III.

Laboratory and Diagnostic Exams

URINALYSIS
(November 23, 2015-9:05 p.m)

Color

Result
Yellow

Normal Values
Color Yellow

Implication
Turbidity and other terms are used to

(light/pale to

characterize the appearance of a urine

dark/deep

specimen. Urine may contain red or white

amber)

blood cells, bacteria, fat, or chyle and

may reflect renal or urinary tract infection.
Some drugs can change the color of the
urine. Normal urine color is a light yellow
to a dark amber color. Inflammation may
also cloud the urine as well as other
pathological conditions can. Dorban can
color the urine red; phenolphthalein can
color it red; pyridium can color the urine
dark orange. Of course, the patient
should be "warned" of these changes.
Hospitalization is stressful enough
without the added shock of unexpected
orange urine.
http://www.nurseslearning.com/courses/n
rp/labtest/course/section5/c1.htm

Albumin

Trace

None

Trace albumin means that you have

some protein in your urine. This is
something that we test for because it is
considered abnormal to have protein in
the urine. Trace simply means that the
amount of albumin (which is the protein
that the test looks for) is quite low and
just above the upper limit of detection
ability. Having trace albumin in your urine
means that your kidneys are abnormally
spilling a tiny amount of protein into the
urine from the
blood. https://www.zocdoc.com/answers/
21263/my-albumin-is-trace-what-is-the-

Reaction
Sugar
Specific
Gravity

6.5
Negative
1.005

5-8.5
Negative
1.005-1.025

means-of-it
Normal
Normal
Specific Gravity will increase with the
amount of dissolved particles
(concentrated) in it. Specific gravity will
decrease when the water content is high
and the dissolved particles are low (less
concentrated). Low specific gravity
(<1.005) is characteristic of diabetes

insipidus, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus,

acute tubular necrosis, or pyelonephritis.
Fixed specific gravity, in which values
remain 1.010 regardless of fluid intake,
occurs in chronic glomerulonephritis with
severe renal damage. High specific
gravity(>1.035) occurs in nephrotic
syndrome, dehydration, acute
glomerulonephritis, heart failure, liver
failure, or shock.
http://www.nurseslearning.com/courses/n
Epithelial
Cells

Few

Few

rp/labtest/course/section5/c1.htm
Normally in men and women, a few
epithelial cells from the bladder
(transitional epithelial cells) or from the
external urethra (squamous epithelial
cells) can be found in the urine sediment.
Cells from the kidney (kidney cells) are
less common. In urinary tract conditions
such as infections, inflammation, and
malignancies, more epithelial cells are
present. Determining the kinds of cells
present helps the health care provider
pinpoint where the condition is located.

For example, a bladder infection may

result in large numbers of transitional
epithelial cells in urine sediment.
Epithelial cells are usually reported as
"few," "moderate," or "many" present per
low power field (LPF).
https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/a
Pus Cells

Too

0-4 pvf

nalytes/urinalysis/ui-exams/start/2
Presences of pus cells in the urine

numerous

indicates an inflammation of the urinary

to count

tract. The commonest cause of this is

infection. However, stones, tumours,
nephritis can all produce pus cells in the

Bacteria

Few

None

urine.
Presences of bacteria in the urine
indicates bacteriuria with high levels of
urinary tract infection
HEMATOLOGY

Hemoglobin

Result
130

Normal Values
F: 120.00-

Implication
Normal. Red blood cells

150.00g/l

carry oxygen from

the lungs to the rest of the
body. They also carry
carbon dioxide back to the
lungs so it can be exhaled.

If the RBC count is low

(anemia), the body may
not be getting the oxygen it
needs. If the count is too
high (a condition
called polycythemia), there
is a chance that the red
blood cells will clump
together and block tiny
blood vessels (capillaries).
This also makes it hard for
your red blood cells to
carry oxygen. Low
hemoglobin values are seen

in patients
with hemoglobinopathies
, or inherited blood
disorders that either affect
hemoglobin structure or
Hematocrit

0.39

F: 0.36-0.45

synthesis.
Within normal range. This
test measures the amount
of space (volume) red
blood cells take up in the

blood. The value is given

as a percentage of red
blood cells in a volume of
blood. For example,
a hematocrit of 38 means
that 38% of the blood's
volume is made of red
blood cells. Hematocrit
and hemoglobin values are
the two major tests that
show if anemia or
Leukocyte no.

13.77 (elevated)

5.0-10.0x10^g/l

concentration

polycythemia is present.
White blood cells protect
the body against infection.

Segmenters

0.83 (elevated)

0.40-0.60

If an infection develops,

Lymphocytes

0.09(decreased)

0.25-0.40

white blood cells attack

Eosinophils

0.01

0.01-0.05

and destroy the bacteria,

Monocyte

0.06

0.01-12

virus, or other organism

Basophils

0.01

0.005

causing it. White blood

cells are bigger than red
blood cells but fewer in
number. When a person
has a bacterial infection,
the number of white cells

rises very quickly. When

the lymphocyte count is
lowered, the body's ability
to resist and fight off
infections is severely
compromised and its
susceptibility to cancer is
increased. In addition, low
lymphocyte counts may
also lead to damage to
various organs. Elevated
levels of neutrophils in
your blood, known as
neutrophilia, can indicate
an infection and physical
Thrombocytes

335.4

150-440x

stress.
Within normal range.

10^g/L

Platelets (thrombocytes)
are the smallest type of
blood cell. They are
important in blood clotting.
When bleeding occurs, the
platelets swell, clump
together, and form a sticky

plug that helps stop the

bleeding. If there are too
few platelets, uncontrolled
bleeding may be a
problem. If there are too
many platelets, there is a
chance of a blood
clot forming in a blood
vessel. Also, platelets may
be involved in hardening of
the arteries