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DISTRIBUTIONS

AND

EXPECTATIONS

RANDOM
INTERFERENCE
TYPE

L.L . Campbell1.

OF

VARIABLES

OF

P.H.Wi ttkef A.L.McKel1 ips'

'Department of Mathematics and Statistics


and
'Department of Electrical Engineering
Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
Summary
Cochannel and intersymbol interference can often
be modeled as the sum of an infinite series of random
variables with weights which decay rapidly.
One
important example is provided by interference which
results from passing data through a causal filter
For many practical
consisting of lumped elements
applications, this model yields a random variable with
a distribution which is singular (concentrated on a
set of measure zero) but diffuse (non-atomic), such as
the Cantor distribution.
Because this model is
intermediate between the case of random variables with
a density function and the case of discrete random
variables, there are no well-developed mathematical
A trapezoidal
tools for calculating expectations.
rule for evaluating expectations is developed in this
paper. Upper and lower bounds on expected values are
also given.
Finally, with a view to future
applications, some of the mathematical properties of
the associated distribution function are examined.
We consider here modeling interference as a random
variable

where

{X1,X2,.. . }

is

sequence

of

independent

identically distributed random variables, each of


which can take on one of M possible values, and where
{/3,,p,, ... } is a known sequence, possibly vectorvalued.

In

the

applications

envisaged

converge absolutelx.
If they satisfy the stronger
condition p = O(r ) for r<M then the distribution
k

is singular. Fairly simple but tight upper and lower


bounds for E[g(Z)I can also be obtained with the aid
of Jensen's inequality, under mild restrictions on the
coefficients and on the convexity of the function g.
Some graphs of error probability as a function of
signal to noise ratio and channel bandwidth are given
to illustrate the possibilities. Typically, for small
bandwidth, the interference is the dominant effect,
while for large bandwidth the noise dominates. For
some receiver structures, there is an intermediate
bandwidth at which the error probability is smallest.
These results extend and improve the results of
Wittke, Smith, and Campbell [I].
Because the distribution of Z is rather
pathological, it would probably be useful to
understand its properties better. As was mentioned
above, the set of possible values of Z is frequently
nondenumerable, but of Lebesgue measure zero.
In
these circumstances, the Hausdorff
(fractional)
dimension of this set provides a finer measure of its
size. A calculation of this dimensi&n is difficylt in
general, but for the case p,= O(r 1 , for rtM , the
dimension is bounded above by
-(log M)/(log r).
This bound approaches one as r+l/M and it approaches
zero as r+O.
The calculation of this dimension
provides some additional insight into the significance
of a result of Garsia [21 about entropy and
singularity of infinite convolutions. Also, when the
distribution function is singular, but continuous, its
derivative can be evaluated as a generalized function
(Schwartz distribution)
which is neither an
integrable function, nor a series of impulse
functions. The properties of this derivative can also
be related to the Hausdorff dimension mentioned above.

here,

X, represents the k-th interfering information digit,


while 6, = hfkT), where h(t) is the channel impulse
response function and T is the sampling interval.
Thus the terms in the sequence {/3 } typically decay
k

fairly rapidly, and the sum is not one to which the


central limit theorem applies.
Indeed, for fairly
typical channel parameters, the distribution can be of
Cantor type, concentrated on a nondenumerable set of
Lebesgue measure zero [ll. Such distributions have
neither density functions nor discrete probabilities.
For

Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the Natural
Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
through Grants A2151 and A3391, and through a
scholarship.

error

probability
calculations
on
one typically wishes to
calculate E[g(Z)] for some smooth function g . Because
of the special nature of the random variable, we
cannot employ either of the two standard tools,
involving an integral of a density function, o r an
infinite
series with
weights
equal
to
the
It is possible to
probabilities, to compute E[g(Z)I.
express Z as a discontinuous function defined on the
unit interval [0,1) and to write E[g(Z)I as an
integral on this interval.
This integral can be
approximated arbitrarily well by a trapezoidal
integration rule. The only condition which must be
assumed on the coefficients is that the series Zp
communication

channels,

References

[ l I P.H.Wittke, W.S.Smith, and L.L.Campbel1, "Infinite


series of interference variables with Cantor-type
distributions," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vo1.34,
pp. 1428-1436,Nov.1988
121 A.M.Garsia, "Entropy and singularity of infinite
vol.13, pp.
convolutions," Pacific. J- Math.
1159-1169, 1963.

310

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