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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT 2
MODULE OF FREE VIBRATION ENGINEERING
1st SEMESTER S.Y. 2016 - 2017
SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED TO:
BALAIS , ADRIAN C.
ENGR. PICAR
BOCITO, RAVEN
MONTAS, REINIER
PAEZ, MEYNARD
TALAY, IVAN GIL
OCTOBER 5, 2016
Introduction
Free vibration: Free vibration takes place when a system oscillates
under the action of forces inherent in the system itself due to initial
disturbance, and when the externally applied forces are absent. The
system will oscillates about one of its static-equilibrium positions.
Basically there are two types of systems. They are the discrete and
continuous systems. In the case of discrete systems, the physical
properties are discrete quantities and the system behavior is described
by ordinary differential equations. The system has finite number of
degrees-of-freedom whereas in the case of continuous system the
physical properties are function of spatial co-ordinates and the system
behavior is described by partial differential equations and has infinite
number of degrees-of-freedom. In other words, a system can be
considered as discrete in which the whole mass of the system is lumped
at some points and in case of continuous system the mass is distributed
over the entire length of the system. An n-degrees-of-freedom system is
governed by n coupled differential equations and has n natural
frequencies. So the discrete system has finite number of natural
frequencies and the continuous system has infinite number of natural
frequencies. The system under free vibration will vibrate at one or more
of its natural frequencies, which are properties of the dynamical system,
established by its mass and stiffness distribution.
Frequency: The number of oscillations completed per unit time is known
as frequency of the system.
Natural Frequency: The frequency of free vibration of a system is
called Natural Frequency of that particular system.
Damping: The resistance to the motion of a vibrating body is called
Damping. In actual practice there is always some damping (e.g., the
internal molecular friction, viscous damping, aero dynamical damping,
etc.) present in the system which causes the gradual dissipation of
vibration energy and results in gradual decay of amplitude of the free
vibration. Damping has very little effect on natural frequency of the
system, and hence, the calculations for natural frequencies are generally
made on the basis of no damping. Damping is of great importance in
limiting the amplitude of oscillation at resonance
Free vibration takes place when a system oscillates under the
action of forces inherent in the system itself due to initial disturbance,
and when the externally applied forces are absent. The system under
free vibration will vibrate at one or more of its natural frequencies, which
are properties of the dynamical system, established by its mass and
stiffness distribution.
In actual practice, there is always some damping (e.g., the
internal molecular friction, viscous damping, aero-dynamical damping,
is,
(1.2)
Let
(1.3)
(1.4)
Substitution of Eq.1.3 into Eq.1.1 and application of Eq.1.4 yields,
(1.5)
Time period:
The time taken to complete one cycle, is,
(1.6)
(1.8)
Where
If
If
If
(1.10)
Where,
and
(1.12)
The damped natural frequency of vibration is given by,
(1.13)
Where
(1.14)
Substituting Eq.1.13 into Eq.1.14,
(1.15)
mass-less and the whole mass is concentrated at the free end of the
beam. The governing equation of motion for such system will be,
(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)
The undamped natural frequency is related with the circular natural
frequency as
(2.5)
the moment of inertia of the beam cross-section and for a circular crosssection it is given as,
(2.6)
(2.7)
Where b and d are the breadth and depth of the beam crosssection as shown in Fig. 2.2. Dimensions of the beam material are given
in Table 2.2
(2.8)
Where , is the mass density of the beam material and V is the volume
of the beam from the fixed end to the free end.
The equivalent tip mass of a cantilever beam can be obtained as
follows. Consider a cantilever beam as shown in Fig. 2.3 (a). Let be m1
the mass of the beam per unit length, l is the length of the beam,
mb=m1l is total mass of the beam, and Vmax is the transverse velocity
at the free end of beam and f is the force applied, E is the youngs
modulus of the beam and I is the moment of inertia of the beam.
(2.9)
Here fl3/3EI is the deflection at free end of the cantilever beam. Now the
velocity of the small element at distance x is given by,
(2.10)
where m1l = mb. If we place a mass of 33/140mb at the free end of the
beam and the beam is assumed to be of negligible mass, then
(2.11)
Values of the mass density for various beam materials are given in
Table 2.1. If any contacting type of transducer is used for the vibration
measurement, it should be placed at end of the beam and then the mass
of transducer has to be added into the equivalent mass of the beam at
the free end of the beam during the natural frequency calculation. If mt
is the mass of transducer, then the total mass at the free end of the
cantilever beam is given as,
(2.12)
Exercises
1. What is the natural frequency of a system?
2. Does the natural frequency of a system depend on mass?
3. How can you find the stiffness of a spring?
4. Explain the reasons in observing the damping phenomenon in
the current experiment even though there is no damper
attached to the setup.
5. How many natural frequencies can a system have?
6. What is the effect of damping ratio or damping factor on the
system. What happens if it is equal to 1?
7. What is the damped natural frequency and how it differs from
the natural frequency of a system?
8. How can you justify that given spring mass system as single
degree-of-freedom system?
9. Can you change the stiffness of the system? What will happen
to the natural frequency if you do so?
10. What is the necessity of finding the natural frequency?
11. If an external damper is provided to this system, what will
be the effect on response of the system and if there is effect
how it changes?
12. What are the practical examples of the discrete systems
and continuous systems.