Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Submitted by
(An autonomous body of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India)
S. No. Chapter
SUMMARY
ABBREVIATION
CHAPTER-1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1.
BACKGROUND
1.2
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.3
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER-2 - MINE DESCRIPTION
2.1.
INTRODUCTION
2.2
LOCATION OF MINE
2.3.
MINING PLANS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCES
2.4.
MINING METHODOLOGY
2.5.
MINE PROFILE
2.5.1.
Mine machineries
2.5.2
Mine pits
2.5.3
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
3.1
3.2
3.3
Mine dumps
2.5.3.1 Inactive dump
2.5.3.2 Active dump
2.5.4
Sub grade ore
EXPLORATION
2.6.1
Past Exploration
2.6.2
Proposed Exploration
MINE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION
ESTIMATED IRON ORE RESERVE
STRIPPING RATIO PRESENT AND FUTURE
Roads
2.10.1 Approach roads
2.10.2 Haulage roads
TRANSPORTATION OF ORE
2.11.1 Existing transportation facility
2.11.2 Proposed transportation facility
SAFETY ZONE
VIOLATION (IF ANY) AND ITS COMPLIANCE
CHAPTER-3 BASELINE DATA
STUDY AREA
3.1.1
Climate
3.1.2
Physiography/Topography
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
3.2.1
Local Geology
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.3.1
Soil
3.3.2
Landuse Pattern of Sandur Taluk
Page
No.
i-vii
i
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
11
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
21
22
24
24
24
3.4
3.5
4.1
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
3.3.2.1
Land use pattern of the Mine Lease Area
3.3.3
Air Environment
3.3.4
Noise Environment
3.3.5
Water Environment
3.3.5.1
Basin Characteristics
Water Bodies
3.3.5.2
3.3.5.3
Drainage Pattern
Ground Water Quality
3.3.5.4
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.4.1
Flora
3.4.2
Fauna
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
3.5.1
Demographic Status of the Mine Affected Villages
3.5.2
Land Use Pattern of Villages/Town in Buffer Zone
CHAPTER-4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OPEN CAST IRON ORE MINING
4.1.1
Impact on Landscape
4.1.2
Impact on Ecology
4.1.3
Impact on Air Quality
4.1.4. Impact on Noise and Vibration
4.1.5
Impact on Water Quality
4.1.6
Impact on Soil Fertility
4.1.7
Impact on Aquatic Life
4.1.8
Impact on Society
CHAPTER-5 RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION PLAN
INTRODUCTION
RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION MEASURES
5.2.1 Reclamation and rehabilitation plan for area under encroachment
5.2.2
Stabilization of Dump
5.2.2.1
Waste dump
5.2.3.1.1
Waste Dump Management Plan
5.2.2.2
Engineering measures
5.2.2.3
Sub Grade Stack/ Fine Ore stack
5.2.3
Surface Water Management
5.2.3.1
Gully Plugs
5.2.3.2
Check Dams
5.2.3.3
Settling Tank
BIOLOGICAL MEASURES
5.3.1
Species Selection and Plantation
OVER BURDEN DUMP
5.4.1
Other points to be for OB dump management
5.4.2
Mine pit management and rehabilitation
5.4.3
Management of Refractory sites
27
29
30
31
31
31
31
32
33
33
36
57
57
59
60
60
60
60
61
61
61
61
61
63
64
64
65
65
65
66
66
67
67
67
68
73
73
75
81
81
82
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.4.4
Mine drainage management and rehabilitation
5.4.5
Management of haul roads
AFFORESTATION
5.5.1
Multipurpose plant species
5.5.2
Establishment of Nursery
GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN
5.6.1
Cost of developing green belt
5.6.2
Recommended plant species
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN
5.7.1
Flora
5.7.2
Fauna
5.7.3
Habitat protection
5.7.4
Providing a corridor for the dwelling and movement of
Herpetofauna
5.7.5 Creation of Habitat for Avifauna
5.7.6
Reducing anthropogenic pressure
5.7.7
Aquatic fauna
SOIL MANAGEMENT PLAN
PRODUCTION CAPACITY BASED ON RESERVE, DUMP AND ROAD
CAPACITY
5.9.1
Permissible production capacity based on reserve
5.9.2
Permissible production capacity based on dump
5.9.3
Permissible production capacity based on road
5.9.4
Additional measures
OBSERVATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
COST SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSED PLAN
TIME SCHEDULE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PLATES
ANNEXURES (I-IV)
82
83
84
85
87
88
88
88
89
89
89
90
90
90
90
90
91
93
93
94
94
96
96
97
98
100104
105
106109
110165
TABLES
Table-2.1
Table-2.2
Table-2.3
Table-2.4
Table-2.5
Table-2.6
Table-2.7
9
9
10
10
11
12
Table-2.8
14
Table-2.9
Table2.10
Table-3.1
Table-3.2
Table-3.3
Table-3.4
Table-3.5
Table 3.6
Table 3.7
Table 3.8
Table 3.9
14
15
20
24
27
29
31
32
33
35
36
Table 3.10
Table 3.11
Table 3.12
Table-3.13
Table-3.14
Table-3.15
Table-3.16
Table-5.1
Table-5.2
Table-5.3
Table-5.4
Table-5.5
Table-5.6
Table-5.7
Table 5.8
Table-5.9
Table-5.10
Table 5.11
42
43
46
53
56
57
59
65
66
69
76
77
78
79
82
83
84
85
Table 5.12
Table-5.13
Figure-2.1
Figure-2.2
Figure2.3
Table 5.14
Table 5.15
Table 5.16
Table 5.17
Figure-3.1
Figure-3.2
7
13
23
25
26
28
70
71
72
SUMMARY
The Honble Supreme Court of India has directed the Government of Karnataka to
formulate Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan (R&R) for the mine affected districts
viz., Bellary, Chitradurga and Tumkur. The study was entrusted to Indian Council of
Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehra Dun, by the Government of
Karnataka, vide letter No.DMG/MLS/R&R/2011-12 dated 27.12.2011. The ICFRE in
association with specific domain experts carried out the study. The main objectives of
the study are:
Preparation of R&R Plan for the mining leases found to be involved in illegal
mining;
Preparation of Supplementary Environment Management Plan for incorporating
additional environmental safeguards in respect of the leases not found to be
involved in illegal mining;
Comprehensive environment plan for Mining Impact Zone (MIZ) for the areas
surrounding the mining lease area;
i) Short term measures; and
ii) Long term measures.
The main objectives of the study are:
To delineate the level of degradation on various environment, such as physical,
biological and sociological aspects due to mining.
To identify suitable site specific plan for rehabilitation and reclamation.
To provide code of practices and guidelines for pollution reduction, recovery,
reuse and recycle as well as frame work for rehabilitation and reclamation
plan
This will include all the leases, including non working leases.
The scope of the study includes collection of the existing environmental status such as
topography, production technology, overburden dump, top soil, soil conservation
measures, environmental quality to assess the impacts and to formulation of site
specific R&R plan.
Considering the time limit and constraints in collection of baseline data on the existing
environmental status the study had to mainly relay on the secondary sources of
information viz., EIA/EMP reports, Mining Scheme, environmental monitoring
conducted by external agencies such as the SPCB, Department of Mines and Geology,
and mine owners.
1. Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of M/s Sri Allum Prashant (ML No. 2352) has a
lease area of 69.60 ha. The entire lease area is non- forest land, which was granted
for mining of Yellow Oxide, initially, for a period of 20 years, from 21.07.2000 to
20.07.2020. The mining operations in this Mine were started in July 2001.
Subsequently, in 2002, fresh lease deed was issued in co-terminus with original
lease period, after inclusion of Iron Ore mineral. The Mine is located near
Haraginadona village of Bellary Taluk, in Bellary District, Karnataka State. The
Mine area comes in Survey of India Topo sheet No. 57A/16 at Latitude 150 08
40.1N to 150 07 43N to and Longitude760 4534.5E to 760 464.5E. The Mine
is situated in the revenue land. The road distance of the Mine area from Bellary
town is about 12 km; the nearest sea port and airport are Marmugoa (425 km)
and Bangalore (350 km), respectively.
2.
Mining scheme for the period 2011-12 to 2015-16 submitted to IBM, vide letter
dated 23.09.2011. However, IBM has returned the document vide letter dated
29.03.2012 asking the applicant to incorporate details like CEC duly certified
sketch, the details of maximum production of mineral fixed by State Govt.
ii
3. Environmental Clearance initially was accorded by MoEF, vide letter no. J11015/49/2002-IA.II (M) dated 31.05.2006 for production of 10,000 TPA .
Subsequently during July, 2007 the Environmental Clearance by MoEF granted
for enhanced capacity of 2.50 lakh TPA, vide letter no. J-11015/165/2007-IA.II
(M) dated July 5, 2007 .
4. Currently, the total area under mining and allied activities is 69.60 ha.
5. Licence for using explosives was granted on 20.05.2009 and valid till 31.03.2014.
6. The mine lease area is mainly hill locked valley with an altitude between 560 to
615 m above M.S.L. The iron ore deposit comprises mostly BAQ Floats/ Soil,Iron
ore / Red oxide / Yellow oxide,BHQ (Iron ore),Shale,Green stone / Schist
7. Soil is derived from Schistose rocks, Granites and Gneisses . They are permeable
and mildly alkaline in nature. The thickness of the soil varies from 0.2 to 1.00 m.
The Red soil is the major type of soil in the area due to presence of iron.
8. Based on the periodical monitoring by Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
in the indentified location the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) ranged from
150 and 199 g /m3 respectively and Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) range
from 41g /m3 and 63 g /m3 in 4 stations located near the mine area.
9. The main sources of noise are from stationary mining equipment, mobile mining
equipment and transportation of vehicles. Based on the data obtained from the
Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB). The noise level ranged from
50-68 dB(A) Leq during day time and 42-66 dB(A) Leq, during night time near
the mine lease area.
10. There are no perennial springs in the vicinity of the mining lease area.
11. Water courses are seasonal and observed in monsoon season only. Hence, the
descent of rainwater from the hills needs to be controlled by constructing
structures like gully checks, gully plugs and check dams.
12. The drainage pattern is subdendritic in nature
iii
13. The annual rainfall varies from 350 mm to 650 mm with an average of 574.9 mm.
The rainfall is mostly (60%) confined to the period from June to September
during south-west monsoon.
14. The physical and chemical characteristic of the ground water is studied in 4 the
pH value recorded 7.45 to 8.11 and the ground water is of Carbonate type. CaCo3
recorded between 115 -389 mg/l. Chloride is recorded between 50-255 mg/l.
15. The vegetation occurring in the area belongs to Southern tropical thorny/scrub
forests consisting of Deciduous forest (Champion and Seth, 1968). The forest is
degraded and in several places, the canopy is highly opened.
16. The plant resources inside and outside the mine lease area are 28 and 34 species
respectively consisting of herbs, shrubs and trees.
17. 13 villages fall in the core zone (at 5km radius) and buffer zone (at 10 km radius).
The total population within the buffer and core zone is about 30041.
18. Clearing of vegetation/forest cover in the mine lease area and overburden have
an important bearing on the habitat and quality of all associated faunal species
due to fragmentation. The faunal species recorded during the survey include
mammals, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, avifauna and aquatic birds.
19. There are two dumps, one is inactive and another is active. The inactive (old)
dump D-3 is located in block A . The dump slope is 40 and the total area is 0.21
ha.. Active dump is located at the east-northeastern part of the A-block. The
dump slope 40, the total area is 2.13 ha.
20. The sub grade mineral with an iron content is 35% which is recovered and the
total production is 1, 84,587 tonnes.
21. As per the actual production of ore and waste material during last five years the
ore to waste ratio is 1:3.61
22. The mine owner has constructed 2 retaining walls and check dam 2 nos. inside
the lease area to control the sediment flow and erosion into stream and 1
retaining wall, 16 check dams and 1 garland drain outside the lease area. In order
iv
Albizia amara,
28. Creation of fauna habitats and corridors during restoration, using logs, stumps
and other natural materials have been suggested. Besides creation of fauna
corridors to connect the nearby forest to encourage smaller species of mammals
and reptiles, which are reluctant to traverse long distances of open ground, to
colonize in the restored areas has been contemplated.
29. Tree hollows are recommended to substitute by providing nest boxes of
appropriate size for the target species in the proposed restored areas. Animals,
particularly invertebrate species, are important in many ecological processes,
such as nutrient cycling, litter decomposition, soil aeration, seed dispersal, seed
predation and plants ability to survive fire or set seed, so that they can reestablish after fire.
30. The ultimate objective of the biological measure is to restore the natural
vegetation occurring in and around the mine area and also to provide a corridor
for free movement of the wildlife. The species selected for establishment is based
on the future land use of the area, soil conditions and climate.
31. For the sustainable and scientific mining recommended by CEC there is a need to
cap the overall ceiling of iron ore production. Therefore feasible production
capacity of the Iron ore has been calculated based on Reserve, Dump and Road.
32. Reserves: As per the last approved scheme of mining the estimated total
mineable reserves are 5.30 Million. Therefore the production of 0.27 million
tonnes per annum could be possible to achieve during the next 20 years.
33. Dump: The additional waste dump that would be accommodated in the defined
area during the next plan period is 0.28 MCM. Therefore the production of 0.032
million tonnes per annum could be possible to achieve during next 5 years.
34. Road: The total ore mined moves towards NH-63 for domestic users, traversing
through 2 different stretches & State Higway-19. Computation is annexed at
HIM-3. The capacity assignable to Hariginadona Mine M.L No 2352 of Allum
Prashant is 0.315 MTPA based on the limit from Road Section R9.
vi
35. Based on the availability of mineral reserves, dump capacity, volume of traffic
and further planning for the resources an annual production level of 0.032
Million tonnes based on dump capacity is considered as a feasible production
level.
36. Rehabilitation and Reclamation plan will be useful in providing a framework for
various target groups for undertaking scientific rehabilitation and reclamation of
mined out areas. An estimate cost of Rs. 248.17 lakh has been proposed for
excluding R &R Plan including the cost for Biodiversity Management Plan,
Monitoring and Evaluation, Capacity Building, development of common
infrastructure, etc.
37. Regular monitoring of the R&R programme will not only establish valuable
reference data for authorities to ensure and demonstrate compliance with
regulatory requirements but also in subsequent decision-making on operational
parameters needed to ensure better oversight of the entire site specific land use
for sustainable management.
Rehabilitation plan will depend upon its proper implementation and rigorous
monitoring which can be ensured only through a specialized institution that has
the requisite competence, composite scientific expertise and professionals. The
capacity building of the personals involved in implementation of this plan by an
expert scientific organization is also an essential input for the successful
implementation of this plan.
38. The successful, regional management of Reclamation and Rehabilitation plan
requires strategic integration of a very specialized ecological, taxonomical,
biological and engineering interagency that allows scientists and land managers
to reach a consensus. . In our country there are limited institutions have such
composite expertise and experience for execution and monitoring of such
specialized tasks. Therefore, consortium of institutes headed by ICFRE may be
formulated for effective monitoring and the implementation of the R & R Plan.
vii
39. Further, the task force constituted as per the recommendation made in Chapter-9
of the macro EIA report- ICFRE can ensure proper monitoring and
implementation of R&R plan, EMP and Capacity building of the personal
involved in the implementation of proposed plan. And, these parameters should
be the key indicators while revalidating the mine plan with good mining
practice.
viii
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Abbreviation
Full Form
%
cm
CPCB
CSO
Cum
EIA
EL
FC
Fe
ha
HEMM
km2
m
m2
m3
masl
mg/l
ML
mm
MoEF
MTPA
NAAQS
NMDC
PWD
RET
SPCB
UNDP
UNFC
C
SH
Percentage
Centimeter
Center Pollution Control Board
Central Statistic Office
Cubic meter
Environment Impact Assessment
Elevation
Forest clearance
Iron
Hectare
heavy earth moving machinery
Kilometer square
Meter
Meter square
Meter cube
Meter above sea level
Milligram per Liter
Mining lease
Millimeter
Ministry of Environment and Forest
Metric ton per annum
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Mineral Development Corporation
Public Works Department
Rare, Endangered and Threatened
State Pollution Control Board
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Framework Classification
Degree Centigrade
State Highway
i|P a g e
ICFRE
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Honble Supreme Court of India, considering the severe and significant damage caused
due to unscientific and unregulated mining in Bellary, Chitradurga and Tumkur districts in
Karnataka and based on the macro EIA report submitted by ICFRE directed the Government
of Karnataka to submit a Reclamation and Rehabilitation (R & R) plan for the mine affected
districts within three months. The Government of Karnataka, keeping in view the National
Environmental Standards and the commitment for holistic approach for sustainable
management of the area affected has awarded the study of formulation of R & R plan to
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehra Dun, vide letter
No.DMG/MLS/R&R/2011-12 dated 27.12.2011. The Director, Department of Mines and
Geology, Bangalore, vide letter no. DMG/MLS/R&R/2011-12/15179 dated 31.03.2012, called
upon the Director General, ICFRE, Dehra Dun to take up the task of preparation of
Reclamation and Rehabilitation plan for category A mines, with lease area of 50 ha and
above, in the first phase.
The work assigned to ICFRE includes:
Preparation of Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan for the mining leases found to be
involved in illegal mining.
Preparation of comprehensive environmental plan for Mining Impact Zone (MIZ) for the
areas surrounding the mining leases area including all the leases with and non working
leases with respect to
ICFRE initiated the R&R study in association with domain experts and in consultation
with district administration and Department of Mines and Geology, Bellary district, for
identifying representative mines. Accordingly, Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of M/s Sri
Allum Prashant with M.L. Number 2352 was taken up for the preparation of R & R Plan,
ICFRE
as the mine was cleared by the Central Empowered Committee (CEC). The main
objectives of the study are as under :
To identify suitable site specific model plan for rehabilitation and reclamation.
To provide code of practices and guidelines for pollution reduction, recovery, reuse and
recycle as well as frame work for rehabilitation and reclamation plan.
The team of experts, along with the domain experts and other officials of the Mines and the
officials of the Department of Mines and Geology, Bellary district, undertook a detailed
survey of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of M/s Sri Allum Prashant on 18.05.2012.
1.2
The scopes of the study inter-alia include all the mine related and allied activities. The scope
of the study is briefed below:
Sample iron ore mine, study area indicating their location on the map.
Technology presently used in iron ore mining and pollution control measures adopted.
In-depth study of sample representative mines for formulating R&R plan on the basis of
technology, production, and pollution and CEC approval.
Primary data collection through survey and field visits. Secondary sources of
information were from EIA/EMP reports, documents from the mine owners, CPCB,
SPCB, regional IBM, Department of Mines and Geology with respect to air quality, water
quality, waste, other environmental concerns regarding iron ore mining; relevant
documents collected from stakeholders and State Government Departments.
1.3
METHODOLOGY
The study was basically carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the team of ICFRE held
high level meetings on 08th May, 2012 with the district administration, district officials of the
statutory and regulatory bodies, such as State Pollution Control Board, State Directorate of
Mines and Geology, State Forest Department, State Agriculture Department, stakeholders
and representatives of Federation of Indian Mineral Industries (FIMI) for generation of
various data. The ICFRE team visited, Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of M/s Sri Allum
Prashant on 08.5.2012
ICFRE
31.03.2012. In the second phase, in-depth study on sampled mine regarding geology,
geographical location, scale and techniques of mining operations, production capacity, mode
of operation, dump sites, over burden management practices, road, transport mechanism
and environmental management practices followed by the mine lessee were assessed in
depth. Additional data with respect to environmental quality monitoring were collected
from different agencies, such as SPCB, Department of Mines and Geology etc. Opinions
were also sought from the reputed experts in the field of mining across the country and
suitable site specific/best practices elsewhere also referred.
ICFRE
CHAPTER-2
MINE DESCRIPTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of M/s Sri Allum Prashant (ML No. 2352) has a lease area of
69.60 ha. The entire lease area is non- forest land, which was granted for mining of Yellow
Oxide, initially, for a period of 20 years, from 21.07.2000 to 20.07.2020. The mining
operations in this Mine were started in July 2001. Subsequently, in 2002, fresh lease deed
was issued in co-terminus with original lease period, after inclusion of Iron Ore mineral.
Minimum and maximum temperature is 18C and 45C respectively.
2.2
LOCATION OF MINE
The Mine is located near Haraginadona village of Bellary Taluk, in Bellary District,
Karnataka State. The Mine area comes in Survey of India Topo sheet No. 57A/16 at Latitude
150 08 40.1N to 150 07 43N to and Longitude760 4534.5E to 760 464.5E. The Mine is
situated in the revenue land. The road distance of the Mine area from Bellary town is about
12 km; the nearest sea port and airport are Marmugoa (425 km) and Bangalore (350 km),
respectively.
2.3
submitted to IBM/
ICFRE
Consent to operate Karnataka State Pollution Control Board vide combined consent
order no: 601/ KSPCB/RO(BLY) DEO/AEO-1/F-467/2009 dated: 8/12/09(Annexure-3).
Licence for using explosives vide letter no. E/SC/KA/22/321 (E21123) dated:
20/05/2009 (Annexure-4).
Mining lease deed from the Dept. of Mines and Geology, Govt. of Karnataka, dated
21.07.2000 (Annexure-5).
Mining lease deed from the Dept. of Mines and Geology, Govt. of Karnataka, dated
27.04.2002 (Annexure-6).
2.4
MINING METHODOLOGY
Open cast Mining Method is used for the extraction of Iron Ore from the Mine. No proper
benches. as per regulation of MMR1961 has been formed. Drilling (holes of 4 to 5 m are
drilled) and blasting techniques are used to break the ore waste formation; further sorting
and breaking are done manually. ROM is transported to crushing/screening plant to
produce saleable fractions. (-40+10mm). All waste materials are dumped unsystematically in
the area in the mine lease area. Controlled blasting technique is used to control the vibration
and fly rock. Excel shock tube (NONEL) delay detonators are used as shock-tube initiation
system, which give better fragmentation and increase of safety standards in the mine.
ICFRE
Figure-2.1: Key Mining Plan of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
ICFRE
ICFRE
2.5
MINE PROFILE
Dump
Inactive dump
Dimensions
(i)
Area
(i) 0.21 ha
(ii)
Height
(ii) 10 m
Gradient of slope
40
ICFRE
Dump
Active dump
Dimensions
(iii)
Area
(iii) 2.13 ha
(iv)
Height
(iv) 10 m
Gradient of slope
40
For protection of the mining area and to prevent further degradation of land, and sliding
down of waste material in the down slopes, following measures in the form of construction
of retaining wall, garland drains, settling tanks, gully plugs, masonry check dams have been
taken at different locations both within and outside the ML area.Fig.5.2
Items
Dimension
Area in sq mt.
Volume cumt
25mX 2m X 3m
50
150
30mX 3m X 3m
90
270
24
19.2
16
12.8
ICFRE
Dimension
Area in sq mt.
Volume cumt
14
28
06
06
04
02
04
02
175
700
12
19
163
600
10
20
75
300
05
08
05
10
105
300
09
14
06
12
08
11
Garland drain
120
96
76
61
1)
(source: surface water management plan fig. 5.2)
2.5.4 Sub grade ore
Sub grade ore is BHQ of +35% Fe, which is also mined along with iron ore. This is sold to
local steel (pig iron) plants. Proposed year-wise production of sub grade ore is given in
Table 2.5.
Table No. 2.5: Proposed year-wise production of sub grade ore (in tonnes)
YEAR
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
Total
Tonnage
20,754
50,975
42,391
37,207
33,260
1,84,587
(Source: EIA and EMP report of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of Allum Prasanth)
10
ICFRE
Apart from above several small heaps of mineral have been observed outside the lease area
in the private land which were spread in very unsystematic manners without taking
preventive measures regarding their spread in the nearby low line areas.
2.6
EXPLORATION
Section
Co-ordinates
Level
Depth
NORTH
EAST
mRL
(m)
1.
A-A
1541
926
904
60
C-C
1417
976
962
60
F-F
1294
1056
977
60
H-H
1225
1096
982
70
B1-B1
837
801
904
70
B2-B2
870
1111
962
50
C2-C2
1020
483
904
70
C4-C4
856
605
962
60
D2-D2
345
1048
977
50
10
E1-E1
485
1828
556
50
11
E3-E3
318
1942
840
60
TOTAL
2.7
Year
2012-13
2012-13
660
In the mine lease area, about 25.0 ha area is mineralized and mining is proposed in this
portion in first phase. The mine is operated by open-cast manual mining method but
without forming of systematic and regular bench formation. The ore zone in the A-block is
11
ICFRE
worked and it will be continued by extending the works along the strike direction of northwest to south-east.
On either side of the ore body, ferruginous shale and greenstone exist and they need to be
stripped. It has been proposed to work further in the existing pit and open up the ore body
along the strike in the coming years. The Table 2.7 gives the production figures for each
year.
Table No. 2.7: Year wise production (Quantity in tonnes)
Years
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
Total
ROM
12885
97223
39174
65157
20489
234928
Waste
21000
237000
237000
307500
45000
847500
(Source: Draft scheme of mining for the period 2011-12 to 2015-16 submitted to
IBM, vide letter dated 23.09.2011)
12
Figure-2.3: Map showing the Surface Plan of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
13
ICFRE
ICFRE
2.8
A draft scheme of mining was submitted to IBM on 23.09.2011 for the period of 2011-12 to
2015-16 however IBM has returned the same on 29.03.2012 therefore, the estimates of the
reserves presented in the scheme has not been taken into account. The reserves estimated of
the earlier approved scheme of mining furnished in the aforesaid draft scheme have been
considered and the geological and minable reserves are furnished bellow in the Table 2.8.
Table No. 2.8: Details of the category wise mineable reserves
Ore (Quantity in Million Tonnes)
Iron Ore
Sub Grade (BHQ) Yellow Oxide Red Oxide
Total
9.51
Geological
1.71
5.97
1.31
0.52
5.53
Mineable
0.94
3.52
0.75
0.32
(Source: the quantum of reserves as on 2006 as mentioned in the draft scheme of mining submitted on
Category
Updated
9.12
5.30
STRIPPING RATIO
ROADS
14
ICFRE
TRANSPORTATION OF ORE
2.12
SAFETY ZONE
Safety zone at the northern portion has been partially developed with plantation and
remaining area is to be planted.
13(1)
Compliance
to
the
following
six
nos.
of
total
proposed
approval
exploratory
bore
is
the
hole
15
ICFRE
been implemented.
is
friable/powdery.
tonnes
be
for
the
year
reached
because
of
the
10
and
development
of
of
unleashed
BHQ
medium/soft
proposals.
ore
patches
analyzing
16
ICFRE
and
Geology,
Revenue
it
has
also
effected
in
corresponding
developmental
work.
developmental
Presently
hillock.
the
mineral
This
principles
conservation
is
against
of
and
systematic
was
working.
Now
we
are
Photo
of
the
17
ICFRE
15(2)
in
annexure
the
no.
plan
3a
enclosed
and
3b.
as
Two
20(3)
Screening of iron ore is carried out Screening of iron ore has been done
but analysis and account of feed, very occasionally for very meager
product and tailing, are not quantity as production it self is very
maintained in bound book
paged
book
keeping
27(4)
33(2)
Efforts have not been made for Presently there is one active dump.
and (5)
18
ICFRE
engineer
has
not
appointed.
19
ICFRE
CHAPTER-3
BASELINE STATUS
3.1. STUDY AREA
3.1.1 Climate
Bellary district is part of the northern maiden region with an extensive undulating plateau.
The district is known for hot summer and very dry weather for major part of the year and
the temperature varies between 22C and 43C. The annual rainfall varies from 350 mm to
650 mm with an average of 574.9 mm. The rainfall is mostly (60%) confined to the period
from June to September during south-west monsoon. From October to November are the
months of retreating monsoon (24% rainfall) and another 16% of rainfall occurs as sporadic
in other months of the year. On an average, the district has 39 rainy days in a year. The
rainfall decreases from south-west to north-east.
3.1.2 Physiography of Mine Lease Area
The Mine area is part of NW-SE trending hillocks with valleys running towards north-east
and east directions. There are two major and two minor valleys present here. The lease is
occupying major hillocks and valleys of the area. The elevation of the lease area varies from
560 m to 615 m above MSL. Other information is given in Table No. 3.1.
Table No. 3.1: Physiographical information of the lease area
Features
Details
675
Village,
Tehsil,
District, Hariganadona
State
village,
Nearest highway
NH 63
Bellary
Bellary
Nearest village
Hariganadona
Nearest city
Bellary
Nearest forest
Historical plakhes
Hampi- 55 KM
20
ICFRE
3.2
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Sandur basin is the smallest of the three geological basins of Karnataka and covers an area of
960 km2. It is structurally highly disturbed and squeezed out of shape by the intrusion of
younger granite. Shale facies is confined to the western margin. The basin is characterized
by well-developed mafic magmatism and strong development of manganiferous greywacke,
phyllite and numerous bands of banded magnetite and haematite quartzite. The basin is
known for its rich accumulation of both iron and manganese ore. Basement-cover relations
are obscured because of intense deformation and intrusion by younger granite. Recent study
has recognized the following five formations in the Sandur schist belt for which new names
have been given:
Vibhutigudda Formation: (banded ferruginous chert, greywacke, polymict conglomerate,
acid and basis volcanic).
Taluru formation: (dominated by pillow-structured amphibolites and a thick layered
complex of metagabbro and tremolite-chlorite schist occupying the central part of the belt).
Donimalai Formation: (dominated by banded ferruginous chert with intercalated basaltic
flows, sills dolerite and gabbro).
Ramanamalai Formation: (banded ferruginous chert, amphibolites, and greywacke).
Deogiri Formation: (Dominated by calcareous manganese-rich greywacke with crossbedded quartzite and stromatolite-bearing limestone).
Total thickness of the sequence is estimated to be as much as 15 km which is the result of
thickening by thrusts. The Sandur valley discontinuity is interpreted as a thrust separating
the Raman Malai Formation from overlying Donimalai Formation. Six types of granite have
been identified as intruding the schist belt. All of them are stated to have affinity with IType of granites of collision zones. A 3000 m thick metagabbro and tremolite schist has been
identified as a stratiform layered complex which intruded sediments and extrusive volcanic
rocks of the Taluru Formation. A major acid volcanic breccia is reported 200 m southeast of
Belagallu. This breccias is described as unique which deserve for preservation as a protected
national monument.
The higher metamorphic state of the Sandur belt is attributed to the effect of the regional
high thermal gradient that was associated with the large-scale intrusion of younger granites
(close pet) which engulf the schist belt on all sides. The intrusion of younger granites has
complicated the decipherment of the geological history. The lithological assemblages,
21
ICFRE
structural configuration and deformation history suggests that the eastern and western
meta-sedimentary belts represent two sub basin spatially separated by central meta basic
unit.
Later compression and shearing have caused the telescoping of the sedimentary
22
23
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ICFRE
3.3
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.3.1 Soil
The soils of the Bellary taluk are derived from Schistose rocks, Granites and Gneisses. The
Sandy loam soil mixed with blakhk and grey soil occurs along the stream beds. These are
originated from gneisses and granites. They are permeable and mildly alkaline in nature.
The thickness of the soil varies from 0.2 to 1.00 m. The Red soil is the major type of soil in the
area due to presence of iron.
Land category
Area (Acres)
Cultivation land
Dry land Extent
89800.36
4458.82
Total Extent
94259.18
8422.53
Gramanatha Extent
1571.81
127.76
617.41
Tank Extent
6305.38
Halla Extent
3897.93
Forest Extent
57537.21
UAW Extent
39551.86
Road Extent
1616.81
Misc. Extent
13178.87
Total Extent
132827.57
24
ICFRE
Figure-3.2: Map showing the Locations of Environmental Monitoring Stations in Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
25
ICFRE
Figure-3.3: Map showing the Geological plan of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine,
26
ICFRE
ML 2352
3.3.2.1 Land use pattern of Mine Lease Area
The existing land use of the mine area is enclosed in Fig.3.4 and details given in the table
below
Table No. 3.3: land use pattern of the Mine Lease Area.
Land Use
Area in ha
Mining
1.820
Dumping
2.130
Safety zone
1.192
St. Building
0.014
0.680
Roads
0.024
1.800
Area untouched
61.208
Total
69.60
(Source: EIA and EMP report of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of Allum Prasanth)
27
Figure-3.4: Map showing Existing Land Use Plan in the Mine Lease Area of
Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
28
ICFRE
Station
Haraginadoni
Tumati
SO2 NOx SPM RPM SO2 NOx SPM
RPM
2.03.11
11
14
191
58
13
20
196
62
3.03.11
11
13
190
62
11
16
195
66
7.03.11
15
22
187
60
06
19
192
64
8.03.11
16
15
188
55
14
10
193
59
16.12.11
16
18
185
54
08
15
190
58
17.03.11
12
12
182
52
12
13
187
56
26.03.11
14
15
174
51
16
12
179
55
27.03.11
09
16
189
52
09
21
194
56
3.04.11
12
14
185
51
11
14
190
55
4.04.11
14
10
182
54
09
14
187
58
9.04.11
13
11
184
58
18
15
185
50
10.04.11
10
10
192
65
19
17
178
57
17.04.11
11
17
186
63
09
22
175
55
18.04.11
10
10
183
61
16
16
184
53
26.04.11
12
19
143
51
13
21
187
43
27.04.11
10
14
179
62
14
20
172
54
Minimum
10
143
51
10
172
43
22
192
65
19
22
196
66
Maximum 16
Average
12.3 14.4 182.5 56.8 12.4 16.6 186.5 56.3
Standard
80
80
200
100
80
80
200
100
(Source: EIA and EMP report of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of Allum Prasanth)
29
ICFRE
Date
Station
Avinamodgu
Antapur
SO2 NOx
SPM
SPM
RPM
2.03.11
18
13
180
63
13
21
191
56
3.03.11
14
17
173
70
17
10
199
63
7.03.11
09
22
170
68
11
17
193
61
8.03.11
12
11
179
66
10
23
190
59
16.12.11
13
21
182
56
18
19
150
49
17.03.11
14
20
167
67
10
14
186
60
26.03.11
11
09
160
58
08
24
179
51
27.03.11
12
12
177
67
16
11
193
60
3.04.11
15
15
164
68
11
22
183
61
4.04.11
08
19
181
67
12
14
186
60
9.04.11
14
20
199
46
14
14
188
47
10.04.11
11
16
198
50
11
16
187
51
17.04.11
06
22
195
48
13
22
184
49
18.04.11
07
10
196
43
16
22
185
44
26.04.11
08
18
193
42
08
18
182
43
27.04.11
12
13
190
40
12
13
179
41
Minimum
160
40
10
150
41
Maximum 18
22
199
70
18
24
199
63
Average
11.5
16.1
181.5 57.4
12.5
17.5
184.7 53.4
Standard
80
80
200
80
80
200
100
100
(Source: EIA and EMP report of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of Allum Prasanth)
3.3.4 Noise environment
The noise levels are dependent upon the deployment of mining machinery and heavyduty vehicles in the area. Noise is produced due to movement of machinery, drilling,
blasting etc., but the pronounced effect of noise is felt only near the active working area.
The main sources of noise in the mine are classified as follows:
Stationary Mining Equipment
Mobile Mining Equipment
Transportation Vehicles
30
ICFRE
Noise survey was carried out at 4 locations by the lessee and it was observed that the
noise levels are within the prescribed standard, vide Table No. 3.5.
Table No. 3.5: Noise level data carried out in 4 different locations.
Sampling Location
Date
Night time
12.04.2011 75
68
70
66
Haraginadoni
12.04.11
55
58
45
43
Tumati
12.04.11
55
55
45
41
Avinamodgu
12.04.11
55
52
45
46
Antapur
12.04.11
55
50
45
42
(Source: EIA and EMP report of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of Allum Prasanth)
3.3.5 Water environment
The Mining operation has been done on the top portions of the hill range and there are
no perennial streams or Nallas. Water courses are seasonal and observed in monsoon
season only. Hence, the descent of rainwater from the hills needs to be controlled by
constructing structures like gully checks, gully plugs and check dams.
31
ICFRE
ICFRE
Sl. No.
Parameter
Unit
Haraginado
ni
Bore well
Physical Parameters
1
Color
2
3
4
Hazen
Odour
Taste
pH
Conductivit
y
mhos/cm
5
Total
Dissolved
6
Solids
mg/l
7
Turbidity
NTU
Chemical Parameters
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
4
Unobjection
able
Tumati
Bore
well
Antapur
Avinamodg
u
Bore well
Bore well
4
Unobjectio
nable
5
Unobjectiona
ble
Agreeable
7.92
4
Unobject
ionable
Agreeabl
e
7.86
Agreeable
8.11
Agreeable
7.45
1128
651
800
475
902
<5
521
<5
640
<5
380
<5
Total
Alkalinity
as CaCO3
mg/l
320
80
165
198
Total
Hardness
as CaCO3
mg/l
342
115
322
389
Calcium
mg/l
12.0
14.0
15.0
15.0
Magnesium mg/l
32.0
12.0
27.0
35.0
Chloride
mg/l
255.0
50.0
125.0
180.0
Sulfate
mg/l
130
20.00
55.00
112.00
Nitrate
mg/l
8.50
4.90
7.00
14.50
Fluoride
mg/l
0.95
0.65
0.80
0.65
Sodium
mg/l
13.0
10.0
930.0
8.0
Potassium
mg/l
3.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
(Source: EIA and EMP report of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of Allum Prasanth)
32
Cassia
auriculiformis, Carissa spinarum and Canthium parvfiflorum are occasionally seen. Prosopis
juliflora can be seen colonising open spaces. Xerophytes like Opuntia stricta, Euphorbia
stricta, Euphorbia tirucalli,Euphorbia tortilis are common. Climbers like Pergularia daemia,
Cocculus hirsutus are also found, but sparsely. Ground flora consists of Mimosa pudica,
Achyranthes aspera, Acalypha indica, Caralluma umbellata, Vicoa indica etc. Grass species like
Heteropogon contortus, Aristida setacea, Apluda mutica are frequently seen (Tables 3.7 and
3.8)
Table No. 3.7: List of plants occurring in outside the lease area
Sl.
Botanical name
No.
Local/
kannada Family
Habit
name
1.
Acacia chundra
2.
Acacia horrida
3.
Aerva javanica
4.
Kempu jaali
Mimosaceae
Tree
Mimosaceae
Shrub
Amaranthaceae
Herb
Aristida hystrix
Poaceae
Grass
5.
Azadirachta indica
Bevu
Meliaceae
Tree
6.
Calotropis procera
Bili ekka
Asclepiadaceae
Shrub
7.
Canthium
Rubiaceae
Shrub
33
ICFRE
parvfiflorum
Canthium
Kaare mullu
Rubiaceae
Shrub
Chikka kavali
Apocynaceae
Shrub
Aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae
Shrub
Kakke
Caesalpiniaceae
Tree
Communist kale
Asteraceae
Shrub
Ganjigarike
Poaceae
Grass
14. Croton
Milgunari
Euphorbiaceae
Herb
Vadavaarada gida
Mimosaceae
Tree
Bandarike
Sapindaceae
Shrub
Kolu kalli
Euphorbiaceae
Tree
Kempunene akki
Euphorbiaceae
Herb
Zygophyllakheae Herb
Chikkudippe
Tiliaceae
Shrub
21. Heteropogon
Oobina hullu
Poaceae
Grass
Ganga thulasi
Lamiaceae
Herb
Gantukaalu gedde
Acanthaceae
Herb
24. Maytenus
Thandraasi
Celastraceae
Shrub
Muttidare muni
Mimosaceae
Herb
Haalu koratige
Asclepiadaceae
Climber
Mimosaceae
Shrub
8.
parviflorum
9.
Carissa spinarum
bonplandianus
15. Dichrostachys
cinerea
contortus
emarginata
Salabe
Kurudi
Anacardiaceae
hannina Rhamnaceae
Shrub(straggler)
gida
30. Sehima nervosum
Poaceae
Grass
Koggi
Fabaceae
Herb
34
ICFRE
ICFRE
Neggilu
Zygophyllakheae Herb
Gabbu shaavathi
Asteraceae
Herb
Bore,
Rhamncaeae
Tree
yalakhhihannu
Table No. 3.8: List of plants occurring inside the lease area:
Sl.
Botanical name
Family
Habit
No.
1.
Acacia auriculiformis
Mimosaceae
Tree
2.
Acacia horrida
Mimosaceae
Shrub
3.
Acalypha indica
Kuppi gida
Euphorbiaceae
Herb
4.
Achyranthes aspera
Uttaraani
Amaranthaceae
Herb
5.
Aerva javanica
Amaranthaceae
Herb
6.
Azadirachta indica
bevu
Meliaceae
Tree
7.
Barleria prionitis
Mullu goranti
Acanthaceae
Herb
8.
Boerhavia diffusa
Adakaputtana gida
Nyctaginaceae
Herb
9.
Calotropis gigantea
ekka
Asclepiadaceae
Shrub
10.
Canthium parviflorum
Kaare mullu
Rubiaceae
Shrub
11.
Cassia auriculata
aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae
Shrub
12.
Cassia fistula
Kakke
Caesalpiniaceae
Tree
13.
Chrysopogon fulvus
Ganjigarike
Poaceae
Grass
14.
Cocculus hirsutus
Garudapaathaala
Menispermaceae
Climber
15.
Dichrostachys cinearea
Vadavaarada gida
Mimosaceae
Tree
16.
Dodonaea viscosa
Bandarike
Sapindaceae
Shrub
17.
Echinops echinatus
Brahma dande
Asteraceae
Herb
18.
Heteropogon contortus
Oobina hullu
Poaceae
Grass
19.
Maytenus emarginata
Thandraasi
Celastraceae
Shrub
20.
Merremia tridentata
Convolvulakhea
Herb(Twining)
e
21.
Mimosa pudica
Muttidare muni
Mimosaceae
Herb
22.
Opuntia stricta
Paapasu kalli
Cactaceae
Shrub
35
23.
Pongamia pinnata
24.
Prosopis juliflora
25.
Rhus mysorensis
Salabe
Anacardiaceae
26.
Sehima nervosum
Poaceae
Grass
27.
Solanum trilobatum
Habbu sunde
Solancaeae
Herb
28.
Vicoa indica
Mooguthi soppu
Asteraceae
Herb
Honge
Fabacaeae
Tree
Mimosaceae
Shrub
3.4.2 Fauna
The information on the species presence in the study area was assessed using the
published research papers, research reports, and report of the Macro level EIA study
conducted by ICFRE in Bellary District of Karnataka during 2011. The secondary
information was collected after interviewing the local peoples and which was later on
authenticated while interating with the Forest Department, Bellary personals. The
conservation status of the faunal species reported to be present or distributed in the study
area was given as per various schedules of Wildlife Protection Act of India 1972, and as
per the IUCN 2000 and CAMP 1998 criteria. The mine lease area falls within the reserved
forest. During the study, it was revealed that 29 mammalian species belonging to 18
families were reported to be present in the study area (Table 3.14); 32 species of reptiles
belonging to 14 families (Table 3.11); 7 species of amphibians belong to 4 families (Table
3.11); 80 species of butterflies belong to 5 families (Table 3.9) and 17 families of aquatic
birds comprising of 63 speices (Table 3.13) and 191 species and 36 families of birds
(Table No. 3.12) were reported to be present as per the secoundary data sources and the
primery study survey conducted during the study. In view of the fact that there is no
perrineal stream flowing across the ML area no fishes or other aquatic microflora and
macrofauna were observed. However, the inventory of the fishes observed at Daroji lake
20 km away from the
Table No. 3.9: List of butterflies recorded in the three study regions based on direct
observations, present study and the secondary information
S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
Hesperiidae (Skippers)
36
WPA
ICFRE
S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
Hasora chromus
Common
Banded Awl
Spialia galba
Indian
Skipper
Caprona agama
Spotted
Angle
Sarangesa
purendra
Spotted
Small Flat
Telicota ancilla
Dark
Dart
Pelopidas
mahtias
Small
Branded
Swift
Sancus fuligo
Coon
Papilionidae (Swallowtails)
Graphium
Common
sarpedon
Bluebottle
8
9
10
11
Graphium
agamemnon
Papilio polytes
form romulus &
stichius
Papilio
polymnestor
WPA
Palm
Tailed Jay
Common
Mormon
Blue
Mormon
12
Papilio
demoleus
Lime
Butterfly
13
Papilio parts
Paris
Peacock
14
Papilio crino
Common
Banded
Peacock
15
Atrophaneura
aristolochiae
Common
Rose
16
Atrophaneura
hector
Crimson
Rose
17
Troides minos
Southern
37
Sch.I
ICFRE
S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
Birdwing
3
18
19
Eurema brigitta
Small Grass
Yellow
20
Eurema hecabe
Common
Grass Yellow
21
Eurema laeta
Spotless
Grass Yellow
22
Catopsilia
pomona
Common
Emigrant
23
Catopsilia
pyranthe
Mottled
Emigrant
24
Colotis danae
Crimson Tip
25
Colotis eucharis
Plain Orange
Tip
26
Colotis fausta
Large
Salmon Arab
27
Ixias Marianne
White
Orange Tip
28
Ixias pyrene
Yellow
Orange Tip
29
Hebomoia
glaucippe
Great
Orange Tip
30
Pareronia
valeria
Common
Wanderer
31
Appias albina
Common
Albatross
32
Pieris canidia
Indian
Cabbage
White
33
Cepora nerissa
Common
Gull
34
Delias eucharis
Common
Jezebel
38
WPA
ICFRE
S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
35
Leptosia nina
Psyche
36
Belenois aurota
Pioneer
Lycaenidae (Blues)
Loxura atymnus Yamfly
37
38
Castalius
rosimon
Common
Pierrot
39
Leptotes plinius
Zebra Blue
40
Jamides celeno
Common
Cerulean
41
Jemides bochus
Dark
Cerulean
42
Lampides
boeticus
Tarucus nara
Pea Blue
44
Zizeeria
Karsandra
45
Pseudozizeeria
maha
46
47
Freyeria
trochylus
Zizina otis
Dark Grass
Blue
Pale
Grass
Blue
Grass Jewel
48
Zizula hylax
49
Azanus uranus
50
Neopithecops
zalmora
Megisba
Malaya
Euchrysops
cnejus
Celastrina
lavendularis
43
51
52
53
54
Celatoxia
albidisca
Rounded
Pierrot
Lesser Grass
Blue
Tiny Grass
Blue
Dull Babul
Blue
Quaker
Malayan
Gram Blue
Plain Hedge
blue
White-disc
Hedge Blue
39
WPA
ICFRE
S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
55
5
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Chilades
Plains Cupid
pandava
Nymphalidae (Brush-footed
Butterflies)
Tirumala
Blue Tiger
limniace
Danaus genutia Striped Tiger
Danaus
Plain Tiger
chrysippus
Parantica aglea Glassy Tiger
Euploea
Doublesylvester
branded
Crow
Euploea core
Common
Crow
Polyura
Common
athamas
Nawab
Melanitis leda
Common
Evening
Brown
Mycalesis
Common
perseus
Bushbrown
Mycalesis visala Long-brand
Bushbrown
Ypthima
Common
asterope
Threering
Acraea violae
Tawny
Coster
Phalanta
Common
phalantha
Leopard
Neptis hylas
Common
Sailer
Euthalia
Common
aconthea
Baron
Euthalia nais
Baronet
Ariadne ariadne Angled
Castor
Ariadne
Common
40
WPA
ICFRE
S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
74
75
merione
Junonia orithiya
Junonia hierta
76
Junonia iphita
77
Junonia almana
78
Junonia
lemonias
79
Hypolimnas
bolina
Hypolimnas
misippus
80
Castor
Blue Pansy
Yellow
Pansy
Chocolate
Pansy
Peacock
Pansy
Lemon
Pansy
Great Eggfly
Danaid
Eggfly
41
WPA
ICFRE
Table No. 3.10: List of fish species of Daroji Lake of Hospet, Bellary District
S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
1
Cyprinus carpie communis
Gonoproktepterus kolus
2
3
Nemacheilus anguilla
Clarias batrachus
Poecilia reticulates
Esomus danricus
Puntius sopore
10
Puntius dorsalis
Long-snouted Barb
11
Sarana Barb
12
Puntius amphibius
13
Puntius choln
Swamp Barb
14
Puntius ticto
Tieto Barb
15
Salmostoma clupeoides
Minnow Carp
16
Cirrhinus reba
Reba Carp
17
Ompok bimaculatus
Butter Catfish
18
Mystus vittatus
19
Catla catla
Catla
20
Danio aequipinnatus
Giant Danio
21
Mastacembelus armatus
Spiny Eel
22
Labeo calbasu
Orange-fin Labeo
23
Lepidocephalus thermalis
24
Salmestoma acinaces
25
Amblypharyngodon mola
Mola Carplet
26
Cirrhinus mrigala
Mrigal
27
Mystus cavasius
Gangetic Mystus
28
Aplocheilus lineatus
Striped Panchas
29
Rasbora daniconius
Slender Rasbora
30
Labea rahita
Rohu
31
Channa orientalis
Asiatic Snakehead
32
Channa marulius
Giant Snakehead
33
Channa striatus
Sol
34
Barilius barilia
Barred-billed Trout
Barb
42
ICFRE
Bufo stomaticus
Marbled Toad
Bufo holoius
Malabar Toad
Microhylidae
Microhyla ornata
Microhyla rubra
Ranidae
S.No
A
1
LR-nt
Ornate Frog
LR-lc
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
Skittering Frog
LR-nt
Sch-IV
Euphlyctis hexadactylus
VU
Sch-IV
Rhacophoridae
Polypedates maculatus
B
5
9
REPTILES
Boidae
Erix conicus
LR-nt
Sch-IV
10
Eryx johnii
LR-lc
Sch-IV
11
Python molurus
LR-nt
Sch-I
Colubridae
Ahaetulla nasuta
12
13
Coelognathus
Helena
14
Lycodan aulicus
15
Oligodon arnensis
16
Ptyas mucosa
17
Xenochrophis piscator
7
18
Elapidae
Bungarus caeruleus
19
Naja naja
Sch IV
LR-nt
Sch-IV
LR-lc
Sch-IV
LR-nt
Sch-II
Checkered
Water Snake
keelback
LR-lc
Sch-II
Indian
(Kadambale)
Krait
Spectacled
(Nagara havu)
cobra
43
Sch IV
LR-nt
Sch-II
ICFRE
S.No
Species name
Common
and
Vernacular Names
20
Typhlopidae
Ramphotyplops braminus
21
Typhlops jerdoni
9
22
Viperidae
Echis carinatus
23
10
Conservation
CAMP 1998
WPA
IUCN 2000
LR-nt
Sch-IV
Saw-scaled Viper
LR-nt
Sch-IV
Daboia russelii
Russells Viper
LR-nt
Sch-II
24
Agamidae
Calotes rouxii
25
Callotes elliotii
26
Calotes versicolar
Indian garden
(Vothi)
lizard
LR-nt
27
Psammophilus dorsalis
South
Indian
Agama
Rock
28
Sitana ponticeriana
Fan-throated lizard
LR-lc
11
Chamaeleonidae
Chamaeleo zeylanicus
Indian Chamaeleaon
VU
30
Gekkonidae
Cnemaspis indica
31
Hemidactylus brookii
Brooks gecko
LR-lc
32
Hemidactylus flaviviridis
Yellow-green
gecko
LR-lc
33
Hemidactylus frenatus
34
Hemidactylus maculatus
35
Hemidactylus reticulatus
Reticulated Gecko
36
Hemidactylus triedrus
Termite-hill Gecko
37
Hemidactylus gigantieus
Giant Gecko
13
Lakhertidae
Acanthodactylus cantoris
29
12
38
14
Indian
Lizard
house
Fringe-toed
39
Scincidae
Lygosoma punctatus
LR-lc
40
Eutropis carinata
LR-nt
41
Eutropis macularia
LR-lc
15
Varanidae
42
Varanus bengalensis
VU
Sch-II
Bengal
(Oodoombu)
44
Monitor
ICFRE
S.No
Species name
16
Crocodylidae
43
Crocodylus palustris
17
Testudinidae
44
Geochelone elegans
18
Trionychidae
45
Lissemys punctata
Common
and
Vernacular Names
Mugger
or
Crocodile
Marsh
45
Conservation
CAMP 1998
WPA
IUCN 2000
VU
Sch-I
VU
Sch-II
LR-nt
Sch-I
ICFRE
Table No. 3.12: List of terrestrial birds recorded in the three study ranges of the study
area
S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
1
Phasianidae
1
Calloperdix lunulata
Calloperdix spadicea
IV
Francolinus pondicerianus
IV
Francolinus pictus
Painted Francolin (R )
Pavo cristatus
Gallus sonneratiti
Coturnix coromandelica
Coturnix coturnix
Perdicula asiatica
10
Perdicula aegoondab
Turnicidae
11
Turnix sylvatica
IV
12
Turnix suscitator
IV
Picidae
13
Jynx torquilla
14
IV
Woodpecker
IV
Dendrocopos maharattensis
Yellow-crowned
(R)
15
Dinopium benghalense
IV
16
Dinopium javanense
17
Chrysocolaptes festivus
Megalaimidae
18
Megalaima zeylanica
19
Megalaima viridis
20
Megalaima haemacephala
Bucerotidae
21
Ocyceros birostris
Upupidae
22
Upupa epops
Coraciidae
23
Ciracias benghalensis
Alcedinidae
24
Alcedo Hercules
Dacelonidae
IV
46
IV
ICFRE
S.No
Scientific Name
25
Halcyon smyrnensis
10
Cerylidae
26
Ceryle rudis
Common Name
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
11
Meropidae
27
Merops orientalis
Green Bee-eater* (R )
28
Merops Philippinus
12
Cuculidae
29
Eudynamys scolopacea
IV
30
Clamator jacobinus
Pied Cuckoo (M )
IV
31
Phaenicophaeus viridirostris
32
IV
33
Hierococcyx varius
13
Centropodidae
34
Centropus sinensis
14
Psittacidae
35
Psittacula keupatria
36
Psittacula krameri
IV
37
Psittacula cyanocephala
IV
15
Apodidae
38
Collocalia unicolar
39
Cypsiurus halasiensis
40
41
Apus affinis
Hemipronce coronata
16
Strigidae
42
Bubo bubo
IV
43
IV
44
Ketupa zeylonensis
Tyto alba
IV
45
Otus bukkamoena
46
Otus scops
47
Glaucidium radiatum
48
Athene brama
IV
17
Caprimulgidae
49
Caprimulgus asiaticus
IV
50
Caprimulgus indicus
18
Columbidae
Greater Coucal* (R )
IV
47
ICFRE
S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
51
Columba livia
52
Streptopelia chinensis
IV
53
Streptopelia senegalensis
IV
Streptopelia decaocto
IV
54
55
Streptopelia tranquebarica
IV
56
Streptopelia orientalis
57
Chalcophaps indica
58
Treron phoenicoptera
19
Pteroclidae
IV
59
Pterocles exustus
Chestnut-bellied
(R)
Sandgrouse
60
Pterocles indicus
IV
20
Charadridae
IV
61
Vanellus malarbaricus
Yellow-wattled Lapwing*
(R)
62
Vanellus indicus
21
Accipitridae
63
Pernis ptilorhyncus
64
Butastur leesa
65
Sarcogyps calvus
66
Neophron percnopterus
IV
67
Gyps bengalensis
IV
68
Circus macrourus
69
Circus aeruginosus
70
Circus pygargus
71
Haliastur indus
72
Milvus migrans
Blakhk Kite* (R )
73
Elanus caerulus
Blakhk-shouldered Kite* (R )
74
Accipiter badius
Shikhra* (R )
75
Circaetus gallicus
76
Accipiter nisus
77
Aquila rapax
78
Hieraaetus pennatus
48
NT
IV
IV
ICFRE
S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
79
Spizaetus cirrhatus
80
Hieraaetus fasciatus
81
Spilornis cheela
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
22
Falconidae
82
Falco jugger
83
Falco peregrinus
84
Falco tinnunculus
23
Lanidae
85
Lanius meridionalis
86
Lanius excubitor
87
Lanius cristatus
88
Lanius vittatus
89
Lanius schach
24
Corvidae
90
Dendrocitta vagabunda
91
Corvus macrorhynchos
92
Corvus splendens
IV
93
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus
Small Minivet (R )
94
Oriolus oriolus
IV
95
Oriolus xanthornus
Pitta brachyura
Coracina macei
Coracina melanoptera
99
Hypothymis azurea
100
Rhipidura aureola
101
Rhipidura albicollis
102
Dicrurus macrocercus
Blakhk Drongo* (R )
IV
IV
103
Dicrurus paradiseus
104
Dicrurus leucophaeus
105
Dicrurus caerulescens
IV
106
Terpsiphone paradise
IV
107
Aegithina tiphia
IV
108
Chloropsis aurifrons
IV
109
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
96
97
98
IV
49
ICFRE
S.No
Scientific Name
110
Tephrodornis pondicerianus
Common Name
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
25
Muscicapidae
111
Muscicapa dauurica
112
Muscicapa muttui
113
Ficedula superciliaris
114
Cyornis tickelliae
115
Culicicapa ceylonensis
116
Eumyias thalassina
117
Saxicoloides fulicata
118
Copsychus saularis
119
Phoenicurus onchruros
120
Saxicola torquata
121
Saxicola caprata
122
Monticola solitaries
123
Zoothera citrina
26
Sturnidae
124
Sternus roseus
IV
125
Sturnus pagodarus
IV
126
Sturnus erythropygius
127
Acridotheres tristis
IV
27
Paridae
128
Parus major
IV
28
Hirundinidae
129
Hirundo concolor
130
Hirundo rustica
Barn Swallow* (R )
131
Hirundo smithii
132
Hirundo daurica
133
Hirundo fluvicola
Artamus fuscus
Ashy Woodswallow
IV
IV
IV
IV
29
Pycnonotidae
134
Pycnonotus Xantholaemus
135
Pycnonotus cafer
IV
136
Pycnonotus jocosus
IV
137
Pycnonotus luteolus
30
Cysticolidae
50
ICFRE
S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
138
Prinia hodgsonii
Grey-breasted Prinia (R )
139
Prinia buchanani
140
Prinia inornata
141
Prinia sylvatica
142
Prinia socialis
143
Cisticola juncidis
IV
31
Zosteropidae
144
Zosterops palpebrosus
IV
IV
32
Sylvidae
145
Sylvia curruca
IV
146
Orthotomus sutorius
Common Tailorbird* (R )
IV
147
Phylloscopus collybita
148
Phylloscopus trochiloides
149
Acrocephalus dumetorum
150
Hippolais caligata
151
Acrocephalus stentoreus
152
Acrocephalus agricola
153
Pellorneum tickelli
154
Turdoides caudatus
IV
155
Turdoides subrufus
IV
156
Turdoides malcolmi
157
Turdoides affinis
158
Dumetia hyperythra
159
Chrysomma sinense
Yellow-eyed Babbler
33
Alaudidae
160
Mirafra erythroptera
161
Ammomanes phoenicurus
162
Mirafra cantillans
163
Mirafra erythroptera
IV
164
Galerida deva
IV
165
Alauda gulgula
166
Eremopterix grisea
34
Nectarinidae
167
Nectarinia asiatica
Purple Sunbird (R )
IV
168
Nectarinia zeylonica
IV
51
IV
ICFRE
S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
169
Dicaeum agile
170
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
IV
IV
35
Passeridae
171
Passer domesticus
172
Petronia xanthocollis
Chestnut-shouldered
(R)
173
Anthus hodgsoni
174
Anthus rufulus
175
Anthus campustris
176
Anthus similes
177
Ploceus philippinus
178
Ploceus manyar
179
Amadava amandava
180
Lonchura malabarica
IV
181
Lonchura punctulata
IV
182
Lanchura malakhca
183
Motacilla maderaspatensis
184
Motacilla cinerea
Grey Wagtail (M )
185
Motacilla alba
186
Motacilla flava
187
Motacilla citreola
36
Fringillidae
188
Carpodacus nipalensis
189
Emberiza melanocephala
190
Emberiza bruniceps
191
Emberiza buchanai
52
Petronia
IV
IV
IV
ICFRE
Table No.3.13: List of aquatic birds recorded and reported from the wetlands
S.N
Scientific Name
Common Name
WPA
o
Schedule
1
Anatidae
1
Anser indicus
Tadorna ferruginea
IV
Sarkidiornis melanotus
IV
Anas poecilorhyncha
IV
Anas crecca
IV
Anas acuta
IV
Anas querquedula
Garganey (M)
IV
Anas clypeata
IV
Anas Penelope
IV
10
IV
11
Nettapus
coromandelianus
Aythya ferina
Dendrocygnidae
12
Dendrocygna javanica
Gruidae
13
Grus virgo
Rallidae
14
Gallirallus striatus
15
Gallinula chloropus
16
Porphyrio porphyrio
IV
17
Fulica atra
IV
18
Amaurornis phoenicurus
19
Amaurornis akool
Scolopacidae
20
Numenius arquata
IV
21
Tringa totanus
IV
22
Tringa nebularia
23
Tranga glareola
IV
24
Actitis hypoleucos
IV
25
Tringa ochropus
IV
26
Calidris minuta
27
Gallinaga gallinaga
Rostratulidae
28
Rostratula benghalensis
IV
IV
53
ICFRE
S.N
o
6
Scientific Name
Common Name
WPA
Schedule
Jacanidae
30
Hydrophasianus
chirurgus
Metopidius indicus
Burhinidae
31
Burhinus oedicnemus
IV
32
Esacus recurvirostris
IV
Charadriidae
33
Himantopus himantopus
IV
34
Charadrius dubius
IV
Laridae
35
Larus brunnicephalus
36
Chlidonias hybridus
37
Sterna acuticauda
38
Sterna aurantia
10
Podicipedidae
39
Tachypaptus ruficollis
11
Anhingidae
40
Anhinga melanogaster
12
Phalakhrocoracidae
41
Phalakhrocorax niger
42
43
Phalakhrocorax
fuscicollis
Phalakhrocorax carbo
13
Ardeidae
44
Butorides striatus
IV
45
Ardeola grayii
IV
46
Bubulcus ibis
IV
47
Egretta garzetta
IV
48
Mesophoyx intermedia
IV
49
Cosmerodius albus
50
Ardea cinerea
IV
51
Nycticorax nycticorax
Blakhk-crowned Night
Heron (R)
IV
14
Phoenicopteridae
52
Phoenicopterus ruber
29
IV
IV/NT
IV
54
ICFRE
S.N
o
15
Scientific Name
Common Name
WPA
Schedule
Threskiornithidae
53
Pseudibis papillosa
IV
54
Plegadis falcinellus
IV
55
IV
56
Threskiornis
melanocephalus
Platalea leucorodia
16
Pelecanidae
57
Pelecanus philippensis
17
Ciconiidae
58
Mycteria leucocephala
IV
59
Anastomus oscitans
IV
60
61
Ephippiorhynchus
asiaticus
Ciconia episcopus
62
Ciconia ciconia
63
Leptoptilos javanicus
55
ICFRE
ICFRE
S.No
Conservation Status
CAMP 1998 Anon
IUCN 2000
1972
Cercopithecidae
Macaca radiata
Bonnet Macaque
LR
Sch.II
Semnopithecus entellus
Hanuman Langur
LR
Sch.II
2
3
Cervidae
Muntiacus muntjak
Indian Muntjac
LR
Sch.III
Axis axis
Spotted Deer
LR
Sch.II
3
5
Bovidae
Tetracerus quardicornis
Four-horned Antelope
VU
Sch.I
Antilope cervicapra
Blakhk buck
VU
Sch.I
Suidae
Sus scrofa
Wild Pig
LR-
Sch.III
Ursidae
Melursus ursinus
Sloth Bear
VU
Sch.I
Canidae
Canis lupus
Indian Wolf
LR-nt
Sch.I
10
Canis aureus
Jackal
LR-lc
Sch.II
11
Vulpes bengalensis
Indian Fox
LR
Sch.II
Hyaenidae
Hyaena hyaena
Striped Hyaena
LR
Sch.III
13
Felidae
Panthera pardus
Common Leopard
LR
Sch.I
14
Felis chaus
Jungle Cat
LR-nt
Sch-II
Mustelidae
Mellivora capensis
Ratel
LR-nt
Sch.I
16
Viverridae
Viverricula indica
LR-nt
Sch.II
17
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus
LR
Sch.II
11
18
Herpestidae
Herpestes edwardsii
LR-lc
Sch.IV
19
Herpestes javanicus
12
Manidae
Manis crassicaudata
Indian Pangolin
LR
Sch.I
Leporidae
Lepus nigricollis
Indian
LR-lc
Sch.IV
7
5
8
6
12
8
15
10
20
13
21
Common
Mongoose
56
Grey
Hare
ICFRE
S.No
Species name
Common name
Conservation Status
CAMP 1998 Anon
IUCN 2000
1972
(Blakhknaped)
14
22
15
23
16
24
17
Soricidae
Suncus murinus
Hystricidae
Hystrix indica
Sciuridae
Funambulus palmarum
LR-lc
Indian Porcupine
LR-lc
Sch.IV
LR-lc
Sch.IV
LR-lc
Sch.IV
Three striped
Squirrel
Palm
25
Muridae
Tatera indica
Indian Gerbil
26
Rattus rattus
Rock/House Rat
27
Mus musculus
House Mouse
18
28
Pteropodidae
Pteropus giganteus
LR-nt
29
Cynopterus sphinx
LR-nt
3.5
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
Numbers
Demography
Total Villages
13
5453
Total Population
30041
15375
14666
57
Total SC Population
8729
4420
4302
Literacy Level
Total Literate Population
12277
Employment Pattern
Cultivators
4967
Agricultural Labour
3708
207
Other Workers
2792
12368
1839
15834
(Source: EIA and EMP report of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of Allum Prasanth)
58
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3.5.2
Sl.
No
Name
of Area in
Village
Hectare
Antapura
Uncultivable
Uncultivable
Forest
Irrigated
Unirrigated
1140
206.29
0.00
688.10
28.38
217.05
Avinamadugu
1330
518.61
96.32
439.04
0.00
275.57
Chikkantapur
1473
369.85
1.60
671.65
0.00
430.27
Gangalapur
348
153.74
12.95
163.13
17.81
0.81
Gundlahalli
687
0.00
0.00
561.38
17.48
108.12
Kodalu
2138
151.65
4.66
561.71
2.20
1417.81
Metriki
1218
541.50
0.00
558.11
39.03
79.57
waste
(Source: EIA and EMP report of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of Allum Prasanth)
59
CHAPTER-4
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
4.1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OPEN CAST IRON ORE MINING
The open cast iron mining has several environmental impacts and the details are
summarized as below:
4.1.1 Impact on Landscape
The landscape of the terrain has been modified to a large extent due to mining activities
since the year 2001. The disposal of waste material has been carried out in the mine lease
area in an unscientific manner, without proper measures for stabilization, resulting in
erosion of the waste dumps. Some of the natural streams/ Nallas which are seasonal
were cut off, resulting in hindrance to their smooth flow downwards.
Erosion from OB dumps results in significant loading of sediments (including chemical
pollutants) to nearby water-bodies, especially during rainy season. Erosion/sediment
loading has been observed from mining areas such as open pit areas, waste rock and
overburden piles, haul roads and access roads, ore stockpiles, exploration areas and
reclamation areas.
60
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61
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hazards like noise induced hearing loss and occupational lung diseases due to inhalation
of silica dust and fine iron ore particles are the major problems encountered.
62
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CHAPTER-5
REHABILITATION AND RECLAMATION PLAN
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In the process of opencast mining, several changes occur in the physical, chemical,
biological and microbial properties of the environment (Kundu and Ghose, 1998; Singh
and Singh, 2006; Padmavathiamma and Li, 2007, Sheoran et al., 2009; Sheoran et al., 2010;)
Degradation level depends on climatic conditions and various other factors. If the
biological reclamation is not done well in time, leaching will remove the nutrients due to
the rainwater erosion, the nutrient cycle will break down, and the soil will ultimately
become biologically unproductive. The objective of the study is to assess the
deterioration due to mining and allied activities and to evolve restoration techniques for
the renewal of the damaged land for its sustainable and beneficial use.
The mine rehabilitation plan should aim:
To stabilize loose over burden (OB) dumps and mined out areas
The successful Reclamation and Rehabilitation plan for the mine will primarily depend
on following considerations:
1.
2.
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3.
4.
64
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Particulars
No
L (m)
B (m)
H
(m)
Qty.
m3
Rate (Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.
Lakh)
1782
520/m3
9.26
600
520/m3
3.12
0.21ha
10 lakh/ ha
2.10
0.21 ha
1.74lakh/ha
0.37
14.85
Stabilization of Dumps
Control of erosion is important both during mining and post mining rehabilitation
program. A major objective of rehabilitation is to establish an adequate cover of
vegetation to stabilize the site and prevent or control erosion.
5.2.2.1 Waste dump
Only one waste dump located in North-East portion of the lease area over an extent of
2.13 ha has been envisaged. The height of the waste dump varies from 16 m to 8 m and
the angle of the dump varies from 320o to 35 o. At present, the waste is being dumped in
2.13 ha area. Till now 18450 cum waste material has been filled in this active dump.
During the conceptual plan period the average slope angle of this dump will be 30 o and
the average height will be 30 m. Based on the cross section taken on the portion of the
dump where the dumping is proposed for next plan period in over an area of 2.27 ha
with further dumping capacity of 1.76 Lakh cum or 0.18 M cum.
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Particulars
No
L (m)
B (m)
H (m)
Qty.m3
Rate (Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.
Lakh)
2a
320
1920
520/m3
9.98
297
1782
520/m3
9.27
1
1
320
300
2
2
1
1
640
600
520/m3
520/m3
3.32
3.12
0.09ha
10lakh/ha
0.90
2.27 ha
1.74lakh/ha
3.94
Providing
and
fixing
geo-textile
on outer surface of
3
slope
of
waste
dump
Plantation
over
5
waste dump area
TOTAL
30.53
66
cause
gullies.
The
gullies
would
be
required
to
be
treated
with
engineering/mechanical methods. The mine owner has not constructed any gully plug
outside the mine lease area to control the sediment flow and erosion in stream. Ten gully
plugs are now being proposed outside the ML area across the seasonal drainage flowing
from the mining area to down slopes. The proposed dimensions are 10 m x 3 m x 3 m.
5.2.3.2 Check dams
Check dams would be constructed in some of the areas outside the ML to promote
growth of vegetation to arrest flow of water and consequently to lead the stabilization of
slopes/area and further prevention of deepening of gullies and erosion. Different types
of check dams such as masonry and rock filled have been proposed to be constructed at
vital portion across the streams. Though the mine owner has constructed 2 masonry
check dams inside the lease area and 15 were constructed outside the mine lease area by
state government of Karnataka and 4 masonry check dams of dimensions 20 m x 4 m x
2.5mand 13 rock filled check dams of dimensions 20 m x 2 m x 3 m have been proposed
outside the mine lease area.
67
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68
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Amount
Particulars
L (m)
B (m)
H (m)
Qty.m3
Rate (Rs.)
(Rs.
lakh)
Gully Plug
Masonry
2
No
Check
10
10
900
520/m3
4.68
20
2.5
80
40,000/running
32.00
Running
Dam
m
3
Rock
Check
13
20
1560
520/m3
30
15
2700
20
8.11
Dam
Stone
fill
masonry
approximately
Cement plaster in
ii
lakh
30
15
2700
30
15
2700
40.0
(inside
tank)
Cement plaster in
iii
(top
of
tank)
TOTAL
84.79
69
70
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Fig.5.2 Surface Water Management Plan of Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
71
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72
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73
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74
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Reconnaissance survey was made to assess the present status of biological components of
the adjoining areas of mined lands for identification and selection of plant species to be
used in restoration process.
5.4 OVER BURDEN DUMPS MANAGEMENT
The mine has several dumps all along mine haul road, one active dump over an area of
2.27ha which has not been maintained properly. The existing dump has no terraces, The
proposed dump will have 4 stages and 3 terraces with about similar dimensions. The
lessee has not done any afforestation efforts on the proposed dump. However some
sporadic planting of Acacia auriculiformis, Agave americana, (bordering the dump),
Pongamia pinnata, Azadirachta indica and Hardwickia binata plantation has been maintained
properly. But monoculture method has been followed, which should be discontinued
hereafter. No plantation work has been undertaken by the lessee on the overburden.
The species used in restoration process should be in proper combination of all plant
forms such as grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees as recorded in the natural forests. In
addition, the aim of restoration should be on protection of soil erosion from loose
overburden dumps, soil moisture retention as well as enrichment of soil fertility.
Before initiation for biological restoration, the OB dumps should be made into
recommended benches and terraces with appropriate angle. The steep OB dump slopes
being unstable and having loose material may get disturbed immediately by rains which
may result in soil erosion and formation of gullies. Furthermore direct exposure to
sunlight may also result in loss of soil moisture and increase of substratum temperature
which may hamper the growth and establishment of vegetation. To overcome these
problems geo textile/coir mats may be used followed by the seed broadcasting and
planting of suitable plant species over geo textile or coir mat. Seed broadcasting has to be
taken up by using hydroseeder or by spreading slurry manually. The species
recommended for hydroseeding on mine OB dumps and fragile unstable surfaces are
Apluda mutica, Bothriochloa pertusa, Cassia auriculata, Cassia occidentalis, C. tora, Crotalaria
juncea, C. albida, Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. martinii, C. nardus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium,
Dichanthium annulatum, Heteropogon contortus, Stylosanthes fruticosa, Tephrosia purpurea etc.
(Table-5.4). These species will get established in due course of time and cover the
disturbed areas. In addition to hydroseeding planting of suitable shrubs, creepers and
trees have to be done on slopes by making holes in geo textile/coir mat.
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On the slopes and terraces where no geo matting/coir mat is used, contour trenches
should be made on the slopes for giving proper anchorage and support to the seeds and
other planting stock, especially grasses. The distance between two adjoining contours
should be about one meter. For stabilization of steep slopes rows of grasses, which are
known drought tolerant, fast colonizers in low nutrient soil and best soil binders, are to
be planted. Grasses to be planted should be raised in the nurseries and then planted on
the slopes of OB dumps and any other areas. In the absence of sufficient stock of grasses
in the nurseries, clumps of grasses can also be collected from adjacent areas without
disturbing the natural vegetation cover of the area.
Table-5.4: Species Recommended for Hydro seeding (HS)
Sl. No. Species
Local Name
Family
Bothriochloa pertusa
Aanekattu hullu
Poaceae
2.
Caasia senna
Nelavarike
Fabaceae
3.
Cassia occidentalis
Dodda thagase
Caesalpiniaceae
4.
Cassia tora
Gunduthagase
Caesalpiniaceae
5.
Crotalaria albida
Giligili gida
Fabaceae
6.
Crotalaria juncea
Sanna senabu
Fabaceae
7.
Cymbopogon flexuosus
Anthibale hullu
Poaceae
8.
Cymbopogon nardus
Poaceae
9.
Cynodon dactylon
Garike hullu
Poaceae
10.
11.
Dichanthium annulatum
12.
Heteropogon contortus
Ooobina hullu
Poaceae
13.
Stylosanthes fruticosa
Hamata grass
Fabaceae
14.
Tephrosia purpurea
Kaadu thogari
Fabaceae
Poaceae
B. Shrubs
15.
Calotropis gigantea
Ekka
Asclepiadaceae
16.
Calotropis procera
Kempuekka
Asclepiadaceae
17.
Cassia auriculata
Aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae
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Grasses
The important grass species to be planted on exposed slopes and terraces are: Bothriochloa
pertusa, Chrysopogon fulvus, Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. nardus, Cynodon dactylon,
Dichanthium annulatum, Heteropogon contortus, etc., These species have been suggested for
planting in the form of slips, seed broadcast, earthen balls, and hydro-seeding as given in
Tables-5.5.
The grass species are available in plenty around the area. It is strongly recommended that
the above grasses may be grown and multiplied in the nursery for their plantation in the
mined areas. Different species of grasses should be planted on slopes as slips at distance
of about 30 cm from plant to plant.
Table 5.5.Grasses and bamboos (Family: Poaceae) recommended for stabilization of
the OB dumps
Sl. No. Species
Local Name
Method of Propagation*
Bothriochloa pertusa
Aanekattu hullu
EB, HS
Chrysopogon fulvus
Ganjigarike
EB, HS, S
Cymbopogon flexuosus
Anthibale hullu
HS, S
Cymbopogon nardus
HS, S
Cynodon dactylon
Garike hullu
HS, EB
Eleusine indica
Hechhulli hullu
EB, HS
Heteropogon contortus
Ooobina hullu
EB, HS
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Species
Local Name
Family
No.
Method
Propagation*
A.Herbs
1.
Cassia mimosoides
Nelathangadi
Caesalpiniaceae
HS, SB
2.
Cassia occidentalis
Dodda thagase
Caesalpiniaceae
HS, SB
3.
Cassia senna
Nelaavarike
Fabaceae
SB
4.
Cassia tora
Ganduthagase
Caesalpiniaceae
HS, SB
5.
Crotalaria albida
Giligili gida
Fabaceae
HS, SB
6.
Crotalaria juncea
Sanna senabu
Fabaceae
SB
7.
Crotalaria retusa
Gejje gida
Fabaceae
SB
8.
Crotalaria verrucosa
Gijigiji gida
Fabaceae
HS, SB
9.
Mimosa pudica
Muttidare muni
Mimosaceae
EB, SB
10.
Stylosanthes fruticosa
Fabaceae
EB, SB
11.
Tephrosia purpurea
Fabaceae
EB, SB
12.
Tephrosia villosa
Fabaceae
EB, SB3
Kaadu thogari
B.Shrubs
13
Cassia auriculata
Aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae HS, SB
14
Cassia hirsuta
Ganduthagase
Caesalpiniaceae HS, SB
78
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Table-5.7: Plant Species suitable for OB Dump and Mine Pit Stabilization
Sl.
Plant species
Local names
Family
No.
Method
propagation*
Bothriochloa pertusa
Aanekattu hullu
Poaceae
Cassia senna
Nelavarike
Fabaceae
Chrysopogon fulvus
Ganjigarike
Poaceae
EB, HS, S
Cymbopogon flexuosus
Cymbopogon
Poaceae
HS, S
EB, HS
flexuosus
5
Cymbopogon nardus
Poaceae
HS, S
Dichanthium annulatum
Poaceae
EB, HS
Fagonia cretica
Muddu
mullina Zygophyllakhe
gida
ae
Heteropogon contortus
Ooobina hullu
Poaceae
EB, HS
Stylosanthes fruticosa
Hamata grass
Fabaceae
HS, SB
B. Shrubs
10
Agave americana
Aane Katthaale
Agavaceae
11
Agave sisalana
Boodu Katthaale
Agavaceae
12
Calotropis gigantea
Ekka
Asclepiadaceae
EB, HS
13
Calotropis procera
Kempuekka
Asclepiadaceae
EB, HS
14
Canthium parviflorum
Kaare mullu
Rubiaceae
SL
15
Cassia auriculata
Aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae
HS, SB
16
Dodonaea viscosa
Bandarike
Sapindaceae
SB, SL
17
Maytenus emarginata
Thandraasi
Celastraceae
SB
18
Rhus mysorensis
Salabe
Anacardiaceae
SL
19
Vitex negundo
Lakki
Verbenaceae
BC
C. Trees
20
Acacia catechu
Kaachu
Mimosaceae
SL
21
Acacia chundra
Kaachu
Mimosaceae
SL
22
Acacia ferruginea
Banni mara
Mimosaceae
SL
23
Acacia horrida
Aane gobli
Mimosaceae
SL
79
of
24
Acacia nilotica
Kari gobbali
Mimosaceae
SL
25
Albizia lebbeck
Baage
Mimosaceae
SL
26
Albizia odoratissima
Bilvaara
Mimosaceae
SL
27
Albizia amara
Bilibaage
Mimosaceae
SL
28
Annona squamosa
Seethaphala
Annonaceae
SL
29
Anogeissus latifolia
Dindiga
Combretaceae
SL
30
Azadirachta indica
Bevu
Meliaceae
SL
31
Bauhinia racemosa
Kaadu mandaara
Caesalpiniaceae
SL
32
Cassia fistula
Kakke
Caesalpiniaceae
SL
33
Dalbergia sissoo
Shishta baage
Fabaceae
RS, SL
34
Diospyros melanoxylon
Ebenaceae
SL
35
Euphorbia tirucalli
Kolukalli
Euphorbiaceae
BC
36
Ficus religiosa
Arali
Moraceae
SL
37
Givotia rottleriformis
Bili poliku
Euphorbiaceae
SL
38
Gmelina arborea
Shivane mara
Verbenaceae
SL
39
Grewia tiliifolia
Sannudippe
Tiliaceae
SL
40
Hardwickia binata
Asanagurgi
Caesalpiniaceae
SL
41
Holoptelea integrifolia
Tapasimara
Ulmaceae
SL
42
Lagerstroemia parviflora
Holedaasavaala
Lythraceae
SL
43
Limonia acidissima
Baelada mara
Rutaceae
SL
44
Morinda pubescens
Haladi paavate
Rubiaceae
SL
45
Phyllanthus emblica
Nelli
Euphorbiaceae
SL
46
Pithecelobium dulce
Seeme hunise
Mimosaceae
SL
47
Pongamia pinnata
Honge
Fabaceae
SL
48
Tamarindus indica
Hunise
Caesalpiniaceae
SL
49
Wrightia tinctoria
Kodseege, Beppaale
Rubiaceae
SL
50
Ziziphus mauritiana
Bore
Rhamnaceae
SL
80
ICFRE
The overburdens are to be dumped as per the specifications of IBM and MoEF
stipulated conditions and the overall slope of the dump are to be maintained at
not more than 28 angle.
The topsoil collected and stacked during the initial stages of mining should be
used in plantation programme.
The over burdens have to be dumped in benches made for the purpose of
stabilization, and it should be ensured that no over burden crosses out of the nalas
under any circumstances.
All along the slope of the OB dumps, garland drains with bottom width of 2.0 m,
top width 1 m with side slope 1:2 and 5 m height should be constructed and
connected to natural drain/nala. Regular de-silting has to be carried out, i.e.,
before and after monsoon season and the silt material can be used for plantation
purpose.
The over burden should be filled back in such a way that the water drains out into
the streams in the same ratio as it is flowing naturally. Therefore, provision
should be made to flow down the rainwater gradually in all natural streams
equally. The direction of course of flow should not be changed or modified.
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5.4.4
Sl. No.
Plant species
Local Name
Family
Habit
Agave americana
Aane Katthaale
Agavaceae
Shrub
Agave sisalana
Boodu Katthaale
Agavaceae
Shrub
Dodonaea viscosa
Bandarike
Sapindaceae
Shrub
Euphorbia tirucalli
Kolu kalli
Euphorbiaceae
Shrub
Euphorbia tortilis
Thirugu kalli
Euphorbiaceae
Shrub
Sterculia urens
Kempu dale
Sterculiaceae
Tree
The drainage management and rehabilitation plan for this mine is recommended as
follows:
a) Provide proper gradient and drainage arrangement at the mine benches and over
burden dumping area
b) After trapping the suspended solids in garland drains just below the over burden
dumps, the water has to be allowed to flow down the dump slopes to join natural
streams/nallas through settling tank with filtration arrangements, so that all the
suspended solids and sediments will be arrested.
c) Plantation of indigenous and other economically important trees, shrubs, herbs
and grasses at the point of discharge, where the mine outlet will pass through bioengineering structures and on OB dumps has to be taken up, so that the
sediment/silt flow will be arrested from the site and soil moisture can be
maintained.
d)
The drain/nallas bunds shall be planted with suitable grasses, herbs, shrubs and
trees, namely, Acacia nilotica, Agave americana, A. sisalana, Bambusa arundinacea,
Calotropis gigantea, Calotropis procera, Cassia auriculata, Chrysopogon fulvus,
Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. martinii, C. nardus, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dichanthium
annulatum, Ficus racemosa, Heteropogon contortus, Indigofera cassioides,
82
Saccharum
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Plant species
Acacia nilotica
Agave americana
Agave sisalana
Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis procera
Cassia auriculata
Chrysopogon fulvus
Cymbopogon flexuosus
Cymbopogon nardus
Dichanthium annulatum
Heteropogon contortus
Vitex negundo
Azdirachta indica
Albizia odorattisima
Dalbergia paniculata
Ficus religiosa
Morinda pubescens
Pongamia pinnata
Local/kannada name
Kari gobbali
Aane Katthaale
Boodu Katthaale
Ekka
Bili ekka
Aavarike
Ganjigarike
Anthibale hullu
Ganda hanchi hullu
Ganjala Garike hullu
Ooobina hullu
Lakki
Neem/Bibu
Family
Mimosaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Verbenaceae
Meliaceae
Mimosaceae
Fabaceae
Moraceae
Rubiaceae
Fabaceae
Habit
Tree
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
The present condition of haul roads, which are leading to the mine should be
maintained at regular intervals. The roads must be regularly sprinkled with water to
avoid dust spreading during transportation of ore material through trucks.
Tarpaulin covering during the transportation of iron ore is a must. The drainage system
is inadequate along the haul roads and it is suggested that drainage has to be provided
to arrest sediment flow towards downstream.
All along the haul roads following fast growing avenue tree species should be planted
to suppress the noise and dust pollution (Table-5.10): Albizia lebbeck, A. odoratissima,
Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Ficus benghalensis, Gmelina arborea,Grewia tiliifolia ,
Pongamia pinnata, Tamarindus indica, Thespesia populnea and Terminalia catappa (three rows
on either side at a distance of 2.5 m apart)
83
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Table-5.10: Plant Species Recommended for Avenue Plantation along Mine Haul
Roads
Sl. No.
Plant species
Local names
Family
Acacia horrida
Aanegobli
Mimosaceae
Acacia nilotica
Kari gobli
Mimosaceae
Albizia amara
Chigare
Mimosaceae
Albizia lebbeck
Baage
Mimosaceae
Albizia odoratissima
Bilvaara
Mimosaceae
Azadirachta indica
Ishwari
Meliaceae
Cassia fistula
kakke
Caesalpiniaceae
Dalbergia latifolia
Beete mara
Fabaceae
Ficus benghalensis
Aalada mara
Moraceae
10
Ficus religiosa
Aralimara
Moraceae
11
Grewia tiliifolia
Sannudippe
Tiliaceae
12
Hardwickia binata
13
Holoptelea integrifolia
Tapasimara
Ulmaceae
14
Pongamia pinnata
Honge
Fabaceae
15
Tamarindus indica
Hunise
Caesalpiniaceae
16
Thespesia populnea
Hoovarasi mara
Malvaceae
17
Trema orientalis
Gorklu mara
Ulmaceae
Caesalpinaceae
5.5 AFFORESTATION
Afforestation of the mined out and other available areas which are not fragmented but
are degraded due to mining activity is the main component of re-vegetation process to
mitigate the negative impacts of the mining on environment. By afforestation, restoration
of the ecosystem as closely to the pre-mining is possible and accomplished.
In the context of the mines under study the mine lease area though not fully mined out,
an afforestation plan has been formulated considering the conceptual closure plan of the
mines. After excluding the area finally classified under green belt, plantations and over
burden dumps, the area to be afforested in ML-2352 has been worked out to be 64.338
ha. [lease area 69.60 ha (OB dump 2.27 ha + Green belt 1.192 ha + plantations 1.80 ha)].
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The afforestation covering 1000 trees and 2500 shrubs per ha, inclusive of maintenance
for five year has been worked out as per the norms of State Forest Department,
Karnataka. The total cost for afforestation in 64.338 ha @ Rs. 1.74 Lakh/ha has been
worked to be Rs 111.94 Lakhs. It is recommended that the work of afforestation should
be entrusted to the State Forest Department, Karnataka and the periodical monitoring
shall be assigned to a national specialized scientific institution.
Afforestation shall be made through:
Propagates (seeds, tubers, corms, bulbs, rhizomes and roots) stored in top
soil.
Planting nursery-raised seedlings
By seed dibbling
Transplants of individuals from natural areas
It is usually more economical to establish plants by direct seeding than by planting
seedlings. Planting nursery-raised seedlings is most appropriate when the particular
species cannot be established in suitable numbers through seeding or topsoil return. It
may be possible to propagate these species from seed, cuttings, bulbs, rhizomes and
grow them on in containers in a nursery and then plant them as a part of the restoration
process. Planting seedlings may also be appropriate where the restoration objectives
require a systematic layout of plants, as in the case of establishing a plantation.
5.5.1 Multipurpose plant species
The multipurpose plant species recommended for eco-rehabilitation and reclamation of
mine areas are presented in Table 5.11.
Table No. 5.11. Multipurpose plant species recommended for eco-reclamation and ecorehabilitation of mine areas
Sl. No. Plant species
Local name
Family
Uses
Abutilon indicum
Shrimudre
Malvaceae
Acacia nilotica
Karigobli
Mimosaceae
Aristida setacea
Doddahanchihullu
Poaceae
Bothriochloa pertusa
Aanekattu hullu
Poaceae
Cassia occidentalis
Doddathagase
Caesalpiniaceae M
Cassia senna
Nelavarike
Caesalpiniaceae M
85
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Cassia tora
Gundu thagase
Caesalpiniaceae M
Chrysopogon fulvus
Ganjigarike
Poaceae
Crotalaria juncea
Sanna senabu
Fabaceae
10
Cymbopogon flexuosus
Anthibale hullu
Poaceae
11
Cymbopogon nardus
Poaceae
12
Cynodon dactylon
Garike hullu
Poaceae
13
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Poaceae
14
Dichanthium annulatum
Poaceae
15
Heteropogon contortus
Ooobina hullu
Poaceae
16
Mimosa pudica
Muttidare muni
Mimosaceae
17
Tephrosia purpurea
Koggi
Fabaceae
Agave americana
Aane Kaththaale
Agavaceae
19
Agave sisalana
Boodu Katthaale
Agavaceae
20
Calotropis gigantea
Ekka
Asclepiadaceae
21
Calotropis procera
Kempu ekka
Asclepiadaceae
22
Cassia auriculata
Aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae M
23
Euphorbia tirucalli
Atthimara
Euphorbiaceae
24
Jatropha curcas
Dodda haralu
Euphorbiaceae
M, C
25
Vitex negundo
Lakki
Verbenaceae
26
Aegle marmelos
Bilva patre
Rutaceae
27
Alangium salvifolium
Ankole
Alangiaceae
M,T
28
Ceiba pentandra
Booruga
Bombaceae
29
Dalbergia latifolia
Beete mara
Fabaceae
30
Dalbergia paniculata
Pachari mara
Fabaceae
31
Dalbergia sissoo
32
Ficus benghalensis
Arali
Moraceae
M, T, F
33
Ficus religiosa
Shivani
Moraceae
M,F
34
Givotia rottleriformis
Hetthaega
Euphorbiaceae
35
Grewia tiliifolia
Sannudippe
Tiliaceae
C. Trees
86
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36
Hardwickia binata
Asanagurgi
Caesalpiniaceae T
37
Holoptelea integrifolia
Tapasimara
Ulmaceae
38
Limonia acidissima
Rutaceae
M, E, C
39
Morinda pubescens
Rubiaceae
40
Phyllanthus emblica
Nelli
Euphorbiaceae
M,C
41
Pithecelobium dulce
Seemehunise mara
Mimosaceae
E, F
42
Pongamia pinnata
Honge
Fabaceae
M, C
43
Syzygium cumini
Nerale
Myrtaceae
T, E,C
44
Tamarindus indica
Hunise
Caesalpiniaceae T, E,C
45
Wrightia tinctoria
46
Ziziphus mauritiana
47
Combretaceae
Haale
Rubiaceae
Acacia catechu
Bore
Rhamnaceae
E,C
48
Acacia nilotica
Kaachu
Mimosaceae
49
Aegle marmelos
Kare Jaali
Mimosaceae
50
Albizia amara
Dodda mara
Simaroubaceae
51
Albizia lebbeck
Chujjulu
Mimosaceae
52
Annona squamosa
Baage
Mimosaceae
53
Anogeissus latifolia
Seethaphala
Annonaceae
M,E,C
54
Azadirachta indica
Dindiga
Combretaceae
55
Cassia fistula
Maddi mara
Burseraceae
M, C
Following
Minimum of two acres of land must be allotted for setting up the nursery.
Efforts should be made to employ local people familiar with the local flora.
Seeds of the species prescribed for various purposes should be procured for
raising the seedlings.
A separate
87
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Unemployed youth and women should be employed in the nursery. They should
be given adequate training in nursery technique.
MI area
No.
1
ML-2352
1.192
2.57
Total
3.06
3.06
88
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Table-5.13: Tree Species recommended for Greenbelt Development around the mine
lease area.
Sl. No. Botanical name
Local name
Family
1.
Acacia nilotica
Karigobli
Mimosaceae
2.
Alangium salvfolium
Ankole
Alangiaceae
3.
Albizia amara
Chujjulu
Mimosaceae
4.
Albizia lebbeck
Baage
Mimosaceae
5.
Azadirachta indica
Bevu
Meliaceae
6.
Cassia fistula
Kakke
Caesalpiniaceae
7.
Dalbergia latifolia
Beete mara
Fabaceae
8.
Ficus benghalensis
Aaladamara
Moraceae
9.
Ficus religiosa
Aralimara
Moraceae
10.
Hardwickia binata
Asanagurgi
Caesalpiniaceae
11.
Holoptelea integrifolia
Tapasimara
Ulmaceae
12.
13.
Phyllanthus emblica
14.
Pongamia pinnata
Hongemara
Fabaceae
15.
Morinda pubescens
Haladi paavate
Rubiaceae
16.
Prosopis spicigera
Perumbe
Mimosaceae
Lythraceae
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salvifolium,
racemosa,Limonia
Azadirachta
indica,,Ficus
acidissima,Madhuca
benghalensis,
Ficus
longifolia,Pithecellobium
religiosa,
Ficus
dulce,Phyllanthus
be planted to
90
ICFRE
be let out through a series of biological and engineering measures as suggested in the
earlier chapters of the present report.
The bio-engineering measures such as plantation of grasses along slopes, contour drains,
mine boundaries and back fill areas and gabion structure; check dams, rock fill dams as
recommended in section 5.1 should be adopted to regulate sediment flow and water runoff. Further, it is also suggested that during mining operations, localized pits should be
created to collect mine water, which should be pumped out through peripheral drains of
the mine. All the existing drains arising from the mine area should be well connected to
natural streams/nallas only after passing through bio-engineering structures. Garland
trenches should be provided all along the OB dumps, Ore and sub grade ore dumps of
mine area to prevent soil erosion which may result in siltation of the streams. By
adopting the above measures, the aquatic faunal diversity may not get affected from the
mining activity.
Rhizobcteria
(PGPR)
viz.,
Azotobacter,
Azospirillum,
Rhizobium
and
91
ICFRE
ICFRE
in problematic areas like mined areas and maintain soil structure. The type of biofertilizers and the application rate will vary according to the site, soil type and postmining land use.
Furthermore, most of the restoration programme will include application of organic
fertilizers like farmyard manure (FYM), green/leaf manure and vermi compost. Initial
applications of these organic fertilizers have been shown to increase species numbers, plant
density and growth rates. Various organic wastes can also have value as both fertilizers
and soil amendments based on the availability.
The most practical way to increase the nitrogen capital of ecosystems is to establish
nitrogen-fixing plants, usually legumes, which can quickly increase the nitrogen levels in
the system. The easiest method is to broadcast large quantity of seeds of Horse gram
(Macrotyloma uniflorum) immediately after first showers. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
(VAM) fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be applied along
with fully composted farmyard manure and vermi compost to increase the growth of the
plants as well as fertility of the soil. The appropriate cost of soil amendment will be Rs.
3.00 lakh.
The following measures in respect of soil management can be adopted in reclamation and
rehabilitation of mined areas:
Beneficial microbes are present in the top soil of mining areas. Hence, the top soil
must be removed at the time of mining and dumped separately at a
predetermined area as per the mine land use plan and be used for reclamation
and rehabilitation of mined areas.
Necessary precautions has to be taken to preserve the fertility and shelf life of the
micro flora in the top soil by adopting suitable height of the top soil dumps and
preventing losses due to erosion during the phase of temporary storage.
The top soil containing beneficial micro flora of the site must be spread over the
mined out areas including OB dumps and back filled areas during the process of
mined land rehabilitation.
In addition, adopting the following management techniques with the use and application
of beneficial microorganisms as bio-inoculants (bio-fertilizers) along with organic
fertilizers will be very effective during the mine spoil reclamation and rehabilitation
programme:
92
Annual capacity of the mine has been estimated considering total reserves under proved
(111) & probable (121/122) categories of reserves. As per the decision taken in CEC
meeting dated 26.04.2012 the 50% of proved and probable reserves or the actual possible
reserves whichever is less are also considered as possible reserves, in this case category
wise reserves has not been estimated in the approved scheme of mining 2006-07 to 201011. The reserves estimated in the earlier approved scheme of mining have been
considered and the category as well as grade wise reserves are furnished bellow in the
table.
Table No. 5.14: Details of the category wise mineable reserves
Ore (Quantity in Million Tonnes)
Iron Ore
Sub Grade (BHQ) Yellow Oxide Red Oxide
Total
9.51
Geological
1.71
5.97
1.31
0.52
5.53
Mineable
0.94
3.52
0.75
0.32
(Source: Draft scheme of mining submitted on 23.09.2011 for the period 2011-12 to 2015-16;
Category
Page no. 9)
93
ICFRE
After the approval of previous scheme a total production of 0.23 Million Tonnes was
obtained from 2007-08 to 2010-11 and which has been depleted from the reserves of 5.53
Million Tonnes. The updated and the balanced geological and minable reserves are given
below in the Table 5.15.
Table No. 5.15: Details of the updated reserves (Quantity in Million Tonnes)
As per the previous
Updated
approved scheme
9.12
Geological
9.51
5.30
Mineable
5.53
Based on these reserves, the production of about 0.265 or say 0.27 (of iron ore red/Yellow
Category
Ochre and BHQ) Million Tonnes per annum could be permissible during the next 20
years.
5.9.2
The additional volume of the waste material that could be accommodated in the active
dump during next plan period has been estimated approximately at 2.75 lakh cum
(Figure no. 5.3) The details of production based on this dump capacity are as per
following.
Total additional waste that would be accommodated in the defined area for dump
D1 during next plan period = 2.75 lakh cum. =0.28 MCM
Given average ore to waste material ration (Stripping ratio) = 1: 3.6 (Table- 2.7)
Therefore, quantum of waste material corresponding to this volume = 0.28 X 2
(bulk density of waste) = 0.56 MT.
Therefore, the quantity of ore that can be produced corresponding to 0.56 Million
Tonnes of waste at stripping ratio of ore to waste of 1: 3.61 of waste material =
0.56/ 3.61 = 0.155 or say 0.16 Million Tonnes
Hence, the annual production capacity = 0.16/5 = 0.032 MT/annum.
94
ICFRE
ICFRE
Road
Sectio
n No.
Road Section
Type of Road
(% distribution of (%
distribution
mine traffic)
assigned to mine
corresponding to
road capacity)
Road
Capacit
y
(MTPA)
Road
Capacity
assigned to
mine ML.
No. 2352
Production
Capacity
corresponding
to
road
capacity
R1
0.336
0.336
0.336
R2
Private road
0.378
0.378
0.378
0.375
0.300
0.500
NH (10%)
5.17
0.517
0.862
3.6
0.720
3.6
0.126
0.315
1.8
0.18
0.45
1.44
0.288
0.72
R3
R10
R11
Thus, the road capacity is not a constraint for this mines production level.
Considering the currently available information or facilities, the annual
production limit of 0.032 Million Tonnes based on dumps may be considered, which is
minimum among the three criteria. Detail of capacity for all criteria is given in the Table5.16.
Table-5.16: Criteria for Estimation of Permissible Production limit for, ML- 2352
Sl. No.
Criteria
Permissible Production Limit
(Million Tonnes)
1
Reserves
0.27
0.032
2
Dump Capacity
3
Road Capacity
0.315
95
5.9.4
a. Detailed exploration should be carried out in the lease area for proper assessment of
reserves & resources and to plan scientific mining, grade segregation and
beneficiation, dumping/backfilling etc.
c. Worked our area of float ore should be backfilled and reclaimed unless it is within the
Ultimate Pit Limit.
C.
General Conditions:
a. All the conditions stipulated by various statutory agencies, viz., MoEF, SPCB, IBM,
DGMS, DMG, etc. in their various approvals except to the extent modified as
mentioned in (I) and (II) above, should be strictly complied with.
5.10
Mining is unscientific and the mine benches are not systematic. The whole mine
pit is like a trench.
96
ICFRE
ICFRE
97
ICFRE
98
Item of work
water
14.85
30.53
management
84.79
tanks.
Green belt
3.06
Soil amendments
3.00
Afforestation
111.94
10% of the annual sale proceeds
from the mines, in respect of
Category:A
mine,
may
be
Biodiversity
Plan,
R&R
to
plan,
Management
capacity
building,
be
constituted
recommendation
infrastructure etc.
of
as
per
the
Macro-level
Total
above.
99
ICFRE
ICFRE
Qty.
Work
to be
done
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
Rs.520
rate/m3
Garland
600
Rs.520
rate/m3
Drain
m3
R-R dry
stone
masonary
Providing
and fixing
geo textile
on outer
0.21
ha
Rs.10
lakh/h
a
surface of
slope of
100
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
ICFRE
waste
dump
Plantation
over waste
dump area
0.21
ha
Rs.1074
lakh/h
a
1920
masonary
m3
Rs.520/
m3
(RW-1)
R-R dry
stone
masonary
1782
m3
Rs.520/
m3
(RW-1)
Garland
drain
(GD-1)
640
m3
Rs.520/
m3
101
ICFRE
(GD-2)
600
m3
Rs.520/
m3
Providing
and fixing
geo-textile
on outer
0.09
surface of
ha
Rs. 10
lakh/h
a
slope of
waste
dump
Plantation
over waste
dump area
2.27
ha
Rs.1.74
lakh/h
a
900
plugs(10)
m3
Masonary
80
Rs.520/
m3
40,000/
102
Check
runni
runnin
Dam (4)
ng m
gm
Rock fill
1560
Rs.520/
m3
check dam
m3
Green Belt
developm
ent on
safety
2.57 ha
zone area
Afforested
Area
Plantation
on Dumps
Strentheni
103
ICFRE
ng & Gap
Plantation
Environm
ental
Monitorin
g & watch
- Ward
after
closure
104
ICFRE
5.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. 1968. A revised Survey of the Forest types of India. Govt.
of India Publications. New Delhi.
Legris and Pascal, 1982. Explanatory booklet on the map of South India. French Institute
Pondicherry.
Kundu, N.K. and Ghose, M.K. 1998. Studies on the Exisiting Plant Communities in
Easterns Coal Field Areas with a view to Reclamation of Mined Outlands. Journal
of Environmental Biology. 19 (1): 83-89.
V. Mohan and A. Karthikeyan. 2011. Biofertilizers and Biomanures (Techniques for
Production, Maintenance and Application). Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree
Breeding, Coimbatore - 641 002., Tamil Nadu, India pp.1-44.
Padmavathiamma,
P.K.
and
Li,
L.Y.
2007.
Phytoremediation
Technology:
105
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PLATES
PLATE 1
106
ICFRE
PLATE-3
107
ICFRE
PLATE-5
108
ICFRE
PLATE-7
UNSCIENTIFIC OB DUMP
109
ICFRE
ANNEXURES:
ANNEXURE-I
110
ICFRE
111
ICFRE
112
ICFRE
113
ICFRE
114
ICFRE
ANNEXURE-2
115
ICFRE
116
ICFRE
117
ICFRE
118
ICFRE
119
ICFRE
120
ICFRE
ANNEXURE-3
121
ICFRE
122
ICFRE
123
ICFRE
124
ICFRE
125
ICFRE
126
ICFRE
ANNEXURE-4
127
ICFRE
128
ICFRE
129
ICFRE
130
ICFRE
ANNEXURE-5
131
ICFRE
132
ICFRE
133
ICFRE
134
ICFRE
135
ICFRE
136
ICFRE
137
ICFRE
138
ICFRE
139
ICFRE
140
ICFRE
141
ICFRE
142
ICFRE
143
ICFRE
144
ICFRE
145
ICFRE
146
ICFRE
147
ICFRE
148
ICFRE
149
ICFRE
150
ICFRE
ANNEXURE-6
151
ICFRE
152
ICFRE
153
ICFRE
154
ICFRE
155
ICFRE
156
ICFRE
157
ICFRE
158
ICFRE
159
ICFRE
160
ICFRE
161
ICFRE
162
ICFRE
163
ICFRE
164
ICFRE
165
ICFRE