Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Cl =
Lift coefficient
Chord c
l
2
1
V
c
2
V
Invariance of Circulation under Mapping
+ iq =
-plane
op
Lo
Loop
z-plane
~
=
W ( z )dz
loop
d
~
dz
= W ( )
dz
loop
~
= W ( )d
loop
dz
~
W ( ) = W ( z )
d
~
= + iq~
Symbol Conventions
Mapping
Initial Flow
Our
Mappings
to this
Point
z-plane
F ( z)
=(z)
iy
dF
W ( z) =
dz
-plane
The
Joukowski
Mapping
-plane
i F~ ( ) = F ( z ( ))
~
dz
dF
~
W ( ) =
=W
d
d
Critical at
~
F ( )
~
dF
~
W ( ) =
d
Mapped Flow
d
=0
dz
z= z()
Critical at
dz
=0
d
iy
z-plane
~
F ( z ) = F ( ( z ))
dF ~ d
=W
W ( z) =
dz
dz
x
4
Joukowski Mapping
C = real > 0
Effects on Space
-plane
z = + C /
2
z-plane
Critical Points?
-C
-2C
2C
C z 2C
=
+
+
C
z
2
C
Behavior at ?
1. 1=0
2. Re{1}=0, Im{1}>0
3. Re{1}<0, Im{1}=0
4. Re{1}<0, Im{1}>0
a adjusted so circle always
cuts right-hand critical point
1. 1=0
Circle coincident
with mapping circle
z = + C2 /
-plane
z-plane
V a 2 e i
~
i
F ( ) = V e +
1
2. Re{1}=0, Im{1}>0
-plane
-plane
z = + C2 /
Circle centered on
imaginary axis
z-plane
z-plane
3. Re{1}<0, Im{1}=0
-plane
-plane
z = + C2 /
Circle centered on
negative real axis
z-plane
z-plane
4. Re{1}<0, Im{1}>0
-plane
-plane
z = + C2 /
Circle centered in
2nd quadrant
z-plane
z-plane
10
-plane
2/
C
+
z=
~
F ( z ) = F ( ( z ))
dF ~ d
=W
W ( z) =
dz
dz
z-plane
2C
>0
V a 2 ei i
~
i
F ( ) = V e +
log e ( 1 )
1 2
V a 2 e i
i
~
i
W ( ) = V e
( 1 ) 2 2 ( 1 )
11
z=+C2/
dz
C2
= 1 2
z-plane
2C
V
1. The lift on an airfoil varies as the sine
of the angle of attack or, for small
angles, linearly with angle of attack
2. The primary (and almost exclusive)
influence of camber in controlling the
zero lift angle of attack -
3. The lift curve slope at zero angle of
attack is 2 for a flat plate, and
increases weakly with increasing
thickness and camber
l = V = 4V2 a sin( + )
Cl =
l
8a
=
sin( + )
2
1
c
2 V c
Where
and
aC
c 4C
a C c/4
z=+C2/
dz
C2
= 1 2
z-plane
2C
V
V a 2 ei
i
~
i
W ( ) = V e
( 1 ) 2 2 ( 1 )
d
~
W ( z ) = W ( )
dz
d
Bernoulli
C p |airfoil = 1 W ( z ) 2 / V2 = 1 W ( |circ ) 2
/ V2
dz circ
4. Plot Cp vs x, i.e Cp|airfoil vs Re{zairfoil}
13