eaton, 2015). For example, Patrick disappeared
b. Secondary predication (phrase level): is observed between non-finite forms of
the verb and nominal elements within the sentence (Eaton, 2015). For example, I
saw him run (Secondary predication in this sentence is between the verb run and
the pronoun him: the verb run expressed the action performed by him.), we heard
them sing
2. Paradigmatic Relation
a. Definition of Paradigmatic Relation
Paradigmatic relation which is also called as substitutional relations, are those word which
hold between inter substitutable members of the same grammatical category; combinatorial
relations hold typically, though not necessarily, between expression of different grammatical
categories (for examples between nouns and adjectives, between verbs and adverbs) which can be
put together in grammatically well-formed combination (Lyon, 2002, p. 124). Kreidler (1998, p.
48) pointed that paradigmatic relation is a relation of choice. It is the relation of items that can
substitute for one another at the same place in a sentence. The words might be similar in meaning
or little in common. For example:
I want to have a cup of coffee
tea
Water
Usually, paradigmatic relations involve words which are in the same syntactic category as the
following example:
She bought some dishes
forks
spoons
1. Synonymy
Synonymy is often defined as two lexemes that has the same meaning or nearly the
same. For example, spectacles and glasses may both denote the same sort of objects that
people wear on their noses to look through, but glasses may also just be the plural of glass
in one of its other meanings (Lobner, 2013, p. 46). Kreidler (1998, p.97) explains that
synonymy is an instance of mutual entailment, and synonyms are instances of mutual
hyponymy. Synonyms can be nouns, adjectives, adverbs or verbs, as described on the table
below (Kreidler 1998, p. 96).
SYNONYM
Consume
Verb
Eat
Beautiful
Adjective
Pretty
Chair
Noun
Seat
Quickly
Adverb
Rapidly
2. Hyponymy
Hyponymy is often defined in the term of entailment (Kreidler, 1998, p. 93). For
example, (a) there are roses in the vase, (b) there are flowers in the vase. If the sentence (a)
is true, sentence (b) will also be true, but if the sentence (a) is not true, it cannot be said
that sentence (b) is also wrong. In fact, the truth about sentence (b) is not certain yet. If
sentence (b) is true, the truth about sentence (a) is not certain yet, but if sentence (b) is
wrong, then sentence (a) will also be wrong. The term rose is the hyponym of flower
4
c) Incongruity: there is no sense can be extracted at all. There is no feeling that the
utterance could be corrected. E.g. purple gestures of rat milk, the sky's nipple is a
dictionary
2. Pleonasm is a pleonastic reduction between two elements occurs when one of them
seems redundant. So, for instance:
a) John kicked the ball with his foot (pleonasm can be avoided by omitting with
his foot-John kicked the ball)
b) Pleonasm can also be avoided by replacing kick with strike (superordinate of
kick). John struck the ball with his foot.
c) However John kicked the ball with his left foot (hyponyms of foot)' is not
pleonasm since the phrase with his left foot contains new information
is created with a purpose which is to be used by human to glorify Him, but when human fall
into sin human mishandle the function of other creations include the function of language.
Even though human fall and mishandle the usage of language God still love them and guide
them to find out how to use the language correctly, he gave some people to figure those things
out lets say the experts that able to figure those things out about how the structure of language
and how to use it appropriately.
Language is the most important thing that human have because through language human
can bless others and through language human can hurt other, In the Bible God told us how
important is to keep our mouth and to use the language to glorify Him and to be bless for other.
In James 3: 5 Likewise, the tongue is a small part of the body, but it makes great boasts. It
showed that language has a power rather to bless or to curse depend on how we use the
language. In Proverbs 17:28 Even fools are thought wise if they keep silent, and discerning if
they hold their tongues. Sometimes it is good to be silent to hold the tongues from talking. As
human have the nature of sin sometimes it is hard to control their mouth and use language
appropriately the only thing that human can do is asking Holy Spirit to guide and take control
of all words that will be said, and to give us wisdom in using the language in our daily activity.
References
Eaton, K. (2015). Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. Retrieved November 18, 2016,
from slide player: http://slideplayer.com/slide/4720296/
Kreidler, C. W. (1998). Introducing English Semantic. New York : Routledge.
Lyon, J. (1995). Linguistic Semantic. England: Cambridge University Press.
Lyons, J. 2002. Sense relations: an overview. In A. D. Cruse, F. Hundsnurscher, M. Job and P.
R. Lutzeier (eds) Lexikologie. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von
Wrtern und Wortschtzen. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 466472.
Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic. (1998). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from Encyclopedia.com:
http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-socialreform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts-49
Paradigmatic Relation. (2014, July 18). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from Glottopedia:
http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Paradigmatic_relation
Riemer, N. (2016). The Routledge Handbook of Semantics. New York: Routledge.
Secondary Predication and Non-Verbal Predicates. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from
berkeleyhttp://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/~kay/bcg/II-Pred.html:
http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/~kay/bcg/II-Pred.html
Syntagm and Paradigm. (2016). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from Changing Minds:
http://changingminds.org/explanations/critical_theory/concepts/syntagm_paradigm.htm