Satuwa (Paris Polyphylla)

Habitat
Paris polyphylla prefers to grow in forests, bamboo forests, thickets, grassy or rocky slopes and stream
sides.[10] It likes moist, damp, and shady places (such as under deciduous trees). It is said to grow at
altitudes up to 3300 meters and thrives well in places with moist and humus rich soil under canopy of
forest in full shade to partial shade.[11]
Soil nutrients like organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were found in higher levels in areas where the
plant was absent.[11] However, the levels of phosphorus tended to be found in higher levels in areas were the
plant grew.[11]

Conservation and cultivation

Paris polyphylla Sm. (Satuwa) is one of the medicinal plants listed as vulnerable by the IUCN.[11] Seed
viability was found to be low and the seeds did not germinate in laboratory conditions even under different
chemical treatments.[11] There seems to be a need for raising awareness amongst people who live in
environments in which Paris polyphylla propagates.[11] Scientists must make known the sustainable use of
the rhizome and its cultivation practice for the conservation of this plant.[11] If some part of the rhizome
containing the bud is left underground, it is thought that the plant would become more sustainable and
would help in conserving its population in the future.[11]
In a study done in Nepal, it was observed that overharvesting, unscientific collection of rhizomes,
harvesting of plants before seed maturity, low viable seed production and long dormancy of seeds are the
major threats to the plant's propagation.[11]

Paris polyphylla is considered to be a traded plant and it might have become less abundant in the past
decade and this could be due to deforestation.[12]
Paris polyphylla plants are supposed to be planted with the pointy shoot at one end of the rhizome facing
upwards.[2] The rhiome is then supposed to be covered with around 5 cm (2 in) of humus-rich soil which
should not be allowed to dry out during the summer months.[2] In the autumn, a generous layer of mulch
should be added and the plants should be left undisturbed after that so that they can increase in number
year after year.[2] Caution should be taken since if eaten raw, the leaves of P. polyphylla could be toxic, even
though it can be used in many medicinal remedies.

Reproduction
In the different varieties of Paris polyphylla, there are as many stamens (usually eight) as there are outer
tepals, or there could be more.[10] Stamens have short filaments. The filaments are about 10 mm in size,
while the anthers are about 12 mm.[10] The ovary is subglobose, ribbed, one-loculed and sometimes
tuberculate.[10] The style is short with an enlarged base and purple to white in color.[10] The capsule, which is
a kind of dry fruit produced by many flowering plants, is globose and sometimes tuberculate.[10] The plant
was found to reproduce mainly by vegetative propagation in the field.[11]
It has been observed that Paris polyphylla seeds produce primary root about seven months after sowing and
then leaves about four months later in the second year.[11] The seeds of this plant can remain dormant and
this is thought to be because of changes of several endohormones, development of inhibiting substances,
and the increase in material accumulation during the embryo's physiological ripening period.[11] A single
offspring is grown from a single mother plant and this led to a rapid decline in its numbers.[11]

Morphology
Plants of Paris polyphylla usually grow about 10100 cm tall from a rhizome 12.5 cm thick.[10] The
leaves, which are in a whorl at the top of the stem are sessile, petiolate, lanceolate, to ovate or elliptic. The
ovary is in the superior position, with numerous ovules.[13] The fruit is a berry or berrylike capsule, in
which the seeds are enclosed in a red succulent aril when ripe.[10] The species is extremely polymorphic.[13]
A table of some characteristics of some varieties of Paris polyphylla follows.[10]

Taxonomy
The genus Paris has in the past been placed in a number of different families, including a broadly defined
Liliaceae and the former family Trilliaceae. In the APG III system, it is placed in the family Melanthiaceae,
where it is related to the genus Trillium.[8]
As of May 2012 the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) recognizes several varieties:[9][10]

Paris polyphylla var. alba - Guizhou, Hubei, Yunnan

Paris polyphylla var. chinensis - Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam

Paris polyphylla var. latifolia - Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi

Paris polyphylla var. nana - Sichuan

Paris polyphylla var. panxiensis - Sichuan

Paris polyphylla var. polyphylla - China, Himalayas, northern Indochina

Paris polyphylla var. stenophyla - China, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim

Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis - Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Assam, Myanmar

The Flora of China recognizes five additional varieties,[10] three of which are placed in different species by
the WCSP:[9]

P. polyphylla var. appendiculata = P. thibetica

P. polyphylla var. brachystemon = P. polyphylla var. stenophyla

P. polyphylla var. kwantungensis = P. polyphylla var. polyphylla

P. polyphylla var. minor = P. delavayi

P. polyphylla var. pseudothibetica = P. delavayi

Profile:
The members of the genus Paris impart supreme beauty to the garden and have an beautiful
inflorescence. The genus name Paris is derived from pars, referring to the symmetry of the plant.
Paris polyphylla is a clump forming plant growing 45 cm tall and characterized by its distinctive
flowers. It has long, yellow, radiating anthers and a blue-black center. Due to over harvesting, the wild
populations of this herb have fragmentized and declined greatly.
Habitat and ecology: The species is found naturally in broad-leaved forests and mixed woodlands up
to a height of 3000 m in the Himalayas. It occurs commonly in bamboo forests, thickets, grassy or
rocky slopes and streamsides. It enjoys a moist, well-drained soil and dappled shade. This species is
globally distributed in the Himalayan range across Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma and
southwest China between the altitudinal ranges of 2000-3000 m. Within India, it has been
recorded in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal
Pradesh.
Morphology: The flowers are solitary, terminal, short-stalked, greenish and relatively inconspicuous,
with 4-6 lanceolate long-pointed green leaf-like perianth segments that are 5-10 cm long and with an
inner whorl of thread-like yellow or purple segments, as long or shorter than the outer. This species has
10 short stamens and lobed stigmas. The leaves are 4-9 in number and present in a whorl. The plant is
elliptic, short-stalked, with the stalk up to 10 cm and the plant up to 40 cm high. The rhizome is stout
and creeping. The fruits are globular and seeds are scarlet in colour. The plant shows wide variation in
different parts of its range.
Uses:
The plant finds its use in Ayurveda. The roots are analgesic, anti-phlogistic, antipyretic,
antispasmodic, anthelmintic, anti-tussive, depurative, febrifuge and narcotic. A decoction of
the roots is used in the treatment of poisonous snakebites, boils and ulcers, diphtheria and
epidemic Japanese B encephalitis. A paste of the roots is used as a poultice to treat cuts and

wounds. The juice of the roots has been used as an anthelmintic. The whole plant is a
febrifuge. The roots have shown antibacterial action against Bacillus dysenteriae, B. typhi, B.
paratyphi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemolytic streptococci, Meningococci
etc.

Himalayan Alpine Herbal & Agriculture Farm

Sankharapur- 6, Kathmandu, Nepal
Cell: 9801170657
Email:info@hafn.org, hafnglobal@gmail.com
Web: www.hafn.org
Branch office
Mamerku, Chheskam- 2, Solukhumbu Nepal---Phone: 016219255
Branch Office-----Dobane 06 Ahale Bhojpur

Mailing Address
National Exports Pvt. Ltd.
Manamaiju-8, GPO Box: 3835 Kathmandu, 44610 Nepal
Phone
+977 (1) 402-5717; Hot Line +977 980 388 6458 (Int'l clients only)
Fax +977 (1) 402-5724
Email natexports gmail.com
Website www.nepl.com.np

Uses in China

Zao Xiu Qi Ye Yi Shi Hua Chong Lou Paris Rhizome

Nature: bitter, slightly cold
Enters: Liver
Actions: Clears heat; eliminates toxicity; relieves swelling and pain; subdues liver wind to relieve
convulsions; mildly moves blood.
Indications:
Heat and toxicity: snake bite, carbuncles, boils, acne.
General herb for any kind of pain.
Liver wind stirring: epilepsy, convulsions.
Warm-heat pathogen: coma, convulsions.

 Blood stasis: pain after trauma (inferior to San qi for this).

Particularly good for early stages of heat and toxicity.

"P. polyphylla is a folk medicinal plant in the Indian Himalayan Region, traditionally used against
analgesic, antibacterial, antiphlogistic , antispasmodic, antitussive, any poisonous bites, burn, cut or
injury, depurative, detoxification, diarrhoea, dressing, dysentery, febrifuge, fever, gastric, gastritis,
intestinal wounds, narcotic, poisoning, rashes or itching, scabies, skin diseases, sleeplessness, snake
bite, stomach pain, typhoid, ulcer and wounds (Farooquee et al. 2004; Maity et al. 2004; Tiwari et al.
2010; Jamir et al. 2012; Lalsangluaii et al. 2013; Pfoze et al. 2013; Mir et al. 2014; Sharma and Samant
2014). Further Shah et al. (2012) reviewed the various medicinal properties of the P. polyphylla and
categorized the species as the 'jack of all trades'. Several pharmacological properties including antibacterial
, anticancer/anti-tumour, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, steroid saponin etc.
(Khanna et al. 1975; Ravikumar et al. 1979; Singh et al. 1980; 1982; Zhou 1991; Yu and Yang 1999;
Mimaki et al. 2000; Lee et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2006; Yun et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2007; Guo et al. 2008;
Yan et al. 2009; Xuan et al. 2010; Zhao et al. 2010; Chan et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2011; Zhu et al. 2011;
Kang et al. 2012; Li et al. 2012; Zhao et al. 2012; Shen et al. 2014) have been reported from the rhizomes
of many species of the genus Paris. "
Botanical Name: Paris polyphylla

Common Name: Satuwaa

English Name: Ginseng

Parts Used: Roots, rhizome

Habit and Habitat: Himalaya (Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan). NE India, China

Description: Glabrous herb, leaves 4-9, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 7.5-15 cm long, pointed, petioled. Flowers stalked, in the
centre yellow-green perianth.

Uses: Rhizome acts as depressant on carotid pressure, myocardium and respiratory movements. It produces
vasoconstriction in kidney, but vasodilation in spleen and limbs ad stimulates isolated intestines.Rhizome is
anthelmintic and its powder is used as tonic.
References: A compendium of Medicinal Plants in Nepal by Sushim Ranjan Baral and Puran Prasad Kurmi (October' 2006)

ys

Paris Polyphylla by Yannis Vassilopoulos

Archived in Medicine section | Latest Approved Revision on: Tue. 12/04/2007

The herb comes also with the names Rhizoma Paridis , Paris Polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (French) Hare (chin.:
hua chong lou ), Paris polyphylla Smith (chin.: qi ye yi zhi hua ). It belongs to trilliaceae family.
Polyphylla is broad-leaved translates to many leaves many(poly) leaves(phyla) and is justified by its shape. It is
a perennial plant that has a preference to woodlands, forests, bamboo forests, thickets, grassy or rocky slopes
and streamside. The altitude ranges from 100 to 3500meters in western China. It is met in East Asia, China and

Himalayas. The plant can reach up to 1m height. It brings hermaphrodite flowers (both male and female) but it is
not self fertile. They bloom from July to August.
It is bitter, cold and slightly toxic.

Paris Polyphylla is used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine, either

primary or secondary, in numerous medical conditions. In this work more
emphasis will be given at its ability to inhibit cancer cell growth.
Uses
The whole plant can be used as febrifuge, while the roots posses many healing properties. To mention a few,
analgesic; antiphlogistic (removes heat), antispasmodic, antitussive, depurative, and narcotic.
A decoction of the roots is used in the treatment of poisonous snake bites, boils and ulcers, diphtheria and
epidemic Japanese B encephalitis.
The roots have shown antibacterial action against Bacillus dysenteriae, B. typhi, B. paratyphi, E. coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, haemolytic streptococci, Meningococci etc.
Epidemic encephalitis B, stomach ache, appendicitis, scrofula (lymphadenopathy), tonsillitis, parotitis, mastitis,
poisonous snake bits, insect bites, boils.
It removes heat, counteracts toxicity, causes the subsidence of swelling, alleviates pain and relieves convulsions.
Boils, carbuncles, sore throat, venomus snake bit, traumatic pain, convulsions.
Anti-tumor action
Chinese scientists in Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology have isolated and studied anti-tumor active constituents
from the rhizome of Paris polyphylla. The in vitro research have proven that all six compounds possess from
medium to significant inhibition.
To complement the above the Beijing Institute of Radiation medicine, have managed to isolate tree new steroidal
saponins from the rhizome of the plant.

Nanjing University in corporation with the oncology department of Drum Tower Hospital
(China), conducted an in-vitro anticancer research to investigate the activity of aqueous
extracts and ethanol extracts of fifteen traditional Chinese medicines on human digestive
tumor cell lines. The outcome of this study suggested that traditional Chinese medicine, and Paris
polyphylla Smith in particular, might have potential anticancer activity on digestive cancer and its mechanism
needs further study.
Another study has justified the traditional use of the herb for insect bites, as it has proven the existence of
tyrosinase inhibitory effect and antileishmanial constituents from the roots of the herb. Those are attributed
mostly

to

diosgenin

saponins.

A number of diosgenyl saponins of Paris polyphylla were explored in another research, which was found to
possess immuno-stimulating properties. There was a significant enhancement in phagocytic activity for certain
saponin concentration.

A different study shows how effective can be a synergy between Paris polyphylla and Panax ginseng. Two isolated
oligosaccharides of the former herb presented stimulation in the saponin production of the other herb, enhancing
thus its therapeutic value. The result also suggested that those two oligosaccharides could have plant growthregulatory

activity

in

plant

tissue

cultures.

The department of biochemistry in Hong Kong presented that the steroidal

saponin of Paris Polyphylla, polyphyllin D, has effects in growth inhibition of
human breast cancer cells and in xenograft. It was found that treatment of certain
tumor cells with polyphyllin D resulted in the inhibition of viability and induction
of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The same authors published later on an improved
article, where they concluded that polyphyllin D is a potent anticancer agent that can overcome drug resistance
in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and elicit programmed cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction. Both in dose
and

time

dependent

manner.

Researchers from Japan presented that the methanolic extract from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla SM. var.
yunnanensis (FR.) H-M. was found to potently inhibit ethanol(and/indomethacin )-induced gastric lesions in rats.
A research carried out by the Naujing Pharmaceutical University in China reported the analgesic and sedative
actions of Rhizoma Paridis. All of the 6 experimented species and varieties in common use were effective. Among
them Paris polyphylla var. chinensis, P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis had more potent analgesic action. Sedative
action of P. fargesii, P. polyphylla var. chinensis, P. thibetica is also strong. In addition, pariphyllin A and gracillin
were also used in the experiment.
In China a biochemistry research has exploited the antimutagenic activity of 36 herbal extracts from anticancer
drugs in Chinese medicine. This work presented that along with other four herbs (Actinidia chinensis P., Artemisia
lavendulaefolia DC., Prunella vulgaris L.,. and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata T), Paris polyphylla , contains
antimutagenic factors against both picrolonic acid- and benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutation.

Paris polyphylla is used as a primary herb in the treatment of liver,

stomach, nose and throat cancer in traditional Chinese medicine.
Secondary in lung cancer.
Action Mechanism
Roots ( rizhoma ) as well as stems contain various types of steroidal compounds like diosgenin, dioscin, .
Pariphyllin(polyphyllin) A, B, D
There

are

10

main

saponins

and

non

saponin

ingredients

extracted

from

Paris

Polyphylla.

Glycosides are the bioactive components of many famous Chinese medicines. C27-steroid Hemostatic
saponins were found in Paris polyphylla.
Mechanistically, polyphyllin D dissipates the mitochondrial membrane potential, induces a down regulation of
anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression and an up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax expression, and activates caspase-9.
These results suggest that polyphyllin D elicits apoptosis through mitochondria dysfunction. This action
provides novel insights that polyphyllin D could serve as a candidate in breast cancer treatment. Paris Pollyphylla
is being used in hospitals along with other herbs in conjunction with conventional drugs for the treatment
of lung and breast cancers.

Dosage
If used internally use from 4.5 to 9grams daily in decoction form.
For external use, appropriate quantity to be ground into powder with water or apply mixed powder with vinegar
and then apply to affected parts.
Warnings contraindications - reactions
Paris Polyphylla is generally safe. However, Pregnant or lactating women should refrain from using the herb
unless otherwise stated by their GP.
As with all herbs and nutritional supplements, you should not try any of the above if you are on medical
treatment unless you are told so by a professional healthcare provider.

Paris polyphylla is an important medicinal plant and its rhizome is used mainly for
medicinal purpose for treatment of different diseases. The plant contains saponin
steroids polyphyllin D, dioscin and balanitin. The rhizome is used as antihelmintic,
antispasmodic, expectorant, scabies, rashes, or itching problems, to treat liver
cancer.

Steroidal saponins from Paris polyphylla suppress adhesion, migration

and invasion of human lung cancer A549 cells via down-regulating
MMP-2 and MMP-9.
BACKGROUND:
Tumor metastases are the main reasons for oncotherapy failure. Paris polyphylla (Chinese name: Chonglou) has
traditionally been used for its anti-cancer actions. In this article, we focus on the regulation of human lung cancer
A549 cell metastases and invasion by Paris polyphylla steroidal saponins (PPSS).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Cell viability was evaluated in A549 cells by MTT assay. Effects of PPSS on invasion and migration were investigated
by wound-healing and matrigel invasion chamber assays. Adhesion to type IV collagen and laminin was evaluated by
MTT assay. Expression and protease activity of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-9, were
analyzed by Western blotting and gelatin zymography, respectively.

RESULTS:
PPSS exerted growth inhibitory effects on A549 cells, and effectively inhibited A549 cell adhesion, migration and
invasion in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting and gelatin zymography analysis revealed that
PPSS inhibited the expression and secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in A549 cells.
CONCLUSIONS:
PPSS has the potential to suppress the migration, adhesion and invasion of A549 cells. PPSS could be a potential
candidate for interventions against lung cancer metastases.

(Aconite) (Ranunculaceae) (Buttercup)

100
, , -
(Aconitum napellus L.) ,
-
,

(Neuralgia) (rhumatic pain)
: : ,
,


(Aconite napellus)
, (aconitin)

Aconitum ferox Wall.

Indian Aconite
Vachnag
Aconitum heterophyllum
Atis root
atis
Aconitum palmatum
Indian Aconite
atis meetha
Aconitum palmatum is a PERENNIAL. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female
organs) and are pollinated by Bees.Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils
and can grow in heavy clay soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in
semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil.
We have very little information on this species and do not know if it will be hardy in
Britain, though judging by its native range it should succeed outdoors in many parts of this country.
The following notes are based on the general needs of the genus. Thrives in most soils and in the
light shade of trees[1]. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Prefers a moist soil in sun or semi-shade[200].
Prefers a calcareous soil. Grows well in open woodlands[1, 4]. Members of this genus seem to be
immune to the predations of rabbits and deer[233]. A greedy plant, inhibiting the growth of nearby
species, especially legumes.

Habitat of the herb:

Alpine regions between 3,000 and 5,000 metres.

Propagation of Aconitum palmatum:

Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame. The seed can
be stratified and sown in spring but will then be slow to germinate. When large enough to
handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame for
their first winter. Plant them out in late spring or early summer. Division - best done in
spring but it can also be done in autumn. Another report says that division is best carried out
in the autumn or late winter because the plants come into growth very early in the year.
Cultivation of the herb:

Alpine regions between 3,000 and 5,000 metres.

Known hazards of Aconitum palmatum:

One report says that this species has a non-poisonous root, though this
should be treated with caution. The following notes are based on the general toxicity of the
genus. The whole plant is highly toxic - simple skin contact has caused numbness in some
people.

Crowfoot
Latin name: Aconitum bisma (Buch. Ham.) Rapaics (Ranunculaceae), A.
palmatum D. Don
Sanskrit/Indian name: Prativisha, Bakhma
General information:
Crowfoot is a bitter herb, found in Sikkim, Nepal, and across the Himalayan terrain.
Used in conjunction with Long Black Pepper, it is a potent remedy for bowel spasms,
diarrhea and vomiting. It is regarded as a valuable tonic and a digestive.

Therapeutic constituents:
Crowfoot contains the alkaloids vakognavine, palmatisine, vakatisine, vakatisinine and
vakatidine, which render the herb its therapeutic properties (Indian Medicinal PlantsAn Illustrated
Dictionary, C.P.Khare. 24. 2007).

Key therapeutic benefits:

A herbal concoction of Crowfoot and Long Black Pepper is effective in treating gastrointestinal
disorders.

On external application, the herb relieves joint aches as a result of rheumatism.

Aconitum bisma (Buch.-Ham.) Rapaics.

Pharm.: wakhma, bikhma, bishma.
Bot. syn.: Aconitum palmatum D. Don.
History
In the writing in english on Indian Drugs, it appears to have almost escaped attention. Dr. Buchanan, in his account of the
Kingdom of Nepal enumerates four kinds of Bakh, of which Bakhma is one, and describes it as a powerful bitter. With pepper, it
is the remedy for pains in bowels, diarrhea and vomiting. It is regarded as a valuable tonic and digestive.
Habitat
It grows in the alpine Himalayas of Sikkim, Nepal and the adjoining parts of southern Tibet; between altitudes of 3,000m and
4,800 m.
Morphology Description (Habit)
It is a biennial raw herb with tuberous and paired roots. The mother root is often dry and cylindrical and the daughter root varies
from shortly conical to long cylindrical. Its external surface is somewhat smooth and light brown. The leaves are orbicularcordate to reniform with a very wide shallow sinus. Flowers are greenish blue in few-flowered panicles. The follicles are 2.5-3.0
cm long. The seeds are blackish, obovoid, obscurely winged along the raphe and transversely lamellate.
Principal Constituents
The roots contain five diterpene alkaloids, viz. Palmatisine, Vakognavine (C34H37NO10), Vakatisine (C22H34NO2Cl), Vakatisinine
(C22H33NO4) and Vakati (C22H33NO2).
Toxicology
The alkaloids identified from the plants are non-toxic1.
Indications
The root is intensely bitter like quinine and is used in combination with Long Pepper (Piper longum) for pain in the bowels,
diarrhea, and vomiting.

Common name: Jadwar Hindi: Jadwar, Judwar, Nirbishi, Nirbisi, Nirvisi

Kannada: nirvishi Malayalam: nirvasi Marathi: nirvishi Nepali: Nirbishi
Sanskrit: apavisha, avisa, avisha, nirvisa, nirvisha
Tamil: nirbasi Urdu: jadwar

Botanical name: Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson Delphinium

denudatum Family: Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family)
Jadwar is critically endangered Himalayan herb, which was once commonest species. It is
distinguished by its relatively small blue or violet flowers, borne in a widely branched
inflorescence with a few spike-like clusters. Flowers are about 2.5 cm, with the upper outer
petals about 1.2 cm and a spur 1.4-1.5 cm. Upper inner petals are white, the others blue.
Leaves are 5-15 cm across, rounded in outline, cut into 3-5 broadly obovate segments,
segments pinnately cut into oblong lobes or teeth 2-3 mm wide. Jadwar is found in the
Himalayas, from Pakistan to C. Nepal, at altitudes of 1500-2700 m. Flowering: June-August.
Medicinal uses: Warning: Unverified information It is one of the important drugs used as
indigenous medicine in India, especially in Unani medicine. The roots of the plant are
reported to be useful in a variety of ailments such as aconite poisoning, brain diseases,
fungal infection, piles and toothache as analgesic and astringent. A number of studies have
been done on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Its use in opium addiction is
mentioned in some classical literature, which has been verified and validated in morphine
induced physical dependent de-addiction studies.
Delphinium denudatum is found on the outer ranges of western Himalayas from
Kashmir to Kumaon at a height between 8000 to 12000 feet above sea level.
Medicinal properties:
It is one of the important drugs used as indigenous medicine in India,
especially in Unani medicine.[1][2] Its vernacular name is Jadwar.
The roots of the plant are reported to be useful in a variety of ailments such
as aconite poisoning, brain diseases, fungal infection, piles and toothache as
analgesic and astringent.[3][4][5] A number of studies have been done on
its phytochemical and pharmacological properties.[6][7]
Its use in opium addiction is mentioned in some classical literature,[8][9] which
has been verified and validated in morphine-induced physical dependent deaddiction studies.
Satuwa in kumaon hills
Seven sacred groves viz., Dhwaj, Haat Kali, Hokra, Malay Nath, Nakuleshwar, Narayan Swami Ashram and Patal
Bhuvneshwar were identified from the Pithoragarh district of Kumaon Himalaya. 89 medicinal plants belonging to 52
families and 77 genera of which, 2 are lichens, 4 are pteridophytes, 3 are gymnosperms and remaining 80 plant species are
angiosperms. 6 plant species are reported with new therapeutic uses for the first time in this paper. Highest informants
consensus factor value was found in liver disorder (0.55) and least by body pains (0.23). 55 ethnomedicinal plants are showing
100% fidelity level against various diseases.