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The idea prevails with someindeed, it found expression in arguments at the barthat we have in this country substan-
tially pr practically two national governments; one maintained under the Constitution, with all its restrictions [17 limited enumer-
ated powers]; one to be maintained by Congress outside and independently of that instrument, by exercising such powers as
other nations of the earth are accustomed to exercise [unlimited power].
Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244,381 (A.D. 1901) (emphasis and bracketed text added)
all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain ...it is evident that they [U.S. citizens] have not the political rights which are vested in citizens of
unalienable Rights The Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 the States. They are not constituents of any community in which is vested any sovereign power of
government. Their position partakes more of the character of subjects than of citizens. They are
The word people of the United States and citizens are synonymous terms, and subject to the laws of the United States, but have no voice in its management. If they are allowed
mean the same thing. They both Describe the political body who, according to our to make laws, the validity of these laws is derived from the sanction of a Government in which
republican institutions, form the sovereignty, and who hold the power and conduct they are not represented. Mere citizenship they may have, but the political rights of citizens they
the government through their representatives. They are what familiarilycall the cannot enjoy People v. De La Guerra, 40 Cal. 311, 342 (A.D. 1870) (emphasis added) [in
sovereign people, and every citizen is one of this people, and a constituent other words, You are a SUBJECT, and have NO rights, but what are granted. By your mas-
member of this sovereignty. Dred scott v. Sanford. 60 U.S.393, 405 (A.D. 1856) ter]
[In other words you are a sovereign with unalienable rights .]