a

Onr

Ones= Plural Noun

SingularNoun

Exercise 1: The Ereen one or the blue ones?

Fill

in

ane o onas.

1.

l've got two rabbits, a white

2.

There are a lot of shoes in the shop window. I like the red

3.

How many birds are there in the cage?

4.

There's a new boutique in Church Street, but

and a black

best.

and a yellow

There are two blue

it isn't as good

as the

in Market

Street.

5.

These magazines are very old. I must buy some new

Exercise 2: At the sports shop!

Fillin one orones.

1.

There are three helmets on the shelf, two green

2.

David wants to buy a new football. He can choose between a black

and a red

and

blue

3.

He must buy a new T-shirt. His old

4.

They've got lots of socks here, but the white

5.

lf you buy two table tennis balls, you get a third

6.

Steve needs some new white shorts, but the sports shop has only got blue

is

too small.

are the best.

free.

How to use Reported Speech

VUe

use reported speech when we want

to repeat what someone had Breviously said.

Examples of the main changes in tenser

ff's*h

lR"prrtd spe".h

rI

ti

Simple Present
He said: "f am happy"

Simple Past
He said that he was happy

Present Progrmsive
He said: "I'm looking for my keys"

Past Progressive
He said that he was looking for his keys

Simple Past
He said: "I visited New York last year"
Present Perfect
" I've lived here for a long time
il

Pal Pe.fect Simple

f--*
He said that he had visited New Yorkthe
I
prevrous year.
i

[--I
'

Past Perfect
"They had finished the work
when I arrived"

--

P*l P..f*r

He said that he had tived there for a long

time
Past Perfect
He said that they had finished the work
when he had arriyed"

Past Progressive
i
i He said: "I was playing football when
the accident occurred"
i

Past Perfect Progressive

He said that he had been playing football
when the accident had occurred

Present Perfect Progressive

He said:"I have been playing football
for two hours."

Past Perfect Progressive

He said that he had been playing football
for two hows
.----

r
I

Past Perfect Progressive

He said: "I had been reading a
newspaper when the light went off'

Future imple (will+verb)

He said: "I will open the door."
Conditional (would+verb)
He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I
were rich"

f--f*tP.rf*tT;;".r-tu;
ff"
I
I

said that he had ben reading a

newspaper when the light had gone off

cddidl

t*oul+ve.tl

fte said that he would open the door.

Conditional (would+verb)
He saidthat he would buy Mercedes if he
had been rich"

{a)

(b)

The st&r is bright tod6y.

Please hnd this book ta the
Please opea the door.
Oma is b. tltc hi.tchen.

GIIIDELINE: Use frre lrhn you know or asrme

that your listsre is faeiliar with and rhinking about
the same specic dring or persoa you are tanlng abour

teqch*-

I sarr- so?ne dW. fhc dog.s werc chasiag

a cdf. The c lras ehqig a, trrilse. The taause
ra iato a lwle. The holc wts very small.
Yesterday

GIIIDELINE: Ilse ,&e fo the second meatiou of as

indefiaite roru.* In (b): first meation = sitz dogs, a
c, 4 t?toti, a lolc; secoad. mention = th dogs, tfu

ca.t,

(c) toxxscr: Apgles ae my favorite

.IcoRRffi:

tuir

tlu

mouse,

GI.IIDEI.INE: Do Norr t;re the rirh a pllral cormt

uoun (e.g., apples) or a trorcolrrrt aoua-{e.g., gold}
rhen you are-aaking a gaeralizatioa

qplar sre my favorite fruit.

(d) corrscrt Goildis a meel.
INoaRRECT: Thu gold s a aetal.
The

(e) coxnrcr: (1) I &ove csr.

(2) Idrove thecar.
(3) I drove that car.
{4> f &we$ttt's cr.
.trCO,e&Ca: f dte car.

GUIDELNE A singutar coutrt rrorur (e.g., c6) t

preceded by a marker:
(1) a or ar, (a aaoder siagula. marker sA as
onc, eachra ew1fi; {2) tlzei (3) rr, or
(4) a possssive (e-g.,tttjt,Ji*t

w a bouna (inddnite

.loe offercd

,.ottn) m

ot

is

yeilota
(desaite aoua).

4qik I clnse te bu.uo

EXERCISE 18. A$"]" uscge. (Chorts 7_7

ond 7-g\
Dvctions: rn these i"iosrro, decide *h.r;rh"-"*.",

1.

A: I have
B: Okay.

2.

A
B:

atl

idea. LeCs go

Did you have fua at

Sure did. And youl

3. A: Youd better have

B: I
4'
5,

lk

th6

*The ts aot used fo the

secod mmtion of a geoeric naun- cousane:
{1) wha colar is c bcnata(geaeric aoun)? I botma(genericnorur)

(2)

tlu lmk.

the

oa, et,

would probably

$e aren or th.e.

picnic Sarurday.

picnic yesrday?

.-.good

reason for being late!

do.

Did you thik

Not really.

reaso:r Mike gave for being late

was believabre?

B:
A: Vhere's myblue shirr?.
B: It's in
irashing raachine.
-.\ That's okay: I i:arlwear diferenr shirt

6.

7.

B:

So do

,t:

Can you repair

I. It uoutd make it a lor easier to do our laundry.

y

car for me?

B: What's wrong with it?

A:
radiator ha

do*ntwork
B: Can you show me

where
-

Ieah and, one of

u,{r!

windshield wipes

- \,,,r1,,

a fla r^{,.:.,o.t

\r-

Ncuns

Il5

p.t-t(l \S
8. A: Ylrat happeued to your bicycle?
&ont wheel is besr.
parked csr when f swgr* to av,oid
B: I ran bto

'

in tLe sftet.
Did you drnage

i:

f-'ri'l

big pothole

\-,i,6r' Crr'''

\l',.\t-

car?

B: A little.

.& Vhat didyou do?

B: I left
note for
A: Vhat did you write on
B: .My aame
- and. address. I also
9.

.4r,:

owner of

car.

uote?

wrote

apolory.

I:[ave rou see my booe?

B: Thet're in

io

closer

froat hallway.

D. EXERCIE I. Artlcle usoge. (Chorfs 7-7 ondT-B)

Directions: Co_nplete tLe seataces with dan, tlu, or Cl. Capitalize

,. I k"fis a tn of I
2. ftrte

4. $la likes to wear

41

7.

hats

sgalr hat today.

hats-

ht i

6.

rreaz

beef we had for dinoer last night was excellent.

3. JiE is wearing

5.

arricle of cloring.

are
-

anicle of dothiag.

brown hat on &ar hook over tbere betorgs to

8. Everyone has

problems iB

9. My graadfather--had

about
11. Toamy wants to be

engineer when he gows tp.

13- ]ohn Roebling s

aaae
Bridge. He died iD 1869 &om

15.

cHAmR

of

eug:ineer.

ergieq who
infectioa

designed

befoe

tle Broolya

bridge was

jewelry
to make emselves more atractive.

people wear

Iife.

life of Helen Keller.

12. The BrooHm Bridgs was designed by

completed.

Mk

long Efe.

10. That book is

14.

as apropriate.

swelry D'

.raoa

ie weariae todqry is beautifuI.

QUOTED SPEECI{

REFOXTED SPSECI

Repofird spech ref*s to usiag a

noun cluse to reportwhat
someone hs 6*id. No quotatioo
marh areusd.

{a) "laach TY every day.o * She said she uatchedTV.every day.

(b) ant wa*hing'IY! --r She said she a** o*chingTV.
(c) 1
"I hawwlndT? + hcsaidshe hadscled--tr{.
+ hc eaid she had atAchedTn.
{d) A tweludT{."
(e) "I hadwachedTnl' --+ Sheaidshe hadantuhcd-I\1.
( f) "I willwcchTY.'
+ She said s},re udidurctahN.
--+ Sh said she a$s going to t rcrtchffi.
pkg
am
m
w*uhTl!
\il
(h) 'I7 eaawqchTl? * hesaidshe cou/dtlrlalrcn?I:y'.
-+-She said sbe.rretuorchTt.
t il 1 nr wauhTl?
( i ) *I mtst stsuh'IY?
-> Shi said she na o <patchTt.
(k) "I hmenwchT.* * Shesaidshe hadtorrrachN.

(r)

*! shouldqachTiL*

*1

If the reportiagvet (tLe rnain

vqb of e

+ She said sbe saul $tchTf.

--+ She said
sbe aught to utctchTl.
+ he said slo.e ight urarrr;hTly'.

waahN."
ol trightwachTl."
ought to

(a) Immediate reporting:

did the reacfoer iust say? I dida,t hear him.
-lEhatsaid he alzs
us to read Cbapter Six
-He
(a) Iater reporting:
go to class yesrerday. Did Mr- Jones make

-l_diql
I{e said he orlorlltedt:ato read Chapter
-Yer.

sentence, e.g., said,) is

simple pasr, the vsb in the nouu

dause will usually afso be iu s
past form, as in rle exarnples.

Ia ): eh.oald" tught to, arrd

ttight do rot ange ro

a past

fomCh'ginEflExbs to pestforms in

reorEd sIEeiB coEruro,I

inbo

speaftiag and rriting. Homvevw,

soattimes in spokrFng{i*\ no
cnge is made in &e noun dause

euy sianeae?

vub, especially if the speaka is

Six.

reponing someing iEBediardy

or sot a&er it was sai

(o) *The world

mrd."

he sid the world ouad-

Aho, soaetimes e preoeat teuse

.ltngtieh
is rc1'ined eseu in fonnal

when rhe rryorted scnteuce dels

with a gcneral ru, ar in (o).

(p) *I wchT{
(q) "I tffiehW

(r) "I wchN

everyday."

erryday,'
every dy."

(3) "WhTl"

he sqys she ooa.t*]resT/ erery dy.

Shc ac srd she trmcesTV crery day,
-+ he saflqy tlrat she at*ha5'fal grery dsy.

+ he ordme b ltatchTi.*

Wheo ttre reporting?erb is simple

presctrg presu rxrcg, or
rlre, the asuu daue vab is
not chaaged.

In reported

speecl& arr irrFerativ

senterce lg rhged to an
infoitive. 2bZ is used instead of

q,

a the reportiagvb. See

Charr 1&7, p- 30?, fo otler
rerbs followed fu an iffnidve

at
*Nmt tr ir ianaediately &Ilorred by a (pro)noun
ke. AIso rocrible: J{e sa4 b tna lp wutt bs li.

BGRCISE

object,'bu say is

21. Reported speech. (Chort t2-7)

oc fe uld ae

are used to report speech-

h sottd be

la. $a sa

hc uoutd b

Directiorts: Co'q:lete the senten by reportg the speakeds words

r a aoua clause. IJse
past verb forms in troun clauses U"pp"opriate.-

1. Pedro said, *I will help you.,

,)

Pedro said
oDo you

treed a pen?"

Annie asked me

!{

o{AFTER 2

Anie

asked.

L*?ot"re"D S?*cLl
3. Ieodfr asked,'\Ehat do ygu wald'
whatt I wrtrle.
Jennifer asked me
Tblal asked, *Are rou huagry?"

4'

Talal waated to know

5.

'f

want a sandwichr" Elena said.

Elena said

6. *fm going to move to Ohio,"

said Bruce.

Bruce informed me

7. 'Did you enioy your trip?'asked Kis.

Kim asked me
8. Oscar asked "Vhar are you talking about?o
Oscar asked me

9. {sria

asked,

o}Iave you
seen Ey grammar book?-

Maria wanted to know

10.

ltko said, *I don't

rko said

waot to go.'

11. Sam asked,'"flhere is Nadia?"

am waated to know
*Can
you help me wirtr my report?' asked David.
12.

,.,

:r!

David asked me

,lo

13. 'T may be late," said Mrke.

;!

ii:

Mike told me

.::

14. Felix said, "You should work harder.,

,"1

Felix told. me

't

15. Rosa said, "I ha.re to go dovnown."

,.i
t.

Rosa said

:jt
11*

16. "Vhy is the sky blue?" my youtrg daughter oftm asks.

My young daugbter ofren asls ae

i:

iil

t'
,$

17. My motler asked, "IFlry are you tired?,

i1

Mymotier wondered

t:
p

18. "I wiII come to the Eeeting,, said pedro. '

b.

Pedro told me

t","

,'.

19. r,Is- Adaes just asked Ms. frang, *\p you be ia class tomorrow?.

r:
: t,

*:i
iai

iil,
Y!:

ri
iq
t.

i.,

!:

::
,l

Ms.Ades wanted to hrow

1