Math 642

ALGEBRA II ASSIGNMENT
June 3, 2016

Submitted to

Dr. Ketsela Hailu

Group Members
Name
1.
2.
3.
4.

Assefa Abebe . .
Getachew Tesfaye
Gudissa Kusse .
Miliyon Tilahun .

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ID No
GSR/1408/08
GSR/1410/08
GSR/1412/08
GSR/1401/08

Direction:- Attempt all problems, show all required steps and clarify your work.(2.5pts each)
1. a) Given a ring
(i) Discuss the conceptual difference between an ideal of the ring and a submodule over the
ring.
Solution. An ideal is a submodule of its ring.
The difference is that the idea of module conveys that the coefficients and the elements of the
module can be different kinds of objects.
(ii) Is there a difference between an abelian group, a module and a vector space?
Solution. Yes! The concept of a module over a ring is a generalization of the notion of vector
space, wherein the corresponding scalars are allowed to lie in an arbitrary ring. Modules also
generalize the notion of Abelian groups, which are modules over the ring of integers.
b) Let R be a ring and m and n be any positive integers. For any a R and A = (aij ) Mmn define
aA = (aaij ). Then prove that Mmn is an R-module.

Solution. Since R is a ring (R, +) is an abelian group. Hence (Mmn (R), +) is an abelian group
where + the usual matrix addition. Now, let a, b R and (aij ), (bij ) Mmn (R). Lets check the
three module axioms and we are done
(i)
a((aij ) + (bij )) = a((aij + bij )) = (a(aij + bij ))
= ((aaij + abij )) = ((aaij ) + (abij ))
= (aaij ) + (abij ) = a(aij ) + a(bij )
(ii)
(a + b)(aij ) = ((a + b)aij ) = (aaij + baij )
= (aaij ) + (baij ) = a(aij ) + b(aij )
(iii)
(ab)(aij ) = ((ab)aij ) = (a(baij )) = a(baij ) = a(b(aij ))

c) Let A be an R-module. Then show

(i) HomR (A, A) is a ring with unity.
Solution. HomR (A, A) := End(A). Notice that since A is an R-module (A, +) is an abelian
group(we use this fact repeatedly i.e. whenever a, b A and f End(A), then f (a), f (b) A
and we have f (a) + f (b) = f (b) + f (a) ). So first we show (End(A), +) is an abelian group. i.e.
Closure: Let , End(A) and a, b A. Then
( + )(a + b) = (a + b) + (a + b)
= (a) + (b) + (a) + (b)
= (a) + (a) + (b) + (b)
= ( + )(a) + ( + )(b).
2

Associativity: Let , , End(A). Then for all a A,

(( + ) + )(a) = ( + )(a) + (a)
= (a) + (a) + (a)
= (a) + ( + )(a)
= ( + ( + ))(a).
So ( + ) + = + ( + ).
Identity: The identity element of End(A) is the zero map z : A A, given by z(a) = 0. This is
an endomorphism, since z(a + b) = 0 = 0 + 0 = z(a) + z(b). And for all End(A), for all a A,
(z + )(a) = z(a) + (a) = 0 + (a)
= (a)
= (a) + 0 = (a) + z(a) = ( + z)(a).
So z + = = + z.
Inverses: Let End(A). Then : A A, given by ()(a) = (a) is the inverse of . This
is an endomorphism, since
()(a + b) = (a + b) = ((a) + (b)) = (a) + (b) = ()(a) + ()(b).
And for all a A,
( + )(a) = (a) + (a) = 0 = z(a) = (a) + (a) = ( + )(a).
So + = z = + .
Commutativity: Let , End(A). Then for all a A,
( + )(a) = (a) + (a) = (a) + (a) = ( + )(a).
So + = + .
So far we have shown (End(A), +) is an abelian group. We want to show (End(A), +, ) is a ring
with unity where is a composition. Here we go
Closure: Let , End(A). Let a, b A. Then
( )(a + b) = ((a + b)) = ((a) + (b)) = ((a)) + ((b)) = ( )(a) + ( )(b).
Multiplication is associative: This is just associativity of composition of functions.
Distributive laws: Let , , End(A). For all a A,
( ( + ))(a) = (( + )(a))
= ((a) + (a))
= ((a)) + ((a))
= ( )(a) + ( )(a)
= ( + )(a).
So ( + ) = + .
Also,
(( + ) )(a) = ( + )((a)) = ((a)) + ((a)) = ( )(a) + ( )(a) = ( + )(a).
So ( + ) = + .
Unity: The unity is the identity for function composition, which is the identity function and this
is an endomorphism of A.

(ii) A is a left HomR (A, A) module with f a 7 f (a).

Solution. Since A is an R module, (A, +) is an abelian group. Now, let f, f1 , f2 HomR (A, A)
(i.e. homomorphisms from A onto itself) and a, a1 , a2 A then we have i. f (a1 + a2 ) = f (a1 ) +
f (a2 ) = f a1 + f a2
ii. (f1 + f2 )a = (f1 + f2 )(a) = f1 (a) + f2 (a) = f1 a + f2 a
iii. (f1 f2 )a = (f1 f2 )(a) = f1 (f2 (a)) = f1 (f2 a)
2. (a) Consider R-modules
Define f : R R3 and g : R3 R2 by
f (a) = (a, a, 0)

and

g(a1 , a2 , a3 ) = (a1 , a3 )

Then prove the sequence

/R

/ R3

/ R2

/0

is exact at R & R2 and not exact at R3 .

Solution. To show this sequence is exact at R and R2 it suffices to show the map f and g are injective
and surjective respectively.
Now,
ker f = {x R : f (x) = (0, 0, 0)}
= {x R : (x, x, 0) = (0, 0, 0)}
= {0}
Hence f is injective.
To show g is surjective suppose (x, y) R2 . Now take (x, 0, y) R3 this point under the map g gives
us (x, y) hence g is surjective. We conclude that the sequence is exact at R and R2 .
The given sequence is not exact at R3 because ker g = {(0, y, 0) R3 } is different from imf =
{(a, a, 0) R3 }.
(b) Let the following be a commutative diagram of R-modules and R-homomorphisms with exact rows.
A1

1
B1

A2

A3

2
1

B2

3
2

B3

A4

4
3

B4

A5
5

B5

Prove
(i) 1 epimorphism & 2 , 4 monomorphism 3 monomorphism.
(ii) 5 monomorphism & 2 , 4 epimorphism 3 epimorphism.
Solution. i) Suppose m ker 3 . By commutativity, 3 3 m = 4 3 m = 0. Since 4 is monomorphism, 3 m = 0. Thus m ker 3 = im 2 by exactness, say m = 2 a. Then 0 = 3 m = 3 2 a =
2 2 a by commutativity. Thus 2 a ker 2 = im 1 by exactness.
If 2 a = 1 d0 , then since 1 is epimorphism, we can write d0 = 1 d, so 2 a = 1 1 d. By commutativity, 1 1 d = 2 1 d, so 2 a = 2 1 d. By injectivity of 2 , a = 1 d. Hence m = 2 a = 2 1 d = 0 by
exactness. Therefore 3 is monomorphism.

ii) Let m0 B3 . Then 3 m0 B3 , and since 4 is epimorphism, we can write 3 m0 = 4 b for some
b A4 . By commutativity of the square on the right, 4 4 b = 5 4 b. But 4 4 b = 4 3 m0 = 0 by
exactness of the bottom row at B3 , and we then have 5 4 b = 0. Thus 4 b ker 5 , and since 5 is
monomorphism, we have 4 b = 0, so that b ker 4 = im 3 by exactness of the top row at A4 . So
we can write b = 3 m for some m A3 . Now 3 m0 = 4 b = 4 3 m = 3 3 m by commutativity of
the square A3 A4 B4 B3 . Therefore m0 3 m ker 3 = im 2 by exactness of the bottom row at B3 .
Let m0 3 m = 2 a0 for some a0 B2 . Since 2 is epimorphism, a0 = 2 a for some a A2 , and by
commutativity of the square A2 A3 B3 B2 , 2 2 a = 3 2 a, so m0 3 m = 3 2 a, so m0 = 3 (m + 2 a).
Consequently, m0 belongs to the image of 3 , proving that 3 is epimorphism.
(c) Prove that free module is projective. Give an example to verify the converse need not hold true
and explain under what conditions the converse holds.
Solution. Let F be a free R-module. We want to show F is projective.
Define f : F B by f (xi ) = bxi . Consider the diagram below which is with row exact
F
f?


/B

/0

Let X F be a basis of F this is possible since F is free. Consider a set {bx : bx = f (x), x X}.
Since g is an epimorphism, every bx corresponds to a non-empty set, g 1 (bx ).
Define f1 : X A by f1 (x) = ax where ax g 1 (bx ) by choice. Now construct f in such a way that
f : F A by
X
 X
f
ri xi 7
ri f1 (xi )
Then
gf

X


ri xi

X


ri f1 (xi )

=g
X
=
ri gf (xi )
X
=
ri g(axi )
X
=
ri f (xi )
X

=f
ri xi

Thus gf = f . Hence there exists a map f so that the diagram commutes. Therefore any free module
is projective. Q.E.D.
L
To show the converse need not hold: Let R = Z6 . Then Z6
= Z2 Z3 as Z6 -modules. So both Z2 and
Z3 are projective Z6 -modules, although they are not free Z6 -modules.
The converse hold when the ring is principal ideal domain(PID).
3. Let f = x3 x2 y x2 z + x and f1 = x2 y z, f2 = xy 1. Using grlex order
a) Compute the remainder of f on division by (f1 , f2 )
b) Compute the remainder of f on division by (f2 , f1 )
c) Does the division algorithm give a solution to the ideal membership problem for the ideal I =
hf1 , f2 i? why?
5

Solution. a) Let us divide f by (f1 , f2 )

a1 :
a2 :
f1 : x2 y z
f2 : xy 1

1
0

x3 x2 y x2 z + x

x2 y + z
x3 x2 z + x z

x3 x2 z + x z

Hence r1 = x3 x2 z + x z
b) Let us divide f by (f2 , f1 )
a1 :
a2 :
f2 : xy 1
f1 : x2 y z

x
0

x3 x2 y x2 z + x

x2 y + x
x3 x2 z

x3 x2 z

Hence r2 = x3 x2 z
c) No! let f = x z. Then f = x z = f1 xf2 f hf1 , f2 i. But the division algorithm yields
something nonzero.
4. Let I = hg1 , g2 , g3 i R[x, y, z] where
g1 = xy 2 xy + y,

g2 = xy z 2 , and g3 = x yz 4

a) Using lexicographic order, give an example of g I such that LT(g)

/ hLT(g1 ), LT(g2 ), LT(g3 )i
Solution. Take g = g1 + yg2 yg3 = y 2 z 4 yz 2 y I whose leading term y 2 z 4 is not in
hLT (g1 ), LT (g2 ), LT (g3 )i where LT (g1 ) = xy 2 , LT (g2 ) = xy, LT (g3 ) = x in lex order. This is
because non of LT (g1 ) = xy 2 , LT (g2 ) = xy, LT (g3 ) = x divide y 2 z 4 .
b) Using lexicographic order, compute the Grobner base for I.
Solution. Using Macaulay2 online1 with
R=QQ[x,y,z,MonomialOrder=>Lex];
I=ideal(x*y^2-x*y+y,x*y-z^2,x-y*z^4);
gens gb I -- | z8-z6-2z4-z2 y-z6+2z4 x-z6+z4+z2 |
J=ideal oo
I==J -- true
we have computed a Gr
obner base for I to be
{z 8 z 6 2z 4 z 2 , y z 6 + 2z 4 , x z 6 + z 4 + z 2 }

1 http://habanero.math.cornell.edu:3690/