ME2134-2

Darcy-Weisbach Eqn; LOSS in

straight pipe cos of friction
-Using V (average) = Q/A

Analysis of Pipe Flow

Assumptions:
Applies to homogeneous
fluid of constant viscosity
and density; & gases
provided
density
changes are small

Red DETERMINES TYPE

OF FLOW, INTEGRAL
STEP
Laminar Pipe Flow
-Motion
of
fluid
in
layers//to
boundary
surface (Red<2300)
Transitional Pipe Flow
- (Red~2300)
Turbulent
Pipe
Flow
(Red>>2300)
-Random, irregular &
unsteady motion of fluid
particles

-Using energy eqn & momentum eqn

(prev. chapter)

LAMINAR
Flow
in
Circular
Pipe
[SMOOTH/ROUGH]
-Velocity of a real fluid at a fixed boundary is
always zero to satisfy no-slip condn. r=R, u=0.
Velocity Profile (Parabolic)
Drop (+ve value)

Laminar:
Turbulent/V:

(Hagen-Poiseuille Flow)

hf =

Valid for duct flow of

section
&

ANY x-

Laminar:
Turbulent:

Umax (max velocity)

Stress
= 2V (average velocity)
Head Loss, h (Darcy)
Factor, f (Red<2300)

TURBULENT Flow in SMOOTH

Circular Pipe
- Turbulent flow has random eddies
that
dissipate
KE
into
heat.
(Dragturbulent > Draglaminar)
- Turbulent flow (3 regions) is
affected by surface roughness unlike
laminar.
- Wall Layer, Outer Layer &

Overlap Layer
- Friction velocity =
=y

& (R-r)

; f from

eddy losses

with

Minor loss

[Velocity Profile:]

2. Hydraulically Rough Walls:

- protrude into main flow
3. Transitional Roughness:
- Some submerged some protrude
[Velocity Profile:]

B-

Max Velocity, Umax

explaning

TURBULENT Flow in ROUGH Circular

Pipe
- EDDIES can form in rough+turb since
protrusions
*Extent of submersion of roughness
elements into laminar sublayer of
turbulent boundary layer
1. Hydraulically Smooth Walls:
- turbulent flow similar to in smooth pipe

B from

Average Velocity, V:

MINOR LOSSES

graph

*as
Re
increases,
turbulent
sublayer dominates while laminar
sublayer increasingly thins
(hydraulically
smooth
to
rough
transition)

Moody Diagram (Friction Factor)

flaminar=64/Red (Red<2300) ; fsmooth pipe
hydrau smooth

Loss

coeff, K

Loss
in
sudden
Friction
in
expansion:
noncircular pipes
- Replace diameters; d or
D
with
hydraulic
1.
Exit Loss:
diameter,
DH k=1; tank is
big, A2 is v big compared
Loss
in
sudden
contraction:
Frictional
Loss
&
(ge
Factor
neral)
(aft
er venaC)
Not so accurate for laminar flow since V is
not a good approximation of velocity profile

Ac is area of vena contracta;

Cc=Ac/A2,

Friction

[Velocity Profile:]

Velocity Profile:

Darby

Shear

both

Entrance Length: distance

from entrance of pipe flow
travels before fully developed

[Le]

Pressure

(Independent of
Red)

or

Multiple Pipe System [for head

losses, take darcy & minor losses in
each pipe [all networks]
1. Pipes in Series: Q=Q1=Q2=Q3;
MINOR
LOSSES
HL=HL1+HL2+H
L3
explaning eddy losses

Loss
in
sudden
contraction:
2. Gradual Expansion

- KL includes frictional
loss
- >60o, sudden expansion
better

2. Pipes in //:
- Q=Q1+Q2+Q3; HL=HL1=HL2=HL3 (unless got pump
Q1=Q2=Q3)

3. Branching Pipes:
Generally, Head/
energy at a point
3.
Losses
in
Bends =
- if R/d=0, K~1.1
K
includes

Regardless
of
pipe
network, must satisfy:
Continuity,
only
one
energy
(Q&H&Hloss
=HL) level (head) at
given point & friction eqn
must be satisfied for
each pipe. (Diff in head =