The operating characteric (OC) curve depicts the discriminatory power of an acceptance

sampling plan. The OC curve plots the probabilities of accepting a lot versus the fraction
defective. When the OC curve is plotted, the sampling risks are obvious. You should always
examine the OC curve before using a sampling plan

1. Letter of Intent - Law says mere intention to do something, is not

binding on the parties involved .Implying that , the agreement is
not enforceable in the court of law , in the event of eventuality ,
say if the candiate does not join or if the employer on or before
the date of joining dissolves the said position.Therefore, letter of
Intent is basically a document illustrating the willingness of the
employer to hire the candidate but may or may not turn into
successful hiring .This is generally practiced by the firms who are
having water tight and fierce competitors in the
market.Generally, it does not carry any
compensation/Emolument data .
2. Offer - Again going by the contract Act, In offer there is
definite intention to enter into legally binding relationship.offer
involves expression of interest by one party to the other , to do
or not to do something (Excluding acts of impossible nature or
acts which are void ab intio ).In an offer letter the , term of offer
are un-ambigous and definite , with intention to create a legal
relationship.
3. Appointment Letter - This is basically , a form of contract
between the parties involved viz. employer & employee .as such
it involves offer + acceptance +enforcibility by the law .(Hence ,
it qualifies to be a contract

Total Quality Management Models

Total Quality Management is a combined effort of both top level management as well as employees of an
organization to formulate effective strategies and policies to deliver high quality products which not only
meet but also exceed customer satisfaction.
Total Quality management enables employees to focus on quality than quantity and strive hard to excel in
whatever they do. According to total quality management, customer feedbacks and expectations are most
essential when it comes to formulating and implementing new strategies to deliver superior products than
competitors and eventually yield higher revenues and profits for the organization.
Credits for the process of total quality management go to many philosophers and their teachings. Drucker,
Juran, Deming, Ishikawa, Crosby, Feigenbaum and many other individuals who have in due course of
time studied organizational management have contributed effectively to the process of total quality
management.
There are many models of total quality management and it is really not necessary that every organization
should select and implement the same model.
Following are the various models of total quality management:

Deming Application Prize

Malcolm Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence

European Foundation for Quality Management, and

ISO quality management standards

Customers and their feedbacks are the foundation of every Total Quality Management model. In simpler
words, Total Quality Management begins with understanding customers, their needs and what they
expect from the organization. Design foolproof processes and systems to collect customer data,
information to further study, analyze and act accordingly. Such activities not only help you understand
your target customers but also predict customer behaviour.
As a business marketer, you need to know the age group of your target customers, their preferences and
needs. Employees need to know how their products or services can fulfil customer needs and demands.
Total Quality Management model requires meticulous planning and research. Every total quality
management model integrates customer feedbacks with relevant information and plans accordingly to
design effective strategies to achieve high quality products.
Strategies formulated to yield better quality products need to be evaluated and reviewed from time to
time. Remember, customers are satisfied only when products meet their expectations, fulfil their needs
and are value for money. Their overall experience with the organization needs to be pleasant for them to
be happy and return to the organization even the next time.
Continuous improvements, changes and modifications in the existing processes according to customer
expectations are necessary to yield higher profits. Processes cant be same always. If a customer
complaints about a particular product of yours, find out the root cause of problem. Understand and
implement necessary total quality management models to rectify the problem, remove the defect for a
high quality product.

The successful implementation of Total quality Management model needs extensive planning and
most importantly participation of every single member who is benefitted out of the
organization(Management, suppliers, clients and even customers). Without the participation of each
and every employee, total quality management model would be a complete failure.
Total Quality Management model begins with research and collecting information about end-users
followed by planning and full participation of employees for successful implementation. Top level
Management needs to make other team members aware of the benefits of total quality management
process, importance of quality to survive in the long run and how they can implement various TQM
models by prioritizing their customers and their feedbacks.