Lab #9 What’s in that Bottle? \y//() Unknown Challenge Introduction Various properties of materials suit them for a given application. For example, we do not make electrical wires of glass because glass tends to be fragile and nonconductive, whereas copper and aluminum are malleable and conductive. What makes materials behave the way they do? To a large extent, the forces between the material’s atoms and its molecules determine its properties Concepts * Chemical bonds + Ionic bonding _« Intramolecular Forces * Covalent bonding + Metallic bonding + Intermolecular Forces é Background When atoms combine to make a compound, intramolecular forces hold them together (within the molecule itself). Two general types of these forces are ionic and covalent, Bonds are typically described on the basis of which of these two characters is exhibited more strongly. For example, the bond between a metal and a nonmetal has more an ionic than a covalent character and is referred to as an an ionic bond. In an ionic bond, electrostatic attraction between two ions holds the compound together. The bond between two nonmetals is typically considered covalent. In a nonpolar covalent bond, electrons are shared equally. Ina covalent bond with a bit more jonic character, the electrons are shared but unequally; the atom with greater clectronegativity attracts the electrons more strongly. This unequal sharing creates poles of charges, and these bonds are termed polar covalent bonds. While intramolecular forces are stronger than intermolecular forces (between different molecules), both forces determine a material's properties: onic solids ‘are Those Tormed by The aliraction betreon ionic compounds. In an ionic solid, the particles are attracted to one another electrostatically. This forms lattice structures in which the ions are held together tightly in three dimensions with ionic bonds; an example is the sodium and chlorine ions in sodium chloride. In ionic solids, smaller ions and ions with higher charges have strong coulombic forces (attraction between positive and negative charges). Because of these forces, ionic solids have high melting points; the greater the coulombic forces, the higher the melting points of the solids. These coulombic forces also cause them to have low vapor pressure. In addition to high melting points, ionic solids are brittle, due to the repulsion of similar charges when the ions slide across each other during fracture. Ionic solids do not conduct electricity in their solid forms because the electrons are not free to move; however, in the liquid state or when dissolved in a polar solvent such as water, the ions of an ionic compound can transfer electrons from one electrode to another, Covalent network solids are compounds in which there are covalent bonds between all of the atoms, such as diamonds or quartz (silicon dioxide). These atoms are bonded together in two- or three-dimensional networks Because of the strong covalent bond (forees stronger than intermolecular forces), these solids also have high melting points. The fixed covalent bond angles cause these substances to be very hard. In many cases, the humerous covalent bonds do not allow for free electrons to conduct electricity. In some cases when there is only a two-dimensional network such as in graphite, they are able to conduct. Unlike covalent network solids and ionic solids, molecular solids do not have hiigh boiling points. If these solids are compounds, they have discrete, covalently bonded molecules that do not form covallent bonds with neighboring particles. These solids tend to be comprised of atoms (such as argon), diatomic elements (such as oxygen), or molecules (such as methane) that are held together only by intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces). This weaker bonding allows these particles to be separated more easily, accounting for both the low boiling point and the tendency toward softness in molecular solids. Because the individual molecules in molecular solids exhibit covalent boning and have no free electrons, these solids do not conduct electricity.Elements such as iron and silver are metallic solids, crystalline solids in which only metal atoms are packed together. While these atoms do not form ionic or covalent bonds, their attraction is greater than can be attributed only to London dispersion forces. These atoms have delocalized valence electrons that move around the core of the atoms in what is often referred to as an electron sea. The sharing of electrons in this manner is termed metallic bonding, Because their electrons are free to move, metals are very good electrical conductors. Also due to the arrangement of electrons, metallic solids are ductile (able to be drawn into thin wires) and malleable (able to be hammered into shapes). Metals vary greatly in their melting points and hardness because of the range in atomic size and in number of electrons. Experiment Overview ‘The purpose of this lab is to identify one unknown solids based on systematic testing of their physical and chemical properties observed from testing from known solids. You will work in a team to develop a set of criteria for determining the type of solid that a sample represents. Pre-Lab Questions 1. Explain the differenee betw cen intermoleculagforess and intramol ve a ea PL EN SNA RE NSE 2. How would you be able to determine whether a given compound were: a. ionic solid or a covalent network solid? wt {ov / b. A metallic solid or an ionic solid? |). ¢. A covalent network solid or a molecular solid?/“7\/-\\7 ‘Table 1. Properties and Bond Types of Solid Compounds ‘Compound Observations [MP(°C) | Solubility in 25% Types of | Type of Bond Water Elements (Metal, Nonmetal) Poiassium White Solid [993 | Yes MINM | Tonic Chloride (KCI) Sucrose White Solid [786 [Yes NMINM _ | Polar Covalent (CaH20u1) Todine (I) | Dark gray 114 [Slightly soluble | NM/NM__ | Nonpolar Solid Covalent Zine (Zn) Gray, shiny [1535 [No M Metallic metal Using Table T, answer questions 3-4. 3. Compare the type of bond with regard to the properties below using Table I and explain any teationships, HINT: Think of what i happening between the bonded atoms as well x what curs between the particles, a. Melting point /'! |) ~ i Wa b. Solubility in 25°C, \o 4,_ Predict the properties of each substance below based on Table 1 ‘Compounds Bond Type: Relative Melting Solubility in 25°C Nonpolar Covalent, | Point (High or Low) | Water Polar Covalent, Meiallic, Jonic . Fexane (Co ig) YY Kr a Yu t = | Bromobenzenc - >, (CoEIsBr) wale r low. Sodium Chloride Tonic (Nach ial Tron (Fe) Dela tha 5, Read the laboratory procedure and diagram the steps using Mustrafions or a flow chart. Ensure that your diagrams are labeled with quantities and descriptions.‘Appearance | Result of ‘Conductivity | Solubility | Conductivity of Melting Crushing! of Solid Aqueous Point Malleability Solution Paraffin [Sp,oorn, | Ges, Low nore, Ow ON Wax ‘ bendy No ie Ar [Mie | Yes Copper Shin, — [dented Korver ~ Pyer Ad [RAS "| ener osred nigh | No Sucrose: AS. [G06 |ceresaen | nore | Yes | ow | ‘NaCl Civpiat NO. Low, Lah’ Be ta Mer 40h akoows Tne | 5 LOU, \ ine AS log |e [nme | NS | gin Unknown i oer os) FING lo ve Kio | 80% | 108 Wirone| yes | Low pH Unkenown Grand [ard +o Ferg” iN acel wh Oe ol if Aud ralhen\nilet Smal aM shes Lo Unknown ate on A none Post Lab Questions 1. On the basis of the collected data, determine what type of solid each sample is, Provide an explanation for each sample, = Sample | Type of Solid | Explanation A Oe eX yl B Vola Low fo, 1 1 _| Cc VT Wy DT Wonk Lon AL Be 2. Materials have different purposed, due to theixproperties. Which material(s) from your lab activity would serve each of the following usds. Explain, ‘To conduct electricity through Wires in-high temperature environment. CO(OC A>, BG To insulate against conducting electricity in a high temperature environment, (JO , SQ'+ To form an electrolyte and conduct electricity to allow water to be hydrolyz ~ To melt at a low temperature and pour into molds for modeling. (NOY, SY. LBS 3. Explain the difference in the melting points of iodine and sodium chloride sardples on the basi¢ oF their bonding and intermolecular forces. Which sample had strong intermolecular forces and why? 4. Explain the difference in conductivity (if any) between samples of potassium chloride and sucrose. Boge salt, A, CSystm WnOKS IN that Botte? Lan oO ao) DA Grwrer vemuse tb has a gh conduc: x rot Ws, ond AQUOS SdibHons and qn Q b & and C because Hey hove ) nigh carted wa SOkAS, TRE gi boone” Be MY lo a a GB, wee ) MS oa Kedar mae, tay ALT Cup tO explain wm answers M