Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BLOCK MATRICES
AM
BESENYEI
AD
Abstract. We give a short proof of a trace inequality for 2 2 positive
block matrices which is a special case of the subadditivity inequality for
q-entropies.
1. Introduction
In this short note we prove the following remarkable inequality for positivesemidefinite block matrices.
Theorem. Let A, B, C Cnn be such that the block matrix
A B
X=
C2n2n
B C
is positive-semidefinite. Then
Tr AC Tr B B Tr A Tr C Tr B Tr B.
There holds equality if and only if X = Y Z for some positive-semidefinite
Y C22 , Z Cnn such that min(rank Y, rank Z) 1.
Remark. Clearly, if the equality conditions hold, then both sides are 0.
The inequality of the Theorem comes from the subadditivity of q-entropies
proved in [1]. It states that for any bipartite state in a finite-dimensional
Hilbert space H1 H2 it holds
Sq () Sq (Tr1 ) + Sq (Tr2 )
where
1 Tr q
(q > 1)
q1
is the so-called q-entropy and the partial traces Tr1 and Tr2 are linear operators defined by Tr1 : X Y 7 Tr(X)Y and Tr2 : X Y 7 Tr(Y )X (see
also [2]). If H1 = C2 and H2 = Cn and Mn denotes the space of n n
complex matrices, then for a density matrix
A B
=
M2 Mn
B C
Sq () =
and
Tr2 =
Tr A Tr B
M2 .
Tr B Tr C
AM
BESENYEI
AD
aii cii
i=1
n
X
|bij |2
i,j=1
n
X
i=1
aii
n
X
i=1
2
n
X
cii
bii
i=1
i>j
i6=j
A B
is positive-semidefinite, A and C
B C
are also positive-semidefinite. Further, the principal subdeterminants of X,
especially the 2 2 subdeterminants are non-negative (see [3]) thus aii cii
|bii |2 for i = 1, . . . , n. Therefore, by the inequality of the arithmetic and
geometric means we obtain
q
aii cjj + ajj cii 2 aii cii ajj cjj 2 |bii |2 |bjj |2 2<(bii bjj )
Since the block matrix X =
aii cii |bii |2 and aii cii ajj cjj = |bii |2 |bjj |2 ;
aii cjj = ajj cii ;
bij = 0;
|bii bjj | = <(bii bjj ).
Clearly, (iii) implies that B is diagonal. Further, (iv) means that the numbers bii have the same argument.
If aii cii > |bii |2 for some i, then by (i), ajj cjj = |bjj |2 = 0 for all j 6= i.
So by (ii), ajj = cjj = 0 and also bjj = 0 for j 6= i. But C must be positivesemidefinite thus cii cjj |cij |2 (j 6= i) so C should also be diagonal with at
most one non-zero diagonal
entry,
similarly to A and B. This means that
aii bii
is positive-definite and Z is diagonal with
X = Y Z where Y =
bii cii
one non-zero entry, zii = 1.
Now assume that aii cii = |bii |2 for all i Since X is positive-semidefinite,
the following 3 3 subdeterminant should be non-negative:
aii 0 bii
0 cjj cji = aii cii |bii |2 cij aii |cij |2 = aij |cij |2 .
bii cji cii
We have two cases. If A = 0, then B = 0 and C is anarbitrary positive0 0
semidefinite matrix thus X = Y Z where Y =
. Otherwise cij =
0 1
0 (j 6= i) when aii 6= 0. Moreover, by (ii), cii = 0 when aii = 0 and
thus by the positive-semidefiniteness of C, cij = 0 (j 6= i). So C is also
diagonal, proportional to A and therefore by (iv), B = A, C
= ||2 A for
1
some constant C. Thus X = Y A where Y =
. Then X
||2
is positive-semidefinite since it is the tensor product of positive-semidefinite
matrices.
In the general case, if A is not diagonal, then we might consider
U AU U BU
X=
.
U B U U CU
= Y Z thus
In the case of equality X
)
X = (I U )(Y Z)(I
U ) = Y (U ZU
= rank Z.
where rank U ZU
References
[1] K. Audenaert, Subadditivity of q-entropies for q > 1, J. Math. Phys., 48, 083507
(2007).
[2] R. Bhatia, Partial traces and entropy inequalities, Linear Algebra Appl., 375 (2003),
211220.
[3] R. A. Horn, Ch. R. Johnson, Matrix Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
a
m Besenyei
Ad
tvo
s Lora
nd University, H-1117 Budapest,
Department of Applied Analysis, Eo
zma
ny P. se
ta
ny 1/C, Hungary
Pa
E-mail address: badam@cs.elte.hu