Detailed Outline of Literature Review & Summation of Sources

Group: Savannah Camp, TriDereka Hall, Sara Leach, Melanie Martin

Introduction:
Our topic is important and relevant to society today because of the misconception of unhealthy
versus healthy relationships. Many couples struggle with the reality of intimate partner violence,
even if they do not know it or want to accept it. Over time, relationships have been given
unrealistic views of how relationships are formed and the true basis of them as well. Our paper
will address the current issues of intimate partner violence, how it is viewed in the media, and
how the portrayal of it in the media affects the relationships of people.
1. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
a. Normalization
b. Physical and Relational Aggression
c. Effect of Drug Use
2. Media Influence
a. Types of Media
i.
Music Videos
b. Females vs Males
i.
White male privilege
Lit Review:
1. Relationships
a. Healthy: Relationships that do not have a presence of IPV or abuse
of any kind.
b. Unhealthy: Unhealthy relationships are those that in any way to not
fall under the characteristics of healthy relationships.
i. IPV: intimate partner violence is domestic abuse
between spouses and/or partners in an intimate relationship.
1. Myths:
a. most women could
get out of an unsafe relationship if they wanted to;
b. some women who are
abused secretly want to be treated that way;
c. some women initiate
intimate partner violence by treating their men badly or
taking the first swing;
d. most IPV occurs
when a man has been drinking or has lost control of
himself;
e. much of what is
referred to as IPV is a normal reaction to relationship
conflict;
f. and IPV is low-class,
not something that happens in my neighborhood, (Thaller
& Messing p. 626)

2. In 92% of police visited domestics

violence scenes, the perpetrators had used drugs or alcohol on the
day of the incident. However, IPV rates are not correlated (as
shown by this study) with heavy episodic drinking (HED) or drug
use. Partners who are abusive and engage in IPV are not more or
less likely to change their engagement based on HED or drug use
(Feingold, Washburn, Tiberio, & Capaldi, 2015)
3. Trends of IPV in adolescents: three
observations: the rate of physical violence over time, gender
specific behaviors, and the effects physical and mental health had
on IPV. Coercion from parents and the parent-child relationship
positively correlates with IPV that peaks in adolescent
relationships. IPV peaked during adulthood can be attributed to the
type of parent relationship and partner relationship.(Copp &
Johnson, 2015)
4. Risk factors of physical violence in
African American romantic relationships. Significant relationship
between perception of dating violence and experience of dating
violence. African American college males were more physically
violent than the females. While researching the topic Bremond
found that the physical violence of African American males is
proposed to stem from a patriarchal society. (Bremond, Ahn, &
Boykin, 2014)
5. 1 out of every 14 males has been a
victim of IPV. Physical harm wasnt usually as severe for male
victims, psychological consequences are about the same for males
and females. Males are more often the perpetrators whereas
females are more often the victims. Male perpetrators more
commonly reported hitting and shooting, and female perpetrators
more common resorted to stabbing. (Carlyle, Scarduzio, & Slater,
2014)
2. Media
a. What is media?
i.
Media is defined as being a medium of cultivation,
conveyance, or expression. In this context, media will encompass the
different platforms of print, visual, audio, and electronic.
b. How does media influence people?
i.
As of April, 2016, the average time spent with
major media per day is 725 minutes. This media is broken down into
television, online, mobile devices, newspapers, books, radio, other
connected devices, and miscellaneous tools (Statista: The Statistics Portal
2016)

ii.
Adolescents more impressionable to alter and form
behaviors based on media intake. This is shown to carry on into future
inter and intrapersonal relationships, where abused are more likely to
defend the perpetrators actions (Wood, 2001; Coyne et al, 2011)
1. Adolescents more likely to emulate
relationships seen in media
2. Women showed more relational
aggression than men
3. Males were shown to appreciate
more aggression from women, attributed to men being the target
audience for high-violence shows
4. Women found more likely to stay
with abuser, with the reasoning that the good outweighs the bad
c. Relationships in media
i.
Healthy Relationships
1. Relationships that do not have a
presence of IPV or abuse of any kind. Signs of healthy
relationships include open communication, no aggressive
behaviors, no mental/emotional torment, constant consent from
both members of party.
ii.
Unhealthy Relationships
1. Relationships that contain IPV,
mental or physical abuse, manipulation, coercion, little/no presence
of consent.
iii.
IPV in Media
1. Men justified in abuse (Pepin, 2016;
Thaller & Messing, 2014)
2. IPV reporting racialized; black male
perpetrators more likely to be viewed as criminal over white male
perpetrators (Pepin, 2016)
3. Women perpetrators seen as overemotional as the reason for committing IPV (Carlyle, Scarduzio, &
Slater, 2014)
a. 90% of cases go
unreported

References:
Bremond, Tara, Bonnie Ahn, and Lolita Boykin. "Risk Factors of Physical Violence in Dating
Relationships among African American College Students." 2014. MS, Volume 13.
Southeastern Louisiana University, Okemos.Undergraduate Research Journal for the

Human Sciences. Kappa Omicron Nu Leadership Academy, 5 Dec. 2014. Web. 21 Sept.
2016.
Carlyle, K., Scarduzio, J., and Slater, M. (2014). Media portrayals of female perpetrators of
intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2014. Vol. 29 (13) 23942417
Copp, J. and Johnson, W. (2015). Patterns, precursors, and consequences of teen dating
violence: Analyzing gendered and generic pathways. NCJRS, award number: 2012-IJCX-0015.
Coyne, S. M., Nelson, D. A., Graham-Kevan, N., Tew, E., Meng, K. N. and Olsen, J. A. (2011),
Media depictions of physical and relational aggression: connections with aggression in
young adults' romantic relationships. Aggr. Behav., 37: 5662. doi:10.1002/ab.20372
Feingold, A., Washburn, I. J., Tiberio, S. S., & Capaldi, D. M. (2015). Changes in the
Associations of Heavy Drinking and Drug Use with Intimate Partner Violence in Early
Adulthood. Journal Of Family Violence, 30(1), 27-34. doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9658-6
Pepin, J. R. (2016) Nobodys business? White male privilege in media coverage of intimate
partner violence. Sociological Spectrum, 36(3), 123-141, doi:
10.1080/02732173.2015.1108886
Thaller, J. & Messing, J. T (2014) (Mis)perceptions around intimate partner violence in the
music video and lyrics for love the way you lie, Feminist Media Studies, 14(4), 623639, doi: 10.1080/14680777.2013.826267
Wood, Julia. "The Normalization of Violence in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships: Women's
Narratives of Love and Violence." Brown.uk.com. University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, 2001. Web. 7 Sept. 2016.

Detailed Outline of Literature Review & Summation of Sources

Group: Savannah Camp, TriDereka Hall, Sara Leach, Melanie Martin
Topic: IPV in the media
Overview: The purpose of this outline is to look into intimate partner violence (IPV) and how it
is portrayed in the media. How does the media influence perceptions of healthy and
abusive relationships? How does this vary based on age group, race, and gender?
The theory is that the media influences people incorrectly across these factors.
Themes:
1. Media Coverage/Representation of IPV
a. Nobodys business? White male privilege in media coverage of
IPV
i.
Pepin analyzed celebrities chosen from six popular
celebrity and sports new sites (Pepin, p. 127). By searching domestic
violence the researcher found celebrities involved in domestic violence
between 2009 and 2012 for her analysis. She limited her sample to black
and white professional actors, musicians, and athletes. Most of the news
articles she read seemed to excuse, justify, and minimize male
responsibility as perpetrators of IPV. Interestingly, black males were
reported more as criminals and white males had more instances of
justification or excuse of their actions. After these findings, Pepin moved
to analyze patterns of male and white privilege. In instances of male
privilege, articles portraying males who committed domestic violence
most often minimized the seriousness of the violence, these instances also
were not as heavily reported, and the responsibility was not placed solely
on the perpetrator. In instances of white privilege, white males were not as
often framed as criminals and their actions were more excused and
justified than their black counterparts. These findings are consistent with
prior research on the subject showing that race does influence media
coverage of instances of IPV especially when it comes to celebrities. Pepin
does note that her sample was restricted to black and white male
celebrities so it is not representative of the entire population so her
findings cannot be easily generalized beyond the white and black
populations. However her findings to support the idea that reporting can
be and often is racialized. Pepin also notes that these findings have
implications for the masses that are influenced by media. We are more
likely to view the actions of a black male as criminal and more severe in
cases of IPV and excuse a white male. This has serious consequences
when it comes to everyday life and could result in the influencing of
victims to have the same attitudes towards their aggressors whether it be

faster to report based on the fact that they are black or slower to accept as
actual sexual harassment or domestic violence as what they really are.
b. Media Portrayals of Female Perpetrators of Intimate Partner
Violence
i.
The purpose of this article is to analyze portrayals
of intimate partner violence (IPV) in news media articles to better
understand the ways in which the media influences our views on IPV.
Many investigations have shown that there are equal or higher rates of IPV
by women; however, very few studies have been conducted specifically on
female perpetrators. Studies have shown that 1 out of every 14 males has
been a victim of IPV. Although the physical harm is usually not as severe
for male victims, the negative psychological effects are just as severe for
men as they are for women. The study included a quantitative comparison
of 331 news articles. Out of those, 270 involved male perpetrators and 61
were female perpetrators. The study also looked at the quality of the media
pieces that involved female perpetrators. Samples were collected from
news outlets from all over the country. 80.7% reported male perpetrators;
19.3% reported female perpetrators. Articles with a female perpetrator
were more likely to report victim infidelity such as self-defense or
emotional distress. Hitting and shooting was more common in situations
where the male was the perpetrator; female perpetrators were more
commonly reported as stabbing. The media is such a major part of
peoples everyday lives, so the media contributes to what the publics
understanding on the subject is. The media does not always do a just job
on it.
c. (Mis)Perceptions Around IPV in Music Video and Lyrics for Love the Way You
Lie
i. Thaller and Messing analyzed the song, Love the Way You Lie, by
Eminem and Rihanna. They were specifically looking for depictions of
intimate partner violence (IPV). There are six common but false beliefs
about IPV that these researchers were analyzing the songs lyrics and
music video to find. These myths are, most women could get out of an
unsafe relationship if they wanted to; some women who are abused
secretly want to be treated that way; some women initiate intimate partner
violence by treating their men badly or taking the first swing; most IPV
occurs when a man has been drinking or has lost control of himself; much
of what is referred to as IPV is a normal reaction to relationship conflict;
and IPV is low-class, not something that happens in my neighborhood,
(Thaller & Messing p. 626) After analyzing the songs lyrics and music
video they found extensive inclusion of these common myths. Their
findings note that this song, both in its lyrics and music video, depicts IPV

in such a way that viewers may be influenced to think about IPV

incorrectly and in turn blame women for their own victimization, and
excuse the male perpetrator. These findings are consistent with previous
research in the area although there is still not an extensive base to be found
in analyzing specific things in media that depict IPV incorrectly. This was
not a study that looked at the direct influence on people so all that can be
concluded from this study is that there are misleading representations of
IPV in the media.
d. Media Portrayals of Female Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence.
i.
Carlyle, Scarduzio, and Slater looked into how media portrays female IPV
perpetrators, and how this could influence audience awareness of IPV.
Their research noted that women perpetrators fit the gender stereotype of
an emotional woman. They use this over-emotion as a reason for the
perpetrations, which isnt an accurate generalization of all female
perpetrators. Although the point is made that the majority of IPV cases
come from men, Carlyle et al. rebute by saying 90% of cases go
unreported, where perhaps there is a chance of female perpetrator
majority. This focused on the victimization of men, which is important and
relevant, as male victims often do not know how to respond post
victimization.
2. Current IPV Trends in Reality
a. Changes in the Association of Heavy Drinking and Drug Use with
Intimate Partner Violence
i.
The purpose of this article is to study the correlation
of heavy episodic drinking (HED) or drug use and intimate partner
violence (IPV in young adults. 92% of police visited domestics violence
scenes, the perpetrators had used drugs or alcohol on the day of the
incident. Past studies have shown that only particularly violent people are
seen likely to commit greater aggression when drinking. The study was a
twelve-year program that started when the men were in their late
adolescents. Out of the 314 studied, 80% of the participants were white.
They were invited to participate biannually with their current romantic
partner. Most men brought different partners to the different assessments;
however, only the data from each man and his most participating partner
was used in the analyses. The assessments two hours to complete and they
included interviews and questionnaires. The couples were interviewed
separately, and the participants were paid. HED was a binary time-varying
covariate, and the participants self-reported the number of drinks he/she
had in one sitting and the frequency of this drinking. Drug use was a
dichotomous time-varying covariate. The participant got a score of 1 or

0 depending on whether they used an illicit drug or not, respectively.

IPV was based on incidents that have happened in the past year. HED was
only a positive effect on IPV with women when they were in their early
20s. When drugs were added to the mix of alcohol there was no significant
effect on IPV. When the participants were in their mid-20s, drug use was a
positive predictor of physical IPV. The participants with a history of HED
were no more likely to have participate in IPV when they engaged in
heavy drinking than when not. The risk of IPV may not be affected with a
reduction in the amount of alcohol or substance abuse.
b. Patterns, Precursors, and Consequences of Teen Dating Violence:
Analyzing Gendered and Generic Pathways
i.
Copp and Johnson wanted to research trends of IPV
found within adolescents, in hopes that they could obtain valuable insight
from that demographic. They had three observations: the rate of physical
violence over time, gender specific behaviors, and the effects physical and
mental health had on IPV. Interesting attributes of this study were that they
focused on perpetration as well as victimization, and looked beyond the
school environment. They also looked at the impact of family and
domestic life, as well as the neighborhood community and its possible
impact on peer relationships and social structure. They obtained their data
from the Toledo Adolescent Relationship Study (TARS), which provides
good material for a literature review and meta-analysis, and they also used
Linear Mixed Effects Models (LMEM). Faults with this study included an
oversampling of black and Hispanic participants, a mis-citaton, and no
clear guidelines to how they figure their study can help with future studies.
Overall, their material was sound and beneficial to the research, but they
could have had a stronger purpose. STUFF THAT MATTERS: IPV peaks
over young adulthood
c. Risk Factors of Physical Violence in Dating Relationships among
African American College Students
i.
The article studied the different risk factors of
physical violence in romantic relationships. It specifically focused African
American college students. The study attempts to find a relationship
between various factors such as length of relationship, gender, age, etc and
the concept of physical violence in a romantic relationship. The findings
included a significant relationship between the perception of dating
violence and the experience of the dating violence among African
Americans. It also finds significance in the class standings and the age
when the individuals first started dating. According to Bremond (2014),
among the sample of 149, with 73 men and 76 women, she believed the
African American college males, with the mean age of 21.3, were more
physically violent than the females in the study. Bremond supports her
own research with earlier research that proposes the cause of the physical
violence of males stems from the patriarchal society that the participants
reside in.

3. Media Influences People

a. The Normalization of Violence in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships: Women's
Narratives of Love and Violence
i. In this article, Julia Wood studied the normalization of violence
in romantic relationships. In the study, she evaluated women who have
previously been in an abusive relationship and allowed them to tell their own
personal narratives about how they viewed those relationships. Wood evaluates
the narratives to support the research behind intimate partner violence. Her
research attempts to show how widespread and culturally endorsed
relationship violence is in the United States. The women participants typically
made excuses for their partners actions and Wood categorizes their romantic
narratives in groups such as fairy tale and dark romance. According to Wood,
the participants, because of cultural norms, believed that it was their own fault
for the abusive actions of their partners. The women participants increased the
belief of the fairy tale romance, in which they have the idea that the good
outweighs the bad or its not as bad as someone elses relationship that
experiences worse abuse than their own, etc.
b. Media Depictions of Physical and Relational Aggression: Connections with
Aggression in Young Adults' Romantic Relationships.
i. Coyne et. al (2011) conducted research to correlate watching
media containing aggression and behaviors of aggression between those in
romantic relationships. They hypothesize that those in the young adult
demographic are still impressionable in their identity, which makes them more
likely to look at relationship behaviors expressed in media outlets. Their findings
included no correlation between tv viewing and relationship aggression, yet they
did find that women had an increase in relational aggression over men. Men,
however, were seen to appreciate more physical aggression seen on tv than
women were. Overall, men appreciated physical aggression more, which is
believed to be because they are the target market for high-violence shows.
Controversies in Literature:
Copp and Johnson (2015) had a majority of black/hispanic
participants, so their study should have included a wider set of Caucasian, Asian,
and other racial participants
In Coyne et al. (2010), their participants came from a western
university. This geographic has typically more liberal students, so it would be
prudent to garner data from more prejudiced regions, like the south.
According to the literature we have examined thus far, the results
correlate with one another. Males are the majority of perpetrators in IPV, media
has an impact on how people view IPV, and minorities are often viewed as more
likely to be perpetrators over whites.

Further Research Questions:

If presented with media coverage focused on white perpetrators, would
participants be more likely to have negative associations with white people over other
races?
Do college students who engage in HED have a higher risk of IPV?
What media shows the participants the most material of relationships? How does
this affect their interpretations of IPV and the norm of sex and gender in relationships?

SUMMARIES:
Mels Summaries:
1.
(Mis)Perceptions Around IPV in Music Video and Lyrics for Love the Way
You Lie
Thaller and Messing analyzed the song, Love the Way You Lie, by Eminem and
Rihanna. They were specifically looking for depictions of intimate partner violence (IPV). There
are six common but false beliefs about IPV that these researchers were analyzing the songs
lyrics and music video to find. These myths are, most women could get out of an unsafe
relationship if they wanted to; some women who are abused secretly want to be treated that way;
some women initiate intimate partner violence by treating their men badly or taking the first
swing; most IPV occurs when a man has been drinking or has lost control of himself; much of
what is referred to as IPV is a normal reaction to relationship conflict; and IPV is low-class, not
something that happens in my neighborhood, (Thaller & Messing p. 626) After analyzing the
songs lyrics and music video they found extensive inclusion of these common myths. Their
findings note that this song, both in its lyrics and music video, depicts IPV in such a way that
viewers may be influenced to think about IPV incorrectly and in turn blame women for their own
victimization, and excuse the male perpetrator. These findings are consistent with previous
research in the area although there is still not an extensive base to be found in analyzing specific
things in media that depict IPV incorrectly. This was not a study that looked at the direct
influence on people so all that can be concluded from this study is that there are misleading
representations of IPV in the media.
Reference:
Thaller, J. & Messing, J. T (2014) (Mis)perceptions around intimate partner violence in the
music video and lyrics for love the way you lie, Feminist Media Studies, 14(4), 623639, doi: 10.1080/14680777.2013.826267
2.
Nobodys business? White male privilege in media coverage of IPV
Pepin analyzed celebrities chosen from six popular celebrity and sports new sites (Pepin, p.
127). By searching domestic violence the researcher found celebrities involved in domestic
violence between 2009 and 2012 for her analysis. She limited her sample to black and white
professional actors, musicians, and athletes. Most of the news articles she read seemed to
excuse, justify, and minimize male responsibility as perpetrators of IPV. Interestingly, black
males were reported more as criminals and white males had more instances of justification or
excuse of their actions. After these findings, Pepin moved to analyze patterns of male and white
privilege. In instances of male privilege, articles portraying males who committed domestic
violence most often minimized the seriousness of the violence, these instances also were not as
heavily reported, and the responsibility was not placed solely on the perpetrator. In instances of
white privilege, white males were not as often framed as criminals and their actions were more
excused and justified than their black counterparts. These findings are consistent with prior
research on the subject showing that race does influence media coverage of instances of IPV

especially when it comes to celebrities. Pepin does note that her sample was restricted to black
and white male celebrities so it is not representative of the entire population so her findings
cannot be easily generalized beyond the white and black populations. However her findings to
support the idea that reporting can be and often is racialized. Pepin also notes that these findings
have implications for the masses that are influenced by media. We are more likely to view the
actions of a black male as criminal and more severe in cases of IPV and excuse a white male.
This has serious consequences when it comes to everyday life and could result in the influencing
of victims to have the same attitudes towards their aggressors whether it be faster to report based
on the fact that they are black or slower to accept as actual sexual harassment or domestic
violence as what they really are.
Reference:
Pepin, J. R. (2016) Nobodys business? White male privilege in media coverage of intimate
partner violence. Sociological Spectrum, 36(3), 123-141, doi:
10.1080/02732173.2015.1108886

Savannahs Summaries:
Media Portrayals of Female Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence
Carlyle, K., Scarduzio, J., and Slater, M. (2014). Media portrayals of female perpetrators
of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2014. Vol. 29 (13)
2394-2417
The purpose of this article is to analyze portrayals of intimate partner violence (IPV) in news
media articles to better understand the ways in which the media influences our views on IPV.
Many investigations have shown that there are equal or higher rates of IPV by women; however,
very few studies have been conducted specifically on female perpetrators. Studies have shown
that 1 out of every 14 males has been a victim of IPV. Although the physical harm is usually not
as severe for male victims, the negative psychological effects are just as severe for men as they
are for women. The study included a quantitative comparison of 331 news articles. Out of those,
270 involved male perpetrators and 61 were female perpetrators. The study also looked at the
quality of the media pieces that involved female perpetrators. Samples were collected from news
outlets from all over the country. 80.7% reported male perpetrators; 19.3% reported female
perpetrators. Articles with a female perpetrator were more likely to report victim infidelity such
as self-defense or emotional distress. Hitting and shooting was more common in situations where
the male was the perpetrator; female perpetrators were more commonly reported as stabbing.
The media is such a major part of peoples everyday lives, so the media contributes to what the
publics understanding on the subject is. The media does not always do a just job on it.

Changes in the Association of Heavy Drinking and Drug Use with Intimate Partner Violence
The purpose of this article is to study the correlation of heavy episodic drinking (HED) or
drug use and intimate partner violence (IPV in young adults. 92% of police visited domestics
violence scenes, the perpetrators had used drugs or alcohol on the day of the incident. Past
studies have shown that only particularly violent people are seen likely to commit greater
aggression when drinking. The study was a twelve-year program that started when the men were
in their late adolescents. Out of the 314 studied, 80% of the participants were white. They were
invited to participate biannually with their current romantic partner. Most men brought different
partners to the different assessments; however, only the data from each man and his most
participating partner was used in the analyses. The assessments two hours to complete and they
included interviews and questionnaires. The couples were interviewed separately, and the
participants were paid. HED was a binary time-varying covariate, and the participants selfreported the number of drinks he/she had in one sitting and the frequency of this drinking. Drug
use was a dichotomous time-varying covariate. The participant got a score of 1 or 0
depending on whether they used an illicit drug or not, respectively. IPV was based on incidents
that have happened in the past year. HED was only a positive effect on IPV with women when
they were in their early 20s. When drugs were added to the mix of alcohol there was no
significant effect on IPV. When the participants were in their mid-20s, drug use was a positive
predictor of physical IPV. The participants with a history of HED were no more likely to have
participate in IPV when they engaged in heavy drinking than when not. The risk of IPV may not
be affected with a reduction in the amount of alcohol or substance abuse.
Saras Summaries:
Sara Leach
Article:
Copp, J. and Johnson, W. (2015). Patterns, precursors, and consequences of teen dating
violence: Analyzing gendered and generic pathways. NCJRS, award number: 2012-IJCX-0015.
Copp and Johnson wanted to research trends of IPV found within adolescents, in hopes
that they could obtain valuable insight from that demographic. They had three observations: the
rate of physical violence over time, gender specific behaviors, and the effects physical and
mental health had on IPV. Interesting attributes of this study were that they focused on
perpetration as well as victimization, and looked beyond the school environment. They also
looked at the impact of family and domestic life, as well as the neighborhood community and its
possible impact on peer relationships and social structure. They obtained their data from the
Toledo Adolescent Relationship Study (TARS), which provides good material for a literature
review and meta-analysis, and they also used Linear Mixed Effects Models (LMEM). Faults with
this study included an oversampling of black and Hispanic participants, a mis-citaton, and no
clear guidelines to how they figure their study can help with future studies. Overall, their
material was sound and beneficial to the research, but they could have had a stronger purpose.

Article:
Coyne, S. M., Nelson, D. A., Graham-Kevan, N., Tew, E., Meng, K. N. and Olsen, J. A. (2011),
Media depictions of physical and relational aggression: connections with aggression in young
adults' romantic relationships. Aggr. Behav., 37: 5662. doi:10.1002/ab.20372
Coyne et. al (2011) conducted research to correlate watching media containing
aggression and behaviors of aggression between those in romantic relationships. They
hypothesize that those in the young adult demographic are still impressionable in their identity,
which makes them more likely to look at relationship behaviors expressed in media outlets. Their
findings included no correlation between tv viewing and relationship aggression, yet they did
find that women had an increase in relational aggression over men. Men, however, were seen to
appreciate more physical aggression seen on tv than women were. Overall, men appreciated
physical aggression more, which is believed to be because they are the target market for highviolence shows.
TriDerekas Summaries:
Bremind, Tara., Bonnie, Ahn., and Lolita Boykin. "Risk Factors of Physical Violence in Dating
Relationships among African American College Students." 2014. MS, Volume 13. Southeastern
Louisiana University, Okemos.Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences. Kappa
Omicron Nu Leadership Academy, 5 Dec. 2014. Web. 21 Sept. 2016.
The article studied the different risk factors of physical violence in romantic relationships. It
specifically focused African American college students. The study attempts to find a relationship
between various factors such as length of relationship, gender, age, etc and the concept of
physical violence in a romantic relationship. The findings included a significant relationship
between the perception of dating violence and the experience of the dating violence among
African Americans. It also finds significance in the class standings and the age when the
individuals first started dating. According to Bremond (2014), among the sample of 149, with 73
men and 76 women, she believed the African American college males, with the mean age of
21.3, were more physically violent than the females in the study. Bremond supports her own
research with earlier research that proposes the cause of the physical violence of males stems
from the patriarchal society that the participants reside in.
Wood, Julia. "The Normalization of Violence in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships: Women's
Narratives of Love and Violence." Brown.uk.com. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
2001. Web. 7 Sept. 2016.
In this article, Julia Wood studied the normalization of violence in romantic
relationships. In the study, she evaluated women who have previously been in an abusive
relationship and allowed them to tell their own personal narratives about how they viewed
those relationships. Wood evaluates the narratives to support the research behind intimate
partner violence. Her research attempts to show how widespread and culturally endorsed
relationship violence is in the United States. The women participants typically made excuses
for their partners actions and Wood categorizes their romantic narratives in groups such as
fairy tale and dark romance. According to Wood, the participants, because of cultural norms,

believed that it was their own faults for the abusive actions of their partners. The women
participants increased the belief of the fairy tale romance, in which they have the idea that the
good outweighs the bad or its not as bad as someone elses relationship that experiences
worse abuse than their own, etc.

IPV in Media
1. IPV
2. Media
a. What is media?
i.
Media is defined as being a medium of cultivation,
conveyance, or expression. In this context, media will encompass the
different platforms of print, visual, audio, and electronic.
b. How does media influence people?
i.
As of April, 2016, the average time spent with
major media per day is 725 minutes. This media is broken down into

television, online, mobile devices, newspapers, books, radio, other

connected devices, and miscellaneous tools (Statista: The Statistics Portal
2016)
ii.
Adolescents more impressionable to alter and form
behaviors based on media intake. This is shown to carry on into future
inter and intrapersonal relationships, where abused are more likely to
defend the perpetrators actions (Wood, 2001; Coyne et al, 2011)
1. Adolescents more likely to emulate
relationships seen in media
2. Women showed more relational
aggression than men
3. Males were shown to appreciate
more aggression from women, attributed to men being the target
audience for high-violence shows
4. Women found more likely to stay
with abuser, with the reasoning that the good outweighs the bad
c. Relationships in media
i.
Healthy Relationships
1. Relationships that do not have a
presence of IPV or abuse of any kind. Signs of healthy
relationships include open communication, no aggressive
behaviors, no mental/emotional torment, constant consent from
both members of party.
ii.
Unhealthy Relationships
1. Relationships that contain IPV,
mental or physical abuse, manipulation, coercion, little/no presence
of consent.
iii.
IPV in Media
1. Men justified in abuse (Pepin, 2016;
Thaller & Messing, 2014)
2. IPV reporting racialized; black male
perpetrators more likely to be viewed as criminal over white male
perpetrators (Pepin, 2016)
3. Women perpetrators seen as overemotional as the reason for committing IPV (Carlyle, Scarduzio, &
Slater, 2014)
a. 90% of cases go
unreported