Chapter 5.

Developing the
Theoretical and Conceptual
Frameworks of the study

*Formulating the Theoretical

Framework
-According to Leveriza, the theoretical
framework is the structure that can hold
and/or support the theory of a research
work.

The paradigm of the Theoretical

Framework shown on Figure 1.
INDEPENDEN
T VARIABLE

DEPENDENT
VARIABLE

PERSONAL
VALUES

JOB
PERFORMAN
CE
Figure 1.

Paradigm of the Theoretical

Framework

-It presents the theory which explains why

the problem under study exists and serves
as the basis for conducting research.

*Analysis of the given example for

formulating the theoretical framework

*3 reasons why the researcher should

formulate his theoretical framework

The researcher presented his theoretical

framework by:

1. It helps the researcher to see clearly the

variables of the study.

-Specifying the theory used as basis for the

study.

2. It can provide him with a general

framework for data analysis.

-Mentioning the proponents of the theory.

3. It is essential in preparing a research

proposal using descriptive and experimental
methods.
*An example study by Bermejo (1998)
The study was premised on the theory
that values affect an individuals
performance on the job. Values according to
Bernard and Haijzler (1993) are ideas,
beliefs, and thoughts we hold about
ourselves, other people, and the world. Such
conceptions determine how we think, feel
and act. Furthermore, these attitudes and
ideas people hold on can determine strongly
their direction, adjustment, and satisfaction.
They are factors that can determine the
level of an individuals performance of his
work.
According to Andres (1991), values
help in behavior modification such as
improving job performance. He further
stated that each workers brings to his job
certain likes and dislikes, as well as
personality traits, which make up his value
set. When this value set conflicts with those
on the job, then the job suffers. This conflict
can result in poor work attitude,
absenteeism, tardiness, low productivity,
and general discontentment for the worker,
as well as those around him.
Relative to values and attitudes, a
number of factors affect a persons
performance of his job. Cooper (1991) and
Dsauza (1990) mention power , friendship
and stress as some of them. Human
connectedness, a positive and supportive
social network also to help an employee
work more productively . personal
relationship can also make a difference on
how one feels at work, and how effective a
person is on the job.

-Citing the main points emphasized in the

theory.
-Supporting his exposition of the story by
ideas from other experts.
-Illustrating his theoretical framework by
mean of diagram/paradigm; and
-Ending up by reiterating his theoretical
proposition in the study.
*Formulating the Conceptual
Framework
-After formulating the theoretical framework,
the researcher has to develop the conceptual
framework of his study.
-While the theoretical framework is the
theory of the study, the conceptual
framework is the operationalization of the
theory.
-It is the researcher's model patterned after
previous models that he had analyzed
leading to the creation of a new conceptual
framework.
-Researcher consider it as the direction of
the study. It also enable the researcher to
show the relationships of the different
constructs he wants to investigate.
-According to Arboleda (1991), a construct is
any clearly defined concept.
*An example study by Hernandez (1998)
Attitudes in
Mathematics
Teaching
Strategies

Academic
Performance in
Mathematics

Student Variable
Teacher Variable

Students GPA was categorized into the

following levels of performance: outstanding,
very satisfactory, satisfactory, fair, and
needs improvement.

Figure 2.
Correlates of Academic Performance in High
School Mathematics

Scrutiny of the aforecited figure

reveals that the independent variables of the
study are attitudes in Mathematics and
teaching strategies used in teaching the
subject. These attitudes may take any of the
following forms positive, neutral, or
negative. On the other hand teaching
strategies utilized in Mathematics were
reckoned in terms of the following
dimensions of cognitive learning: knowledge,
comprehension, application, analysis,
synthesis, and evaluation.
Academic performance, however, was
the dependent variable in this study. The
Grade-Point-Average (GPA) in Mathematics
was used as indicator of academic
performance in the aforementioned subject.

Further examination of Figure 1 shows

that there were two sets of inventing
variables in his study, namel: student
variable, and teacher variables. Student
variable included the following: curriculum
level, gender, and interest in Mathematics.
On the other hand, teacher variables was
used in accounting for possible differences
in the respondents attitude and
performance in mathematics. Conversely the
second set of inventing variables was
employed in explaining possible variances in
the teaching strategies utilized by high
school teachers in teaching he
aforementioned subject.
*Analysis of the given example for
formulating the conceptal framework
Basing on the given example, the researcher
did following:
-Cited his conceptual model or paradigm;
-Identified the independent variables;
-Mentioned the dependent variable and its
indicators and categories;
-Pointed out the intervening variables that
can explain variances in the dependent and
independent variables; and
-Showed the direction of the study.