Ch. $ Sensation Myers 6th 75Q 1 10 aL 12, ‘The constant quivering movements of our eyes are necessary in order to: ) facilitate the process of accommodation, ©) minimize sensory adaptation. b) illuminate the entire retina d) do all the above Ms. Shields, a recent stroke victim, cannot consciously perceive the large book on the coffee table in front of her, Yet, when urged to identify the book, she correctly reads aloud the printed title on the book ‘cover. Her response best illustrates a) subliminal perception 4) blindsight ')_ sensory adaptation €) sensory interaction. )_ the illusory truth effect, ‘Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina? a) accommodation of the lens ©) dilation of the pupils b) transduction ofthe cones d) sensory adaptation of feature detectors Henry can easily read distant road signs, but words on a page appear blurred to him, Henry probably has: a) shorter-than-normal eyeballs, ) longer-than-normal eyeballs. b) smaller-than-normal feature detectors 4). larger-than-normal feature detectors, ‘As a rock musician who has experienced prolonged exposure to high-amplitude music, Rodney is beginning to lose his hearing. It is most likely that this hearing loss involves problems in the: 4) auditory canal. b) eardrum, ¢) tiny bones of the middle ear. ¢) cochlea ‘The basilar membrane is lined with 8) haircells. ) olfactory receptors ¢) bipolarcells 4) feature detectors ‘The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the: 2) iris. b) retina. ©) lens. d) optic nerve. e) rods. ‘The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent ofthe time is called the 4) sensory adaptation threshold ©) subliminal threshold ) difference threshold ) absolute threshold Which cells are located closest to the back of the retina? 4) ganglion cells b) bipolar cells c) rods and cones d) feature detectors, Perception isthe process by which ) stimulus energies are detected ) stimulus energies are transformed into neural activity ©) sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted. 4) nerve cells respond to specific features ofa stimulus Compared to humans, cats have visual acuity and color vision a) better, worse b) worse, beiter €) better, better d) worse, Worse ‘Superman's eyes used + While his brain used 8). perception, sensation ©) Bottom-up processing; top-down processing b) top-down processing, bottom-up processing _d)_ sensory adaptation; subliminal perception ‘The process by which the ens changes its curvature is a) accommodation b) sensory adaptation c) focusing) transduction, ‘The sensation of hot results from the simultaneous stimulation of adjacent spots on the skin 8) warmth and pain b) painand cold ¢) cold and warm d) warmth and pressure15, 16. 19. 20. 21 22. 23, 24. 25 Kinesthesis involves a) the bones of the middle ear. b) information from the muscles, tendons, and joints. ¢) membranes within the cochlea. d) the body's sense of balance. Most color-deficient people will probably 4) lack functioning red- or green-sensitive cones... ») see the world in only black and white. ©} also suffer from poor vision 4) have above-average vision 1o compensate for the deficit The cochlea is to the ear as the is to the eye. a) pupil b) retina c) lens d) cornea ©) optic nerve ‘The fact that people who are colorblind to red and green may still see yellow is most easily explained by a) the Young-Helmholtz theory. d) frequency theory b)_ the gate-contro! theory ©) the opponent-process theory ©) place theory. Mrs. Acheube is just beginning to experience sensorineural hearing loss. She is likely to have the greatest difficulty hearing sounds of, frequency and amplitude a)’ Tow; low b) low, high c) high; low d) high; high Opponent-process cells have been located in the: ‘thalamus, b) coctilea, c) retina, d) comea. ¢) spinal cord. Hubel and Wiesel discovered feature detectors in the _ of a monkey's visual system. a) fovea 6) opticnerve c) iris d) cortex ¢) retina Red light is to blue light 2s___ sounds areto"* sua a) loud; soft . b) soft, loud c) high-pitched; low-pitched _d) low-pitched, high-pitched According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing the: a) release of pain-killing endorphins in your brain. b) activation of specific neural fibers in your spinal cord. ©) arousal of your autonomic nervous system and the release of adrenaline into your bloodstream ) deactivation of the pain receptors on the surface of your skin, ‘The ability to simultaneously process the pitch, loudness, melody, and meaning of a song best illustrates a) sensory interaction d)_ subliminal-perception, b)_ Kinesthesis. €) parallel processing, ©) accommodation Elderly Mrs. Martinez finds that she must spice ber food heavily or she cannot taste it Unfortunately, her son often finds her cooking inedible because itis so spicy. What is the likely explanation for their taste differences? a) Women have higher taste thresholds than men. b) Men have higher taste thresholds than women, ©) Being elderly, Mrs. Martinez probably has fewer taste buds than her son 4) Allof the above are likely explanations. According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to light are {inhibited by exposure to light. a) green; blue b) yellow; red c) green; red d) red; blue e) yellow; green2. 28, 29, 30, 31 32. 33 34 38 36, 37, Assuming that the visual systems of humans and other mammals function similarly, you would expect that the retina of a nocturnal mammal (one active only at night) would contain a) mostly cones. b)_ mostly reds. ©) an equal number of rods and cones, 4) more bipolar cells than an animal active only during the day. In order to expetience color constancy itis helpful to view things a) from very short distances. ©) under low levels of illumination b) for long periods of time 4) in elation to surrounding objects Hair cells are to audition as are to vision a) rodsand cones) optic nerves c) pupils d) bipolar cells e) feature detectors, The blind spot is located in the area of the retina a) called the fovea. +b) that contains rods but no cones ‘©) where the optic nerve leaves the eye )_ where bipolar cells connect with ganglion cells, ‘Afler a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing lossis best explained by the _ theory. a) gate-control_b) frequency c) Young-Helmholtz 4) opponent-process ) place Which of the following is true? a) The absolute threshold for any stimulus is a constant. b). The absolute threshold for any stimulus varies somewhat ©} The absolute threshold is defined as the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to ~ pe'écteciws 7. percent of the time, 4) The absolute threshold is defined as the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be cetected 60 percent of the time. Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride? a) olfactory receptors &) bipolar celts b) feature detectors ©) semicircular canals ©) basilar membranes Color constancy refers to the fact that 4) light waves reflected by an object remain constant despite changes in lighting b)_ objects are perceived to be the same color even ifthe light they reflect changes. ©) the perceived color of an object has a constant relation to its brightness. 4) the frequency of light waves is directly proportional to the lights wavelength Taste receptors are located a) on the top of the tongue ©) on the roof of the mouth b)_ on the sides of the tongue. 4) in all the above places. Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light? a) rods b) cones ¢) bipolarcells 4) feature detectors, The frequency theory of hearing is berter than place theory at explaining our sensation of a). the lowest pitches. ©) the highest pitches b)_ pitches of intermediate range. d) all ofthe above,38 39, 40. 41 42 4B. 44, 45 46, 41, 48 49, 50, Which of the following is the correct order of the structures through which light passes after entering the eye? a) lens, pupil, comea, retina 4) comea, retina, pupil, lens pupil, comes, lens, retina €) comea, pupil, fens, retina ©) pupil, lens, comes, retina Accommodation refers to the 4) diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. b)_ system for sensing the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints ©) quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation 4) process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messanes ©) process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus images on the retina Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to result in a) loss of the sense of movernent d) loss of the sense of balance b) loss of the sense of position fe) nerve deaftess. ©) conduction hearing loss Seventy-five-year-old Claude has difficulty heating high involves: 2) hiseardrum ©) the bones of his middle ear )/ is auditory canal 4) the hair cells of his inner ear Given normal sensory ability, a person can hear a watch ticking in a silent room from 20 feet away. This i a description of hearing's a) difference threshold.) jnd. c) absolute threshold. d) signal detection. ‘When most people stare first at a blue circle and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of tle circle appears: a) yellow, b) red. c) green d) blue. ‘An 80-decibel sound is about times louder than a 60-decibel sound a) 2 b) 10 c) 20 d) 100 @) 200 ‘According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, when both red- and green-sensitive cones are stimulated simultaneously, a person should see a) red. b) yellow. ¢) blue. ¢) green ‘The activation of some feature detectors in response to visual stimulation depends on our assumptions and interpretations of the sensory input. This best illustrates the importance of iched sounds. Most likely his hearing problem a) difference thresholds 4) sensory interaction b) sensory adaptation ©) accommodation ©). top-down processing, The noise level at Sherry's place of work sometimes becomes quite intense. This is most likely to disrupt her ability to work efficiently if the noise: a) occurs primarily during her first hour at work each day ') comes from the chattering of her co-workers. ©) is experienced at unpredictable intervals throughout the day. 4d) is a repetitious, low-pitched, droning sound, ‘The volley principle is most directly relevant to our perception of 1) loudness. ) color. ¢) brightness. ) pain. ¢) pitch. ‘The hearing losses that oceur with age are especially pronounced for: a) low-pitched sounds. b) middle-pitched sounds. ¢) high-pitched sounds. 4) chords In what sense is there a correspondence between the experiences of hue and pitch? Discuss how the ‘Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision and the place theory of pitch perception are conceptually similar or different31 3 55 56 37. 8 59 61 a oe ‘Which theory best explains how we perceive low-pitched sounds? a) place theory ©) frequency theory )_ opponent-process theory ¢) the Young-Helmholtz theory ‘After staring at a very intense red stimulus fora few minutes, Carrie shifted her gaze 10 a beige wall and “saw! the color __ Carrie's experience provides support for the theory. a) green; trichromatic ©). green, opponent-provess b) blue, opponent-process 4) blue, trichromatic The place theory of pitch perception cannot account for how we hea: a). low-pitched sounds ©) high-pitched sounds. )_ middle-pitched sounds. 4) chords (two pitches simultancousty), ‘Which of the following pain control techniques is emphasized in the Lamaze method of ehildbirh training?” a) accommodation b) acupuncture ¢) subliminal stimulation 4) kinesthesis ¢) distraction Low-pitched sounds are to high-pitched sounds as_colors are to colors a) red; blue b) yellow: red c) purple, green d) green, orange e) purple, red Firewalking without the experience of severe pain results from the: a) distraction of attention away from one’s feet 1b) poor heat conductivity of hat wood coals ©) activation of nerves in the spinal cord that block transmission of pain signals. 4) alteration of body chemistry induced by a state of meditation Hearing a sequence of sounds of diferent pitches is 10 as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to 8) the just noticeable difference, accommodation d) feature detection, sensory interaction. 'b)_ absolute threshold, difference threshold ©) sensation; perception ‘¢)_ sensory interaction, feature detection Which theory would suggest that watching & horror movie late at night could lower your absolute threshold for sound as you subsequently tried to fell asleep? a) sensory adaptation theory ©) frequency theory )_opponent-process theory 4) signal detection theory Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green ight, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the theory. ‘a) frequency b) Young-Helmholtc) gate-control d) opponent-process e) signal detection ‘Current research on sensory restriction indicates that 4a) two days of sensory monotony typically results in a person experiencing dramatic hallucinations. b) a day or two of sensory monotony makes people highly vulnerable to brainwashing, ©) a day of sensory monotony can reduce stress and facilitate self-control, d)_ sensory monotony makes people les sensitive to new and changing sensory inputs ‘Which of the following explains why @ rose appears equally red in bright and dim light? 4) the Young-Helmholiz theory ©) feature detection b) the opponent-process theory 4) color constancy The vibrations of the eardrum are amplified by three tiny bones located in the: 8) eustachian tube b) semicircular canals) inner ear. d) cochlea. ¢) middle ear Sensory adaptation refers to 4) the process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses. b)_ diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. ©) the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information 4) changes in the shape of the lens as it focus~~ on objects65, 66. 67 68 69, 70, a 74, 18, ‘When looking at the hands ofa clock signifying 8 o'clock, certain brain cels in the visual cortex are more responsive than if the hands signify 10 o'clock. This is most indicative of: a) sensory interaction 4). sensory interaction. ) feature detection e) accommodation ©). parallel processing ‘The olfactory cortex is located within the: a) frontal lobes. b) patietal lobes. c) occipital lobes. _d) temporal lobes. ‘While competing in the Olympic trials, marathoner Kirsten O'Brien suffered a stress fracture in her left leg. That she did not experience significant pain until the race was over is probably attributable to the fact ‘that during the race: a) the pain gate in her spinal cord was closed by information coming from her brain b) her body's production of endorphins decreased ©) anincrease in the activity of small pain fibers closed the pain gate. 4) @ decrease in the activity of large pain fibers closed the pain este €) 2 decrease in the activity of large pain fibers opened the pain gate. ‘The receptors for taste are located in the a) taste buds, b) cochlea c) fovea.) cortex. People's response to subliminal stimulation indicates that: a)’ they are capable of processing information without any conscious awareness of doing so 'b) their subconscious minds are incapable of resisting subliminally presented suggestions ) they’ are more sensitive to subliminal sounds than to subliminal sights, d) they experience a sense of discomfort whenever they are exposed to subliminal stimuli Brightness is to light as __is to sound, 4) pitch b) loudness ¢) euerey 4) ampitude e) wavelength Wavelength is to __ isto brightness a) hue; intensity” b) i msi, y. tue) frequency; amplitude d) brightness; hue During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr_Antall could hardly ever detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's a) subliminal threshold, ¢) sensory adaptation threshold ) absolute threshold. 4) difference threshold One light may appear reddish and another greenish if they differ in @) wavelength b) amplitude. ¢) opponent processes. d) brightness According to place theory, the perception of sounds is associated with activity in the closest to the oval window. a) Tow-pitched; eardrum ©) low-pitched, basilar membrane b) high-pitched; eardrum d)_ high-pitched, basilar membrane Joe Wilson, age 55, has been told by experts that a hearing aid would restore hs lost sense of hearing. It is likely that Joe's hearing loss involves problems within the: a) inner ear. b) middle ear. c) auditory nerve. d) basilar membrane Subliminally presented stimuli: a) can sometimes be consciously perceived. b) effectively influence purchases of consumer goods. ©) increase our dislike for certain geometric figures. ) are usually mentally processed as completely as any other stimulichs Answer Key, 1 2, 20. 21 2 © Page: 175 é Page: 185 © Page: 179 a Page: 179 é Page: 193 a Page: 190 b Page: 179 é Page: 173 Page: 181 © Page: 171 é Page: 181 © Page: 171 a Page: 179 Page: 197 b Page: 203 a Page: 186 b Page: 179, 190 e Page: 186-187 Page: 193, a Page: 187 qd Page: 182 d Page: 178, 189 > Page: 198 ae Page: 184 2s. ¢ Page. 201 26. ¢ Page: 187 2b Page: 181 2d Page: 188 28 Page: 180, 190 30 ¢ Page: 181 3Le Page 192 32, b Page: 173 33. € Page. 204 4b Page: 187 35d Page: 200 36 b Page: 181 a Page: 192 38 ¢ Page: 179 we Page 179 40 e Page: 193 ad Page’ 193 me Page 172-173 aa Page 187 aad Page 189 45> Page: 186 ac Page: 183 ae Page’ 191 Be Page: 192 We Page: 193 50. Ao answer.) Page (None) Page 192 © Poge: 187 Boa Page: 192 Se Page. 199 Sa Page: 178. 56. b Page: 200 se Page 171 38g Page 173 59. b Page: 186 00. ¢ Page 205 d 1 61 Page 187-188 Qe Page: 190 68. b Page: 176 b Page 182-183 65 6 Page: 203 66. 2 Page 198 oa Page 200 8 a Page, 174 0b Page. 178, 189 7 a Page: 178 7b Page 173 n B, 1" Page Page. Page. Page: 178 192 193 174