Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
On
2D Materials
Apoorv Srivastava
12415EN001
School of Materials Science & Technology
IDD Part V
1. Introduction
2D materials, also known as single layer materials, are crystalline
materials consisting of a single layer of atoms. Discovery of
graphene and its astonishing properties have given birth to a new
class of materials known as 2D materials. Since the isolation of
graphene, a large amount of research has been done to isolate
other 2D materials due to their unusual characteristics and for use
in different applications such as photovoltaics, semiconductors,
electrodes and water purification. The origin of their unique
physical and chemical properties can be ascribed to the
dimensionality effect and the modulation in their band structure.
After the discovery of graphene, more than a dozen 2D materials
were isolated and studied in less than 10 years. Progress in
graphene led to interest in other 2D materials like for example
metal nitrides and carbides. 2D nanostructures are one of the
greatest widely studied materials because of their unique physical
singularities that happen when heat transport and charge is
confirmed to the plane. Due to unique properties, 2D
nanostructures are anticipated to have an important influence on
a huge diversity of applications, extending from high performance
sensors, electronics to gas separation or storage catalysis, inert
coatings and support membranes, etc. With respect to the
electrical properties, one can fabricate a new generation of
superconductors, metallic materials, semimetals, semiconductors,
insulators
from
the
2D
materials.
Other than graphene, single layer of TMDs (Transition Metal
Dichalcogenides) have attracted notable attention because of their
diverse properties and natural abundance. Despite the similarity in
chemical formula, MX2, where M is a transition metal of groups 4
10 and X is a chalcogen. While bonding of the tri layers are covalent,
2.3.
Two Dimensional
There are many layered materials with strong in-plane
chemical bonds and weak coupling between the layers. These
layers with one dimension strictly restricted to a single layer
are called two-dimensional (2D) material. The density of states
for 2D materials, exhibits a quasi-continuous step-like increase
with increasing excitation energy. These change in the density
of states for exciting electrons alters the way excitation energy
interacts with valence electrons, thus changing the
fundamental properties with size as well as shape in quantum
confined nanomaterials. Important application for a 2D
materials is in photo catalysts, sensors, nanoreactors and nano
containers.
2.4.
Three Dimensional
3D nanostructures have concerned significant attention in the
recent years sue to high surface area and physicochemical
properties when compared to their bulk materials due to
quantum size effects. Performance of these materials depend
on their shape, size, morphologies, and dimensionality. These
well-ordered and innovative3D NSMs are used in many
3. Classification of 2D materials
2D materials are categorized in three classes:
3.1 Layered van der Waals solids
These types of materials are the front-runner and the most
common material to exfoliate mono and few layered nanosheets.
These materials exhibit strong in-plane covalent or ionic bonding
and weak out of the plane van der Waal or hydrogen bonding. The
weak nature of van der Waal bonding (40 70 meV) and surface
tension (6090 mJ/m2) in the range of common solvents used for
graphite exfoliation facilitate the exfoliation of bulk parent
crystals into nanosheets either by micromechanical exfoliation or
liquid exfoliation. Once exfoliated these nanosheet possess a high
surface area and aspect ratio. These exfoliated nanosheets are
usually few lm in lateral size and less than 1 nm in thickness.
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) (MX2 (XMX layer)
where M = Mo, Bi, Ta, V, Ti, Nb, W, Hf, Zr and X = S, Se Te) are a
well-studied system for layering van der Waals solids, especially
MoS2, MoSe2 and WS2. Currently over 40 different TMDs have
been reported in layered form.
3.2 Layered ionic solids
Layered ionic compounds constitute another important class of
layered 2D materials that have been gaining popularity. These
types of solids consist of a charged polyhedral layer sandwiched
between hydroxide or halide layers by electrostatic forces. Single
and few layered materials can be easily exfoliated by ion
5. Conclusion
One of the biggest inventions of the current century is
nanotechnology. Graphene is the most extensive researched 2D
nanostructure material. There is a lot of current advancement
going on in the production and fabrication of 2D NSMs beyond
graphene. The 2D layered materials with high surface area,
versatile, excellent optical and electronic properties will be
potentially very useful for applications in MEMS and NEMS
electronic devices, biosensors, lithium ion batteries, super
capacitors, solar cells and catalysts.
Experimental technique for large scale production of mono layer
References