Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Study Guide
English US Level 1
Study Guide
English US Level 1
www.RosettaStone.com
Rosetta Stone | 135 West Market Street | Harrisonburg, Virginia 22801 USA
540-432-6166 | 800-788-0822 in U.S. and Canada | Fax: 540-432-0953
1071078
SG-ENG-L1.indd 1
8/14/07 2:37:50 PM
Study Guide
English US Level 1
TRS-SG-ENG1-1.3
ISBN 978-1-883972-92-9
All information in this document is subject to change without notice. This
document is provided for informational purposes only and Rosetta Stone Ltd.
makes no guarantees, representations or warranties, either express or implied,
about the information contained within the document or about the document
itself. Rosetta Stone, Language Learning Success, and Dynamic Immersion,
are trademarks of Rosetta Stone Ltd.
Copyright 2007 Rosetta Stone Ltd. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Rosetta Stone
Harrisonburg, Virginia USA
T (540) 432-6166 (800) 788-0822 in USA and Canada
F (540) 432-0953
RosettaStone.com
12/14/00 2:18 PM
Page 5
Contents
Introduction ............................................................................... i
The Alphabet and Pronunciation ii
Special Letter Combinations iv
Syllables and Stress iv
Punctuation v
Greetings and Farewells vi
Titles and Addresses vii
Polite Phrases vii
Days of the Week viii
Months viii
Seasons viii
Unit One
1-01
1-02
1-03
1-04
1-05
1-06
1-07
Unit Two
2-01
2-02
2-03
2-04
2-05
2-06
2-07
2-08
2-09
2-10
12/14/00 2:18 PM
Page 6
Unit Three
3-01
3-02
3-03
3-04
3-05
3-06
3-07
3-08
3-09
3-10
Unit Four
4-01
4-02
4-03
4-04
4-05
4-06
4-07
4-08
4-09
4-10
Unit Five
5-01 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division 45
5-02 Possessive Nouns and Pronouns 46
5-03 Present Progressive, Present Perfect and Future
with Going To 47
5-04 More Numbers 48
5-05 Direct and Indirect Objects 49
5-06 Hot and Cold 50
5-07 Kinds of Things 51
5-08 Furniture, Clothing and Instruments 52
5-09 Few, Many, More, Less 53
5-10 More Verbs; Human Gestures 54
5-11 Human Conditions 55
12/14/00 2:18 PM
Page 7
Unit Six
6-01
6-02
6-03
6-04
6-05
6-06
6-07
6-08
Unit Seven
7-01
7-02
7-03
7-04
7-05
7-06
7-07
7-08
7-09
7-10
7-11
More Verbs 67
More Verbs; Interrogative Adjectives and Pronouns; Usually 68
Fast and Slow 70
Seasons 71
All, None, Some, Most, Both, Neither, Other 72
None and Both: Demonstrative Adjectives 73
Shapes and Locations; Prepositions; All, Most 74
Left and Right, Full and Empty 75
Prepositions: Above and Below, etc. 76
More Verbs 77
Verb Conjugation 78
Unit Eight
8-01 Ordinal Numbers 79
8-02 Am and Am Not: More Present Conditions 81
8-03 Looks Like, Almost All, One, Others, Most, All;
Demonstrative Pronouns 82
8-04 Space and Geography, Countries 83
8-05 Streets and Sidewalks 84
8-06 Pets and Clothes; Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns 85
8-07 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 86
8-08 Near and Far; Comparative Forms of Adjectives 87
8-09 Locations; Prepositions 88
8-10 Directions: How Do I Get To 89
8-11 Activities; More Verbs 90
4/11/05 3:47 PM
Page i
Introduction
The primary user of this Student Study Guide is intended to be the beginning
student of English. Obviously, the novice who has had no introduction whatsoever to
the sounds and orthography of English will not be able to read these words. Therefore,
at least initially, this Guide is a critically important launching tool to be used by the
teacher of English as a second language as well.
Learning to read, write and speak a foreign language is a cumulative process. The
student begins at a relatively simple starting point, and, with each progressive step,
collects additional knowledge of that language. These pieces of knowledge are like the
bricks used to build a house; each new brick is placed atop another brick until the
desired structure is achieved.
The student, like an apprentice bricklayer, needs an understanding of the tools and
materials that will be used before construction begins, as well as explanations of the
blueprints as the task proceeds. This Student Study Guide is designed to accompany
the Rosetta Stone program and will add those explanations and the whys and hows
a student often needs. To begin this study a few general notes may be helpful to the
learner of English and begin to lay a foundation for all the knowledge that will come.
This Introduction covers the following topics:
The main body of this Student Study Guide is a written companion to the Rosetta
Stone English Level 1 computer program. It contains lesson by lesson notes to assist
students and teachers by giving additional information on English grammar,
vocabulary, and usage. It can be used in conjunction with the English 1 Workbook,
which gives students practice writing and reinforces the material they have learned in
the computer program.
4/11/05 3:47 PM
Page ii
ii
b
c
B
C
d
e
D
E
f
g
F
G
h
i
H
I
j
k
l
m
n
o
J
K
L
M
N
O
Pronunciation
table (long A sound)
ball (short O sound)
man (short A sound)
boy, ball
before a, o or u: cat, car (K sound)
before i or e: dancing (S sound)
dog, under
reading, three, eating (long E sound)
red, yellow (short E sound)
fish, falling
girl, dog (hard G sound)
giraffe (J sound)
horse, hair
five, white (long I sound)
six, is, sitting (short I sound)
jumping
walking, black
elephant, ball
man, woman
running, an, airplane
old (long O sound)
on, not (short O sound)
p
q
r
s
P
Q
R
S
t
u
T
U
v
w
x
y
V
W
X
Y
4/11/05 3:47 PM
Page iii
airplane, jumping
quarter (KW sound; Q is always followed by U)
car, airplane, red
six, horse (S sound)
is, has (Z sound)
cat, table
blue (long oo sound)
under, running (short U sound)
bull (short oo sound)
five, seven
woman, flower
six
yellow, young
flying (long I sound)
zero
It is important to learn these letters by heart in the above sequence, because the
English speaking world uses them to order and organize information. For example,
dictionaries place words in alphabetical order so that you can find them easily; that is,
easily if you know the alphabet.
English words are made up of syllables. A syllable usually is built of a combination
of one to three letters from the above list. It must have one vowel, which is usually
combined with one or more consonants. The word English, for example, is made
of two syllables, Eng and lish. Lets look at and listen to the vowels in the English
language.
a
e
i
o
u
sometimes y
Find these vowels in the above alphabet. You will see that vowels may be
pronounced differently in different words. That can be confusing at first, especially if
your first language is a romance language in which these vowels are nearly always
pronounced the same way. Only English speakers say them as shown above, with
several variations possible.
iii
4/11/05 3:47 PM
Page iv
There are three sets of joined vowel sounds, called diphthong, that are used often
in English. They are:
au
written ow, ou
how, house
ai
written i, igh, y
oi
written oy, oi
boy, toilet
thirty-three
Place the tip of your tongue lightly between your teeth and
express air.
the, there
When to use which pronunciation must be memorized. Practice them until you can
say them easily.
Ch, sh and ph are also common spellings representing single sounds.
ch child, cheese
sh shirts, short
ph telephone
What about other consonant groupings? Most consonant clusters require
pronunciation of each letter in sequence from left to right.
str strawberries
You will find more clusters of consonants like this one, too many to mention here,
which may not occur in your language. Practice them until you can say them easily.
When in doubt, sound them out.
Syllables and Stress
Syllables are important building blocks in English. Some are stressed and some are
unstressed. How do you know where to place stress? Of course, monosyllabic words
(words made of one syllable) get only one stress.
In two-syllable words the stress is almost always on the first syllable.
airplane, woman, jumping
iv
4/11/05 3:47 PM
Page v
Other signals are used inside these beginning and ending signals.
,
A semicolon signals the end of an idea but says there is more to come on the
same point.
A colon tells you that an example of what was talked about follows.
Look at my balloon!
4/11/05 3:47 PM
Page vi
Good afternoon.
Good evening.
Good night.
Goodbye.
An informal greeting or farewell may be used after several meetings, or anytime with
people your own age. Young people especially prefer informal speech.
You may say:
Hi!
Hello.
Hows it going?
Great!
So-so, thanks.
See you later!
Other variations include See ya! See you tomorrow! and Bye-bye.
vi
4/11/05 3:47 PM
Page vii
Mrs. (Misses)
Miss
Ms. (Miz)
Maam
Sir
Dr. (Doctor)
Polite Phrases
Thank you.
Thanks a lot.
Many thanks.
Youre welcome.
Please.
vii
4/11/05 3:47 PM
Page viii
Seasons
Most regions of North America experience four seasons:
summer
fall or autumn
winter
spring
viii
June 21 to September 22
September 22 to December 22
December 22 to March 21
March 21 to June 21
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 1
1-01
an
boy
girl
table
and
car
horse
under
airplane
cat
in
woman
ball
dog
man
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 2
1-02
are
fish
reading
bird
flying
running
bull
girls
swimming
dancing
is
the
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 3
1-03
Descriptive Adjectives
New Vocabulary
black
long
short
blue
new
very
hair
old
white
has
pink
yellow
house
red
young
Grammar: Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe people and things. They give more information
about the noun that follows. In this way, they modify the noun. For example, an old
house is different from a new house. Old and new modify house. Unlike many
other languages, English adjectives do not change form to match the number or
gender of the noun. There is only one form.
Adjectives come before the noun they modify.
an old car
But there is another kind of sentence commonly used in English that uses is or are
followed by an adjective.
The car is old.
Old is an adjective that tells you something about the car; it modifies car. The car
is old means the same as the old car. It is just another way of saying the same
thing but in a complete sentence.
In this lesson, you will also practice sentences using has. In these sentences the
person or subject possesses (has) something.
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 4
1-04
New Vocabulary
zero
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
Listen carefully and learn to say each number correctly. Knowing how to say and
hear the numbers is very important, because we use them every day when we buy
things or when we tell someone our telephone number.
The th on three may require special attention, and eight has an unusual spelling.
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 5
1-05
baby
cars
eggs
horses
bicycle
child
eye
men
bicycles
children
eyes
singing
birds
dogs
flower
sitting
bicycles
eggs
cars
Most plurals of nouns are formed this way in English, by adding -s. However, some
words change a vowel in their stem instead of adding -s.
man (singular)
men (plural)
Can you find another noun that changes a vowel instead of adding -s?
The word child has a special plural form; it adds -ren to form its plural.
child (singular)
children (plural)
If a noun ends in y, as in baby, change the y to i and add -es to form its plural.
This will always be true with nouns that end in y.
baby (singular)
babies (plural)
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 6
1-06
fifteen
orange
thirty
fingers
plate
time
motorcycle
plates
twenty
number
riding
window
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 7
green
no
yes
he
not
1-07
isnt
she
it
they
The question mark at the end is an obvious sign that the sentence is a question,
but the verb in first position also tells you that the sentence is a question. Practice
forming questions in this way.
An answer to the question, Is the car red? must be yes or no, but single word
answers are sometimes too blunt. We may want to add something to it in order
to be more polite or clear in communicating. For example, say, Yes, it is red,
or Yes, it is.
Is the car red?
Yes, it is.
On the other hand, if the car is white, not red, extend your no answer by adding
it is not: No, it is not red. To complete the correction, say, It is white.
Is the car red?
The word it stands for the car. It is a pronoun, a short word that replaces a noun
and avoids annoying repetition. Use it only when replacing things, like cars, not
people. English has a set of personal pronouns that are used to refer to people.
She refers to a female, he refers to a male, and they refers to more than one of
any gender. In English, the personal pronouns are the only words that use gender.
Remember to match the plural they with the plural verb are: Yes, they are.
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 8
1-07
Usage: Contractions
In speech we often take short cuts. One of them is to form contractions of two
words, like isnt. The raised mark , an apostrophe, signals to the reader that one
or more letters has been dropped. The full form is is not. Watch for more
contractions. Theyre (thats one! theres another one!) used a lot, especially in
rapid speech.
Grammar: Personal Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. Personal pronouns are used to refer
to people.
Learn these personal pronouns and match them with the appropriate verbs.
first person
second person
third person
Singular
Plural
I am
you are
she is
he is
it is
we are
you are
they are
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 9
1-08
bags
carrot
grapes
pears
bananas
cheese
hat
strawberries
basket
drinking
juice
tomatoes
boxes
food
meat
water
Vocabulary: With
A new preposition is introduced in this lesson: with. It doesnt tell where the action
occurs, as in and on do, but serves a more descriptive function. A table with food
is a table that has food on it.
Grammar: Direct Objects
In Lesson 1-02 you learned to form present progressive verbs with -ing. Now you
may add objects to most sentences in present progressive tense. But be careful,
because not all verbs can take objects. You have learned, The boy is jumping. In
this sentence the boy is not jumping something. But if you say, The boy is jumping
rope, you have added a direct object, rope. If another verb, like eating, is used,
as in The boy is eating, you may again add an object: The boy is eating bread.
What is the boy eating? Bread. Bread is the object of his eating.
What other objects can you find in this lesson?
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 10
Clothing and Dress; Affirmative and Negative Verb Forms; Direct Objects
New Vocabulary
bathing
dress
jeans
shirts
socks
both
dresses
pants
shoe
some
brown
glasses
purple
shoes
suits
coat
gray
raincoat
skirt
wearing
1-09
dark
hats
shirt
skirts
10
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 11
1-10
doing
which
here
who
these
what
asks
asks
asks
asks
for
for
for
for
Tom is reading.
In the sentence, What is flying? what is a pronoun; it stands for the bird.
What food is this? This is bread.
But in the sentence, What food is this? what seeks to specify or name the food.
It modifies food, which makes it an adjective.
Where? is not a pronoun or an adjective. It simply refers to the location of
something. A common answer uses Here
Where is the boy? The boy is under the table.
or, Here he is.
Which? is normally an adjective. A noun follows it.
Which car is blue? The old car is blue.
Which car is blue? asks for a name or description of the car.
11
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 12
1-10
Rarely, which? may function as a pronoun.
Which is blue?
In this case it has already been made clear that cars are being discussed.
Grammar: Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives point out or demonstrate which people or things. They
come before the noun and agree with it in gender and in number. The demonstrative
adjectives are this and these.
This car is red.
These cars are blue.
12
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 13
2-01
down
pointing
throwing
kicking
rake
writing
laughing
smiling
little
talking
woman is smiling.
bull is kicking.
boy is throwing the ball.
woman is catching the ball.
13
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 14
2-02
adults
that
animal
animals
people
14
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 15
2-03
box
tool
small
truck
sofa
umbrella
television
wheel
Grammar: Adjectives
Adjectives describe a noun; they modify or change a noun so that we have a better
picture of it in our minds. You may use more than one.
a big white wheel
a small animal
In English, adjectives come before the noun they modify.
a small horse
a big blue wheel
15
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 16
biggest
smaller
circle
smallest
2-04
longer
square
rectangle
than
Usage: Comparison
Many adjectives can describe nouns in three gradations:
big
short
bigger
shorter
biggest
shortest
Big box simply describes the size of one box. We call it indicative.
Bigger box compares two boxes in size. We call this comparative.
Biggest box compares several boxes, of which none is larger than this one. We
call this form superlative.
In making comparisons between two items, use the comparative -er and add than.
The blue circle is bigger than the red circle.
The square is smaller than the circle.
16
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 17
2-05
cows
her
neither
pen
sign
warning
cup
holding
or
playing
singers
womans
deer
kangaroos
other
rectangular
something
guitar
left
paper
right
turn
Possessive Pronoun
my
your
her
his
its
our
their
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 18
2-06
does
hard
have
phone
18
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 19
2-07
Compound Subjects
New Vocabulary
but
heads
tractor
chairs
of
wall
fence
off
front
standing
ground
their
19
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 20
2-08
More Prepositions
New Vocabulary
above
bowl
each
tree
around
bowls
mans
without
behind
candy
medium-sized
beside
diver
shelf
between
donkey
stick
inside an enclosure
resting on top of something, usually horizontal
next to, to one side
below another object or place
in back of an object or place
placed before an object or place; note that it is a two-word term
placed with an object on either side
having, possessing, plus, together
the opposite of with; not having, not possessing
placed in relation to something below
on all sides, surrounding, encircling
Knowing which are opposites of each other may help to remember them. Here are
some opposites.
on
above
in front
with
20
under
below
behind
without
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 21
2-09
brushing
elbows
head
mouth
chin
face
his
nose
combing
feet
horses
to
ear
girls
human
touching
21
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 22
2-10
cut
eaten
jump
cutting
fall
jumped
drink
fallen
rider
drunk
going
22
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 23
2-10
Here are some of the verbs you have learned so far, grouped according to weak
or strong.
Weak
Infinitive
Past Participle
Strong
Infinitive Past Participle
jump
dance
touch
brush
comb
walk
fall
drink
eat
ride
sit
stand
has
has
has
has
has
has
jumped
danced
touched
brushed
combed
walked
has
has
has
has
has
has
fallen
drunk
eaten
ridden
sat
stood
Another time frame for an event to happen is the future. How do you express that
something will happen, or that it has not yet happened? A common way is to use
the present progressive of go (is going or are going) plus an infinitive (to plus
the verb). We often think of going to as indicating the future.
The woman is going to jump.
The rider is going to fall.
The boys are going to eat the bread.
Now you can express the same idea in three different tenses, distinguishing when
it happened.
The woman is jumping.
The woman has jumped.
The woman is going to jump.
The boys are eating.
The boys have eaten.
The boys are going to eat.
23
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 24
3-01
blond
group
thin
clown
older
younger
curly
runners
dancers
straight
24
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 25
3-02
balloons
fewer
marble
tables
buses
how
marbles
umbrellas
coins
loaf
more
cowboys
loaves
same
25
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 26
3-02
Comparisons are useful in discussing quantity relationships. The comparative form
of many is more; the comparative form of few is fewer. Use them with than.
There are more tomatoes than bananas.
There are fewer horses than people.
Comparisons can also designate an equal number. In this case, use as manyas
or the same number ofas....
There are the same number of men as women.
There are as many umbrellas as people.
26
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 27
3-03
More Clothing
New Vocabulary
another
sweater
anything
putting
shorts
sock
27
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 28
3-04
building
turning
church
inside
outside
28
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 29
3-05
grass
29
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 30
3-06
camel
herd
real
turtle
climbing
kangaroo
rocking
dragon
legs
sheep
giraffe
lion
swan
Vocabulary: Animals
If you can, go to a zoo today and name the animals in English. Or look at a nature
program on TV or read a nature magazine. How many of each kind of animal did
you see? Did you see any animals that are not real? What were the animals doing?
In English we have names for groups of certain animals.
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
30
herd of goats
herd of cows
herd of elephants
herd of horses
flock of birds
flock of sheep
pride of lions
school of fish
pack of dogs
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 31
3-07
cold
hungry
strong
full
rich
thirsty
happy
sad
tired
healthy
sick
ugly
full
hot
weak
healthy
ugly
sad
poor
Thirsty has no opposite other than not thirsty. Of course, using the negative form
not is always an option: not hungry, not strong, not happy, etc.
31
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 32
3-08
baker
cook
fixing
officer
secretary
taking
waiter
baking
cooking
getting
pain
son
teacher
working
bank
dentist
mechanic
police
station
teaching
care
doctor
money
proud
student
teeth
Usage: Professions
Which words above name a persons profession? Can you say what each one
does?
Note that many names of professions have certain suffixes.
-ist
dentist
scientist
-er
32
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 33
3-09
cats
persons
covering
picture
elephants
pictures
floor
rabbit
33
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 34
3-10
almost
night
eleven
past
forty-five
quarter
just
3:30
5:30
You may also say, It is half past three, or It is half past five.
Minutes past an hour can be stated very precisely by giving the hour followed by
the minutes.
It is two fifteen.
It is seven forty-three.
2:15
7:43
To, past and after tell time on either side of the hour.
It is a quarter to nine.
It is ten past five.
It is twenty after nine.
8:45
5:10
9:20
Times of fifteen minutes before or after the hour are usually expressed using
quarter.
It is a quarter to eight.
7:45
It is a quarter past seven.
7:15
But also:
It is seven forty-five.
It is seven fifteen.
34
7:45
7:15
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 35
4-01
father
up
may
upside
pony
violin
side
The answer to these questions is either yes or no. A short answer is acceptable.
Yes, she is. (Walking is understood to follow, but doesnt need to be stated.)
No, they arent. (Playing is understood.)
Sometimes answers of no may be followed by the correct information.
Is the bike upside down? No, it is right side up.
Is the man riding a horse? No, he is walking.
What plus is/are doing? calls for an answer regarding someones activity.
Answer in the present progressive tense.
What is she doing? She is running.
What are they doing? They are riding horses.
What is the man doing? He is putting on his sweater.
Is without a companion -ing verb forms a question that asks about identity, about
somethings existence.
Is it a pony? Yes, it is a pony.
Is it a dog? No, it is a cat.
35
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 36
4-02
bent
toes
boys
together
closed
door
closed
apart
bent
36
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 37
4-03
eighteen
nineteen
twenty-two
thirty-two
forty
forty-two
forty-six
fifty
fifty-two
sixty
sixty-six
seventy
seventy-five
eighty
eighty-five
eighty-six
ninety
ninety-five
hundred
Usage: Numbers
The suffix -teen has the same root origin as ten. With the exception of eleven
and twelve, numbers between ten and twenty add -teen to a stem related to
their corresponding number between one and ten.
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
In former times, English speakers used to say numbers above the teens
as four-and-twenty, six-and-thirty, etc., as in the Mother Goose rhyme,
Four-and-twenty blackbirds baked in a pie. We have now simplified the
form to twenty-four, thirty-six, etc.
37
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 38
4-04
all
mannequins
walkie-talkie
because
mobile
book
now
cant
plant
Vocabulary: Because
The term because has a special function in English. It sometimes serves as a
conjunction, as it does in this lesson, joining two sentences that could stand alone.
The man cant talk now. He is drinking.
The man cant talk now because he is drinking.
Because gives the cause or reason for a situation.
Usage: Contractions
We make several contractions in English. A contraction joins two words together to
make one word while dropping one or more letters. Often contractions are made of
a verb plus not.
is not
can not
isnt
cant
is talking
to the man
This is a complete sentence in normal word order: subject first, verb second,
followed by two complements. Complements are objects or phrases that complete
the idea one wants to express; they complement the subject and verb. In this
example, two prepositional phrases complete the idea. Can you think of more
complements to add to this sentence like building blocks?
38
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 39
4-05
awake
entering
sleeping
carriage
escalator
stairs
come
kissing
steps
coming
ladder
van
39
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 40
4-06
drive
guns
parade
smelling
driving
hoof
piano
through
electric
listening
purse
TV
for
marching
reaching
watching
Grammar: While
Precise action can be expressed using while plus a verb that ends in -ing.
While expresses time, duration or at the same time as.
The girl is wearing a hat while watching television.
The girl is wearing a hat and watching television at the same time.
What two actions do you find going on at the same time in the sentences in
this lesson?
40
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 41
4-07
Family Relationships
New Vocabulary
brother
him
sisters
brothers
husband
wife
chair
mother
daughter
parents
family
sister
Male
woman
wife
girl
daughter
sister
man
husband
boy
son
brother
41
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 42
4-08
anybody
nothing
empty
somebody
everybody
nobody
=
=
=
=
everyone
someone
anyone
no one
everybody
somebody
anybody
nobody
These pairs of terms mean exactly the same and are completely interchangeable.
Similarly, -thing may be combined with each of the above terms to refer to
inanimate objects.
everything
something
anything
nothing
42
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 43
4-09
antique
limousine
passing
snow
trolley
boats
motorcycles
pulling
sports
was
bridge
mountain
river
submarine
were
bus
moving
sails
tow
wrecked
43
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 44
4-10
helmet
parachute
pole
sand
44
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 45
5-01
divided
equals
minus
plus
Usage: Arithmetic
To indicate addition of numbers, use plus or and.
To indicate the result of adding, use equals or is.
1
One
One
+
1
plus one
and one
3
+
4
Three plus four
Three plus four
=
2
equals two.
is
two.
=
7
equals seven.
is
seven.
While the numbers being added represent more than one item, the set of numbers
being added together is considered to be just one set, and therefore the verbs
equals and is are singular.
To indicate subtraction of one number from another, use minus. It means take away.
Again, the result is expressed by equals or is.
8
Eight
minus
2
two
=
equals
6
six.
12
Twelve
minus
5
five
=
is
7
seven.
x
times
8
=
eight equals
16
sixteen.
4
Four
x
times
5
five
20
twenty.
=
is
2
divided by two
=
equals
6
six.
10
Ten
5
divided by five
=
is
2
two.
45
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 46
5-02
adults
haired
bucking
mens
childs
own
childrens
too
Usage: Possession
Lesson 2-09 introduced the notion of possession and presented ways to express it
in English. Lets practice them again and add a few clarifications.
One way to indicate possession is to use a possessive pronoun: his, her, their or its.
a boy and his dog
The woman is walking her dog.
The women are walking their dog.
Another possessive construction is the use of an apostrophe plus s (s) at the end
of a noun.
a mans hat
The girls socks are white.
If the possessor is plural and already ends in s, add after the plural s, and dont
add another s.
adults
adults clothing
Plurals that are formed by a change to the word and that do not add s show
possession with s.
children
men
46
childrens clothing
mens gloves
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 47
5-03
catch
flapping
its
ride
will
caught
frisbee
opened
sleep
wings
climb
gone
pick
thrown
work
done
hug
picked
use
47
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 48
5-04
More Numbers
New Vocabulary
twenty-five
twenty-six
twenty-seven
thirty-four
thirty-six
thirty-seven
thirty-eight
forty-three
forty-seven
forty-nine
fifty-four
fifty-seven
fifty-nine
sixty-two
sixty-three
sixty-nine
seventy-eight
eighty-seven
ninety-six
thousand
Usage: Numbers
Numbers above twenty are hyphenated:
twenty-one
forty-three
eighty-seven
Numbers of hundreds and thousands are not:
two hundred
nine thousand
Numbers are stated beginning with the largest unit (e.g. thousands) and ending
with the lowest unit.
three thousand one hundred and twenty-five
Some languages write such numbers as one word. English separates each word
with a space.
Note the spelling of forty; the u in four is dropped.
48
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 49
5-05
from
medicine
gave
pushing
giving
glass
Grammar: Objects
Earlier we discussed objects of prepositions. In this lesson we talk about objects
of verbs.
A direct object is the person or thing that receives the action of a verb. It tells you
whom or what.
The man is pushing the bicycle. (What is he pushing? The bicycle.)
The pony is pulling the cart. (What is the pony pulling? The cart.)
The boy is taking money from the woman. (What is he taking? Money.)
Recognizing an indirect object is not so easy. It is called indirect because it might
appear that it is a direct object of the verb, but logically we know it cannot be. Look
at the following example.
The man is giving the woman medicine.
At first glance it appears that the man is giving the woman (as a direct object).
But the man is giving medicine to the woman. What is really the direct object?
Medicine. So we call the woman an indirect object.
The recipient of the medicine becomes very clear if we put woman in a
prepositional phrase:
The man is giving medicine to the woman.
But constructions with indirect objects are very common in English and do not
result in confusion. Practice the following sentences.
The woman is giving the boy money.
The man is giving the girl the guitar.
Someone is giving the man a plate of food.
Which words are direct objects and which are indirect objects in these sentences?
49
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 50
5-06
candle
makes
scarves
sun
clouds
making
shining
trees
day
match
smoke
when
fire
mountains
stove
winter
50
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 51
5-07
Kinds of Things
New Vocabulary
bushes
kind
cattle
kinds
cream
plants
duck
ducks
51
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 52
5-08
bed
dressed
flutes
instruments
pieces
bench
dresser
formal
jacket
saxophone
clothes
drummer
furniture
music
sit
clowns
drums
guitars
musical
tie
Usage
Like Lesson 5-07, this one uses vocabulary that pertains to certain groups and
categories. The categories used here are furniture, clothing and musical
instruments.
While one could just as well say, A bench is a kind of furniture, or A jacket is
a kind of clothing, it is customary to refer to singular items belonging to these
categories as a piece.
A chair is a piece of furniture.
A jacket is a piece of clothing.
If the items are plural, a piece of is dropped.
A table and chairs are furniture.
Tables are furniture.
A shirt and tie are clothing.
childrens clothing
Interestingly, a dress is a piece of clothing, while the verb for putting on clothing
is to dress.
The woman is wearing a red dress.
The clown is getting dressed.
The woman is dressed in white.
One cannot say, A guitar is a piece of musical instrument, but one may say,
A guitar is a kind of musical instrument.
Guitars are musical instruments.
Violins are musical instruments.
What makes the difference? Furniture and clothing are non-count nouns, or
collective singulars, whereas instruments is a count noun. That is the difference.
52
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 53
5-09
boys
lot
candles
only
count
tray
land
we
Usage: Amounts
Number designations are needed every day in English speech, especially relative
numbers and comparatives. Note the following expressions and try to use them today.
many
a few
a lot of
a little
more than
sameas
fewerthan
lessthan
too many
a couple
One may add emphasis by doubling, as in many, many, or extend the comparison
with many more, far fewer, or far less.
Many and a few are used only with countable nouns.
many people
many birds
a few balloons
a few apples
More and less are used with non-count nouns, collective singulars and things
measured in volume rather than numbers.
more sand
less sand
more milk
less milk
more balloons
53
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 54
5-10
coughing
funeral
pockets
sticking
tying
crying
kite
race
stretching
waving
finishing
medals
run
string
win
folded
neck
scratching
thinking
won
54
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 55
5-11
Human Conditions
New Vocabulary
am
unhappy
you
I am
you are
he is
she is
it is
we are
you are
they are
Note how useful these structures are in talking about human conditions.
55
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 56
notebook
6-01
park
Past
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
56
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 57
6-02
close
go
slide
trunk
cross
kiss
sliding
write
crossing
looking
store
enter
put
street
57
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 58
6-03
earring
uniform
light
uniforms
moustache
rug
58
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 59
6-04
Units of Things
New Vocabulary
banana
bouquets
lots
rolls
towels
baskets
bunches
pair
slices
watermelon
boots
chips
plastic
toilet
bottle
dice
potato
tomato
bouquet
half
roll
towel
59
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 60
6-05
NeitherNor, BothAnd
New Vocabulary
anymore
dressing
nor
sidewalk
them
Both means the two together. Often neither is its opposite. Their grammatical
functions are parallel: adverbial, adjectival and as a subject. As a subject, of
course, both is plural (Both are).
Adverbial
As subject
Adjectival
Where more than two items are involved, use all. None negates all.
All four of these people are walking.
None of these people are walking.
60
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 61
6-06
digging
fishing
keys
sons
61
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 62
6-07
Names
New Vocabulary
balloon
prince
stepping
look
says
touched
my
shaking
twenty-three
name
singers
walk
named
speaking
years
Usage: Look
We often want to call someones attention to ourselves or to something of interest
to us. A common expression for doing so is Look! It is an attention-getter. It
expresses excitement, and it is in command form; therefore an exclamation point
is used as end punctuation.
Look at my balloon!
Look, I am standing in a tree!
Usage: Names
This lesson practices the use of names of people in English. Everyone has a name.
If we know a persons name, we should use it. A name is much more interesting
than the boy or that woman.
Notice how direct quotations are written in English.
The girl says, My name is Sandra and I am four years old.
Sandra says, Look at my balloon!
A comma follows says, and a quotation mark signals the beginning of the exact,
word-for-word statement that the girl or Sandra makes. The statement is a new
sentence, so the first word is capitalized (My or Look). An end punctuation (period
or exclamation point) marks the end of the sentence, and a closed quotation mark
signals the end of the exact quotation.
62
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 63
6-08
being
pouring
kicked
preparing
kissed
read
newspaper
Note that up and on in the phrases is picking up and is putting on do not function
as prepositions, as they might at first appear to do. They are part of the verb as
adverbial particles. To pick up and to put on have special meanings as verbs.
Present perfect
63
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 64
6-09
bikers
doll
luggage
set
bunch
dolls
pairs
silverware
candles
flags
room
single
couples
grape
runner
tools
bunch of
couple of
pair of
bouquet of
set of
Note what kinds of things come in which groupings. A pair usually refers to
two matched items, such as a pair of gloves or a pair of twins. A bouquet of
can only be of flowers, but the flowers can be named, like a bouquet of roses.
A set is a group of matched items belonging together to make a complete
group, like a set of luggage. Grapes and bananas normally come in bunches.
64
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 65
6-10
alone
choir
huge
surround
away
crowd
puppy
surrounded
books
desert
racing
whole
buildings
friend
singer
But sometimes we want to focus on the recipient of the action. In this case we use
passive voice, in which the subject receives the action. To do so, change the word
order, moving woman from its position as the last word in the sentence, where
it is an object, to the first position in the sentence, to serve as the subject. Second,
change the verb by using a form of to be with the past participle of the verb
surround.
The woman is surrounded by flowers.
The church is surrounded by other buildings.
The agent or performer of the action is stated in the prepositional phrase by
65
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 66
6-11
hurt
someones
hurts
typewriter
ouch
policeman
Vocabulary: Ouch
Ouch! is a common expression of sudden pain in English. It cannot be used as a
building block to create other words.
Usage: Conditions
This lesson reviews human conditions, like sick, proud, embarrassed and afraid.
The phrase My foot hurts locates the pain. Practice the body parts by saying,
My head hurts, My back hurts, etc., until you have named all the parts that
you know.
66
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 67
7-01
More Verbs
New Vocabulary
been
give
kites
cow
given
trying
cows
gotten
dirt
hay
fly
hit
is trying
to fly
a kite.
The girl
is going
to give
hay
to the horses.
To has two functions in the last sentence: one as part of the infinitive to give;
and one as a preposition indicating place (to the horses).
Other multiple-part verbs are found in the following examples.
The
The
The
The
67
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 68
7-02
arent
clocks
sailors
sometimes
wears
astronauts
dont
sells
space
wheels
camels
elephants
ships
spread
workman
carries
live
sing
usually
68
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 69
7-02
Which? is the interrogative word that asks for an answer that begins with a
demonstrative adjective. Which? asks you to point to, or demonstrate, this one
or that one. Answer which? by using this or that.
Which animal has only two legs? This one does. That animal has four legs.
Which person sells plants? That one does. This one sells clothes.
69
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 70
7-03
downhill
skates
still
fast
skating
swimmer
moves
skier
quickly
skiing
Grammar: Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs; they tell about the time, manner or place of the action
expressed in the verb. Many adverbs do not vary in form. They do not show
plurality or gender. Fast is one of these adverbs.
The woman is running fast.
The horse is going fast.
The skier is skiing very fast.
Other adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding -ly, as in slowly and quickly.
These adverbs are formed from their adjective counterparts, slow and quick.
The slow horse is walking. (adjective)
The horse is walking slowly. (adverb)
Which adverbs require -ly and which do not must simply be memorized. Those
without -ly can be used as adjectives, too, with no change in form.
The fast horse is running. (adjective)
The horse is running fast. (adverb)
Here are some other adverbs in this lesson.
now
downhill
quickly
still
(time)
(place)
(manner)
(manner)
Remember that all prepositional phrases serve adverbial functions as well. In this
lesson, they include at all, through the water, and across the street.
Words that modify adverbs are also adverbs. Very is an intensifier that modifies
adverbs.
The skier is skiing very fast.
70
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 71
7-04
Seasons
New Vocabulary
call
moon
springtime
wintertime
city
pool
summertime
covered
road
sunrise
daytime
see
sunset
leaves
spring
warm
Usage: Seasons
In most English-speaking countries there are four distinct seasons: summer, fall
(or autumn), winter and spring. Therefore we talk about the weather and climate
conditions. Practice the vocabulary specific to the seasons and times of day.
Note that the addition of -time is often arbitrary and optional:
winter
spring
summer
day
night
wintertime
springtime
summertime
daytime
nighttime
71
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 72
7-05
most
others
part
Usage: Quantifiers
The terms in this lesson are all quantifiers. They help us sort and organize
information that we want to communicate. They tell how many or how much.
all
both
most
neither
none
some
With most of these terms you have the choice whether to use them with a
prepositional phrase, of the or not. Used with the prepositional phrase, more
specificity is gained. Compare the meanings of the following phrases.
All of the flowers are white.
All flowers are white.
The other is similar to the terms above. Used with one of, it expresses a
contrast between two items. Like both and neither, only two are being discussed.
One of these ducks has a white head and the other has a green head.
One person is pointing, but the other is not.
72
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 73
7-06
New Vocabulary
There is no new vocabulary in this lesson.
Usage
This lesson practices the same structures as those we learned in Lesson 7-05.
Look for new variations for using quantifiers.
Remember to match the demonstratives this (singular) and these (plural) with
their verbs (is or are) in number.
This person is a woman.
These people are men.
73
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 74
7-07
circles
squares
triangles
74
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 75
7-08
middle
Note that when we know what the glass contains, a prepositional phrase of
follows full, whereas nothing follows empty.
The glass on the left is full of milk.
The glass on the right is empty.
The mans left hand is full of candy, but his right hand is empty.
75
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 76
7-09
setting
written
sky
taken
telephones
76
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 77
7-10
More Verbs
New Vocabulary
calf
lifting
camera
over
cannot
sticks
dogs
take
fell
77
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 78
7-11
Verb Conjugation
New Vocabulary
There is no new vocabulary in this lesson.
Grammar: Personal Pronouns (Review)
Practice the personal pronouns with the verb tenses you know. Remember, the
personal pronouns are in first, second or third person, singular and plural.
First person
Second person
Third person
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Im
Ive
youre
hes
hes
shes
its
Im going to fall.
Ive drunk the milk.
Youre sick.
Hes going to jump.
Hes jumped!
Shes using a camera to take a picture.
Its summer.
we are
we have
you are
they are
they have
were
weve
youre
theyre
theyve
In the case of negatives using not, the contraction may shift from the pronoun to
the verb with not. The choice is yours depending on where you want to place the
emphasis. Compare the following sentences.
We arent going to jump.
We havent jumped.
They arent jumping.
They havent jumped.
78
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 79
8-01
Ordinal Numbers
New Vocabulary
first
second
third
fourth
last
numbers
first two numbers are two and the last number is six.
second person and the last person are sitting.
first number is zero.
third number is three.
Last is not one of the ordinal numbers, but an adjective describing the item at the
very end of a sequence, regardless of the number of items in it.
All ordinal numbers end in -th except for first, second, and third. Note the
relationship of the first twelve ordinal numbers with their cardinal numbers.
Cardinal
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
Ordinal
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Five changes the v to an f and drops the e to become fifth. Twelve follows the
sample pattern to become twelfth. Eight only adds an h because it already ends
in t. Nine drops the e to become ninth.
The ordinal numbers are commonly abbreviated as shown in the column on the
right. Note that they consist of the arabic numeral followed by the ending on that
ordinal number.
79
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 80
8-01
Ordinal numbers over 20 are formed by the usual twenty, thirty, etc., plus the
ordinal for the ones.
twenty-first
twenty-fifth
twenty-eighth
twenty-ninth
With numbers that end in y, change the y to an i and then add -eth.
twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
80
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 81
8-02
New Vocabulary
There is no new vocabulary in this lesson.
Usage: Not Anymore, NeitherNor, None (Review)
Anymore is an adverb that means no longer. Usually it is used with not,
indicating that an activity that was once in progress is no longer going on.
We are not singing anymore.
I am not standing on the sidewalk anymore.
Neither can be used alone as a pronoun, as the negative of two items or persons,
or as an adverb with nor, indicating the negative of two activities.
I am neither singing nor playing the piano.
I am a man who is neither talking on the phone nor eating.
Note that the singular verb is is used in the sentences below.
Neither of us is singing.
Neither I nor the man is carrying an umbrella.
Note that English speakers are in confusion as to how to regard none. Is it plural
or singular? Can it be singular one time and plural another?
None of us are standing.
None of us is walking.
I am standing. None of my friends are.
While neither is consistently singular, none remains ambiguous. Until usage
clarifies whether it is singular or plural, you can use either none is or none are.
81
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 82
Looks Like, Almost All, One, Others, Most, All; Demonstrative Pronouns
New Vocabulary
like
upper
looks
lower
ones
8-03
shapes
82
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 83
8-04
Algeria
called
continent
Germany
map
Russia
United Kingdom
Argentina
Canada
country
India
Mexico
Saturn
United States
Asia
Chile
Egypt
Italy
Nigeria
South America
Venezuela
Asian
China
Europe
Japan
North America
Spain
Vietnam
European
Asian
Adjectives can be made from most geographic names. These adjectives may refer
either to the people in those countries or to the language they speak. They usually
end in -an or -ese. If the name already ends in -a, add only -n.
+ -ese
+ -n
irregular
Japanese
Vietnamese
Venezuelan
African
American
Russian
Nigerian
Algerian
Tanzanian
Indian
Korean
Canadian
Egyptian
German
Italian
Spanish
Mexican
Brazilian
Chinese
83
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 84
8-05
bridges
hole
toward
broom
machine
wheelchair
crosses
railroad
goes
sweeping
a
a
a
a
The U.S.A. has many highways with two or more lanes for each direction of traffic.
These have a variety of names: freeway; interstate; turnpike; toll road; or
expressway.
Roads are said to go and to cross. So are people.
The road goes toward the house.
The bridge crosses the water. The man is crossing the street.
The adverbial form of to cross is across. It is often used as a preposition.
He is riding his bicycle across the street.
The birds are walking across the sidewalk.
One rides a bicycle, but drives a car. One may ride in a car.
84
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 85
8-06
belongs
petting
farmer
farmers
girls
85
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 86
8-07
dangerous
fight
lightest
oldest
striped
darkest
happiest
longest
rather
stripes
either
highest
low
shortest
taller
fastest
home
lowest
spots
wettest
Another form uses has more. with a direct object plus than.
This animal has more spots than either dog.
86
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 87
8-08
far
farther
houses
87
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 88
8-09
Locations; Prepositions
New Vocabulary
airport
gas
mosque
restaurant
temple
bakery
Hindu
movie
stop
theater
block
hospital
pharmacy
subway
university
corner
hotel
playground
supermarket
factory
library
prison
synagogue
88
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 89
8-10
blocks
until
do
your
ends
forks
to the
four blocks to the
straight ahead
down the street to the
down the street past the
up the street to the
89
12/14/00 2:20 PM
Page 90
8-11
New Vocabulary
There is no new vocabulary in this lesson.
Grammar: Tenses (Review)
Now you know these verb tenses. Lets go over them one more time.
Present tense
We are in a bike race.
We run.
Present progressive tense
I am reading.
We are running.
Past tense
I had a hat on my head.
We were in a bike race.
Past progressive tense
We were jumping rope.
I was drinking.
Present perfect tense
I have picked up the cat.
We have run.
Future with going to
We are going to run.
I am going to put on the dress.
True future
The camel will open its mouth.
The runner in the red shirt will win.
Once you master all of these forms, you will have a wide-ranging ability to express
yourself and tell others the timing of events and experiences.
90